ost

noun. city, town (with wall round)

ost

noun. city, town with wall round

ost

noun. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art

ostechain

place name. Town Built Again, Newbold

A transient name for Osgiliath appearing in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/424), a combination of ost “town” and echain “built again”.

ostrad

noun. street

ostrad

noun. street

car

noun. house, building

car(dh)

noun. house, house, *construction, structure

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing as car or carð with the gloss “house” under the root ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” (Ety/KAR). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. kar (kard-) was glossed “building, house”.

Neo-Sindarin: Given the meaning of its root, I would use cardh for any kind of building-like construction or structure for purposes of Neo-Sindarin. For an ordinary “house” where people live, I would use S. bâr.

cardh

noun. house, building

cerin

noun. circular enclosure

cerin

noun. mound

garth

noun. fort, fortress

garth

noun. fort, fortress

gobel

noun. walled house or village, town

loer

noun. summer

minnastirith

place name. Watchtower

othrond

noun. fortress or city in underground caves, underground stronghold

ost

noun. fort, fortress, stronghold, citadel; fortified town; enclosure, fort, fortress, stronghold, citadel; (fortified) town, [N.] city; [orig.] [S.] enclosure, [G.] yard

ost

noun. city, town with wall round

ost

noun. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art

Ostgiliath

Ostgiliath

topon. -. >> Osgiliath

ost-in-edhil

place name. Fortress of the Eldar

Home of the Noldor in Eriador during the Second Age, described as the “city of the Elves” (S/286) and translated by Christopher Tolkien as “Fortress of the Eldar” (SI/Ost-in-Edhil). This name is a combination of ost “fortress, city”, the plural in of the definite article i and the plural of Edhel “Elf” (SA/os(t), edhel).

Ost-in-Edhi

noun. city, fortress of elves

ost (“fortress, city with wall around”) + in (pl. gen. article) + edhil (pl. of edhel “elf”)

ost

city

ost (pl. yst) (city/town with wall around).

ost

stronghold

(fortress, city), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (fortress with a watchtower), Othram ”fortress-wall” (WR:288).

ost

fort, fortress

(city, stronghold), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (q.v.), Othram ”fortress-wall” (WR:288).

ost

city

(pl. yst) (city/town with wall around).

ostirion

fortress with a watchtower

(pl. ostiryn).

ostirion

fortress with a watchtower

ostirion (pl. ostiryn).

ostirion

watchtower, fortress with a

ostirion (pl. ostiryn). The name of the city Minas Tirith may be interpreted as ”watchtower” or ”tower of guard”.

ostirion

watchtower, fortress with a

(pl. ostiryn). The name of the city Minas Tirith may be interpreted as ”watchtower” or ”tower of guard”.

osta-

verb. to surround with walls, build up, fortify, protect; to surround

ostol-

verb. to circumnavigate, come around

ostor

noun. enclosure, circuit of walls, *town wall

nost

house

(pl. nyst) (family) (PM:360)

osgiliath

place name. Citadel of the Stars

The old capital of Gondor, translated “Citadel of the Stars” (LotR/244) or “Fortress of the Stars” (RGEO/65, Let/426). This name is a combination of ost “fortress, city” and the class-plural of gil “star” (RC/232; SA/os(t), gil).

Conceptual Development: When this name first appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, it was already N. Osgiliath “Fortress of the Stars” (TI/119).

garth

stronghold

1) garth (i **arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth), 2) ost (fortress, city), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (fortress with a watchtower), Othram** ”fortress-wall” (WR:288).

garth

fort, fortress

1) garth (i **arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth), 2) ost (city, stronghold), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (q.v.), Othram ”fortress-wall” (WR:288). 3) barad (fortress, tower) (i varad), pl. beraid (i meraid). Note: barad** is also an adjective "doomed", but this is derived from a stem in mb- and would have different mutations.

noss

house

(family) 1) noss (construct nos, pl. nyss) (family, clan), 2) nost (pl. nyst) (family) (PM:360), 3) nothrim (family); no distinct pl. form (PM:360)

othrad

street

1) *othrad (pl. ethraid for archaic öthraid). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ostrad. 2) rath (climb, climbing path, course, riverbed), pl. raist (idh raist) (UT:255). 3)

othrad

street

(pl. ethraid for archaic öthraid). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ostrad.

cerin

noun. circular enclosure

cerin

noun. mound

laer

noun. summer

othrad

noun. street

othrond

noun. fortress or city in underground caves, underground stronghold

othronn

noun. fortress or city in underground caves, underground stronghold

rath

noun. street

n. street.

rath

noun. street, street; [N.] course, river-bed

sennas

noun. guesthouse

adab

house

(building), pl. edaib. In ”Noldorin”, the plural was edeb.

barad

fort, fortress

(fortress, tower) (i varad), pl. beraid (i meraid). Note: barad is also an adjective "doomed", but this is derived from a stem in mb- and would have different mutations.

bâr

house

bâr (dwelling, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

bâr

house

(dwelling, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

car

house

(building, dwelling-place) 1) car or cardh (i gar[dh], o char[dh]) (building), pl. cerdh (i cherdh) or cair (i chair). Note: cardh also means "deed, feat". Therefore, the form car may be preferred for clarity. 2) adab (building), pl. edaib. In ”Noldorin”, the plural was edeb. 3)

car

house

or cardh (i gar[dh], o char[dh]) (building), pl. cerdh (i cherdh) or cair (i chair). Note: cardh also means "deed, feat". Therefore, the form car may be preferred for clarity.

cerin

circular enclosure

(i gerin, o cherin) (circular raised mound), no distinct pl. form except with article (i cherin).

covas

noun. community

garth

stronghold

(i ’arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth)

garth

fort, fortress

(i ’arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth)

gobel

village

(i ’obel) (enclosed dwelling, ”town”), pl. gebil (i ngebil = i ñebil). Archaic pl. ✱göbil.

laer

summer

laer (no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”song”.

laer

summer

(no distinct pl. form). Note:  a homophone means ”song”.

noss

house

(construct nos, pl. nyss) (family, clan)

nothrim

house

(family); no distinct pl. form (PM:360)

othrad

noun. street

othronn

underground city or stronghold

(pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (fortress in a cave or caves). Cited in archaic form othrond in the sources (WJ:414, VT46:12)

othronn

underground stronghold or city

(pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (fortress in a cave or caves). Cited in archaic form othrond in the sources (WJ:414, VT46:12)

pêl

enclosure

pêl (i bêl, construct pel) (fence, fenced field, garth), pl. peli (i pheli), the latter forms reflecting the stem pele- (root __, LR:380).

pêl

enclosure

(i bêl, construct pel) (fence, fenced field, garth), pl. peli (i pheli), the latter forms reflecting the stem pele- (root PEL(ES), LR:380).

rath

street

(climb, climbing path, course, riverbed), pl. raist (idh raist) (UT:255).

sennas

guesthouse

(i hennas), pl. sennais (i sennais), coll. pl. sennassath (RC:523)

osto

noun. fortress, stronghold, strong place, fortress, stronghold, strong place; [ᴹQ.] city, town with wall round

The best known Quenya word for “city”, but strictly speaking really a fortification or a stronghold (Ety/OS; MR/350; NM/228; PE22/124; WJ/414). The two were more or less synonymous, since in Middle-earth most cities were fortified. In theory osto might also be used of any large fortification, not just a fortified city, as was the case with its Sindarin cognate ost, but in most of the Quenya examples it was used in city-names.

Conceptual Development: Possible precursors include the words ᴱQ. os (ost-) {“dwelling, hamlet” >>} “cottage, house”, ᴱQ. osta {“walled tower” >>} “homestead”, and ᴱQ. ostar {“walled tower” >>} “township” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√OSO [’OSO] (QL/71). The contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME) had only the older glosses, but the forms began with h: ᴱQ. hos(t) “dwelling, hamlet”, ᴱQ. hosta/hostar “walled tower” (PME/71). Elsewhere in PME Tolkien said that osta was equivalent to ᴱQ. irin “town” (PME/43).

The Etymologies of the 1930s had ᴹQ. osto “city, town with wall round” under the root ᴹ√OS “round, about” (Ety/OS). Notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1940s had osto “fort” (PE22/50 note #183), but in the Quenya Verbal System of the late 1940s Tolkien glossed this word as “city” in the phrase: tasse i·osto “there (is) the city” (PE22/124).

In Tolkien’s later writing this word was glossed “fortification” (NM/228), “a strong or fortified building or place” (MR/350), and “fortress or stronghold” (WJ/414). With some exceptions like the name Mandos, it appeared mainly as an element in the names of cities of Men, Elves or Dwarves, such as Armenelos, Formenos, and Túrosto. Note the reduction of the suffix to -os in longer compounds, but not in shorter compounds like Túrosto.

os

house, cottage

os (ost-) noun "house, cottage" (LT2:336; hardly valid in LotR-style Quenya writers may use coa or már)

ostoher

masculine name. *City Lord

The 7th king of Gondor (LotR/1038). His name seems to be a compound osto “city” and heru “lord”.

Conceptual Development: In the drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices, Tolkien first gave his name as Ostohir, with a transient variation Ostonir (PM/197). Ostohir was a “mixed name” whose final element was Sindarin S. hîr “lord”, much like Ondohir which went through a similar conceptual development (PM/210). In the 2nd edition of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien changed it to the pure Quenya name Ostoher.

ostimë

noun. blend

A word for a “blend” appearing in notes associated with the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60, more specifically “the running together of two elements” (VT39/9). It appeared only in its plural form ostimi “blends”. In the context where it appeared, it referred to the blending of sounds in diphthongs and consonant clusters, but it probably can refer to other blends and mixes as well.

Ostoher

city-lord

Ostoher noun masc. name, *"City-lord" (Appendix A)

osta

one seventh

osta (1) fraction "one seventh" (1/7). Also otosta, otsat. (VT48:11)

osta

homestead

osta (2) noun "homestead" (LT2:336)

ostar

township

ostar noun "township" (LT2:336)

ostimë

blend

ostimë (pl. ostimi is attested) noun "blend", in linguistics a term for a kind of "strengthened" elements within a stem, where a single sound has been expanded into two different elements while maintaining a unitary effect and significance: such as s- being turned into st-, or m being strengthened to mb. (VT39:9)

ostirion

fort

ostirion noun "fort" (TI:423)

osto

the gates of the sun

osto (2) noun "the gates of the Sun" (LT1:264; this "Qenya" word was probably obsoleted by # 1 above)

osto

strong or fortified building or place, strong place, fortress

osto (1) noun "a strong or fortified building or place, strong place, fortress" (MR:350, 471; WJ:414); "city, town with wall round" (OS, VT46:8)

osto

noun. city

Túrosto

gabilgathol

Túrosto place-name "Gabilgathol", a dwelling of the Dwarves (Sindarin Belegost; the names mean "Mickleburg", "Great Fortress"). Apparently túra + osto.

otosta

one seventh

otosta fraction "one seventh" (1/7). Also osta, otsat. (VT48:11)

ostimmir

noun. agate, (lit.) blend-jewel

A neologism for “agate” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT), a combination of ostimë “blend” and mírë “jewel”.

ostar

noun. community

ostomo

noun. citizen

ostec-

verb. to describe

filiculumpe

noun. ostrich, (lit.) sparrow-camel

A neologism for “ostrich” coined by Dírheron on Discord in 2019, a combination of [ᴹQ.] filit (filik-) “sparrow” and [ᴱQ.] ulumpe “camel”, inspired by Latin “strúthiocamélus”.

otsat

one seventh

otsat fraction "one seventh" (1/7). Also otosta, osta (VT48:11)

o(to)sta

fraction. one seventh

Ellairë

summer

Ellairë alternative name of June (PM:135); evidently incorporating lairë "summer"; the el- part is probably an assimilated form of er-, an element meaning one or first, June being the first summer month.

arta

fort, fortress

arta (2) noun "fort, fortress" (GARAT under 3AR)

indo

house

indo (2) noun "house" (LT2:343), probably obsoleted by #1 above (in Tolkiens later Quenya, the word for "house" appears as coa).

indë

yourselves

indë "yourselves", 2nd person pl.. reflexive pronoun, e.g. *tirildë indë, "you watch yourselves". Indë is derived from earlier imde(VT47:37)

indë

pronoun. yourselves

laire

noun. summer

lairë

summer

lairë (1) noun "summer" (Letters:283, VT45:26), in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 72 days, but also used without any exact definition (Appendix D). Oiolairë "Eversummer", name of a tree (UT:167), see also Coron Oiolairë. Lairelossë noun *"Summer-snow", name of a tree (UT:167), perhaps with white flowers.

lairë

noun. summer

mallë

street, road

mallë pl. maller noun"street, road" (MBAL, LR:47, 56, LT1:263, SD:310)

minassë

fort, city, with a citadel and central watch-tower

minassë noun "fort, city, with a citadel and central watch-tower" (VT42:24)

otsat

fraction. one seventh

panda

enclosure

panda noun "enclosure" (PAD)

sinilë

noun. topaz

A neologism for “topaz” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT), which might be an elaboration of [ᴱQ.] sink “mineral”.

uomë

noun. community

ostō

noun. fortress or stronghold

imde

pronoun. yourselves

tad

root. enclosure

kadar

noun. city

A noun appearing only as an element in kadar-lâi “city folk” (SD/435).

zadan

noun. house

A noun translated “house” and fully declined as an example of a Strong I noun (SD/430).

cava

noun. house

gathol Reconstructed

noun. fortress