or

preposition. above, above; [G.] onto, on top, on

or

preposition. above, over

orfalas

place name. Orfalas

A place name appearing in an early version of Bilbo’s song at Rivendell from Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/108, note #23), perhaps a combination of or “above” and falas “shore”.

orodlin

masculine name. Orodlin

Name of a younger son of Orodreth appearing only in some genealogy charts from the 1930s (LR/403), perhaps a combination of orod “mountain” and lhîn “pool”.

orodras

place name. Orodras

Name of one of the beacon hills in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/233), perhaps a combination of orod “mountain” and rhas “horn”, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/3.22).

orchelanath

proper name. Orchelanath

A name of unclear function appearing in linguistic notes from the 1930s along with variants and Orchallamath and Orchalammoth (EtyAC/KHAL², MBAT(H); PE22/41). It might be a combination of orchal “tall” and amath “shield”, but the second element was rejected.

orod thuin

place name. Orod Thuin

orofin

masculine name. Orofin

orchrist

proper name. Orchrist

orodreth

masculine name. Orodreth

orchal

adjective. superior, lofty, eminent

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

orchall

adjective. superior, lofty, eminent

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

orchel

adjective. superior, lofty, eminent

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

orchal

adjective. superior, eminent, lofty

orch

noun. Goblin, Orc

orchall

adjective. superior, eminent

orchel

adjective. superior, eminent, lofty

orthel-

verb. to roof, screen above

A verb appearing as its [Noldorin] infinitive form ortheli “roof, screen above” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of the N. or “above” with ᴹ√TEL(U) having to do with roofs (Ety/TEL).

orchal

adjective. tall

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

orchall

adjective. tall

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

orchel

adjective. tall

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

orthelian

noun. canopy

A word for “canopy” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a noun form of N. ortheli “roof, screen above” (Ety/TEL).

ortha-

verb. to raise

orthor-

verb. to master, conquer

orch

noun. goblin

orn

noun. tree

orodruin

place name. Mountain of Fire

orthanc

place name. Mount Fang

orod

noun. mountain

or-

prefix. above, over

orodrim

noun. range of mountains

ortha-

verb. to raise

orthannen

adjective. raised

orthel-

verb. to roof, screen above

orthelian

noun. canopy

orthor

verb. (he) masters, conquers

orthor-

verb. to master, conquer

orn

noun. (any large) tree

orod

noun. mountain

orthannen

raised

thanador

place name. Thanador

doron

noun. oak

A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√DORON (Ety/DÓRON).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. Dorna “ilex, holm oak” (GL/30), cognate of ᴱQ. norne “oak-tree” which was derived from the early root ᴱ√NOŘO [NDOÐO?] in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/67). The Gnomish word became dorn “oak” in Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document (PE13/113). See ᴱN. gorw “oak” for other early “oak” words.

Neo-Sindarin: Tolkien introduced words S. norð and Q. nordo “oak” in notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/25). I prefer the form Q. norno “oak” as better-established and more etymologically interesting. I would thus use [N.] doron “oak” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, which make it easier for us to retain N. nordh “cord” as well (Ety/SNUR).

badhor

noun. judge

gorgoroth

place name. Deadly Fear

badhor

noun. judge

gorf

noun. impetus, vigour

hortha-

verb. to urge on, speed

doron

noun. oak

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

gobel

noun. walled house or village, town

rhond

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

rhonn

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

araw

masculine name. Orome

glamhoth

collective name. Orcs, (lit.) Barbaric Host

rhas

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10

rhasg

noun. horn

till

noun. horn

amrûn

noun. uprising, sunrise, Orient, east

garth

noun. fort, fortress

tild

noun. horn, point

till

noun. horn, point

amrûn

noun. east, orient

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

glamhoth

noun. barbaric host of Orcs

hîr

noun. master, lord

rhasg

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

rhom

noun. horn, trumpet

tarag

noun. horn

toss

noun. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.)

daedelu

noun. canopy

A word for a “canopy” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of N. dae “shadow” and N. telu “roof” (Ety/TEL; EtyAC/DAY).

Neo-Sindarin: Since Tolkien seems to have later abandoned the meaning “shadow” for N. dae, I would not use this word for “canopy” in Neo-Sindarin, and would use other words like esgal or [N.] orthelian instead.

car(dh)

noun. house, house, *construction, structure

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing as car or carð with the gloss “house” under the root ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” (Ety/KAR). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. kar (kard-) was glossed “building, house”.

Neo-Sindarin: Given the meaning of its root, I would use cardh for any kind of building-like construction or structure for purposes of Neo-Sindarin. For an ordinary “house” where people live, I would use S. bâr.

rhedh-

verb. to sow

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing in its [Noldorin] infinitive form N. rheði “to sow” under the root ᴹ√RED “scatter, sow” (Ety/RED).

Neo-Sindarin: Since initial r unvoiced to rh in Noldorin of the 1930s but not in Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s, most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. redh- “to sow”, as suggested in HSD (HSD).

coe

noun. earth

An indeclinable word given as {cíw >>} coe “earth” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√KEM (Ety/KEM; EtyAC/KEM).

Possible Etymology: The primitive form of rejected cíw is given as ᴹ✶kēm and its derivation is clear: the long ē became ī and then the final m reduced to w after i as usual. The derivation of coe is more obscure, however. The likeliest explanation is that Tolkien imagined its ancient form with a slightly lowered vowel which he generally represented as ǣ in this period (in later writings as ę̄). According to the first version of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa and Comparative Vowel Tables from the 1930s (PE18/46; PE19/25), ǣ > ei > ai > ae, and in The Etymologies itself, it seems ai often became oe instead of ae.

Neo-Sindarin: Updating the derivation of hypothetical ✱kę̄m would produced ᴺS. cae in Sindarin phonology. But given the obscurity of its derivation, I recommend using 1950s S. ceven for “earth” instead.

elethon

masculine name. Ælfwine

A rejected Noldorin name for Ælfwine (“Elf-friend”) appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (EtyAC/SON), a combination of Eledh “Elf” and the suffixal form of (rejected) thond “friend”.

gathrod

noun. cave

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “cave”, apparently a combination of N. gath “cavern” and ᴹ√ROT “tunnel” (Ety/GAT(H)). Its initial element also appeared in the name N. Doriath “Land of the Cave”, but in later writings S. Doriath was redefined as “Land of the Fence” with final element S. iath “fence” (WJ/370), so N. gathrod “cave” was probably abandoned.

blâb

verb. (he) flaps, beats

The Etymologies seem to list this word as a noun, but it is clearly the third person singular of the verb

coe

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

tôl

verb. (he) comes

According to WJ/301, the expression tôl acharn "vengeance comes" was later changed to tûl acharn by Tolkien

mallen

adjective. of gold

@@@ from smaldina?

eria-

verb. to rise

ho

pronoun. he

a

conjunction. and

ar-

prefix. day

argilion

noun. *Star-day

arithil

noun. *Moon-day

aroeren

noun. Sea-day

arvelain

noun. *Day of the Valar

arvenel

noun. *Heavens-day

rhufen

adjective. east

amar

noun. Earth

ar

conjunction. and

caw

noun. top

tonn

adjective. tall

ai

interjection. hail

am

adverb. up

amon

noun. hill

badhron

noun. judge

balch

adjective. cruel

baradh

adjective. steep

fela

noun. cave

galadh

noun. tree

galadrim

collective name. Tree-folk

gurtholf

proper name. Wand of Death

harad

noun. south

malthen

adjective. of gold

oeglir

noun. range of mountain peaks

parf

noun. book

menniath

noun. many points

menniath

noun. range of mountains

síla

verb. (he) shines white

am

preposition. up, upwards, upon

amar

noun. earth

ambar

noun. earth

aronoded

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless

badhron

noun. judge

balch

adjective. cruel

baradh

adjective. steep

car

noun. house, building

cardh

noun. house, building

caw

noun. top

daedelu

noun. canopy

eredh

noun. seed, germ

fela

noun. cave

gathrod

noun. cave

haltha-

verb. to screen

heron

noun. master

hûn

noun. heart (physical)

osgar

verb. (he) cuts, amputates

parf

noun. book

sôg

verb. (he) drinks

taen

noun. height, summit of high mountain

thia

verb. it appears

tôg

verb. (he) leads, brings

amon

noun. hill, steep-sided mount

arnediad

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless

arnœdiad

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless

balan

noun. Vala, divine power, divinity

brand

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

brand

adjective. high (in size)

brann

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

brann

adjective. high (in size)

curunir

noun. man of craft, wizard

eria-

verb. to rise

galadh

noun. tree

harad

noun. south

ho

pronoun. he

hon

pronoun. he

hon(o)

pronoun. he

hono

pronoun. he

lhammas

noun. account of tongues

lhâf

verb. (he) licks

lhôd

verb. (he) floats

mindon

noun. isolated hill, especially a hill with a watch tower

mindon

noun. tower

oegas

noun. mountain peak

oeglir

noun. range of mountain peaks

penninar

noun. last day of the year

rhond

noun. cave roof

rhonn

noun. cave roof

rhufen

noun. east

rhûn

noun. east

rond

noun. cave

tarag

noun. steep mountain peak

tond

adjective. tall

tonn

adjective. tall

tund

noun. hill, mound

tunn

noun. hill, mound