am

preposition. up, upwards, upon

am

adverb. up

Cognates

• ᴹQ. amba “up(wards)” ✧ Ety/AM²

Derivations

• ᴹ√AM “up” ✧ Ety/AM²

Element in

• N. amben “uphill, uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome” ✧ Ety/AM²
• N. Amroth
• N. Ammalas
• N. amrûn “uprising, sunrise, Orient, east” ✧ Ety/AM²; PE22/035

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AM² > am	[amba] > [amb] > [amb] > [amm] > [am]	✧ Ety/AM²

Variations

• amb ✧ PE22/035 (amb)

a-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

• ᴹ✶a- ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹ√A “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/N

Element in

• N. afarch “arid, very dry” ✧ EtyAC/N
• N. ongol “stench” ✧ EtyAC/N

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶a- > a	[a]	✧ EtyAC/N

Variations

• a ✧ EtyAC/N

emil

noun. mother

emil

noun. mother

Cognates

• ᴹQ. amil “mother” ✧ Ety/AM¹

Derivations

• ᴹ✶amī̆l “mother”
  • ᴹ√AM “mother”
• ᴹ√AM “mother” ✧ Ety/AM¹

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AM¹ > emil	[amil] > [emil]	✧ Ety/AM¹

nana

noun. mother, mummy

or

preposition. above, above; [G.] onto, on top, on

Cognates

• Q. or “above, above, [ᴱQ.] upon; on”

Derivations

• ᴹ√RŌ/ORO “rise, up, high” ✧ Ety/ORO

Element in

• S. orchal “tall, tall; [N.] superior, eminent, lofty”
• N. orchal “superior, eminent, lofty” ✧ Ety/ORO
• N. Orfalas
• S. Orfalch Echor “*High Cleft of the Outer Circle”
• N. orthel- “to roof, screen above”
• ᴺS. orvel- “to favour, *(lit.) love above”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ORO > or	[oro] > [or]	✧ Ety/ORO

naneth

noun. mother

naneth

noun. mother

A noun for “mother” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the (Noldorin-only?) root ᴹ√NAN (Ety/NAN). It apparently replaced archaic/poetic N. †emil (Ety/AM¹; EtyAC/AM¹).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon had a similar set of words for “mother”: G. maba, mabir, baba, and mavwin from the early root ᴱ√maƀ “something nice” (GL/57). The last of these appeared as G. mavwen “ancestress” in the Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document, with an archaic meaning of “mother” and variant forms mafwyn and mavuin (PE13/115). In these slips, it seems the normal “mother” word was G. nân (originally glossed “father”) with variant nanwin (PE13/115). This last word is likely the direct precursor of N. naneth.

Neo-Sindarin: I would use S. emel from the late 1960s as the normal word for “mother” in Neo-Sindarin, but would retain N. naneth as a dialectical or more formal variant.

Derivations

• ᴹ√NAN “*mother” ✧ Ety/AM¹; Ety/NAN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√NAN > naneth	[nanitta] > [nanittʰa] > [naniθθa] > [naneθθa] > [naneθθ] > [naneθ]	✧ Ety/NAN

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14

or

preposition. above, over

or-

prefix. above, over