rip
root. *strip, stripe, rim
ris
root. cut, cleave, cut; [ᴹ√] slash, rip; cleave
kiris
root. cleave, cleave, [ᴹ√] cut, [ᴱ√] split
rip-
verb. to scratch
alaco
rush, rushing flight, wild wind
alaco ("k")noun "rush, rushing flight, wild wind" (VT45:5 cf. ÁLAK)
cir-
verb. to cut, to cut, [ᴱQ.] cleave; *to separate from
A verb for “to cut, cleave”. Its root √KIR is well established and has the same basic meaning (PE17/73; Ety/KIR). In notes for drafts of the Earendel (Poem) from around 1930, ᴱQ. kiri- was glossed “cleave” (PE16/100), and its past form was used in this sense in the finished version of the poem as part of the phrase langon veakiryo kírier “the throat of the sea-ship clove [the waters]” (MC/216). The best evidence for its meaning “cut” in later notes is in the pair of prefixed verbs aucir- and hócir- “cut off” in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 (WJ/365, 368).
This verb also appeared in the versions of the Markirya poem from the 1960s in the phrase métima hrestallo círa “leave the last shore” (MC/221). Helge Fauskanger suggested that in this context it might mean “sail” as in “✱cut through the water” (AL/Markirya, QQ/círa). However, I think the intended meaning is actually “leave = cleave (from)”, in combination with ablative hrestallo “[from] the last shore”.
Neo-Quenya: Based on the above, I think cir- has the connotation of “cut [completely]”, so as to cleave apart the thing cut, as opposed to rista- “cut [into]”. As such I think cir- can also be used metaphorically to mean “✱separate from” when combined with the ablative.
cirissë
slash, gash
cirissë ("k")noun "slash, gash" (KIRIS; the glosses "cleft" and maybe ?"crevasse" occurred in deleted material, VT45:23)
hyar-
verb. cleave
#hyar- vb. "cleave" (1st pers. aorist hyarin "I cleave") (SYAD). Pa.t. probably *hyandë since the R of hyar- was originally D; cf. rer- "sow", pa.t. rendë, from the root RED.
hyar-
verb. cleave
narca-
verb. to rend
narca- ("k")vb. "to rend" (NÁRAK; the form "narki" in LR is a misreading for narka; see VT45:37)
rissë
cut
rissë noun? The word is not clearly glossed but apparently means "cut" or "cleft" (ravine), the cognate of the final element of Imladris, Sindarin name of Rivendell. (PE17:87)
rista
cut
rista (2) noun "cut" (RIS), cf. #1 above.
nyas-
verb. to scratch
rista-
verb. to rend, rip
rhista-
verb. to rend, rip
rhista-
verb. to cut
A verb appearing in its Noldorin-style infinitive form N. rhisto in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a cognate to ᴹQ. rista- “cut”, both derived from the root ᴹ√RIS (Ety/RIS). In the initial version of this root’s entry it appeared as risto derived from ON. rista- “rend, rip” (Ety/RIS). The original entry was not deleted, and it is not clear if its retention was an oversight or if Tolkien intended both meanings to coexist.
Neo-Sindarin: In Noldorin, an initial r unvoiced to rh, but this was not the case in Sindarin, so its Sindarin form is probably ᴺS. rista-, as suggested in HSD (HSD). I would further assume rista- can mean any of “cut, rend, rip”.
thrib-
verb. to scratch
A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing in its Noldorin-style infinitive form N. thribi “to scratch” derived from the root ᴹ√SRIP of the same meaning (Ety/SRIP).
Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this verb as ᴺS. rhib- “to scratch” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, as suggested in HSD (HSD), since primitive sr became voiceless rh in Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s.
rhest
noun. cut
had-
verb. to hurl, to hurl, *fling; [G.] throw, aim at
A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing in its Noldorin-style infinitive form hedi “hurl” under the root ᴹ√KHAT of similar meaning, with past forms hant and hennin [“I hurled”] (Ety/KHAT).
Conceptual Development: There was the verb G. hada “throw at, [with dative?] aim at” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with past form {hanti- >>} hanthi (GL/48), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√HATA “hurl, fling” (QL/39). Before the gloss “aim at” Tolkien wrote “c. dat.”, which I think means “with dative”, but it is not clear how this construction would work. The Gnomish Lexicon also had a similar verb G. {hanta- >>} hantha- “fling, hurl, aim at; direct” based on hant “hither” (GL/48).
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would just use had- with the meanings “to hurl, fling, throw”, and I would ignore the 1910s gloss “aim at”, using ᴺS. meitha- instead for “aim”.
narcha-
verb. to rend
A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “to rend” derived from the root ᴹ√NARAK “tear, rend (tr. and intr.)” (Ety/NÁRAK; EtyAC/NÁRAK).
narcha-
verb. to rend
osgar-
verb. to cut round, to amputate
rhest
noun. cut
rhista-
verb. to cut
rista-
verb. to rend, rip
rista-
verb. to cut; to rend, rip
Rest
cut
(noun) 1) rest (ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist), 2) criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)
criss
slash
criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, cleft), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)
narcha
rend
narcha- (i narcha, in narchar)
raw
rush
(noun, roaring noise) 1) raw (pl. roe, idh roe)
rib
rush
(verb) rib- (i rîb, idh ribir) (fly, fling)
Rest
noun. cut
rista-
verb. to cut
criss
slash
(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, cleft), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)
criss
cut
(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)
narcha
rend
(i narcha, in narchar)
raw
rush
(pl. roe, idh roe)
rest
cut
(ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist)
rhib-
verb. to scratch
rib
rush
(i rîb, idh ribir) (fly, fling)
Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!
rip
root. rush, fly, fling, hurl
A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “rush, fly, fling” with derivatives like ᴹQ. rimpa “rushing, flying” and N. rhib- “to flow like a (?torrent)”, the latter an element in the name N. Rhimdath “Rushdown” (Ety/RIP). This river name appeared in early maps from Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (RS/205), but the river was unlabeled in the published version of The Lord of the Rings. As for the root ᴹ√RIP, it reappeared with the gloss “fling, hurl (of something long like an arrow, spear, shaft)” in a rejected list of roots from Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948, having a single derivative in the past form ᴹQ. rimpe “hurled” (PE22/127 note #141). In this list ᴹ√RIP appeared immediately above the root ᴹ√KHAT “hurl”, which also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KHAT).
Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is better to use the better-known root ᴹ√KHAT for “hurl, fling”, which derivatives like Q. hatal “spear” as late as the 1960s. If ᴹ√RIP is used, it is probably best to give it the meaning of its derivatives from The Etymologies: “rush, fly”.
ris
root. slash, rip
skel
root. *strip
rista-
verb. cut
kiris
root. cut
kir
root. cleave
rip-
verb. to hurl
rista
noun. cut
A noun for “a cut” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” (Ety/RIS). It was also an element the name ᴹQ. Latimberista, Quenya equivalent of S. Imladris, in a page of rejected notes from 1948 (PE22/127). It might reappear in some later notes as well; see Q. rista- “to cut” for further discussion.
rista-
verb. to cut
narka-
verb. to rend
A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “to rend” derived from the root ᴹ√NARAK “tear, rend (tr. and intr.)” (Ety/NÁRAK; EtyAC/NÁRAK). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road Christopher Tolkien gave the form as narki (LR/375), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne corrected this to narka in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT45/37).
rista-
verb. rend, rip
rest
noun. cut
A noun meaning “a cut” derived from the root ᴹ√RIS (Ety/RIS²). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. rista suggests a primitive form ✱✶ristā, where the [i] became [e] due to Ilkorin a-affection, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/rest).
feng-
verb. to cut
A verb appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as fengin “I cut” under the early root ᴱ√FEŊE (QL/38).
halis
noun. rush
nyasa-
verb. to scratch
vilki-
verb. to cut
A verb appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as vilkin “it cuts” under the early root ᴱ√VḶKḶ (QL/101).
haliske
noun. rush
fag-
verb. to cut
A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “cut”, marked with a “✱” indicating it was the basis of a set of related words (GL/33).
fagin
adjective. cut
A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “cut (aj.)”, an adjectival form of G. fag- “cut” (GL/33).
fanc
noun. cut
A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “a cut”, a noun form of G. fag- “cut” (GL/33).
ḷqḷ
root. rend
A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√(U)ḶQ(U)Ḷ and glossed “rend”, having what appears to be unglossed verb forms ᴱQ. ulqin “✱I rend” and alqe “✱rended [past]” as derivatives (QL/97). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.
faka Speculative
root. cut
This root first appeared as ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the derivative N. risto “rend, rip” (Ety/RIS¹). Tolkien then created a new entry for ᴹ√RIS without deleting the prior entry, with derivatives like ᴹQ. rista/N. rhest “a cut” and ᴹQ. rista-/N. rhista- “cut” (Ety/RIS²); this seems to reflect a conceptual shift of “slash, rip” >> “cut”. Indeed, the root √RIS reappeared in Tolkien’s later writings with the gloss “cut” (PE17/87). Christopher Tolkien gave this root the gloss “cleave” in the Silmarillion Appendix (SA/ris).