ar

day

ar (2) noun "day" (PE17:148), apparently short for árë, occurring in the names of the Valinorean week listed below. Tolkien indicated that ar in these names could also be arë when the following element begins in a consonant (VT45:27). Usually the word for "day" in LotR-style Quenya is rather aurë (or ré), q.v.

ar

and

ar (1) conj. "and" (AR2, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40). The older form of the conjunction was az (PE17:41). Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s (PE17:41, 71), but "in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases" (PE17:71). In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar "and raiments" to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation(PE17:175). More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in "Old Quenya", the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant (PE17:41, 71). An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" (VT43:31, cf. VT48:14). In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ar(a) (VT45:6). In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar "as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and" (PE17:145); compare ara.

ar

and

o (1) conj. "and", occurring solely in SD:246; all other sources give ar.

ar

conjunction. and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but

Changes

• ara → ar ✧ NM/239
• ar → ar “and” ✧ PE17/041
• ar → ar ✧ PE17/041
• ar → al ✧ PE17/175

Cognates

• S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar

Derivations

• ✶as(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
  • √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31
• ✶ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/070; PE17/071; PE17/071; PE17/102
  • √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
• √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145
• √AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ SA/ar

Element in

• Q. aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie’n aurë “Behold, people of the Eldar and Fathers of Men, the day has come!” ✧ S/190; WJ/166
• Q. álamë tulya úsahtienna “[and] lead us not into temptation” ✧ VT43/21
• Q. alcar i Ataren ar i Yondon ar i Airefëan “glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit” ✧ VT43/36
• Q. alcarin Vendë ar manaquenta “O glorious and blessed Virgin” ✧ VT44/10
• Q. ar aistana i yávë mónalyo Yésus “and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus” ✧ VT43/31; VT43/31
• Q. ar ámen apsenë úcaremmar “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT43/18
• Q. ar cé mo formenna tentanes Amanna “and if northwards, it pointed towards Aman” ✧ VT49/25
• Q. ar Elendil Vorondo voronwë “and of the faith of Elendil the Faithful” ✧ UT/305
• Q. ar hísië untúpa Calaciryo míri oialë “and mist covers the jewels of Calacirya forever” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ar hísië untúpa Calaciryo míri oialë “and mist covers (lit. down-roofs) Calacirya’s jewels forever” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ar i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa tennoio “and of the One who is above all thrones for ever” ✧ UT/305
• Q. ar ilyë tier undulávë lumbulë “and all paths are drowned deep in shadow” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ar lumbulë undulávë ilyë tier “and (heavy) shadow swallowed (lit. down-licked) all roads” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ar mi cemen rainë i hínin “and on earth peace, good will toward men” ✧ VT44/34; VT44/34; VT44/34
• Q. ar sindanóriello caita mornië “and out of a grey country darkness lies” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ar sindanóriello mornië caita “and from a grey country darkness lies” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ar súlë Manwëo etsurinyë ar Eldaron indor turyaner “*and the spirit of Manwe went out and the hearts of the Eldar were comforted / or obeyed” ✧ NM/239; NM/239
• Q. arta “etcetera” ✧ PE17/071
• Q. ar wingildi wilwarindië “*and the foam-like butterflies” ✧ PE16/096
• Q. cemendë tambe Erumandë “on Earth as [it is] in Heaven” ✧ VT43/17
• Q. cuita’r parë “live and learn” ✧ PE22/154
• Q. Elainen tárin Periandion ar meldenya anyáran “*to Elaine, queen of Hobbits and my very old friend” ✧ VT49/40
• Q. Eldarinwë Leperi ar Notessi “Elvish Fingers and Numerals” ✧ VT47/04
• Q. Nasser ar Cenime Cantar Valaron ar Maiaron “The Natures and Visible Shapes of the Valar and Maiar” ✧ PE17/175; PE17/175
• Q. savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe that E[lessar] really existed and that he was a King of Gondor” ✧ PE22/158; VT49/27
• Q. násië “now and at the hour of our death: Amen” ✧ VT43/34; VT43/34
• Q. sínen i·anda nyarnë metta ar taina andaurenya na quanta “*with this the long tale ends and my extended long day is complete” ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT
• Q. sinomë maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn’ Ambar-metta “In this place will I abide, and my heirs, unto the ending of the world” ✧ LotR/0967; PE17/103; PE22/147
• Q. sustanë Manwëo súlë ten i indo Sindicollo ar he lastanë ar carnes “*the spirit of Manwe blew unto the heart of Thingol and he listened and did it” ✧ NM/239; NM/239
• Q. Valar ar Maiar fantaner nassentar fanainen ve quenderinwe coar ar larmar “Valar and Maiar cloaked their true-being in veils, like to Elvish bodies and raiment” ✧ PE17/174; PE17/175; PE17/175
• Q. ványë ar válmë “I and those with me are against it” ✧ PE22/162

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶as(a) > ar	[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad(a) > az > ar	[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad(a) > ar	[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶as(a) > ar	[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/070
✶ad(ă)/ad > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/071
✶ad > ađ > ař > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/071
✶ada > ar	[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/102
√ADA > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/145
√ar- > ar	[ar]	✧ SA/ar
✶as > ar	[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]	✧ VT47/31

Variations

• Ar ✧ NM/239
• ara ✧ NM/240 (ara)
• a ✧ PE17/071 (a)
• as ✧ PE17/071 (as); PE17/071
• al ✧ PE17/071; PE17/175
• are ✧ VT43/31 (are); VT43/34 (are); VT47/04

ar-

outside

ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17), "by" (PE17:169; in the same source the glosses "near, by, beside" were rejected). Cf. ara.

ara

outside, beside, besides

ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, besides" (AR2, VT49:57). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë "he is out", VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni > arni "beside me", astyë "beside you" (informal), allë "besides you" (formal), arsë "beside him/her", plural anwë > armë "beside us" (exclusive), arwë "beside us" (inclusive), astë > ardë "beside you" (plural), astë > artë "beside them"; dual anwet > armet "beside us (two)". (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-.) The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence "beside the" (VT49:24-25)

arë

and

arë conj. "and", longer form of ar, q.v. (VT43:31)

tar

beyond

tar (2) prep. "beyond" (FS)

-tar

king

-tar or tar-, element meaning "king" or "queen" in compounds and names (TĀ/TA3), e.g. Valatar; compare the independent nouns tár, tári. Prefix Tar- especially in the names of the Kings and Queens of Númenor (e.g. Tar-Amandil); see their individual names (like Amandil in this case), cf. also Tar-Mairon "King Excellent", title used by Sauron (PE17:183). Also in Tareldar "High-elves"; see also Tarmenel.

Ara-

noble

Ara-, ar- a prefixed form of the stem Ara- "noble" (PM:344). In the masc. names Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername (amilessë, q.v.) of Fingolfin (PM:360, cf. 344), Arafinwë "Finarfin" (MR:230)

aran

king

aran noun "king"; pl. arani (WJ:369, VT45:16, PE17:186); gen.pl. aranion "of kings" in asëa aranion, q.v.; aranya "my king" (aran + nya) (UT:193). Aran Meletyalda "king your mighty" = "your majesty" (WJ:369); aran Ondórëo, "a king of Gondor" (VT49:27). Also in arandil "king's friend, royalist", arandur "king's servant, minister" (Letters:386); Arantar masc. name, "King-Lord" (Appendix A); Arandor "Kingsland" region in Númenor (UT:165); the long form Arandórë appears as a name of Arnor in PE17:28 (elsewhere Arnanórë, q.v.) Othercompounds ingaran, Noldóran, Núaran, q.v.

aran

noun. king

Cognates

• S. aran “king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person, king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)” ✧ PE17/147

Derivations

• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118
• √ARAN “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• Q. arandil “king’s friend, royalist”
• Q. arandur “minister, steward, (lit.) king’s servant”
• Q. aranel “princess”
• Q. aranië “kingdom”
• Q. aran Lestanórëo “King of Doriath” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. aran linta ciryalion “*king of swift ships” ✧ PE17/147
• Q. aran linta ciryalíva “*king of swift ships” ✧ PE17/147
• Q. Aran Meletyalda “king your mighty” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. Aranórë “Kingsland”
• Q. Arantar “*High King”
• ᴺQ. arantyalmë “chess, (lit.) king-game”
• Q. aranus(së) “kingship”
• Q. Aranwë “*King-person”
• Q. aranya “*royal”
• Q. asëa aranion “kingsfoil, asëa of the Kings” ✧ LotR/0864; PE17/049; PE17/100
• Q. Ciriáran “Mariner King, *(lit.) Ship King”
• Q. Elwë, aran Sindaron “Elwe, King of the Sindar” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. i arani Eldaive “The kings of the Eldar” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. i arani Eldaron “The kings of the Eldar” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. ingaran “high-king”
• Q. Noldóran “King of the Ñoldor”
• Q. savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe that E[lessar] really existed and that he was a King of Gondor” ✧ PE22/158; VT49/27
• ᴺQ. tararan “emperor, (lit.) high-king”
• Q. Aran Endór “King of Middle-earth” ✧ MR/121 (Aran Endór)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ARA > aran	[aran]	✧ PE17/118
√ARAN > aran	[aran]	✧ PE17/147

Variations

• Aran ✧ MR/121 (Aran); PE17/147; WJ/369; WJ/369; WJ/369

aurë

sunlight, day

aurë noun "sunlight, day" (SA:ur), "day (of light), a day of special meaning or festival" (VT49:45). locative auressë "in (the) morning" in Markirya, allative aurenna *"on the day" (VT49:43-45). Also compare amaurëa.

car-

with

#car- (2) prep. "with" (carelyë "with thee"), prepositional element (evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien) (VT43:29)

tar-

affix. high, high; [ᴹQ.] king or queen (in compounds)

Cognates

• S. -dor “*king, lord”

Derivations

• √TĀ/TAƷ “high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble”

Element in

• Q. Alatar
• Q. Annatar “Lord of Gifts” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Arantar “*High King”
• Q. Tar Calimos “*Royal Bright City”
• Q. Hyarantar “?Southern Height”
• Q. Sorontar “King of Eagles”
• Q. Taniquetil “High White Peak”
• Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Tarannon
• Q. Tarcil “High Man, Númenórean”
• Q. Tarciryan
• Q. Tareldar “High-elves”
• Q. tarhanwa “throne, (lit.) high seat” ✧ PE22/148
• Q. tári “queen, queen, [ᴱQ.] mistress, lady” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Tarindor “*High minded one”
• Q. tarma “pillar” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Tarmenel “High Heaven”
• Q. tarminas “great towering building (fort/city/castle), tower”
• ᴺQ. tarolwen “sceptre, (lit.) royal branch”
• Q. Tarondor “?King of Stones”
• Q. Tarostar “?King of the Lands”
• Q. Tarquesta “High Speech, High Language”
• Q. Tarumbar “King of the World”
• S. Tarmund “Noble Bull”

Variations

• tar- ✧ PE22/148; SA/tar

tár

king

tár noun "king" (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes); the pl. tári "kings" must not be confused with the sg. tári "queen" (TĀ/TA3). Prefix tar-, compare -tar above. The normal Quenya word for "king" is aran, but compare Tarumbar.

árë

day

árë noun "day" (PM:127) or "sunlight" (SA:arien). Stem ári- _(PE17:126, where the word is further defined as "warmth, especially of the sun, sunlight"). Also name of tengwa #31; cf. also ar # 2. Originally pronounced ázë; when /z/ merged with /r/, the letter became superfluous and was given the new value ss, hence it was re-named essë (Appendix E)_. Also árë nuquerna *"árë reversed", name of tengwa #32, similar to normal árë but turned upside down (Appendix E). See also ilyázëa, ilyárëa under ilya. In the Etymologies, this word has a short initial vowel: arë pl. ari (AR1)

árë

noun. sunlight, warmth (especially of the sun); day

A word for “sunlight” and “warmth (especially of the sun)” as well as the older name of tengwa #31 (k), which was originally used for the sound [z] matching the archaic pronunciation of this name: †áze (LotR/1123). When this sound fell out of use in Quenya (becoming r) the tengwa was repurposed for [ss] and given a new name: Q. essë. The word árë was derived from the root √AS “warmth” (PE17/18, 148; VT43/18).

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s, ᴹQ. are has the sense “day” as a derivative of the root ᴹ√AR of the same meaning (Ety/AR¹), and it appears with this gloss in some later writings as well (PE17/148, PM/127). By the time Tolkien was writing The Lord of the Rings appendices, though, he had changed the sense of this word to “sunlight” as described above. The sense “day” was transferred to the words aurë and ré.

Cognates

• S. ast “light or heat of the sun” ✧ PE17/018

Derivations

• ✶áse “sunlight” ✧ PE17/018
  • √AS “warmth” ✧ PE17/018
• √AS “warmth” ✧ PE17/148; PE17/148; SA/arien; VT43/18

Element in

• Q. árë nuquerna “árë-reversed” ✧ LotR/1123
• Q. Arien “Maiden of the Sun” ✧ PE17/148
• ᴺQ. árinqua “sunny, (lit.) sunlight-full”
• Q. ilyarëa “*daily”
• Q. siar(ë) “*today, this day”
• Q. hyárë “*today, this day”
• Q. sinar “today, today, [ᴹQ.] this morning”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
Q. áze > áre	[āze] > [āre]	✧ LotR/1123
✶áse > áze > áre	[āse] > [āze] > [āre]	✧ PE17/018
√AS > āze > āre	[āse] > [āze] > [āre]	✧ PE17/148
√AS > ar	[ase] > [aze] > [are] > [ar]	✧ PE17/148
√as- > árë	[āse] > [āze] > [āre]	✧ SA/arien
√AS > áze > áre	[āse] > [āze] > [āre]	✧ VT43/18

Variations

• áre ✧ LotR/1123; PE17/018; PE17/126; VT43/18
• áze ✧ LotR/1123 (áze)
• āre ✧ PE17/126; PE17/148
• ar ✧ PE17/148
• arë ✧ PM/127

ar(a)

preposition. beside, next [to]; out, beside, next [to], *by; out, [ᴹQ.] outside

Derivations

• ✶ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/071
  • √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
• √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145

Element in

• Q. A anamelda na ar ilyan “A is dearest of all” ✧ PE17/057
• Q. arcalima ar eleni “A is brightest of all” ✧ PE17/056
• Q. ar- “by-, beside, near, by-, beside, near; [ᴹQ.] outside”
• ᴺQ. aralussë “aorist, (lit.) beside-tense”
• ᴺQ. aramallë “side-street”
• Q. quiquië menin coaryanna, arsë “whenever I arrive at his house/come to/get to, he is out” ✧ VT49/23 (quiquie tenin koaryanna, arse)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ADA > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/145

Variations

• ar ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057; PE17/145
• ad ✧ PE17/071
• ara ✧ VT49/25

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

arato

noble

arato noun "a noble" (PE17:147), in PE17:118 given as aratō and there glossed "lord" (often = "king"). Cf. aráto. The form cited in the latter source, aratō with a long final vowel, is evidently very archaic (compare Enderō under Ender); later the vowel would become short. (PE17:118)

haran

king, chieftain

haran (#harn-, as in pl. harni) noun "king, chieftain" (3AR, TĀ/TA3, VT45:17; for "king", the word aran is to be preferred in LotR-style Quenya). In a deleted entry in the Etymologies, haran was glossed "chief" (VT45:17)

taran

king

taran (1) noun "king", possibly ephemeral variant of aran, q.v. (PE17:186)

-ssë

at

-ssë (1) locative ending (compare the preposition se, sé "at", q.v.); in Lóriendessë, lúmessë, máriessë, yalúmessë (q.v. for reference); pl. -ssen in yassen, lúmissen, mahalmassen, símaryassen, tarmenissen, q.v. Pronouns take the simple ending -ssë, even if the pronoun is plural by its meaning (messë "on us", VT44:12). The part. pl. (-lissë or -lissen) and dual (-tsë) locative endings are known from the Plotz letter only.

Ae

day

Ae (Quenya?) noun "day" (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK - ae was written over ar [# 2] in the names of the Valinorean week, but ar was not struck out.)

al

al

al (2) an assimilated form of the conjunction ar before l (PE17:41, 175);see ar #1.

ar(i)-

prefix. superlative prefix; good, superlative prefix; good; [ᴱQ.] intensive

Derivations

• Q. arya- “to excel” ✧ PE17/056
• √ARI “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• Q. arimaitë “skilful, [supremely] skillful, *gifted”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ARI > ari-	[ari-]	✧ PE17/147

Variations

• ar ✧ PE17/056; PE17/056
• ari ✧ PE17/056; PE17/056; PE17/056
• ari- ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057; PE17/147

arquen

noble

arquen noun "a noble" (WJ:372), "knight" (PE17:147)

as

with

as prep. "with" (together with), also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with thee" (VT47:31, VT43:29). The conjunction ar "and" may also appear in assimilated form as before s; see ar #1.

as

with

o (2) prep. "with" (MC:216; this is "Qenya"; WJ:367 states that no independent preposition o was used in Quenya. Writers may rather use as.) See ó- below.

as

preposition. with

Derivations

• √AS “beside”

Element in

• Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/29

az

and

az, archaic form of the conjunction ar "and"; see ar #1.

na

to, towards

na (2) prep. "to, towards", possibly obsoleted by #1 above; for clarity writers may use the synonym ana instead (NĀ1). Originally, Tolkien glossed na as "at, by, near"; the new meaning entered together with the synonyms an, ana (VT45:36).

sa

it

sa pron. "it", 3rd person sg, corresponding to the ending -s (VT49:30). Used of inanimate things or abstracts (VT49:37; plants are considered animate; see se). For sa as object, cf. the sentence ecë nin carë sa "I can do it" (VT49:34). Stressed sá (VT49:51). Ósa "with it" (VT43:36). Also compare the reflexive pronoun insa "itself", q.v. In one text, sa is also defined as "that" (VT49:18); apparently Tolkien also at one point considered giving sa a plural significance, so that it meant *"they, them" of inanimate things, the counterpart of "personal" té (VT49:51).

sa

pronoun. it

vardar

king

vardar noun "king" (LT1:273; rather aran in LotR-style Quenya)

-yë

conjunction. and

-yë (4) conj. "and" as a suffix added to the second of a pair, as Menel Cemenyë "Heaven and Earth" (VT47:30, 31, VT49:25). Other "pairs" are mentioned as examples but not actually translated into Quenya by Tolkien: Sun and Moon (*Anar Isilyë), Land and Sea (*Nór Eäryë), fire and water (*nárë nenyë, or *úr nenyë).

ala

day

[ala (7) noun "day", also alan "daytime". The forms allen, alanen listed after these words could be inflected forms of them, genitive "of daytime", constracted (allen = al'nen) and uncontracted. However, Tolkien struck out all of this (VT45:13).]

ana

to

ana (1) prep. "to" (VT49:35), "as preposition _ana _is used when purely _dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that the preposition ana can be used instead of the dative ending -n (#1, q.v.) Also as prefix: ana- "to, towards" (NĀ1); an (q.v.) is used with this meaning in one source (PE17:127)_

and

and

a (2) conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song (that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna "and northwards" in a late text, VT49:26). According to PE17:41, "Old Quenya" could have the conjunction a (as a variant of ar) before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw (f is not mentioned), PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r, þ, s. See ar #1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen "he ran with his speed" (i.e. as quickly as he could) is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is "he ran and [did so] with his speed" (PE17:58).

apa

but

apa (3) conj. "but": melinyes apa la hé "I love him but not him" (another) (VT49:15)

apa

conjunction. but

Element in

• Q. melin sé apa lanyë hé “I love him but not him (the other)” ✧ VT49/15
• Q. melinyes apa la hé “I love him but not him (the other)” ✧ VT49/15

Variations

• apa ✧ VT49/15

au-

without

au- (3) privative prefix, = "without" (AWA)

ava

outside, beyond

ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)

han

beyond

han prep. "beyond" (compare the _postposition pella of similar meaning) (VT43:14)_

han

preposition. beyond

Derivations

• √HAN “add to, increase, enhance, enrich, honour (especially by gift); give” ✧ VT43/14

Element in

• Q. Átaremma i ëa han Eä “our Father who art in Heaven” ✧ VT43/14

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√HAN > han	[han]	✧ VT43/14

mal

but

mal conj. "but" (VT43:23)

mal

conjunction. but

Element in

• Q. násië “but deliver us from evil: Amen” ✧ VT43/23

nan

but

nan conj. "but" (FS); the Etymologies also gives ná, nán (NDAN), but these words may be confused with forms of the verb "to be", so nan should perhaps be preferred, unless for "but" one uses the wholly distinct word mal. In Tolkien's later Quenya, it may be that he introduced new words for "but" to free up nan for another meaning (perhaps the adverb "back", compare the prefix nan-).

ná

but, on the contrary, on the other hand

ná (2), also nán, conj. "but, on the contrary, on the other hand" (NDAN; the form nan, q.v., is probably to be preferred to avoid confusion with ná "is", *nán "I am").

ré

day

ré noun "day" (of the sun), a full 24-hour cycle (Appendix D) composed of aurë (day, daylight) and lómë "night" (VT49:45). Short -rë in compounds like Ringarë (q.v.). Allative rénna (VT49:45).

tá

high

tá 2) adj. "high" (LT1:264; there spelt tâ. This is hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, but cf. tára "lofty".)

yo

and

yo conj. "and", "often used between _two _items (of any part of speech) that were by nature or custom clearly associated, like the names of spouses (Manwë yo Varda), or "sword and sheath" (*macil yo vainë*), "bow and arrows" (quinga yo pilindi), or groups like "Elves and Men" (Eldar yo Fírimor but contrast eldain a fírimoin [dative forms] in FS, where Tolkien joins the words with a, seemingly simply a variant of the common conjunction ar). In one source, yo is apparently a preposition "with" (yo hildinyar* = "with my heirs", SD:56).

-nna

to

-n (1) dative ending, originating as a reduced form of -nă "to", related to the allative ending -nna (VT49:14). Attested in nin, men, ten, enyalien, Erun, airefëan, tárin, yondon (q.v.) and also added to the English name Elaine (Elainen) in a book dedication to Elaine Griffiths (VT49:40). The longer dative ending -na is also attested in connection with some pronouns, such as sena, téna, véna (q.v.), also in the noun mariéna from márië "goodness" (PE17:59). Pl. -in (as in hínin, see hína), partitive pl. -lin, dual -nt (Plotz). The preposition ana (#1) is said to be used "when purely dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that it can replace the dative ending, e.g. *ana Eru instead of Erun for "to God". In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the ending -n (or -en) expressed genitive rather than dative, but he later decided that the genitive ending was to be -o (cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren becoming Yénië Valinórëo, MR:200).

-nna

to, at, upon

-nna "to, at, upon", allative ending, originating from -na "to" with fortified n, VT49:14. Attested in cilyanna, coraryanna, Endorenna, Elendilenna, númenórenna, parma-restalyanna, rénna, senna, tielyanna, q.v. If a noun ends in -n already, the ending -nna merges with it, as in Amanna, formenna, Elenna, númenna, rómenna as the allative forms of Aman, formen, elen, númen, rómen (q.v.). Plural -nnar in mannar, valannar, q.v.

anat

but

anat conj. "but" (VT43:23; possibly an ephemeral form)

ava-

without

ava- (3) prefix "without" (AR2, AWA). In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" (q.v.)

onna

noun. child, child, *offspring; [ᴹQ.] creature

A word for “child” appearing in various late notes and phrases (NM/31; PM/391; VT49/42), derived from the root √NŌ/ONO “beget, be born” and once appearing in a variant form onwe (PE17/170). Giving its derivation, its actual meaning may be closer to “✱offspring”, as first suggested to me by Tamas Ferencz.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s, ᴹQ. onna was instead glossed “creature”, though it was still derived from the root ᴹ√ONO “beget” (Ety/ONO).

Derivations

• √NŌ/ONO “beget, give birth to; be born, beget, give birth to; be born; [ᴱ√] become” ✧ PE17/170; PE17/170

Element in

• Q. Aulëonnar “Children of Aulë” ✧ PM/391
• ᴺQ. heconna “child born out of wedlock, bastard”
• Q. nai amanya onnalya ter coivierya “*may your (sg.) child be blessed throughout his/her life” ✧ VT49/42
• Q. nai calambar onnalda ter coivierya “*may your (pl.) child be light-fated throughout his/her life” ✧ VT49/42
• Q. Onnalúmë “Time of the Children”
• Q. Onnarië “Time of Children”
• Q. onya “my child”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ON/NO > onwe	[onwe]	✧ PE17/170
√ONO/NŌ > onna	[onna]	✧ PE17/170

Variations

• onwe ✧ PE17/170; PE17/170; PE17/170

túr

king

túr, tur noun "king" (PE16:138, LT1:260); rather aran in LotR-style Quenya, but cf. the verb tur-. Also compare the final element -tur, -ntur "lord" in names like Axantur, Falastur, Fëanturi, Vëantur (q.v.)

-enca

without, -less

-enca suffix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. nec-, q.v.

halda

adjective. high, tall

hína

child

hína noun "child", also hina used in the vocative to a (young) child (also hinya "my child", for hinanya) (WJ:403). Pl. híni (surprisingly not **hínar) in Híni Ilúvataro "Children of Ilúvatar" (Silmarillion Index); dative hínin in VT44:35. In compounds -hin pl. -híni (as in Eruhíni, "Children of Eru", SA:híni). According to one source, the word is hín(i) and solely plural (PE17:157), but this is obviously contradicted by some of the sources quoted above.

hína

noun. child

A word for “child” derived from the root √KHIN (PE17/157; WJ/403), most notably an element in Eruhíni “Children of God”, a term for Elves and Men as the children of Eru. This word illustrates that hína has an abnormal plural form: híni rather than the expected ✱✱hínar. A variant hina with a short i was “only used in the vocative addressing a (young) child, especially in hinya (< hinanya) ‘my child’ (WJ/403)”.

Conceptual Development: The term Êruhîn “Children of God” first appeared as an Adûnaic word in the 1940s (SD/247-8, 358), later adapted as Quenya Eruhíni and Sindarin Eruchîn, which seems to be the source of Q. hína and S. hên “child”. At one point Tolkien coined masculine and feminine variants Q. hindo and Q. hindë, but they were deleted (PE17/157). Tolkien occasionally used an alternate Quenya form sén (MR/423; UT/274), perhaps out of a desire to have a Sindarin form Eruhîn that was closer to the original Adûnaic form; this variant continued to appear as late as 1969, where sén was written below Eruhíni as a variant form in Late Notes on Verbs (LVS: PE22/158).

Cognates

• Ad. -hin “child, patronymic”
• S. hên “child” ✧ SA/híni; WJ/403

Derivations

• √KHIN “child” ✧ PE17/157
• ✶khīnā “child” ✧ WJ/403
  • √KHIN “child” ✧ WJ/403

Element in

• Q. ar mi cemen rainë i hínin “and on earth peace, good will toward men” ✧ VT44/35; VT44/35; VT44/35
• Q. Eruhin “Child of Eru (God)” ✧ SA/híni
• Q. Híni Ilúvataro “Children of Ilúvatar” ✧ PE21/83; SI/Children of Ilúvatar
• Q. Melkorohíni “Children of Melkor”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KHIN > hīn(i)	[kʰīni] > [xīni] > [hīni]	✧ PE17/157
✶khīnā/khinā > hína	[kʰīnā] > [xīnā] > [hīnā] > [hīna]	✧ WJ/403

Variations

• hina ✧ WJ/403

melda

beloved, dear, sweet

melda adj. "beloved, dear, sweet" (MEL, VT45:34), superlative arimelda *"dearest" (PE17:56, see ar- #2), meldielto "they are beloved" (sc. meld[a]-ië-lto "beloved-are-they" however, both the stative verb ending -ië "is/are" and the ending -lto "they" may be obsolete in LotR-style Quenya) (FS) PE17:55 gives the comparative form as arimelda or ammelda and the superlative as eremelda, anamelda or once again ammelda (PE17:55).

pella

beyond

pella "beyond", apparently a postposition rather than a preposition: Andúnë pella "beyond the West", elenillor pella "from beyond the stars" (Nam, RGEO:66, Markirya) In one version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien used pell' (evidently an elided form of pella) as a _preposition, but this version was abandoned (VT43:13)_

selda

child

selda adj.?noun? (meaning not clear, related to seldë "child" (meaning changed by Tolkien from "daughter") and seldo "boy". Thus selda may be an adjective "childlike", since -a is a frequent adjectival ending. Alternatively, as suggested in VT46:13, selda may be a neuter noun "child", corresponding to masc. seldo "boy" and fem. seldë "girl" (before Tolkien changed the meaning of the latter to "child"). (SEL-D, cf. VT46:22-23)

tána

high, lofty, noble

tána (meaning unclear, probably adj. "high, lofty, noble") (TĀ/TA3). Compare tára.

se

at, in

se (2), also long sé, preposition "at, in" (VT43:30; compare the "locative prefix" se- possibly occurring in an early "Qenya" text, VT27:25)

an(da)-

prefix. superlative prefix

etsë

outside, exterior

etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)

ó

with, accompanying

pen

without, not having

[pen prep. "without, not having" (PE17:171). Cf. Ú #1.]

lé

preposition. with, with, [ᴹQ.] by, [ᴱQ.] with (accompaniment)

Cognates

• S. di “with” ✧ PE17/095

Derivations

• ✶dē “with” ✧ PE17/095

Element in

• ᴺQ. letinwessë “constellation”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶dē > lē > lé	[dē] > [lē]	✧ PE17/095

Variations

• lé ✧ PE17/095 (lé)

ettë

outside

ettë noun(and/or adv.?) "outside" (ET)

lé

with

lé (2) prep. "with" (PE17:95)

nec-

without, -less

nec- prefix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. -enca, q.v.

nec-

prefix. without

Derivations

• √NEK “divide, separate, part; deprive” ✧ PE17/167

Element in

• ᴺQ. necermëa “insubstantial, immaterial”
• ᴺQ. necestel “hopelessness, despair, desperation”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√NEK > nec-	[nek-]	✧ PE17/167

nó

but

nó (2) conj. "but" (VT41:13)

nó

conjunction. but

ono

but

ono conj. "but" (VT43:23, VT44:5/9)

ono

conjunction. but

Changes

• anat → one “*but” ✧ VT43/23

Element in

• Q. násië “but deliver us from evil: Amen” ✧ VT43/23; VT43/23; VT43/23; VT43/23
• Q. ono alyë eterúna me illumë ilya raxellor “but deliver us always from all dangers” ✧ VT44/09
• Q. orë nin caritas nó namin alasaila “I would like / feel moved to do so but judge it unwise” ✧ VT41/13

Variations

• nō ✧ VT41/13
• anat ✧ VT43/23 (anat)
• one ✧ VT43/23

onwë

child

onwë noun "child" (PE17:170)

onwë

noun. child

onë

but

onë conj. "but" (VT43:23)

onë

conjunction. but

seldo

child

seldo noun (meaning not quite clear, likely the masculine form of seldë "child", hence *"boy") (SEL-D, VT46:13, 22-23)

seldë

child

seldë noun "child" (meaning changed by Tolkien from "daughter"; in his later texts the Quenya word for "child" is rather hína, and the final status of seldë is uncertain. See also tindómerel.) (SEL-D, VT46:13, 22-23) In one late source, Tolkien reverts to the meaning "daughter", but this may have been replaced by anel, q.v.

sén

noun. child

Element in

• Q. Erusēn “Children of God” ✧ MR/423
• Q. Melkorsēni “Children of Melkor”
• Q. senya “*my child”

ó

preposition. with

Changes

• yó → ó ✧ PE22/162

Element in

• Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/29
• Q. vá meninyë ó le “I won’t come with you” ✧ PE22/162

Variations

• yó ✧ PE22/162 (yó)
• ó- ✧ VT43/29

ú

without, destitute of

ú (1) adv. and prep. "without, destitute of" (VT39:14). Usually followed by genitive: ú calo "without light" (cala). In one source, ú is seemingly also used as a negative verb "was not" (VT49:13), but Tolkien revised the text in question.

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

eldatár

`Vm#1~C6 noun. elf-king, elfking, elven-king

ar

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

ar

conjunction. and, and, [G.] too, besides

ar-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ara-, Arathorn

ar-

prefix. high, noble, royal

ara

noun. king

_ n. _king. 

arn

adjective. royal

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

Ara-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ar-, Arathorn

Ara-

prefix. high, noble, royal

a

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

a

and

conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> ad, ada, adh

a

and

conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

a

conjunction. and

conj. and. Pedo mellon a minno! 'Say friend and enter'. Q. ar

a

conjunction. and; †by, near, beside

Changes

• a → a “and” ✧ PE17/041
• a → að “and” ✧ PE17/041
• a → a ✧ PE17/041

Cognates

• Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar

Derivations

• ✶as(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31
  • √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31
• ✶ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102
  • √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
• √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145
• √AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ SA/ar

Element in

• S. a Pherhael ar am Meril suilad uin aran o Minas Tirith nelchaenen ned Echuir “to Samwise and Rose the King’s greeting from Minas Tirith, the thirty-first day of Stirring” ✧ SD/129; SD/129
• S. aran Gondor ar Arnor ar Hîr i Mbair Annui “king of Gondor and Arnor and Lord of the Westlands” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
• S. ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT44/28
• S. ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain “and he desires to greet there all his friends” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
• S. ar in Ellath epholar eno vi Eressai “*and the Elves (?remember) still in Eressëa” ✧ VT50/19
• S. ar Iorhael, Gelir, Cordof, ar Baravorn, ionnath dîn “and Frodo, Merry, Pippin and Hamfast his sons” ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; SD/129; SD/129
• S. ar Meril bess dîn, ar Elanor, Meril, Glorfinniel, ar Eirien sellath dîn “and Rose his wife; and Elanor, Rose, Goldilocks and Daisy his daughters” ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129
• S. ar Nienor sel Morwen Níniel “*and Nienor daughter of Morwen, Níniel” ✧ VT50/18
• S. man agorech? “*and said Rían to Tuor: what have we done?” ✧ VT50/20; VT50/20
• S. Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth “The Debate of Finrod and Andreth” ✧ MR/329; PE17/041
• S. Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn “Frodo and Sam, princes of the west” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
• S. Dor-Cúarthol “Land of Bow and Helm”
• S. Narn e·Dant Gondolin ar Orthad en·Êl “*Tale of the Fall of Gondolin and the Raising of the Star” ✧ MR/373
• S. pedo mellon a minno “speak, friend, and enter; (alternately) say ‘friend’ and enter” ✧ LotR/0305; LotR/0305; PE17/041
• S. si loth a galadh lasto dîn “*here flower and tree listen [in] silence” ✧ LB/354

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ad(a) > að > a	[ada] > [aða] > [að] > [a]	✧ PE17/041
✶as(a) > a(h) > a	[asa] > [aha] > [ah] > [a]	✧ PE17/041

Variations

• ar ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; MR/373; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; VT44/28; VT50/18; VT50/19
• a ✧ LB/354; Let/448; LotR/0305; LotR/0953; PE17/041 (a); PE17/041; PE17/041 (a); PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar; VT47/31
• ah ✧ MR/329; VT43/30
• að ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/145
• ath ✧ PE17/041 (ath)
• a(ð) ✧ PE17/102
• að- ✧ PE17/145
• Ar ✧ SD/129; VT50/20
• A ✧ VT50/20 (A)

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

arod

adjective. noble

arod

noble

1b _adj._noble. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

adj. #noble.

arod

adjective. noble

d adj. noble. Q. arata. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

Cognates

• Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/186
• T. aráta “noble” ✧ PM/363

Derivations

• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PE17/039; PE17/186; PM/363; VT41/09
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶rāta “lofty, high, noble” ✧ PE17/049
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• S. Arodreth “Noble Endurance” ✧ PE17/182
• S. Arothir “Noble Lord”
• S. Finrod ✧ VT41/09
• S. Thinrod “noble member of the Thindrim” ✧ VT41/09

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶arātā > arod	[arātā] > [arāta] > [arǭta] > [arauta] > [araut] > [araud] > [arod]	✧ PM/363

arth

adjective. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted)

arnen

adjective. (?) royal

Originally, Lonnath-Ernin might have been intended to mean 'royal havens', assuming the second element to be a regular adjective. However, the second element in Emyn Arnen 'hills of Arnen' is singular, and Tolkien later decided that it should mean 'Hill beside the water', see VT/42:17 and HL/119-124. Nevertheless, this meaning cannot apply to Lonnath-Ernin (havens are near water by definition), so unless we entirely reject this earlier form, we may assume that an adjective 'royal' is still possible.

ad

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ada, adh

ah

preposition/conjunction. and, with

The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a.1 , ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT/43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)

ah

conjunction. and

an

preposition. to, towards, for

With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath

an

to

_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath  'glory to all the Halflings'.

arphen

noun. a noble

na

preposition. with, by (also used as a genitive sign)

na

preposition. to, towards, at

na

to

e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2

na

preposition. to

prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2

na

preposition. at

prep. at (a point of time or place). Ai na vedui Dúnadan. Mae g'ovannen. 'Ah! At last, Dúnadan ! Well met !'.

ada

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, adh

adh

conjunction. and

oraearon

noun. seventh day of the Númenórean week, Sea-day

Ídh

and

{ð}_ conj. _and. It was not mutated before vowels. >> a

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, ada

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

athan

preposition. beyond

calan

noun. day, period of actual daylight

Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second.

oranor

noun. second day of the week, day of the Sun

orithil

noun. third day of the week, day of the Moon

ormenel

noun. fifth day of the week, Heavens' day

orbelain

noun. sixth day of the week, day of the Powers or Valar

orgaladh

noun. fourth day of the Númenórean week, day of the White Tree

This day was formerly called orgaladhad in the Elvish calendar

orgilion

noun. first day of the week, day of the Stars

penninor

noun. last day of the year

orgaladhad

noun. fourth day of the Elvish week, day of the Two Trees

This day was renamed orgaladh in the Númenórean calendar

ten

pronoun. (?) it (as object)

pen

preposition. without, lacking, -less

hên

noun. child (mostly used as a prefix in patronymics or metronymics)

di

preposition. with

_ prep. _with. Q. lé.

di

preposition. with

Changes

• di → di “with” ✧ PE17/095

Cognates

• Q. lé “with, with, [ᴹQ.] by, [ᴱQ.] with (accompaniment)” ✧ PE17/095

Derivations

• ✶dē “with” ✧ PE17/095

Element in

• S. le nallon sí di’nguruthos “here overwhelmed in dread of Death I cry” ✧ PE17/095

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶dē > di	[dē] > [dī] > [di]	✧ PE17/095

Variations

• di ✧ PE17/095 (di)

duinen

high tide

(i dhuinen), pl. duinin (i nuinin). (VT48:26).

eth

adverb/adjective. outside

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ette “outside”

Derivations

• √ET “out, forth”

hên

child

hên (i chên), pl. hîn (i chîn); also -chen, pl. -chín at the end of compounds (e.g. Eruchín ”Children of Eru”). _(WJ:403) _CHILDREN OF THE ONE (Elves and Men as children of God) Eruchín** **(sg. *Eruchen)

hên

noun. child

A word for “child” derived from the root √KHIN, more specifically from ✶khinā with short i which became e in Sindarin due to a-affection (WJ/403). It often appeared in its mutated plural form chîn in phrases like Narn i Chîn Húrin “Tale of the Children of Húrin” (WJ/160). This is pronounced with spirantal “ch” as in German Bach, not affricate “ch” as in English “church”.

Christopher Tolkien made the editorial decision to render this plural form as Hîn in The Silmarillion as published as well as in Unfinished Tales, where it “was improperly changed by me [Christopher Tolkien] to Narn i Hîn Húrin ... because I did not want Chîn to be pronounced like Modern English chin” (LR/322). It seems Tolkien himself had similar concerns, as he sometimes rendered its Quenya cognate as sén, which would have Sindarin forms ✱sên “child” and ✱i hîn “the children”. However, Tolkien’s motive was probably a desire to retain the early (originally Adûniac) form Ad. Eruhîn “Children of God”, which in Sindarin otherwise became Eruchîn (LB/354).

Cognates

• Ad. -hin “child, patronymic”
• Q. hína “child” ✧ SA/híni; WJ/403

Derivations

• ✶khīnā “child” ✧ WJ/403
  • √KHIN “child” ✧ WJ/403

Element in

• S. Eruchîn “Children of Eru (God)”
• S. i chîn Húrin “*the children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/18
• S. i·Veleglind i eithro en estar i·Chîn Húrin “*the Great Song that is also called the Children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/12
• S. Narn i Chîn Húrin “Tale of the Children of Húrin” ✧ MR/373; S/198; SA/híni; UT/057; WJ/403
• S. Glaer nia Chîn Húrin “Tale of the Children of Húrin” ✧ WJ/160
• S. Sarch nia Chîn Húrin “Grave of the Children of Húrin” ✧ UT/140

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶khīnā/khinā > hên	[kʰinā] > [kʰina] > [xina] > [xena] > [xen] > [hen] > [hēn]	✧ WJ/403
✶khīnā/khinā > hîn	[kʰinī] > [kʰini] > [xini] > [xin] > [hin] > [hīn]	✧ WJ/403

hên

child

(i chên), pl. hîn (i chîn); also -chen, pl. -chín at the end of compounds (e.g. Eruchín ”Children of Eru”). (WJ:403)

pen

without

1) pen (lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited. 2)

pen

without

(lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited.

pen-

without

(ben-) _ pref. _without,**less. pen-adar 'fatherless'. >> ben-, ú-

ú

without

(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad *”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

ú

without

u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad ✱”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

ar

outside

(adv. prefix) ar- (without)the literal meaning of a word translated SPY (q.v.)

ar

outside

(without)

ar

without

(adv. prefix) ar- (outside)

ar

without

(outside)

ar

noble

(adjectival prefix) ar- (high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

ar

noble

(high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

ar

royal

(adj. prefix) ar- (noble, high). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

ar

royal

(noble, high). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

arn

noble

(adjective) 1) arn (royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic *araud), pl. aroed. 2) brand (high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind; 3) raud (eminent, high), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

arn

noble

(royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic ✱araud), pl. aroed.

arn

royal

arn (noble), pl. ern

arn

royal

(noble), pl. ern

aur

day

aur (morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

aur

day

(morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

a

and

a, or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

a

and

or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

aran

king

1) (king of a region) aran (pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural). 2) (king of a people) †taur (i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. _T_Ā to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

aran

king

(pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural).

taur

king

(i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. TĀ to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

taur

tall

(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

thar

beyond

(across, athwart, over)

arwen

noble woman

(pl. erwin).****

athar

beyond

1) *athar (across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation. 2) (adverbial prefix) thar- (across, athwart, over)

athar

beyond

(across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation.

an

to

(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

to

(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)

arphen

noble

(noun, "a noble") 1) arphen, pl. erphin; 2) raud (eminent man, champion), pl.roed (idh roed), coll. pl. rodath.

arphen

noble

pl. erphin

glawar

sunlight

glawar (i **lawar) (gold, radiance of the Golden Tree Laurelin), pl. glewair (in glewair**) if there is a pl. (VT41:10)

ha

it

ha, han, hana. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ha is the nominative, whereas han is the accusative. Hana could be an emphatic form. It may be that these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)

ha

it

han, hana. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ha is the nominative, whereas han is the accusative. Hana could be an emphatic form. It may be that these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)*

na

with

(in instrumental sense?) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

with

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

at

na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

at

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

or

high

(adjectival pref.) or- (above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

or

high

(above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

andrath

high pass

(literally "long climb"), pl. endraith.

ach

conjunction. but

[it] appears that ach is the contrastive coordinating conjunction 'but'.

ach

conjunction. but

[it] appears that ach is the contrastive coordinating conjunction 'but'.

brand

tall

(lofty, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind.

hall

tall

(exalted); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

raud

noble

(eminent, high), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed.  4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

raud

tall

(eminent, noble), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed. Also used as noun ”champion, eminent man, [a] noble”.

brand

noble

(high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind

calan

daytime

(i galan, o chalan), pl. celain (i chelain)

galad

sunlight

1) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (bright light, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 2) glawar (i **lawar) (gold; radiance of the Golden Tree Laurelin), pl. glewair (in glewair**) (VT41:10)

galad

sunlight

(i ngalad = i ñalad), (bright light, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid).

edinor

anniversary day

(pl. edinoer). Archaic edinaur. In ”Noldorin”, the word appeared as edinar.

eruchen

children of the one

)

gondrath

highway

(i ’ondrath) (street of stone, causeway), pl. gendraith (i ngendraith = i ñendraith). Archaic pl. göndreith. (WJ:340). Possibly the pl. can also be gondraith, without umlaut of the first element.

telu

high roof

(i delu, o thelu) (dome), pl. tely (i thely).

aráta

adjective. noble

Cognates

• S. arod “noble” ✧ PM/363

Derivations

• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PM/363
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186

Element in

• T. aráto “*noble”

Variations

• arāta ✧ PM/363

agh

conjunction. and

Element in

• Bs. ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul “one ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011

sha

preposition. with

Element in

• Bs. Uglúk u bagronk sha pushdug Saruman-glob búbhosh skai “Uglúk to the cesspool, sha! the dungfilth, the great Saruman-fool, skai; Uglúk to torture chamber with stinking Saruman-filth, dung-heap, skai” ✧ LotR/0445; PE17/079; PM/083

u

preposition. to

Element in

• Bs. Uglúk u bagronk sha pushdug Saruman-glob búbhosh skai “Uglúk to the cesspool, sha! the dungfilth, the great Saruman-fool, skai; Uglúk to torture chamber with stinking Saruman-filth, dung-heap, skai” ✧ LotR/0445; PE17/078; PM/083

ar-

prefix. king or queen

A prefix appearing before the Adûnaic names of kings and queens, the equivalent of Q. Tar- “High” (SA/ar(a)). It is most likely either a prefixal form of Ad. ârû “king” or derived from the same root. Conceptual Development: This prefix was introduced in the earliest versions of Adûnaic from the 1940s (SD/311, SD/248), and survived in the later Adûnaic names of The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. tar- “high; king or queen (in compounds)” ✧ SD/248

Derivations

• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ SA/ar(a)

Element in

• Ad. Arminalêth “*Royal Heaven (City)”
• Ad. Ar-Pharazôn “King Pharazon” ✧ SD/435
• Ad. Ar-Pharazôn kathuphazgânun “King Ar-Pharazon the Conqueror” ✧ SD/429
• Ad. Ar-Pharazônun Bâr ’nAnadûnê “King Pharazon is Lord of Anadune” ✧ SD/428
• Ad. Ar-Pharazônun kathuphazgân “King Ar-Pharazon is (was) a Conqueror” ✧ SD/429

Elements

Word	Gloss
ârû	“king”

Variations

• ar ✧ SD/248

-zê

preposition. at

A prepositional suffix translated “at” (SD/429), but not appearing in any example sentences. It is perhaps a later repurposing of the draft-dative case suffix -s, since the other draft-cases became prepositional suffixes in later versions of the Adûnaic grammar: draft genitive -ō versus later preposition -ô “from”, draft instrumental -ma versus later preposition -mâ “with”.

Cognates

• Q. -ssë “locative ending”

Variations

• zē ✧ SD/429

ârû

noun. king

A noun translated as “king” (SD/429). The Adûnaic word for “queen” is not attested, but could be a feminized form of this word, such as ✱ârî.

Element in

• Ad. Ar- “king or queen”
• Ad. Arûn “Lord”
• Ad. Ârû ’nAdûnâi “King of the Anadunians” ✧ SD/429

Variations

• Ārū ✧ SD/429

-mâ

preposition. with

A prepositional suffix translated “with” (SD/247, 429).

Conceptual Development: At an earlier conceptual stage, it was the grammatical inflection -ma used for the draft-instrumental (SD/438).

Element in

• Ad. Bârim an-Adûn yurahtam dâira sâibêth-mâ Êruvô “Lords of [the] West, they rent [the] Earth with assent from Eru” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. bārun an-adūn {urahhata >>} urahta dāira sāibēth-mā ēruvō ✧ SD/247

Variations

• -mā ✧ SD/247
• mā ✧ SD/429

zîrân

adjective. beloved

An adjective translated “(the) beloved” (SD/247), apparently formed from the verb zîr- “to love, desire” with the participle suffix -ân. Its placement in the sentence Anadûnê zîrân hikalba “Númenor beloved fell (down)” is unusual, since according to Tolkien adjectives normally precede the nouns they modify (SD/428). It is possible that the adjective here is being used as a noun “the beloved”, an idea supported by the translation of this sentence in the final manuscript: “Anadune the beloved she fell” (VT24/12). See the entry for the Adûnaic participle for further discussion.

Element in

• Ad. Anadûnê zîrân hikalba “Númenor the beloved she fell (down)” ✧ SD/247; VT24/12

Elements

Word	Gloss
zîr-	“*to love, desire”
-ân	“participle suffix”

Variations

• zīrān ✧ SD/247; VT24/12

durin

masculine name. king

Element in

• S. Ennyn Durin Aran Moria “the Doors of Durin, Lord of Moria” ✧ LotR/0305; PE17/040
• N. Ennyn Durin Aran Vória “the Doors of Durin Lord of Moria” ✧ TI/182

ar

root. beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways

The root √AR has a long and complex history in Tolkien’s writing. For many years, it was the basis for the word ar “and”. Its earliest precursor was the root ᴱ√ARA or ᴱ√ƷARA in the Qenya Lexicon variously glossed “spread, extend sideways” or “wide places” (QL/32). The Gnomish derivatives of this root such G. garw “sown field” (GL/38) vs. ᴱQ. arwa made it clear the true primitive form was √ƷARA (in Gnomish, ʒ- &gt; g-). Some of the early derivatives of √ƷARA such as G. gar(th), ᴱQ. arda “place” were later transferred to the root ᴹ√GAR so they could retain this gar-/ar- distinction.

Of the derivations that remained under √AR, the most notable were ᴱQ. are “beside, along” and the conjunction ᴱQ. ar(a) “but” (QL/32). The latter changed in meaning to ar “and” by the end of the 1920s, for example in the Oilima Markirya poem. This carried into the 1930s paradigm for the root ᴹ√AR, as seen by its entry in The Etymologies with its derivatives ᴹQ. ara “outside, beside” (the basic sense of the root) and ᴹQ. ar “and” (Ety/AR²). The most common Noldorin word for “and” in this period was likewise ar (TAI/150; SD/128-129), and in prefixal form ar- “outside, beside” sometimes developed a privative sense “without”, most notably in arnediad (†arnoediad) “without reckoning, numberless” as in N. Nirnaith Arnediad “(Battle of) Unnumbered Tears” (Ety/AR², NOT) which in Sindarin became Nirnaeth Arnoediad.

In some etymological notes from the 1950s Tolkien retained the root form ara “alongside” (VT43/33), but there were already cracks forming in this system, forced by Tolkien’s decision that the Sindarin word for “and” was a rather than ar, a change that first appeared Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/182). By the late 1950s Tolkien was experimenting with new roots √AD(A) and √AS for the meaning “beside” and the derivation of Q. ar, S. a “and”; see those entries for later developments in this semantic space of “beside”.

As for the root √AR itself, it shifted in meaning to “beyond, further than” in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957, becoming the basis for “royal” roots like √ARAN “king” or √ARAT “noble” (PE17/147). In this revised meaning, it might still be able to retain a “privative” sense in Sindarin words like †arnoediad “unnumbered” (perhaps = “✱beyond numbering”), though it is also possible Tolkien simply never revisited the etymology of this Sindarin word.

Derivatives

• ✶ara “beyond, further than” ✧ PE17/147
• Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ SA/ar
• S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ SA/ar
• S. ar- “without; by; **beside, [N.] outside; [S.] without; by, beside, [G.] along with, compared with”

Element in

• √ARAN “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147
• √ARI “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147
• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/147
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147
• Q. Araman “Outside Aman, *Beside Aman” ✧ SA/ar
• S. arnoediad “unnumbered, without reckoning” ✧ SA/ar

Variations

• ar- ✧ SA/ar
• ara ✧ VT43/33

tāra

adjective. high

Derivations

• √TĀ/TAƷ “high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble”

Element in

• ✶tār(a)-ninqui-tilte “High White Peak” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶tārī “queen, (lit.) she that is high” ✧ PE17/067

Variations

• tār(a) ✧ PE17/186

as

root. beside

As discussed in the entry for √AR, for a considerable time in Tolkien’s life the basis for the word “and” was the root √AR with the sense “beside”, so that Q. A ar B “A and B” originally had the sense “A beside B”. However, at some point during the writing of the Lord of the Rings he decided that the Sindarin word for “and” was a, making √AR no longer suitable for its etymology.

From this point forward Tolkien toyed with two possible roots for “beside; and”, either √AD and √AS, with another option √ÑAR considered and rejected in 1957 (PE17/169). It seems Tolkien vacillated between the √AD and √AS, so an exact timeline is hard to nail down. Their primary difference would be in the prevocalic form of Sindarin “and”: either edhil adh edain [ada > aða] or edhil ah edain [asa > aha] for “elves and men”. The most detailed breakdown of these two possibilities appeared in Tolkien’s notes on words in The Lord of the Rings, probably written in the late 1950s (PE17/41). In these notes he kept flipping back and forth between ancient asa and ada, though ultimately settling on ada.

However, ah appeared in the title of the document Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth “The Debate of Finrod and Andreth” most likely written in 1959 (MR/329), and in a 1968 note Tolkien said the primitive form was as with S. ah “and” before vowels and a before consonants (VT43/30). So either Tolkien reversed himself again and adopted √AS, or he continued to vacillate. For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is best to assume the root was √AS.

One result of the change of √AR >> √AS/√AD is that the Sindarin prefix ar- could no longer mean “beside” as it did in Noldorin. Indeed, in notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor written in the late 1960s he said “Arnen originally was intended to mean ‘beside the water’, sc. Anduin, but ar- in this sense is Quenya, not Sindarin” (VT43/17). This leaves us with no good word for “beside” in Sindarin; at one point I coined a neologism sa for this purpose, but it is a real stretch.

As a final note, these 1950s and 1960s roots were not the first time Tolkien used √AS for something like “beside”. All the way back in the 1910s, Tolkien had the root √AS(A) in both the Quenya and Gnomish Lexicons (QL/33; GL/48) with derived forms like ᴱQ. ar “to, against, next, on (wall)” (QL/33), G. hath- “close to, by, beside, touching” (GL/48), and [maybe] G. art “beside, alongside of” (GL/20), though the last form may be unconnected given the unlikeliness of s > r in Gnomish.

Derivatives

• ✶as(a) “and” ✧ VT47/31
  • Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
  • S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31
• ✶asa- “*beside” ✧ VT47/31
• ᴺQ. arëa “close, nearby”
• Q. as “with”
• ᴺS. sa “beside, alongside, next (to)”

Element in

• ᴺ✶. askōlimā “equivalent, (lit.) beside-bear-able”
• ᴺQ. aryë “also, as well, besides, too”
• ᴺQ. pelas “along, (lit.) by the boundary of”
• ᴺS. aich “also”
• ᴺS. asgolui “equivalent, (lit.) beside-bear-able”
• ᴺS. pela(h) “along, (lit.) by the boundary of”

Variations

• asa ✧ VT47/31
• AS ✧ VT48/25

lā̆

preposition/adverb. beyond

Derivations

• √LAƷ “cross, pass over, go beyond” ✧ PE17/065

Derivatives

• Q. lá “beyond, over, across, athwart” ✧ PE17/065; PE17/065

Element in

• ✶orlā “over” ✧ PE17/065
• ✶pelola “beyond (the boundary)” ✧ PE17/065

Variations

• laŋa ✧ PE17/065

as(a)

preposition. and

Changes

• as(a) → ad(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041

Derivations

• √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31

Derivatives

• Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
• S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31

Variations

• as ✧ VT43/30; VT47/31

tā/taʒ

root. high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble

This root and ones like it were used for “high” things for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared as unglossed ᴱ√TAHA in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. tā “high; high above, high up”, ᴱQ. tahōra or tayóra “lofty”, and ᴱQ. tāri “queen”; it had a variant form ᴱ√TAʕA where the ʕ might be a malformed Y (QL/87). The corresponding forms in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon were G. dâ “high” and G. dara “lofty” (GL/29), indicating the true form of the root was ᴱ√DAHA, since initial voiced stops were unvoiced (d- > t-) in Early Qenya (PE12/17). Primitive forms like ᴱ✶dagá > ᴱN. dâ/ᴱQ. tá “high” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s indicates the root continued to begin with D for the following decade (PE13/141, 161).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave this root as ᴹ√TĀ/TAƷ “high, lofty; noble” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high”, ᴹQ. tári “queen” and N. taen “height, summit of high mountain” (Ety/TĀ). In Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 Tolkien gave the root as √TAG or Tā- “high”, and in notes from around 1967 Tolkien gave √TAƷ as the explanation of the initial element of Q. Taniquetil and contrasted it with √TĂR “stand” (PE17/186). In 1970 green-ink revisions to the Outline of Phonology (OP2), Tolkien wrote a marginal note giving √TAƷ > TĀ “high”, but this note was rejected with a statement “transfer to Gen. Structure. No [ʒ] existed in Eldarin” (PE19/72-73 note #22).

This last rejection seems to be part of Tolkien’s general vacillation on the nature and phonetic evolution of velar spirants in Primitive Elvish in 1968-70. For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume the root form was √TAH or √TAƷ > √TĀ as the basis for “high” words, much like √MAH or √MAƷ > ✶mā was the basis for “hand” words.

Derivatives

• ✶tagra ✧ PE17/186
  • Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ PE17/186
  • S. taer “lofty, lofty, *high” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶tāra “high”
• Q. -tar “honorific”
• Q. tar “honorific, sir, madam”
• Q. tar- “high, high; [ᴹQ.] king or queen (in compounds)”
• Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ PE17/186
• S. taer “lofty, lofty, *high” ✧ PE17/186

Variations

• TAG/Tā- ✧ PE17/186
• TAƷ ✧ PE17/186; PE17/186; PE19/073 (TAƷ)
• TĀ ✧ PE19/073 (TĀ)

áse

noun. sunlight

Derivations

• √AS “warmth” ✧ PE17/018

Derivatives

• Q. árë “sunlight, warmth (especially of the sun); day” ✧ PE17/018

khīnā

noun. child

Derivations

• √KHIN “child” ✧ WJ/403

Derivatives

• Q. hína “child” ✧ WJ/403
• S. hên “child” ✧ WJ/403

Variations

• khīnā/khinā ✧ WJ/403

dē

preposition. with

Derivatives

• Q. lé “with, with, [ᴹQ.] by, [ᴱQ.] with (accompaniment)” ✧ PE17/095
• S. di “with” ✧ PE17/095

khin

root. child

A root appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 with the gloss “child” (PE17/157), and again in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 with the same gloss (WJ/403). It was the basis for the words Q. hína and S. hên “child”, which were probably inspired by the Adûnaic patronymic suffix -hin that Tolkien introduced in the 1940s as part of Êruhin “Child of God” (SD/358), originally an Adûnaic word but later on used in Sindarin (Let/345; MR/330). This root might be a later iteration of the early root ᴱ√HILI from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s whose derivatives had to do with children (QL/40). As evidence of this, the Adûnaic word was first given as Eruhil (SD/341).

Derivatives

• Ad. -hin “child, patronymic”
• ✶khīnā “child” ✧ WJ/403
  • Q. hína “child” ✧ WJ/403
  • S. hên “child” ✧ WJ/403
• Q. hína “child” ✧ PE17/157
• Q. hindë “[unglossed]” ✧ PE17/157
• Q. hindo “[unglossed]” ✧ PE17/157
• ᴺQ. hinta- “to adopt”
• Q. hinyë “baby”

Variations

• khin ✧ WJ/403

ar

conjunction. and

Derivations

• ᴹ√AR “beside, outside”

Element in

• N. lheben teil brann i annon ar neledh neledhi gar godrebh “five foot high the door and three may walk abreast” ✧ TAI/150

ar-

prefix. day

Cognates

• ᴹQ. are “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Derivations

• ᴹ✶ari “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • ᴹ√AR “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Element in

• N. Ar Fennuir “Day of the Fanturi, fourth day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Neleduir “Day of the three kings, fifth day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Nethwelein “Day of the younger Gods, fifth day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Uiar “Day of Ulmo, second day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Vanwe “Day of Manwe, first day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/AR¹
• N. Ar Vedhwen “Day of the Spouses, third day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Velegol “Day of Aule, alternate name of the third day of the Valian week”
• N. Ar Ifan “*Day of Yavanna”
• N. edinar “anniversary day”
• N. Aroeren “Sea-day”
• N. Aranor “*Sun-day”
• N. Arvelain “*Day of the Valar”
• N. Argalad “Tree Day”
• N. Argaladath “*Day of the Trees”
• N. Argilion “*Star-day”
• N. Arithil “*Moon-day”
• N. Arvenel “*Heavens-day”
• N. penninar “full year (last day of year)”
• N. Ardórin “?Day of Kings”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶ari- > ar-	[ari] > [are] > [ar]	✧ Ety/AR¹

Variations

• ar- ✧ Ety/AR¹

ar-

prefix. etym. beside

ar-

prefix. without

ar-

prefix. outside, beside; without

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ar- “outside, beside” ✧ Ety/AR²

Derivations

• ᴹ√AR “beside, outside” ✧ Ety/AR²; Ety/AWA

Element in

• N. arnediad “without reckoning, numberless, innumerable, countless, endless” ✧ Ety/AR²
• N. arnœdiad “innumerable, countless, endless” ✧ Ety/NOT
• N. aronoded “innumerable, countless, endless” ✧ Ety/NOT

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AR² > ar-	[ar-]	✧ Ety/AR²

Variations

• ar- ✧ Ety/AR²; Ety/AWA; Ety/NOT (ar-); Ety/NOT (ar-)
• ar ✧ EtyAC/AWA

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

a

conjunction. and

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ar “and; but”

Element in

• N. pedo mellon a minno “speak, friend, and enter” ✧ TI/182

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

taur

noun. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes)

In LotR/IV:IV, Frodo is called Daur, which might be the mutated form of this word

âr

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

âr

noun. king

glawar

noun. sunlight, radiance (of the golden tree Laurelin)

ha

pronoun. it

ha

pronoun. it

Derivations

• ᴹ√S “demonstrative stem” ✧ Ety/S

Element in

• N. im Narvi hain echant “I Narvi made them” ✧ TI/182

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√S > ha	[sa] > [ha]	✧ Ety/S

Variations

• hana ✧ Ety/S

na

preposition. with, by (also used as a genitive sign)

na

preposition. to, towards, at

an-

prefix. with, by

penninar

noun. last day of the year

hana

pronoun. it

hana

pronoun. it

athan

preposition. beyond

Element in

• N. Bronwe athan Harthad “Endurance beyond Hope” ✧ SD/062

Elements

Word	Gloss
ath-	“on both sides, across”

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14