rip-

verb. to scratch

A neologism for “to scratch” created by Boris Shapiro and Petri Tikka in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, based on the root ᴹ√SRIP. I would use attested [ᴱQ.] nyas- “to scratch” instead.

alaco

rush, rushing flight, wild wind

alaco ("k")noun "rush, rushing flight, wild wind" (VT45:5 cf. ÁLAK)

cir-

verb. to cut, to cut, [ᴱQ.] cleave; *to separate from

A verb for “to cut, cleave”. Its root √KIR is well established and has the same basic meaning (PE17/73; Ety/KIR). In notes for drafts of the Earendel (Poem) from around 1930, ᴱQ. kiri- was glossed “cleave” (PE16/100), and its past form was used in this sense in the finished version of the poem as part of the phrase langon veakiryo kírier “the throat of the sea-ship clove [the waters]” (MC/216). The best evidence for its meaning “cut” in later notes is in the pair of prefixed verbs aucir- and hócir- “cut off” in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 (WJ/365, 368).

This verb also appeared in the versions of the Markirya poem from the 1960s in the phrase métima hrestallo círa “leave the last shore” (MC/221). Helge Fauskanger suggested that in this context it might mean “sail” as in “✱cut through the water” (AL/Markirya, QQ/círa). However, I think the intended meaning is actually “leave = cleave (from)”, in combination with ablative hrestallo “[from] the last shore”.

Neo-Quenya: Based on the above, I think cir- has the connotation of “cut [completely]”, so as to cleave apart the thing cut, as opposed to rista- “cut [into]”. As such I think cir- can also be used metaphorically to mean “✱separate from” when combined with the ablative.

cirissë

slash, gash

cirissë ("k")noun "slash, gash" (KIRIS; the glosses "cleft" and maybe ?"crevasse" occurred in deleted material, VT45:23)

hyar-

verb. cleave

#hyar- vb. "cleave" (1st pers. aorist hyarin "I cleave") (SYAD). Pa.t. probably *hyandë since the R of hyar- was originally D; cf. rer- "sow", pa.t. rendë, from the root RED.

hyar-

verb. cleave

narca-

verb. to rend

narca- ("k")vb. "to rend" (NÁRAK; the form "narki" in LR is a misreading for narka; see VT45:37)

rissë

cut

rissë noun? The word is not clearly glossed but apparently means "cut" or "cleft" (ravine), the cognate of the final element of Imladris, Sindarin name of Rivendell. (PE17:87)

rista

cut

rista (2) noun "cut" (RIS), cf. #1 above.

nyas-

verb. to scratch

rista-

verb. to rend, rip

rhista-

verb. to rend, rip

rhista-

verb. to cut

A verb appearing in its Noldorin-style infinitive form N. rhisto in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a cognate to ᴹQ. rista- “cut”, both derived from the root ᴹ√RIS (Ety/RIS). In the initial version of this root’s entry it appeared as risto derived from ON. rista- “rend, rip” (Ety/RIS). The original entry was not deleted, and it is not clear if its retention was an oversight or if Tolkien intended both meanings to coexist.

Neo-Sindarin: In Noldorin, an initial r unvoiced to rh, but this was not the case in Sindarin, so its Sindarin form is probably ᴺS. rista-, as suggested in HSD (HSD). I would further assume rista- can mean any of “cut, rend, rip”.

thrib-

verb. to scratch

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing in its Noldorin-style infinitive form N. thribi “to scratch” derived from the root ᴹ√SRIP of the same meaning (Ety/SRIP).

Neo-Sindarin: I would adapt this verb as ᴺS. rhib- “to scratch” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, as suggested in HSD (HSD), since primitive sr became voiceless rh in Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s.

rhest

noun. cut

had-

verb. to hurl, to hurl, *fling; [G.] throw, aim at

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing in its Noldorin-style infinitive form hedi “hurl” under the root ᴹ√KHAT of similar meaning, with past forms hant and hennin [“I hurled”] (Ety/KHAT).

Conceptual Development: There was the verb G. hada “throw at, [with dative?] aim at” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with past form {hanti- >>} hanthi (GL/48), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√HATA “hurl, fling” (QL/39). Before the gloss “aim at” Tolkien wrote “c. dat.”, which I think means “with dative”, but it is not clear how this construction would work. The Gnomish Lexicon also had a similar verb G. {hanta- >>} hantha- “fling, hurl, aim at; direct” based on hant “hither” (GL/48).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would just use had- with the meanings “to hurl, fling, throw”, and I would ignore the 1910s gloss “aim at”, using ᴺS. meitha- instead for “aim”.

narcha-

verb. to rend

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “to rend” derived from the root ᴹ√NARAK “tear, rend (tr. and intr.)” (Ety/NÁRAK; EtyAC/NÁRAK).

narcha-

verb. to rend

osgar-

verb. to cut round, to amputate

rhest

noun. cut

rhista-

verb. to cut

rista-

verb. to rend, rip

rista-

verb. to cut; to rend, rip

Rest

cut

(noun) 1) rest (ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist), 2) criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

criss

slash

criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, cleft), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

narcha

rend

narcha- (i narcha, in narchar)

raw

rush

(noun, roaring noise) 1) raw (pl. roe, idh roe)

rib

rush

(verb) rib- (i rîb, idh ribir) (fly, fling)

Rest

noun. cut

rista-

verb. to cut

criss

slash

(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, cleft), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

criss

cut

(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

narcha

rend

(i narcha, in narchar)

raw

rush

(pl. roe, idh roe)

rest

cut

(ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist)

rhib-

verb. to scratch

rib

rush

(i rîb, idh ribir) (fly, fling)

kiris

root. cleave, cleave, [ᴹ√] cut, [ᴱ√] split