ar-

ar-

_ pref. _Q. ar-.

ar-

ar-

_ pref. _Q. ar-. . This gloss was rejected.

ar-

prefix. without; by; **beside, [N.] outside; [S.] without; by, beside, [G.] along with, compared with

Cognates

• Q. ar- “by-, beside, near, by-, beside, near; [ᴹQ.] outside” ✧ PE17/169; PE17/169

Derivations

• √AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways”
• √ÑAR “by, beside, near” ✧ PE17/169; PE17/169

Element in

• S. arnediad “unnumbered, unnumbered, [N.] without reckoning, numberless, innumerable, countless, endless”
• S. arnoediad “unnumbered, without reckoning”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ÑAR > ar-	[ŋar-] > [ar-]	✧ PE17/169

ar-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ara-, Arathorn

ar-

prefix. high, noble, royal

Ara-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ar-, Arathorn

Ara-

prefix. high, noble, royal

ar

outside

(adv. prefix) ar- (without)the literal meaning of a word translated SPY (q.v.)

ar

without

(adv. prefix) ar- (outside)

ar

noble

(adjectival prefix) ar- (high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

ar

outside

(without)

ar

without

(outside)

ar

noble

(high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

ar(a)-

prefix. noble, royal, high

Derivations

• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal”
• S. aran “king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person, king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)” ✧ Let/426
  • √ARAN “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• S. Aradan “*Noble-man”
• S. Arador “*Noble-lord”
• S. Araglas “*Royal-joy”
• S. Aragorn “Revered King, Kingly Valour” ✧ Let/426; PE17/113
• S. Aragost
• S. Arahad
• S. Arahael
• S. Aramund “Kingly Bull”
• S. Arassuil
• S. Arathorn “Steadfast King” ✧ Let/426
• S. Araval
• S. Aravir
• S. Aravorn
• S. arahadhw “throne, (lit.) high seat” ✧ PE22/148
• S. Aredhel “Noble Elf”
• S. Aredhel “Noble Elf” ✧ PE17/139
• S. Ar-Feiniel “White Lady”
• S. Argeleb
• S. Argon
• S. Argonath “Pillars of the Kings, (lit.) Royal Stones” ✧ RC/347
• S. Argonui
• S. Arminas “?Noble Tower”
• S. Arnor “Royal Land”
• S. arphen “noble, knight”
• S. Arroch “*Noble-horse”
• S. Arvedui “Last-king”
• S. Arvegil
• S. Arveleg
• S. Arwen “Noble Maiden”
• ᴺS. arwen “noble lady”
• S. Finarfin
• S. Gil-Orrain “Star of High Hope”
• S. Pelargir “Garth of Royal Ships”
• S. Ras-Arphain
• Os. Ára-ngorn “Revered King”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
S. aran > ara	[aran-] > [ara-]	✧ Let/426

Variations

• ara ✧ Let/426; PE22/148
• ar(a) ✧ LotR/1038
• ara- ✧ PE17/113
• ar- ✧ PE17/139
• aran/ar(a) ✧ PM/193
• Ar(a)- ✧ RC/347

calan

noun. day, period of actual daylight

Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second.

an-

very

(as adverbial prefix) an-, as in:

aran

king

1) (king of a region) aran (pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural). 2) (king of a people) †taur (i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. _T_Ā to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

arn

noble

(adjective) 1) arn (royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic *araud), pl. aroed. 2) brand (high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind; 3) raud (eminent, high), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

arphen

noble

(noun, "a noble") 1) arphen, pl. erphin; 2) raud (eminent man, champion), pl.roed (idh roed), coll. pl. rodath.

athar

beyond

1) *athar (across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation. 2) (adverbial prefix) thar- (across, athwart, over)

aur

day

aur (morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

dae

very

dae (exceedingly). Lenited dhae.

gail

bright

gail (light), lenited ngail; no distinct pl. form (VT45:18). The adj. calen etymologically means "bright", but is used = "green" (q.v.).

or

high

(adjectival pref.) or- (above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

pen

without

1) pen (lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited. 2)

ú

without

(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad *”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

ara

noun. king

_ n. _king. 

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

arod

adjective. noble

arod

noble

1b _adj._noble. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

adj. #noble.

arod

adjective. noble

d adj. noble. Q. arata. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

Cognates

• Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/186
• T. aráta “noble” ✧ PM/363

Derivations

• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PE17/039; PE17/186; PM/363; VT41/09
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶rāta “lofty, high, noble” ✧ PE17/049
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• S. Arodreth “Noble Endurance” ✧ PE17/182
• S. Arothir “Noble Lord”
• S. Finrod ✧ VT41/09
• S. Thinrod “noble member of the Thindrim” ✧ VT41/09

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶arātā > arod	[arātā] > [arāta] > [arǭta] > [arauta] > [araut] > [araud] > [arod]	✧ PM/363

arphen

noun. a noble

arth

adjective. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted)

athan

preposition. beyond

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

glân

adjective. bright, shining white

The word is deduced from its mutated form, but it is worth mentioning that a stem GALÁN "bright", with glan "daylight" (and later "clear") as derivative, is listed in the Etymologies (not included in the published text, but see VT/45:13). Most of the words meaning "white" in the Indo-Eureopean languages come from the original notion of "brightness", e.g. Greek leukós "white" is cognate with Latin lucere "to shine", lux "light". This association of sense is also found in Gnomish, PE/11:39 (glan "clean, pure", from "bright" originally) and in Early Noldorin (PE/13:144, glann "clean"). The similarity with Welsh glan (where the vowel, incidentally, is also long, though this is concealed by Welsh orthographic convention) is also striking

oraearon

noun. seventh day of the Númenórean week, Sea-day

oranor

noun. second day of the week, day of the Sun

orbelain

noun. sixth day of the week, day of the Powers or Valar

orgaladh

noun. fourth day of the Númenórean week, day of the White Tree

This day was formerly called orgaladhad in the Elvish calendar

orgaladhad

noun. fourth day of the Elvish week, day of the Two Trees

This day was renamed orgaladh in the Númenórean calendar

orgilion

noun. first day of the week, day of the Stars

orithil

noun. third day of the week, day of the Moon

ormenel

noun. fifth day of the week, Heavens' day

pen

preposition. without, lacking, -less

pen-

without

(ben-) _ pref. _without,**less. pen-adar 'fatherless'. >> ben-, ú-

penninor

noun. last day of the year

an-

very

as in:

andrath

high pass

(literally "long climb"), pl. endraith.

aran

king

(pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural).

arn

noble

(royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic ✱araud), pl. aroed.

arphen

noble

pl. erphin

arwen

noble woman

(pl. erwin).****

athar

beyond

(across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation.

aur

day

(morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

brand

noble

(high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind

brand

tall

(lofty, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind.

calan

daytime

(i galan, o chalan), pl. celain (i chelain)

dae

adverb. very

Derivations

• √DAY “*great”

dae

very

(exceedingly). Lenited dhae.

duinen

high tide

(i dhuinen), pl. duinin (i nuinin). (VT48:26).

edinor

anniversary day

(pl. edinoer). Archaic edinaur. In ”Noldorin”, the word appeared as edinar.

eth

adverb/adjective. outside

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ette “outside”

Derivations

• √ET “out, forth”

gail

bright

(light), lenited ngail; no distinct pl. form (VT45:18). The adj. calen etymologically means "bright", but is used = "green" (q.v.).

gondrath

highway

(i ’ondrath) (street of stone, causeway), pl. gendraith (i ngendraith = i ñendraith). Archaic pl. göndreith. (WJ:340). Possibly the pl. can also be gondraith, without umlaut of the first element.

gîl

bright spark

(i ngîl = i ñîl, construct gil) (star, silver glint), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gîl = i ñgîl), coll. pl. *giliath** (RGEO, MR:388)*

hall

tall

(exalted); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

or

high

(above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

pen

without

(lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited.

raud

noble

(eminent, high), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed.  4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

raud

tall

(eminent, noble), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed. Also used as noun ”champion, eminent man, [a] noble”.

taur

king

(i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. TĀ to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

taur

tall

(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

telu

high roof

(i delu, o thelu) (dome), pl. tely (i thely).

thar

beyond

(across, athwart, over)

ú

without

u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad ✱”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in: