am

adverb. up

am

preposition. up, upwards, upon

ammalas

masculine name. Ammalas

Earliest form of the name of Amroth, first changed to Amaldor and then Amroth (TI/223). The meaning of these name are unclear, but Roman Rausch suggested they both contain the element am “up” appearing in his later name, and possibly end with the lenited forms of lhass “leaf” (or possibly glass “joy”) and Galdor (EE/2.26).

amon thorn

place name. Amon Thorn

An earlier name for Amon Dîn (WR/232). The meaning of its second element is unclear; Roman Rausch suggested several possible interpretions (EE/3.22), the most likely of which seems to be thoron “eagle”.

amroth

masculine name. Amroth

amon hen

place name. Amon Hen

amon lhaw

place name. Amon Lhaw

amon uilos

place name. Amon Uilos

amben

adjective. uphill, uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome

An adjective (and adverb?) for “uphill” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of am “up” and N. penn “declivity, ✱slope” (Ety/PEN). It was contrasted with N. dadben “downhill, inclined, prone” (Ety/AM², PEN).

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies it first appeared as N. amdenn, a derivative of ᴹ√DEN “hillside, slope”, but the meaning of this root was change to ᴹ√DEN “hole; gap, passage” (Ety/DEN), after which the form amben < ᴹ√PEN(ED) was introduced (see above). The earliest appearance of this word was in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s where it was ᴱN. amvenn “uphill; arduous, difficult, tiresome”, marked as both an adjective and adverb, along with a noun variant ᴱN. amvinn “slope, incline, hillside” (PE13/139, 159-160). This early Noldorin form was a combination of ᴱN. am “up” and ᴱN. benn “sloping”.

Neo-Sindarin: Given its Early Noldorin use for “arduous, difficult, tiresome”, amben might be used colloquially in Neo-Sindarin with a similar sense for a thing that is difficult, analogous to English usages like an “uphill battle”: dagor amben.

am-

prefix. snake

A prefix for “snake” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ANGWA of the same meaning, most notably an element in N. amlug “dragon” (Ety/ANGWA).

amon carab

place name. Hill of the Hat

An earlier name of Amon Rûdh that appeared in various forms in drafts to the Silmarillion map, one of which (Amon Carab) was translated “Hill of the Hat” (WJ/187). It seems to be a combination of amon “hill” and carab “hat”, the second of which is not otherwise attested. The variant Amon Garabel which shows Noldorin-style lenition of the 2nd element is strong evidence that this name is from the 1930s (or possibly 40s).

amon dengin

place name. Hill of Slain

An earlier form of the name Haudh-en-Ndengin, translated “Hill of Slain” (SM/146, LR/314), a combination of N. amon “hill” and the plural of N. dangen “slain (person)”.

ammarth

noun. fate, doom

should be amarth because [[n|[mm] shortened]] @@@

amon

noun. hill

amrûn

noun. uprising, sunrise, Orient, east

amlug

noun. dragon

amon ereb

place name. Lonely Hill

amon gwareth

place name. Hill of Watch

amar

noun. Earth

amath

noun. shield

amar

noun. earth

amarthan

adjective. fated

amath

noun. shield

ambar

noun. earth

ambath

noun. shield

amben

adverb. uphill, sloping upwards

ambend

adverb. uphill, sloping upwards

ambend

adverb. uphill

ambenn

adverb. uphill, sloping upwards

ambenn

adverb. uphill

amlug

noun. dragon

ammarth

noun. fate, doom

ammarth

noun. doom

doom

amon

noun. hill, steep-sided mount

amphala

noun. death agony

ON. death agony

amrûn

noun. east, orient

cerin amroth

place name. Cerin Amroth

dolamarth

place name. Mount Doom

Early name of S. Amon Amarth from Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, also appearing as Amarthon (TI/343). It is a combination of dôl “head, hill” and ammarth “doom”, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/2.57).

erchamui

adjective. one-handed

gamp

noun. hook, claw, crook

emlin

noun. yellow bird, yellow hammer

A word for a yellow bird in The Etymologies of the 1930s, apparently the species yellowhammer, appearing under the root ᴹ√SMAL “yellow” (Ety/SMAL). The initial element was derived from primitive ᴹ✶asmalē, which became ON. ammale in Old Noldorin, but at this stage the word was expanded to ON. ammalinde with the addition of ✱linde “song”, and whole word became emlin as a result of i-affection. Emlin replaced deleted variants ammalen and amalen, both apparently derived from ON. ammalinda, where a-affection trumped i-affection.

osgar-

verb. to cut round, to amputate

osgar-

verb. to cut round, amputate

naneth

noun. mother

A noun for “mother” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the (Noldorin-only?) root ᴹ√NAN (Ety/NAN). It apparently replaced archaic/poetic N. †emil (Ety/AM¹; EtyAC/AM¹).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon had a similar set of words for “mother”: G. maba, mabir, baba, and mavwin from the early root ᴱ√maƀ “something nice” (GL/57). The last of these appeared as G. mavwen “ancestress” in the Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document, with an archaic meaning of “mother” and variant forms mafwyn and mavuin (PE13/115). In these slips, it seems the normal “mother” word was G. nân (originally glossed “father”) with variant nanwin (PE13/115). This last word is likely the direct precursor of N. naneth.

Neo-Sindarin: I would use S. emel from the late 1960s as the normal word for “mother” in Neo-Sindarin, but would retain N. naneth as a dialectical or more formal variant.

coe

noun. earth

An indeclinable word given as {cíw >>} coe “earth” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√KEM (Ety/KEM; EtyAC/KEM).

Possible Etymology: The primitive form of rejected cíw is given as ᴹ✶kēm and its derivation is clear: the long ē became ī and then the final m reduced to w after i as usual. The derivation of coe is more obscure, however. The likeliest explanation is that Tolkien imagined its ancient form with a slightly lowered vowel which he generally represented as ǣ in this period (in later writings as ę̄). According to the first version of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa and Comparative Vowel Tables from the 1930s (PE18/46; PE19/25), ǣ &gt; ei &gt; ai &gt; ae, and in The Etymologies itself, it seems ai often became oe instead of ae.

Neo-Sindarin: Updating the derivation of hypothetical ✱kę̄m would produced ᴺS. cae in Sindarin phonology. But given the obscurity of its derivation, I recommend using 1950s S. ceven for “earth” instead.

emerin

place name. Middle-earth

A Noldorin name for “Middle-earth” appearing in The Etymologies as a cognate of ᴹQ. Ambarenya (Ety/MBAR), apparently derived from the same primitive form ✱✶ambarenyā.

lhawhen

place name. Lhawhen

A variety of names for the hills Amon Lhaw and Amon Hen first consider by Tolkien in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/387). These names are all combinations of the elements lhaw “ears” or ᴹ√LAS “listen” with hên “eye” or ᴹ√TIR “watch”, as analyzed by Roman Rausch (EE/2.61).

emil

noun. mother

ellonel

feminine name. Ellonel

mû

interjection. no

a-

prefix. intensive prefix

andrath

place name. Andrath

borth

?. [unglossed]

car-

verb. to do, make

carach

noun. jaws

cuia-

verb. to live

dae

adverb. very

di

preposition. in

diragas

?. [unglossed]

el

noun. star

elf

noun. friend

geil

noun. star

glin-

verb. to sing

gwedh

noun. bond

harthad

noun. hope

ledh-

verb. to go, to go, *travel, journey

@@@ extended meanings suggested by Fiona Jallings

lhûg

noun. dragon

mad-

verb. to eat

mell

adjective. dear

mellon

noun. friend

menwed

?. [unglossed]

meth

noun. end

muin

adjective. dear

ne-

prefix. in

nith

?. [unglossed]

nithrad

?. [unglossed]

níth

?. [unglossed]

nûd

noun. bond

or

preposition. above, above; [G.] onto, on top, on

orod

noun. mountain

ortha-

verb. to raise

palath

noun. surface

parch

adjective. dry

porennin

?. [unglossed]

rhest

noun. cut

rhufen

adjective. east

telia-

verb. to play

telwen

?. [unglossed]

thond

noun. friend

men

pronoun. us

menniath

noun. many points

menniath

noun. range of mountains

*tlāta

adjective. sloping

ON. sloping

adab

noun. building, house

afarch

adjective. very dry, arid

al-

prefix. no, not

atland

adjective. sloping, tilted

atlanna-

verb. to slope, slant

barth

noun. fate

bartha-

verb. to doom

clei

?. [unglossed]

coe

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

coen

?. [unglossed]

dalath

noun. flat surface, plane

dalath

noun. flat land, plain, (wide) valley

emil

noun. mother

ganna-

verb. to play a harp

gannada-

verb. to play a harp

geil

noun. star, bright spark

giliath

noun. all the host of stars

glawar

noun. sunlight, radiance (of the golden tree Laurelin)

gwaedh

noun. bond, troth, compact, oath

gwanna-

verb. to depart, die

gwedh

noun. bond

gwend

noun. bond, friendship

haudh-na-dengin

place name. Hill of Slain

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14

lhimlug

noun. fish-dragon, sea-serpent

lhûg

noun. snake, serpent

manadh

noun. doom, final end, fate, fortune

manadh

noun. final bliss

mauth

?. [unglossed]

meldir

noun. friend

meldis

noun. friend

mell

adjective. dear

mellon

noun. friend

meth

noun. end

methen

adjective. end, final

milui

adjective. friendly, loving, kind

mindon

noun. isolated hill, especially a hill with a watch tower

mindon

noun. tower

moe

adjective. soft

muin

adjective. dear

nana

noun. mother, mummy

naneth

noun. mother

nedh-

prefix. in, inside, mid-

See also the preposition ned , and the noun ened for a discussion of this form

oegas

noun. mountain peak

oeglir

noun. range of mountain peaks

or

preposition. above, over

or-

prefix. above, over

orod

noun. mountain

orodrim

noun. range of mountains

ortha-

verb. to raise

palath

noun. surface

parch

adjective. dry

rhest

noun. cut

rhista-

verb. to cut

rhista-

verb. to rend, rip

rhufen

noun. east

rhûn

noun. east

teilia-

verb. to play

teilia-

verb. to play

tele

noun. end, rear, hindmost part

telia-

verb. to play

tlaud

adjective. sloping

sloping

tlaud

adjective. sloping

tol-

verb. to come

tund

noun. hill, mound

tunn

noun. hill, mound