sap-
dig
(n)ungwar-
verb. to undermine, weaken, hinder, sabotage, sap, (lit.) to under/down-fret
@@@ from Röandil in the “Neologism of the Day” series on the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), 2023-04-09, < PE ✱(n)un-ñgwar-
Elements
Word Gloss nu “under, beneath” ñgwar- “fret, wear away”
pirya
juice, syrup
pirya noun "juice, syrup" (PIS)
sáva
juice
sáva noun "juice" (SAB)
paich
noun. juice, syrup, juice, syrup, *sap
nîdh
noun. juice
juice
nîdh
noun. juice, [N.] honeycomb; [S.] juice
A noun for “juice” appearing in 1970 green-ink revisions to the Outline of Phonology (OP2), derived from ✶negdē “exudation” based on the root √NEG “ooze, drip”; its Quenya cognate was Q. nehtë “honey” (PE19/91). Sindarin nîdh was a later iteration of N. {nēdh >>} nīdh “honeycomb” in The Etymologies of the 1930s which had essentially the same derivation (EtyAC/NEG). This in turn was a later form of G. nectha “honey comb” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/60), cognate to ᴱQ. nekte “honey” and hence derived from the early root ᴱ√NEHE having to do with bees and honey (QL/65).
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use nîdh with its earlier meaning “honeycomb”. For “juice” I’d use other words like [N.] saw and [ᴺS.] paich (adapted from N. peich).
Cognates
- Q. nehtë “honey, honey; [ᴹQ.] honeycomb” ✧ PE19/091
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶negdē > nîdh [negdē] > [neidē] > [neide] > [nīde] > [nīðe] > [nīð] ✧ PE19/091 Variations
- nîdh ✧ PE19/091
paich
noun. juice, syrup
paich
juice
(i baich, o phaich) (syrup), pl. pîch (i phîch). The source (LR:382 s.v. PIS) cites the archaic form peich.
saw
juice
1) saw (i haw, o saw), pl. soe (i soe). In ”Noldorin”, the pl. was sui (LR:385 s.v. SAB). 2) *paich (i baich, o phaich) (syrup), pl. pîch (i phîch). The source (LR:382 s.v. PIS) cites the archaic form peich.
saw
juice
(i haw, o saw), pl. soe (i soe). In ”Noldorin”, the pl. was sui (LR:385 s.v. SAB).
sap
root. *dig
This root first appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as ᴱ√SAPA “dig, excavate” with derivatives like ᴱQ. sapa- “dig” and ᴱQ. sat (sap-) “hole” (QL/82). At some later point Tolkien wrote ÐAPA as a replacement above this root, but that is not reflected in any of its derivatives. Indeed, the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon has a base form sab- and derivatives like G. sabli “spade, shovel” and G. saptha- “to dig, to bite into” (GL/67), indicating ᴱ√SAPA not ᴱ√ÐAPA. Later hints of ᴱ√ÐAPA can be seen in the root ᴹ√DAG “dig” from The Etymologies of the 1930s, but this root was deleted (EtyAC/DAG).
The root √SAP reappeared in a list of roots from the Outline of Phonology (OP2) of the early 1950s with the derivative ✶sapnā > Q. samna “delved hole, pit” (PE19/86). This list was rejected but only because Tolkien revised his thinking on the demonstrated phonetic developments, not the roots themselves. Indeed, the appearance of S. -habar (soft-mutated ✱sabar) “delving” in various late words like S. Anghabar “Iron-delvings” (S/138) and S. Nornhabar “Dwarrowdelf” (WJ/209) indicate Tolkien probably never really abandoned √SAP “dig”.
Derivatives
sap
root. [ᴱ√] dig, excavate
Derivatives
peich
noun. juice, syrup
A noun appearing as N. peich “juice, syrup” in The Etymologies of the late 1930s under the root ᴹ√PIS, probably from primitive ✱pisya given its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. pirya (Ety/PIS). Here sy became χı̯ [pixı̯a], the i became e via a-effection [pexı̯(a)], and then the i intruded into the preceding syllable to produce the diphthong ei after the final a was lost to produce peich [peix].
Conceptual Development: Several earlier words seem to be precursors of this one. The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. bith “juice, sap” with a deleted primitive form {viđa} (GL/23), cognate to ᴱQ. vite “sap, juice” under the early root ᴱ√VITI (QL/101). Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱN. hî “sap, juice” derived from ᴱ✶pisye (PE13/147) with initial p becoming h as was usual in Early Noldorin of the 1920s.
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would adapt this word as ᴺS. paich as suggested in HSD (HSD), since ei became ai unless it was in a non-final syllable in Sindarin.
Cognates
- ᴹQ. pirya “juice, syrup, juice, syrup, *sap” ✧ Ety/PIS
Derivations
- ᴹ√PIS “*juice” ✧ Ety/PIS
Element in
- N. pichen “juicy, juicy, *oozing” ✧ Ety/PIS
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√PIS > peich [pisja] > [pixja] > [pexja] > [pexia] > [pexi] > [peix] ✧ Ety/PIS
saw
noun. juice
A noun in The Etymologies of the late 1930s glossed “juice” from the root ᴹ√SAB of the same meaning (Ety/SAB).
Conceptual Development: G. gwâs “juice” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s is a possible precursor (GL/44).
Cognates
- ᴹQ. sáva “juice” ✧ Ety/SAB
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources On. sōba > saw [sǭba] > [souba] > [souva] > [sauva] > [sauv] > [sau] ✧ Ety/SAB On. sōba > sui [sǭbi] > [soubi] > [souvi] > [sauvi] > [suiv] > [sui] ✧ Ety/SAB
peich
noun. juice, syrup
saw
noun. juice
Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!
pirya
noun. juice, syrup, juice, syrup, *sap
A noun in The Etymologies of the late 1930s glossed “juice, syrup” derived from the root ᴹ√PIS (Ety/PIS).
Conceptual Development: Several earlier words seem to be precursors of this one. The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. pulqe “juice” under the early root ᴱ√PḶQḶ which was unglossed and had no other derivatives (QL/74). Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱQ. pihye, a cognate of ᴱN. hí “sap, juice” and derived from ᴱ✶pisye (PE13/147). The Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s had ᴹQ. pite “juice” pl. pitsin (PE21/7).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use this word for thicker juices, syrups and ✱sap, as opposed to ᴹQ. sáva as “juice” for drinking (such as from fruits).
Cognates
- N. peich “juice, syrup” ✧ Ety/PIS
Derivations
- ᴹ√PIS “*juice” ✧ Ety/PIS
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√PIS > pirya [pisja-] > [pizja-] > [pirja-] ✧ Ety/PIS
sáva
noun. juice
A noun in The Etymologies of the late 1930s glossed “juice” from the root ᴹ√SAB of the same meaning (Ety/SAB).
Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. văsă “juice” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (a cognate to G. gwâs) is a possible precursor (GL/44).
Cognates
Derivations
- ᴹ√SAB “juice” ✧ Ety/SAB
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√SAB > sáva [sāba] > [sāβa] > [sāva] ✧ Ety/SAB
apsa
noun. juice
Derivations
- ᴹ√PAS “*juice” ✧ PE22/050
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√PAS > apsa [apsa] ✧ PE22/050 Variations
- apsa ✧ PE22/050
pite
noun. juice
sōba
noun. juice
Changes
sāba→ sōba ✧ Ety/SABCognates
- ᴹQ. sáva “juice” ✧ Ety/SAB
Derivations
- ᴹ√SAB “juice” ✧ Ety/SAB
Derivatives
- N. saw “juice” ✧ Ety/SAB
Element in
- N. gilhof “dew, *(lit.) star-juice”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√SAB > sōba [sāba] > [sǭba] ✧ Ety/SAB Variations
- sóba ✧ EtyAC/SAB
- sāba ✧ EtyAC/SAB (
sāba)
pis
root. *juice
This root was one of a surprisingly large number of roots Tolkien used for “juice”, appearing unglossed in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. pirya/peich “juice, syrup” and N. pichen “juicy” (Ety/PIS). A similar primitive form ᴱ✶pisye appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s, with derivatives ᴱQ. pihye/ᴱN. hí “sap, juice” (PE13/147). This in turn might have been a later iteration of unglossed root ᴱ√PḶQḶ from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with a single derivative: ᴱQ. pulqe “juice”.
Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume this root refers mainly to syrup and tree sap, as opposed to fruit juice which would be derived from ᴹ√SAB.
Derivatives
sab
root. juice
This root was one of a surprisingly large number of roots Tolkien used for “juice”, appearing as ᴹ√SAB in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives ᴹQ. sáva/N. saw “juice” (Ety/SAB). It might be a variant of (hypothetical) early root ✱ᴱ√WASA needed to explain the forms G. gwâs and ᴱQ. vasa “juice” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/44). The primitive form ᴹ✶sāba also appeared in a rough 1940 note with the word N. iofog “fruit drink”, though Tolkien ultimately decided the second element was derived from ᴹ√SUK “drink” (TMME/53).
Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume this root refers mainly fruit juice and pulp, as opposed to syrup and tree sap which would be derived from ᴹ√PIS.
Derivatives
dag
root. dig
A rejected root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “dig” (Ety/DAG), it may have been a transient replacement for √SAP.
Derivatives
pas
root. *juice
Derivatives
- ᴹQ. apsa “juice” ✧ PE22/050
sāba
noun. *juice
Derivations
- ᴹ√SAB “juice”
Variations
- sāka ✧ TMME/053
bith
noun. juice, sap
Cognates
- Eq. vite “sap, juice” ✧ GL/23
Derivations
- ᴱ√VITI “*juice, sap” ✧ GL/23
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴱ√viđa > bith [βiða] > [biða] > [bið] > [biθ] ✧ GL/23
laus
noun/adjective. juice, sap; energy, vitality; (aj.) fresh
Derivations
- ᴱ√LAWA “*life (esp. plants)”
gwâs
noun. juice
Cognates
- Eq. vasa “juice” ✧ GL/44
Derivations
- ᴱ√WASA “juice”
molk
noun. sap
Cognates
- En. bliw “oil” ✧ PE13/139
Derivations
- ᴱ✶mḷgo “*oil” ✧ PE13/139
fiss
noun. sap, juice
Cognates
- En. hí “sap, juice” ✧ PE13/147
Derivations
hí
noun. sap, juice
Cognates
Derivations
pirie
noun. sap, juice
Cognates
- En. hí “sap, juice” ✧ PE13/147
Derivations
viti
root. *juice, sap
An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. vite “sap, juice” (QL/101). G. bith “juice, sap” from the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon is probably related; there the primitive form was given as viđa, but this was erased (GL/23). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.
Derivatives
Variations
- viđa ✧ GL/23 (
viđa)
kava
root. *dig
An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. kava- “dig” and ᴱQ. kambo “cellar, cave, vault” (QL/45). Elvish “dig” words in later writings were mostly based on √SAP.
Derivatives
Variations
- KAV ✧ PME/045
mṛkṛ
root. *juice
An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives ᴱQ. mark “ripe juice, sap, ooze, moisture” and ᴱQ. marqa “oozy, juicy, moist” (QL/63); Tolkien marked the root with a “?”. There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.
Derivatives
pḷqḷ
root. *juice
Derivatives
- Eq. pulqe “juice” ✧ QL/074
wasa Speculative
root. juice
Derivatives
mark
noun. ripe juice, sap, ooze, moisture
A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “ripe juice, sap, ooze, moisture” and derived from the early root ᴱ√MṚKṚ (QL/63).
Derivations
- ᴱ√MṚKṚ “*juice” ✧ QL/063
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴱ√MṚKṚ > mark [mṛk] > [mark] ✧ QL/063
pihye
noun. sap, juice
Cognates
- En. hí “sap, juice” ✧ PE13/147
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴱ✶pisye > pihye [pisjē] > [pisje] > [pij̊e] ✧ PE13/147
vite
noun. sap, juice
Cognates
- G. bith “juice, sap” ✧ GL/23
Derivations
- ᴱ√VITI “*juice, sap” ✧ QL/101
Element in
- Eq. vitevíse “*resin, gum, (lit.) sap-blood” ✧ QL/101
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴱ√VITI > vitsĭ- [βiti-] > [viti-] > [vitsi-] ✧ QL/101 ᴱ√VITI > vite [βiti] > [βite] > [vite] ✧ QL/101
pulqe
noun. juice
Derivations
- ᴱ√PḶQḶ “*juice” ✧ QL/074
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴱ√PḶQḶ > pulqe [pḷkʷē] > [pḷkʷe] > [pulkʷe] ✧ QL/074
vasa
noun. juice
Cognates
- G. gwâs “juice” ✧ GL/44
Derivations
- ᴱ√WASA “juice”
Variations
- văsă ✧ GL/44
sap- or sapa- vb. "dig", pa.t. sampë (PE16:145, QL:82); cf. sampa, and sapsanta below.