ostirion

fort

ostirion noun "fort" (TI:423)

osto

noun. city

Ellairë

summer

Ellairë alternative name of June (PM:135); evidently incorporating lairë "summer"; the el- part is probably an assimilated form of er-, an element meaning one or first, June being the first summer month.

arta

fort, fortress

arta (2) noun "fort, fortress" (GARAT under 3AR)

indë

yourselves

indë "yourselves", 2nd person pl.. reflexive pronoun, e.g. *tirildë indë, "you watch yourselves". Indë is derived from earlier imde(VT47:37)

indë

pronoun. yourselves

Derivations

• ✶imde “yourselves” ✧ VT47/37

Elements

Word	Gloss
im-	“same”
de	“you (pl.)”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶imde > inde	[imde] > [inde]	✧ VT47/37

Variations

• inde ✧ VT47/37

laire

noun. summer

lairë

summer

lairë (1) noun "summer" (Letters:283, VT45:26), in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 72 days, but also used without any exact definition (Appendix D). Oiolairë "Eversummer", name of a tree (UT:167), see also Coron Oiolairë. Lairelossë noun *"Summer-snow", name of a tree (UT:167), perhaps with white flowers.

lairë

noun. summer

Cognates

• S. laer “summer” ✧ LotR/1107

Derivations

• ✶lairē “*summer”
  • √LAY “*be alive, flourish, [ᴱ√] be alive, flourish” ✧ PE18/097
• √LAY “*be alive, flourish, [ᴱ√] be alive, flourish” ✧ Let/282; PE17/159

Element in

• Q. Corollairë “Green Mound, *(lit.) Mound of Summer”
• Q. Coron Oiolairë “Mound Ever-summer”
• Q. lairelossë “summer-snow-white, species of tree in Númenor”
• Q. Mettelairë “August, *(lit.) End-summer” ✧ PM/136
• Q. oiolairë “ever-summer (a species of tree)”
• Q. Úlairi “Ring-wraiths, (lit.) ?Un-living, Un-summer”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√LAY > laire	[laire]	✧ Let/282
√LAY > laire	[laire]	✧ PE17/159

Variations

• laire ✧ Let/282; PE17/159; PE22/167

minassë

fort, city, with a citadel and central watch-tower

minassë noun "fort, city, with a citadel and central watch-tower" (VT42:24)

ost

noun. fort, fortress, stronghold, citadel; fortified town; enclosure, fort, fortress, stronghold, citadel; (fortified) town, [N.] city; [orig.] [S.] enclosure, [G.] yard

Cognates

• Q. osto “fortress, stronghold, strong place, fortress, stronghold, strong place; [ᴹQ.] city, town with wall round” ✧ SA/os(t); NM/228; WJ/414

Derivations

• ✶ostō “fortress or stronghold” ✧ WJ/414

Element in

• S. Angrenost “Isengard, (lit.) Iron Fortress” ✧ PE17/032; SA/os(t)
• S. Belegost “Mickleburg, (lit.) Great Fortress” ✧ SA/os(t)
• S. Carchost “Fang Fort” ✧ SA/carak
• S. Fornost “Norbury, (lit.) Northern Fortress” ✧ RC/774; SA/os(t)
• ᴺS. munnost “byre, cowhouse”
• S. Narchost “Bitter-biting Fort” ✧ RC/601
• S. Nargothrond “*Underground Fortress of Narog” ✧ SA/os(t)
• ᴺS. níwost “hive”
• S. Osgiliath “Citadel of the Stars” ✧ NM/228; RC/232; SA/os(t)
• S. Ost-in-Edhil “Fortress of the Eldar” ✧ SA/os(t)
• S. othrond “underground stronghold, underground stronghold, [N.] underground city, fortress” ✧ WJ/414

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ostō > ost	[ostō] > [osto] > [ost]	✧ WJ/414

ost

noun. city, town with wall round

ost

noun. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art

ost

city

ost (pl. yst) (city/town with wall around).

ost

stronghold

(fortress, city), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (fortress with a watchtower), Othram ”fortress-wall” (WR:288).

ost

fort, fortress

(city, stronghold), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (q.v.), Othram ”fortress-wall” (WR:288).

ost

city

(pl. yst) (city/town with wall around).

ostirion

fortress with a watchtower

(pl. ostiryn).

garth

stronghold

1) garth (i **arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth), 2) ost (fortress, city), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (fortress with a watchtower), Othram** ”fortress-wall” (WR:288).

garth

fort, fortress

1) garth (i **arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth), 2) ost (city, stronghold), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (q.v.), Othram ”fortress-wall” (WR:288). 3) barad (fortress, tower) (i varad), pl. beraid (i meraid). Note: barad** is also an adjective "doomed", but this is derived from a stem in mb- and would have different mutations.

laer

noun. summer

Cognates

• Q. lairë “summer” ✧ LotR/1107

Derivations

• √LAY “*be alive, flourish, [ᴱ√] be alive, flourish”

Element in

• S. Cadlaer “July, *After-summer” ✧ PM/136
• S. Eblaer “June, ?Before-summer” ✧ PM/136

Variations

• laer ✧ LotR/1107
• Laer ✧ PM/136

barad

fort, fortress

(fortress, tower) (i varad), pl. beraid (i meraid). Note: barad is also an adjective "doomed", but this is derived from a stem in mb- and would have different mutations.

garth

stronghold

(i ’arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth)

garth

fort, fortress

(i ’arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth)

laer

summer

laer (no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”song”.

laer

summer

(no distinct pl. form). Note:  a homophone means ”song”.

othronn

underground city or stronghold

(pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (fortress in a cave or caves). Cited in archaic form othrond in the sources (WJ:414, VT46:12)

othronn

underground stronghold or city

(pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (fortress in a cave or caves). Cited in archaic form othrond in the sources (WJ:414, VT46:12)

kadar

noun. city

A noun appearing only as an element in kadar-lâi “city folk” (SD/435).

Element in

• Ad. kadar-lâi “city folk” ✧ SD/435

imde

pronoun. yourselves

Derivatives

• Q. indë “yourselves” ✧ VT47/37

ost

noun. city, town (with wall round)

Cognates

• ᴹQ. osto “city, town with wall round, fort” ✧ Ety/OS

Derivations

• ᴹ√OS “round, about” ✧ Ety/OS

Element in

• N. Ang(ren)ost “Isengard”
• N. Belegost “Great Fortress, Great City” ✧ Ety/OS
• N. Caerost “?-town”
• N. Carchost
• N. Gorgos “Dire-castle”
• N. Osforod “Northburg”
• N. Narchost “*Bitter-biting Fort”
• N. Osgiliath “Fortress of the Stars”
• N. Ostechain “Town Built Again, Newbold” ✧ TI/424
• N. othlon “paved way” ✧ Ety/LOD
• N. ostrad “street” ✧ Ety/RAT
• N. Othram “City Wall” ✧ WR/288
• N. othrond “underground city, fortress” ✧ Ety/OS; EtyAC/OS
• N. Tarnost
• N. Taurost “High City”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√OS > ost	[osto] > [ost]	✧ Ety/OS

Variations

• osse ✧ EtyAC/OS (osse)
• Ost ✧ TI/424 (Ost)

ost

noun. city, town with wall round

ost

noun. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art

garth

noun. fort, fortress

garth

noun. fort, fortress

Cognates

• ᴹQ. arta “fort, fortress” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT

Derivations

• ᴹ√GARAT “*defend” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT; EtyAC/GAR
  • ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend” ✧ Ety/ƷAR; EtyAC/GAR
• ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend” ✧ Ety/GAR

Element in

• N. Garthoren “Fenced Fort” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT; EtyAC/GAR (Gardol); EtyAC/GAR (Garth(th)óren); EtyAC/GAR (Garth(th)oren/Garthorn)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√GARAT > garth	[garta] > [gartʰa] > [garθa] > [garθ]	✧ Ety/ƷAR	GARAT

loer

noun. summer

Changes

• Loer → Laer “summer” ✧ PM/136

Cognates

• ᴹQ. laire “summer” ✧ PM/134

Derivations

• ᴹ√LAY “*be alive, flourish”

Element in

• N. Cadloer “July, *After-summer”
• N. Ebloer “June, ?Before-summer”

Variations

• Loer ✧ PM/135