a

cardinal. one

a

interjection. O, Oh

Element in

• Q. a Aina Fairë, Eru órava (o)messë “God, the Holy Spirit, have mercy on us” ✧ VT44/15
• Q. a Aina Maria arca atarmë “Holy Mary, pray for us” ✧ VT44/15
• Q. a Aina Neldië Eru Er órava (o)messë “Holy Trinity, one God, have mercy on us” ✧ VT44/15
• Q. a Eruion Mardorunando, Eru órava (o)messë “God, the Son, Redeemer of the world, have mercy on us” ✧ VT44/15
• Q. a Hrísto órava ómessë “Christ, have mercy on us” ✧ VT44/15
• Q. alcarin Vendë ar manaquenta “O glorious and blessed Virgin” ✧ VT44/07 (á Véne’ alcare ar manquenta)
• Q. Átaremma i ëa han Eä “our Father who art in Heaven” ✧ VT43/13; VT43/13
• Q. a Túrin Turambar turún’ ambartanen “[O] master of doom by doom mastered” ✧ S/223; UT/138
• Q. a vanimar, vanimálion nostari “O beautiful ones, parents of beautiful children” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0981

Variations

• A ✧ Let/448; LotR/0981; S/223; UT/138; VT43/13; VT44/15
• Ai ✧ VT43/13
• á ✧ VT44/07

a

article. accusative definite article

Variations

• a ✧ PE21/76 (a)

ar

and

ar (1) conj. "and" (AR2, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40). The older form of the conjunction was az (PE17:41). Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s (PE17:41, 71), but "in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases" (PE17:71). In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar "and raiments" to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation(PE17:175). More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in "Old Quenya", the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant (PE17:41, 71). An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" (VT43:31, cf. VT48:14). In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ar(a) (VT45:6). In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar "as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and" (PE17:145); compare ara.

ar

and

o (1) conj. "and", occurring solely in SD:246; all other sources give ar.

ar

conjunction. and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but

Changes

• ara → ar ✧ NM/239
• ar → ar “and” ✧ PE17/041
• ar → ar ✧ PE17/041
• ar → al ✧ PE17/175

Cognates

• S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar

Derivations

• ✶as(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
  • √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31
• ✶ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/070; PE17/071; PE17/071; PE17/102
  • √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
• √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145
• √AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ SA/ar

Element in

• Q. aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie’n aurë “Behold, people of the Eldar and Fathers of Men, the day has come!” ✧ S/190; WJ/166
• Q. álamë tulya úsahtienna “[and] lead us not into temptation” ✧ VT43/21
• Q. alcar i Ataren ar i Yondon ar i Airefëan “glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit” ✧ VT43/36
• Q. alcarin Vendë ar manaquenta “O glorious and blessed Virgin” ✧ VT44/10
• Q. ar aistana i yávë mónalyo Yésus “and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus” ✧ VT43/31; VT43/31
• Q. ar ámen apsenë úcaremmar “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT43/18
• Q. ar cé mo formenna tentanes Amanna “and if northwards, it pointed towards Aman” ✧ VT49/25
• Q. ar Elendil Vorondo voronwë “and of the faith of Elendil the Faithful” ✧ UT/305
• Q. ar hísië untúpa Calaciryo míri oialë “and mist covers the jewels of Calacirya forever” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ar hísië untúpa Calaciryo míri oialë “and mist covers (lit. down-roofs) Calacirya’s jewels forever” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ar i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa tennoio “and of the One who is above all thrones for ever” ✧ UT/305
• Q. ar ilyë tier undulávë lumbulë “and all paths are drowned deep in shadow” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ar lumbulë undulávë ilyë tier “and (heavy) shadow swallowed (lit. down-licked) all roads” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ar mi cemen rainë i hínin “and on earth peace, good will toward men” ✧ VT44/34; VT44/34; VT44/34
• Q. ar sindanóriello caita mornië “and out of a grey country darkness lies” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ar sindanóriello mornië caita “and from a grey country darkness lies” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ar súlë Manwëo etsurinyë ar Eldaron indor turyaner “*and the spirit of Manwe went out and the hearts of the Eldar were comforted / or obeyed” ✧ NM/239; NM/239
• Q. arta “etcetera” ✧ PE17/071
• Q. ar wingildi wilwarindië “*and the foam-like butterflies” ✧ PE16/096
• Q. cemendë tambe Erumandë “on Earth as [it is] in Heaven” ✧ VT43/17
• Q. cuita’r parë “live and learn” ✧ PE22/154
• Q. Elainen tárin Periandion ar meldenya anyáran “*to Elaine, queen of Hobbits and my very old friend” ✧ VT49/40
• Q. Eldarinwë Leperi ar Notessi “Elvish Fingers and Numerals” ✧ VT47/04
• Q. Nasser ar Cenime Cantar Valaron ar Maiaron “The Natures and Visible Shapes of the Valar and Maiar” ✧ PE17/175; PE17/175
• Q. savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe that E[lessar] really existed and that he was a King of Gondor” ✧ PE22/158; VT49/27
• Q. násië “now and at the hour of our death: Amen” ✧ VT43/34; VT43/34
• Q. sínen i·anda nyarnë metta ar taina andaurenya na quanta “*with this the long tale ends and my extended long day is complete” ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT
• Q. sinomë maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn’ Ambar-metta “In this place will I abide, and my heirs, unto the ending of the world” ✧ LotR/0967; PE17/103; PE22/147
• Q. sustanë Manwëo súlë ten i indo Sindicollo ar he lastanë ar carnes “*the spirit of Manwe blew unto the heart of Thingol and he listened and did it” ✧ NM/239; NM/239
• Q. Valar ar Maiar fantaner nassentar fanainen ve quenderinwe coar ar larmar “Valar and Maiar cloaked their true-being in veils, like to Elvish bodies and raiment” ✧ PE17/174; PE17/175; PE17/175
• Q. ványë ar válmë “I and those with me are against it” ✧ PE22/162

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶as(a) > ar	[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad(a) > az > ar	[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad(a) > ar	[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶as(a) > ar	[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/070
✶ad(ă)/ad > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/071
✶ad > ađ > ař > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/071
✶ada > ar	[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/102
√ADA > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/145
√ar- > ar	[ar]	✧ SA/ar
✶as > ar	[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]	✧ VT47/31

Variations

• Ar ✧ NM/239
• ara ✧ NM/240 (ara)
• a ✧ PE17/071 (a)
• as ✧ PE17/071 (as); PE17/071
• al ✧ PE17/071; PE17/175
• are ✧ VT43/31 (are); VT43/34 (are); VT47/04

az

and

az, archaic form of the conjunction ar "and"; see ar #1.

na

to, towards

na (2) prep. "to, towards", possibly obsoleted by #1 above; for clarity writers may use the synonym ana instead (NĀ1). Originally, Tolkien glossed na as "at, by, near"; the new meaning entered together with the synonyms an, ana (VT45:36).

sa

it

sa pron. "it", 3rd person sg, corresponding to the ending -s (VT49:30). Used of inanimate things or abstracts (VT49:37; plants are considered animate; see se). For sa as object, cf. the sentence ecë nin carë sa "I can do it" (VT49:34). Stressed sá (VT49:51). Ósa "with it" (VT43:36). Also compare the reflexive pronoun insa "itself", q.v. In one text, sa is also defined as "that" (VT49:18); apparently Tolkien also at one point considered giving sa a plural significance, so that it meant *"they, them" of inanimate things, the counterpart of "personal" té (VT49:51).

sa

pronoun. it

va

from

va prep. "from" (VT43:20; prefixed in the form var- in var-úra "from evil", VT43:24). In VT49:24, va, au and o are quoted as variants of the stem awa "away from".

á

particle. imperative particle

Cognates

• S. -o “imperative” ✧ PE17/040

Derivations

• ✶ā “imperative”

Element in

• Q. á hyamë rámen úcarindor “pray for us sinners” ✧ VT43/32; VT43/32; VT43/33; VT43/33
• Q. ála “do not”
• Q. a laita tárienna “bless (or praise) [them] to the height” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
• Q. a laita te, laita te “bless them, bless them” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
• Q. ámen anta síra ilaurëa massamma “give us this day our daily bread” ✧ VT43/17; VT43/18
• Q. á na márië “be well” ✧ PE17/162
• Q. ar ámen apsenë úcaremmar “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT43/19
• Q. aranielya na tuluva “thy kingdom come” ✧ VT43/14
• Q. á ricë amrícië “try harder” ✧ PE17/093; PE17/093; PE17/167
• Q. á carë (sí) ancárië “try harder” ✧ PE17/093; PE17/093
• Q. á cenë ancénië “look sharper, closer, more attentively, better, more closely” ✧ PE17/093
• Q. á lirë amlírië “sing harder / better / with more vigour or with more vocalic art” ✧ PE17/093
• Q. á menë amménië “proceed with more determination” ✧ PE17/093
• Q. á norë amnórië “run with more running, run faster” ✧ PE17/093
• Q. á tirë antírië “watch more closely, observe more attentively” ✧ PE17/093
• Q. á ricir “let them try” ✧ PE17/093
• Q. á sac’ i fendë, mecin “close the door, please” ✧ PE22/166
• Q. á tule “do come!” ✧ PE22/140
• Q. áva “don’t, negative imperative”
• Q. á vala Manwë “may Manwë order it!” ✧ WJ/404
• Q. násië “but deliver us from evil: Amen” ✧ VT43/23; VT43/23
• Q. na carë indómelya “thy will be done” ✧ VT43/15
• Q. ono alyë eterúna me illumë ilya raxellor “but deliver us always from all dangers” ✧ VT44/09

Variations

• A ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/102; VT43/17
• a ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
• ā ✧ PE17/040; PE17/093; PE17/093
• ā̆ ✧ VT43/17
• á- ✧ VT43/19
• Ā ✧ WJ/404

-va

from

-va possessive ending, presumably related to the preposition va "from". In Eldaliéva, Ingoldova, miruvóreva, Oroméva, rómeva, Valinóreva (q.v. for references), Follondiéva, Hyallondiéva (see under turmen for references). Following a consonant, the ending instead appears as -wa (andamacilwa "of the long sword", PE17:147, rómenwa *"of the East", PE17:59). Pl. -vë when governing a plural word (from archaic -vai) (WJ:407), but it seems that -va was used throughout in late Exilic Quenya (cf. miruvóreva governing the plural word yuldar in Namárië). Pl. -iva (-ivë*), dual -twa, partitive pl. -líva**.

-yë

conjunction. and

-yë (4) conj. "and" as a suffix added to the second of a pair, as Menel Cemenyë "Heaven and Earth" (VT47:30, 31, VT49:25). Other "pairs" are mentioned as examples but not actually translated into Quenya by Tolkien: Sun and Moon (*Anar Isilyë), Land and Sea (*Nór Eäryë), fire and water (*nárë nenyë, or *úr nenyë).

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Changes

• an- → an ✧ PE17/090

Cognates

• S. an- “intensive prefix”

Derivations

• ✶andā “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
  • √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/090
• ✶am- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092
  • √AMA “addition, increase, plus”
• √AMA “addition, increase, plus” ✧ PE17/091
• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146; PE21/79

Element in

• ᴺQ. amyára “elder”
• Q. Anairë “*Holiest”
• Q. Ancalimë “*Brightest (f.)”
• Q. Ancalimon “*Brightest (m.)”
• ᴺQ. anyára “elder, *senior”
• Q. unqualë “death agony, death agony, torment, [ᴹQ.] agony, death” ✧ PE19/078

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶and(a) > an-	[an-]	✧ PE17/090
✶and(a) > anda-	[anda-]	✧ PE17/090
✶am > an	[am-]	✧ PE17/090
√AMA > ama	[ama-]	✧ PE17/091
✶am > an	[am-]	✧ PE17/092
√ANA/NĀ > an-	[an-]	✧ PE17/146
√ANA/NA > an-	[an-]	✧ PE21/79

Variations

• an ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057; PE17/090; PE17/092; PE17/092
• ana ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057
• ana- ✧ PE17/056
• añ- ✧ PE17/090
• am ✧ PE17/090; PE17/091 (am)
• anda- ✧ PE17/090
• ama ✧ PE17/091 (ama)
• ama- ✧ PE17/092

ana

to

ana (1) prep. "to" (VT49:35), "as preposition _ana _is used when purely _dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that the preposition ana can be used instead of the dative ending -n (#1, q.v.) Also as prefix: ana- "to, towards" (NĀ1); an (q.v.) is used with this meaning in one source (PE17:127)_

and

and

a (2) conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song (that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna "and northwards" in a late text, VT49:26). According to PE17:41, "Old Quenya" could have the conjunction a (as a variant of ar) before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw (f is not mentioned), PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r, þ, s. See ar #1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen "he ran with his speed" (i.e. as quickly as he could) is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is "he ran and [did so] with his speed" (PE17:58).

arë

and

arë conj. "and", longer form of ar, q.v. (VT43:31)

yo

and

yo conj. "and", "often used between _two _items (of any part of speech) that were by nature or custom clearly associated, like the names of spouses (Manwë yo Varda), or "sword and sheath" (*macil yo vainë*), "bow and arrows" (quinga yo pilindi), or groups like "Elves and Men" (Eldar yo Fírimor but contrast eldain a fírimoin [dative forms] in FS, where Tolkien joins the words with a, seemingly simply a variant of the common conjunction ar). In one source, yo is apparently a preposition "with" (yo hildinyar* = "with my heirs", SD:56).

-nna

to

-n (1) dative ending, originating as a reduced form of -nă "to", related to the allative ending -nna (VT49:14). Attested in nin, men, ten, enyalien, Erun, airefëan, tárin, yondon (q.v.) and also added to the English name Elaine (Elainen) in a book dedication to Elaine Griffiths (VT49:40). The longer dative ending -na is also attested in connection with some pronouns, such as sena, téna, véna (q.v.), also in the noun mariéna from márië "goodness" (PE17:59). Pl. -in (as in hínin, see hína), partitive pl. -lin, dual -nt (Plotz). The preposition ana (#1) is said to be used "when purely dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that it can replace the dative ending, e.g. *ana Eru instead of Erun for "to God". In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the ending -n (or -en) expressed genitive rather than dative, but he later decided that the genitive ending was to be -o (cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren becoming Yénië Valinórëo, MR:200).

-nna

to, at, upon

-nna "to, at, upon", allative ending, originating from -na "to" with fortified n, VT49:14. Attested in cilyanna, coraryanna, Endorenna, Elendilenna, númenórenna, parma-restalyanna, rénna, senna, tielyanna, q.v. If a noun ends in -n already, the ending -nna merges with it, as in Amanna, formenna, Elenna, númenna, rómenna as the allative forms of Aman, formen, elen, númen, rómen (q.v.). Plural -nnar in mannar, valannar, q.v.

arra

adjective. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √SRAG “awkward, awry; hard, (very) difficult” ✧ PE17/172

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√SRA-G > asra > arra	[asra] > [azra] > [arra]	✧ PE17/172

car-

verb. do, make

erëa

cardinal. one

erëa adj.? "one" or *"single", apparently an adjectival form (see er) (VT44:17)

naue

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶ndagwē ✧ PE19/094

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ndagwē > ndau̯we > nau̯we > naue	[ndagwē] > [ndaɣwē] > [ndauwē] > [nauwē] > [naue]	✧ PE19/094

Variations

• nawe ✧ PE19/094 (nawe)

sal-

verb. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √SAL “[unglossed], *harp(ing), lyre” ✧ PE22/133

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√SAL > azálie	[asālie] > [azālie]	✧ PE22/133

éna

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶eñna ✧ PE19/097
  • √EÑ “be, exist”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶eñna > enna > éna	[eŋna] > [enna]	✧ PE19/097

amya-

verb. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √AM “go up, go up, [ᴹ√] up” ✧ PE17/157

Elements

Word	Gloss
-ya	“verbal suffix”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√AM > amya	[amja-]	✧ PE17/157

Variations

• amya ✧ PE17/157 (amya)

cairë

?. [unglossed]

Cognates

• S. caer “*flat isle on a river, [N.] flat isle on a river” ✧ PE17/101

Derivations

• √KAY “lie, lie, [ᴹ√] lie down; [ᴱ√] rest, dwell” ✧ PE17/101

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KAYA > caire	[kaire]	✧ PE17/101

Variations

• caire ✧ PE17/101

cúma

noun. [unglossed]

Cognates

• S. cû “bow, bow; [N.] arch, crescent; [G.] waxing or waning moon” ✧ PE17/122

Derivations

• ✶kūma ✧ PE17/122
  • √KU(H) “bow, [ᴱ√] bend”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶kūma > cúma	[kūma]	✧ PE17/122

felca

adjective. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √PHELEG “excavation, excavation; [ᴹ√] cave” ✧ PE17/118

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√PHELEK > felca	[pʰelka] > [ɸelka] > [felka]	✧ PE17/118

finca

noun. [unglossed]

Cognates

• S. fing “lock of hair” ✧ PE17/017

Derivations

• ✶phinik ✧ PE17/017
  • √SPIN(ID) “fine thread, filament; hair” ✧ PE17/017

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶finik/fink > finca	[pʰinika] > [pʰinka] > [pʰiŋka] > [ɸiŋka] > [fiŋka]	✧ PE17/017

Variations

• finca ✧ PE17/017

hando

agent

[hando] noun "agent" (male; fem. [yendi]) (VT45:16)

háro

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶khādo ✧ PE22/148
  • √KHAD “sit”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶khādo > hāzo > hāro	[kʰādo] > [xādo] > [xāðo] > [hāðo] > [hāro]	✧ PE22/148

Variations

• hāro ✧ PE22/148

malsa

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶maslā ✧ PE19/101

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶maslā > malsa	[maslā] > [malsā] > [malsa]	✧ PE19/101

sóla

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶soglā ✧ PE19/095

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶soglā > sóla	[soglā] > [soɣlā] > [sōlā] > [sōla]	✧ PE19/095

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √STAR “*stiff, [ᴹ√] stiff” ✧ PE22/133

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√STAR > thar	[star-] > [θar-]	✧ PE22/133

Variations

• thar ✧ PE22/133

tomba

noun. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √TOM “of resonant sounds” ✧ PE17/138

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√TOM > tomba	[tomba]	✧ PE17/138

yendi

agent

[yendi] noun "agent" (fem.; masc. [hendo]). The word yendi Tolkien changed to yendë before deleting all of this (VT45:16)

úpa-

verb. [unglossed]

am(a)-

prefix. intensive prefix

conta-

verb. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √KOM “gather, collect” ✧ PE17/157

Elements

Word	Gloss
-ta	“causative verb suffix”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KOM > conta	[komta-] > [konta-]	✧ PE17/157

Variations

• conta ✧ PE17/157 (conta)

hendas

?. [unglossed]

Element in

• Q. calma hendas “*light in the eyes” ✧ PMCH/02; TMME/192

maitya

?. [unglossed]

Variations

• mahtya ✧ PE19/084 (mahtya)

melya-

verb. [unglossed], *to be in love

Derivations

• √MEL “love, love, [ᴹ√] love (as friend)”

þúna

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶stuknā ✧ PE19/086
  • √STUK “[unglossed]” ✧ PE19/086

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶stuknā > thúna	[stuknā] > [stugnā] > [θugnā] > [θuŋnā] > [θūnā] > [θūna] > [sūna]	✧ PE19/086

Variations

• thúna ✧ PE19/086 (thúna)

um(ba)-

prefix. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √UMU “not, expressing privation, not, expressing privation; [ᴹ√] negative stems” ✧ PE17/172
  • √Ū “denial of fact, privation, negative element, denial of fact, privation, negative element, [ᴱ√] not”

Element in

• Q. umbacarin “[unglossed]” ✧ PE17/172

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√UMU > um(ba)	[umba-]	✧ PE17/172

Variations

• um(ba) ✧ PE17/172 (um(ba))

felehta-

verb. [unglossed], *to excavate, tunnel, mine

An untranslated form appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 derived from the root √PHELEG/PHELEK (PE17/118), possibly a verb derived from ✱phelektā- or ✱phelegtā-. The derivatives of this root had to do with mines and tunnels, so perhaps this verb meant “✱to excavate, tunnel, mine”.

Derivations

• √PHELEG “excavation, excavation; [ᴹ√] cave” ✧ PE17/118

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√PHELEK > felehta	[pʰelektā] > [ɸelektā] > [ɸelextā] > [ɸelextā] > [felextā]	✧ PE17/118

Variations

• felehta ✧ PE17/118

umbacarin

noun. [unglossed]

er

one, alone

er cardinal "one, alone" (ERE, VT48:6, VT49:54), in an early source also adv. "only, but, still" (LT1:269); Eru er "one God" (VT44:17; er was here emended by Tolkien from erëa, which seems to be an adjectival form *"one, single".)

tompë

noun. [unglossed], *pulse, beat

@@@ Neo-meaning “✱pulse, beat” suggested by Röandil on 2023-04-20

Derivations

• √TOM “of resonant sounds” ✧ PE17/138

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√TOM > tompe	[tompe]	✧ PE17/138

Variations

• tompe ✧ PE17/138

mo

one, someone, anyone

mo, indefinite pronoun "one, someone, anyone" (VT42:34, VT49:19, 20, 26)

min

cardinal. one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first

Cognates

• S. min “one, one, [G.] single” ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06
• T. min “one” ✧ VT48/06

Derivations

• ✶min “one”
  • √MIN “one, first of a series, one, first of a series; [ᴹ√] stand alone, stick out”

Element in

• ᴺQ. millumë “once, one time”
• ᴺQ. mindórë “million”
• Q. minya “first; eminent, prominent”

quén

one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman

quén (quen-, as in pl. queni; as final element in compounds -quen) noun "one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman", pl. queni = "persons", "(some) people", "they" with the most general meaning (as in "they [= people in general] say that..."). The element is combined with noun and adjective stems in old compounds to denote habitual occupations or functions, or to describe those having some notable (permanent) quality; examples include roquen, ciryaquen, arquen, q.v. Also in aiquen "whoever", ilquen "everybody" (WJ:361 cf. 360, 372).

hindo

noun. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √KHIN “child” ✧ PE17/157

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KHIN > hindo	[kʰindo] > [xindo] > [hindo]	✧ PE17/157

hindë

noun. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √KHIN “child” ✧ PE17/157

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KHIN > hinde	[kʰinde] > [xinde] > [hinde]	✧ PE17/157

Variations

• hinde ✧ PE17/157 (hinde)

ho

from

ho prep. "from" (3O); cf. hó-

holdë

noun. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √SKOL “shut, close” ✧ PE17/098

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KHOL > holde	[kʰolde] > [xolde] > [holde]	✧ PE17/098

Variations

• holde ✧ PE17/098

lingi-

verb. [unglossed]

ló

from

ló, lo (2) prep. "from", also used = "by" introducing the agent after a passive construction: nahtana ló Turin *"slain by Túrin" (VT49:24). A similar and possibly identical form is mentioned in the Etymologies as being somehow related to the ablative ending -llo, but is not there clearly defined (VT45:28). At one point, Tolkien suggested that lo rather than the ending -llo was used with proper names (lo Manwë rather than Manwello for "from Manwë"), but this seems to have been a short-lived idea (VT49:24).

min

cardinal. one

min numeral "one", also minë (VT45:34, VT48:6)

minë

cardinal. one

minë numeral "one", also min (MINI, VT45:34)

mir

cardinal. one

mir (2) cardinal "one" (LT1:260; in LotR-style Quenya rather minë)

o

preposition. from

Derivations

• ✶ăwă “from” ✧ PE17/148
  • √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/148
• ✶hō “from, coming from, as described by a genitive” ✧ PE22/168
  • √HO “from, coming from” ✧ WJ/361

Variations

• ō ✧ PE22/168

sélo

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶steglō ✧ PE19/095

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶steglō > thélo > þélo > sélo	[steglō] > [θeglō] > [θeɣlō] > [θēlō] > [θēlo] > [sēlo]	✧ PE19/095

a

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

a

and

conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> ad, ada, adh

a

and

conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

a

conjunction. and

conj. and. Pedo mellon a minno! 'Say friend and enter'. Q. ar

a

interjection. o

interj. o. A Elbereth Gilthoniel 'O Elbereth Who lit the Stars'.

a

interjection. O!

See also ai.1 and ae.1

a

interjection. O!

Element in

• S. ae Adar nín i vi Menel “our Father who [art] in Heaven” ✧ VT44/22
• S. a Elbereth Gilthoniel “o Elbereth who lit the stars” ✧ LotR/0238; LotR/0729; RGEO/63; RGEO/64; RGEO/64
• S. a Hîr Annûn Gilthoniel “*oh Lady of the West, Star-kindler” ✧ LB/354
• S. a tiro nin, Fanuilos “o guard me, Elbereth” ✧ LotR/0729; RGEO/64

Variations

• A ✧ LB/354; LotR/0238; LotR/0729; LotR/0729; RGEO/63; RGEO/64; RGEO/64; RGEO/64
• a ✧ Let/279
• Ae ✧ VT44/22

a

conjunction. and; †by, near, beside

Changes

• a → a “and” ✧ PE17/041
• a → að “and” ✧ PE17/041
• a → a ✧ PE17/041

Cognates

• Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar

Derivations

• ✶as(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31
  • √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31
• ✶ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102
  • √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
• √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145
• √AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ SA/ar

Element in

• S. a Pherhael ar am Meril suilad uin aran o Minas Tirith nelchaenen ned Echuir “to Samwise and Rose the King’s greeting from Minas Tirith, the thirty-first day of Stirring” ✧ SD/129; SD/129
• S. aran Gondor ar Arnor ar Hîr i Mbair Annui “king of Gondor and Arnor and Lord of the Westlands” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
• S. ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT44/28
• S. ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain “and he desires to greet there all his friends” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
• S. ar in Ellath epholar eno vi Eressai “*and the Elves (?remember) still in Eressëa” ✧ VT50/19
• S. ar Iorhael, Gelir, Cordof, ar Baravorn, ionnath dîn “and Frodo, Merry, Pippin and Hamfast his sons” ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; SD/129; SD/129
• S. ar Meril bess dîn, ar Elanor, Meril, Glorfinniel, ar Eirien sellath dîn “and Rose his wife; and Elanor, Rose, Goldilocks and Daisy his daughters” ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129
• S. ar Nienor sel Morwen Níniel “*and Nienor daughter of Morwen, Níniel” ✧ VT50/18
• S. man agorech? “*and said Rían to Tuor: what have we done?” ✧ VT50/20; VT50/20
• S. Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth “The Debate of Finrod and Andreth” ✧ MR/329; PE17/041
• S. Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn “Frodo and Sam, princes of the west” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
• S. Dor-Cúarthol “Land of Bow and Helm”
• S. Narn e·Dant Gondolin ar Orthad en·Êl “*Tale of the Fall of Gondolin and the Raising of the Star” ✧ MR/373
• S. pedo mellon a minno “speak, friend, and enter; (alternately) say ‘friend’ and enter” ✧ LotR/0305; LotR/0305; PE17/041
• S. si loth a galadh lasto dîn “*here flower and tree listen [in] silence” ✧ LB/354

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ad(a) > að > a	[ada] > [aða] > [að] > [a]	✧ PE17/041
✶as(a) > a(h) > a	[asa] > [aha] > [ah] > [a]	✧ PE17/041

Variations

• ar ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; MR/373; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; VT44/28; VT50/18; VT50/19
• a ✧ LB/354; Let/448; LotR/0305; LotR/0953; PE17/041 (a); PE17/041; PE17/041 (a); PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar; VT47/31
• ah ✧ MR/329; VT43/30
• að ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/145
• ath ✧ PE17/041 (ath)
• a(ð) ✧ PE17/102
• að- ✧ PE17/145
• Ar ✧ SD/129; VT50/20
• A ✧ VT50/20 (A)

-a

suffix. [old] genitive suffix

Derivations

• ✶-āga “genitive” ✧ NM/355; NM/355
• ✶-ō “genitive” ✧ PE17/097; PE17/097
  • √HO “from, coming from”

Element in

• S. Bar Bëora “House of Bëor”
• S. Nauglamír “Necklace of the Dwarves”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ō > ia > -a	[-ō] > [-a]	✧ PE17/097
✶iōm > ion	[-iōm] > [-ion]	✧ PE17/097

Variations

• a ✧ NM/355 (Os. a)

Ae

interjection. O!

See also ai.1 and a.2

ad

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ada, adh

ae

interjection. O!

ah

preposition/conjunction. and, with

The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a.1 , ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT/43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)

ah

conjunction. and

an

preposition. to, towards, for

With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath

an

to

_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath  'glory to all the Halflings'.

an

preposition. to, for, to, for; [N. and G.] of

Changes

• eni → enni ✧ VT41/16

Derivations

• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146

Element in

• S. aglar’ni Pheriannath “glory to the halflings” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
• ᴺS. amman “why, (lit.) for what”
• S. anann “(for) long”
• S. anglenna- “to approach”
• S. aníra- “to desire, to desire, *long for”
• S. anno ammen sír i mbas ilaurui vín “give us this day our daily bread” ✧ VT44/27
• S. annon edhellen, edro hi ammen “Elvish gate open now for us” ✧ LotR/0307; PE17/045
• ᴺS. anuir “forever, everlastingly, eternally, in eternity”
• S. a Pherhael ar am Meril suilad uin aran o Minas Tirith nelchaenen ned Echuir “to Samwise and Rose the King’s greeting from Minas Tirith, the thirty-first day of Stirring” ✧ SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129
• S. ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT44/27
• S. guren bêd enni “my heart tells me” ✧ VT41/11
• S. gurth an Glamhoth “Death to the din-horde” ✧ UT/039
• S. ir Ithil ammen Eruchín “*when the Moon, for us, the Children of God” ✧ LB/354
• S. naur an edraith ammen “fire [be] for saving of us” ✧ LotR/0290; LotR/0290; LotR/0299; LotR/0299; PE17/038; PE17/038
• S. ón annin “*he gave (it) to me” ✧ PE17/147
• S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23
• S. sui mín i gohenam di ai gerir úgerth ammen “as we forgive those who trespass against us” ✧ VT44/27
• S. ú-chebin estel anim “I have kept no hope for myself” ✧ LotR/1061; PE17/117

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ANA/NĀ > ana > an	[ana] > [an]	✧ PE17/146

Variations

• eni ✧ VT41/16 (eni)
• ann ✧ VT44/22 (ann)

ar

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

ar

conjunction. and, and, [G.] too, besides

na

to

e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2

na

preposition. to

prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2

ada

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, adh

adh

conjunction. and

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Cognates

• Q. an- “intensive prefix”

Element in

• S. Anfauglith “Gasping Dust” ✧ SA/faug
• S. einior “elder”

nan

preposition. of

Ídh

and

{ð}_ conj. _and. It was not mutated before vowels. >> a

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, ada

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

car-

verb. to do

caro

verb. do! make!

madu

?. [unglossed]

maud

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶matwā ✧ PE17/148
  • √MAT “eat”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶matwā > madw̯ > maud	[matwā] > [matwa] > [matw] > [maut] > [maud]	✧ PE17/148
✶matwā > madw̯ > madu	[matwā] > [matwa] > [matw] > [madw] > [madu]	✧ PE17/148

Variations

• madu ✧ PE17/148

-o

suffix. imperative

Cognates

• Q. á “imperative particle” ✧ PE17/040

Derivations

• ✶ā “imperative” ✧ WJ/365; WJ/372

Element in

• S. ped- “to say, speak” ✧ PE17/040

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ā > ō > o	[ā] > [ǭ] > [au] > [o]	✧ WJ/365
✶ā > -o	[ā] > [ǭ] > [au] > [o]	✧ WJ/372

Variations

• o ✧ PE17/040; WJ/365

ten

pronoun. (?) it (as object)

pen

pronoun. one, somebody, anybody

Usually enclitic and mutated as ben.2

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

mîn

fraction. one (first of a series)

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

od

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

be

like

(as, according to) Followed by lenition? With article ben (followed by "mixed mutation" according to David Salo’s reconstruction)

cidinn

?. [unglossed]

Cognates

• Q. cinta “small” ✧ PE17/157

Derivations

• √KIT “*small” ✧ PE17/157

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KIT > cidinn	[kitinne] > [kitinn] > [kidinn]	✧ PE17/157

cinnog

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √KIT “*small” ✧ PE17/157

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KIT > cinnog	[kintok] > [kintʰok] > [kinθok] > [kinθog] > [kinnog]	✧ PE17/157

ed

pronoun. *it

Element in

• S. i glinn hen agorer Edain mi Velerian, ach hí in Ellath îr ed epholar “*this song Men made in Beleriand, but now the Elves alone (?remember) it” ✧ VT50/15; VT50/15; VT50/15

Variations

• ed ✧ VT50/15

en

of the

e- (sg. genitival article)

eru

the one

isolated from

min

cardinal. one

1) (number ”one” as the first in a series) min, mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 2) (number) êr, whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone); 3)

min

cardinal. one, one, [G.] single

Cognates

• Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first” ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06

Element in

• S. Miniel “Vanyar”
• S. minlamad “?alliteration, (lit.) first-echoing”
• S. minui “first” ✧ VT42/25
• S. minuial “(dawn) twilight”

Variations

• min ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06
• mîn ✧ VT42/25

min

one

mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”.

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from, of. In older S. o had the form od before vowels. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'.

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from. . This gloss was rejected.

o

of

(od), followed by hard mutation. With article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by ”mixed” mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366). Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning”.

o

from

(od), followed by hard mutation; with article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by mixed mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366) Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning” (q.v. for this meaning of ”of”). 2) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 3)

pen

cardinal. one

(indefinite pronoun) (= somebody, anybody) pen (WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lords Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean *”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of *ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

pen

one

(WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lord’s Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean ✱”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of ✱ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

sui

like

(prep. ”as, like”) 1) sui (VT44:23), 2) #be (as, according to) Followed by lenition? With article ben (followed by "mixed mutation" according to David Salos reconstruction)

sui

like

(VT44:23)

uin

preposition. of the

êr

one

whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone)

a

and

a, or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

a

and

or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

a

o

;  O Elbereth Gilthoniel A Elbereth Gilthoniel. The alternative form ae may be used when the next word begins in a: Ae Adar nín, O my Father (VT44:23). By another theory, ae represents a + the definite article i (✱a i Adar nín "o the Father of mine").

a

don’

vo (+ lenited imperative, e.g. avo garo "don’t do"); av- (prefix added to imperative verbs, followed by lenition: avgaro! "don’t do!" as a negative version of caro! "do!")

an

to

(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

to

(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)

ha

it

ha, han, hana. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ha is the nominative, whereas han is the accusative. Hana could be an emphatic form. It may be that these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)

ha

it

han, hana. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ha is the nominative, whereas han is the accusative. Hana could be an emphatic form. It may be that these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)*

baw!

don’

(= "no!", as interjection expressing refusal or prohibition)

car

do

car- (i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (make, build) (WJ:415),

car

do

(i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (make, build) (WJ:415)

heria

set vigorously out to do

(i cheria, i cheriar) (have an impulse, be compelled to do something, begin suddenly and vigorously) (VT45:22)

dadbenn

do

(downhill, sloping down, inclined), lenited dhadbenn, pl. dedbinn. Verb

-o

suffix. of

Cognates

• Q. -o “of; genitive ending” ✧ WJ/369

er

cardinal. one

Cognates

• Q. er “one, alone, one, alone; [ᴱQ.] only, a single” ✧ VT48/06

ho

preposition. from

Derivations

• ✶ʒō “from” ✧ PE21/78

min

cardinal. one

Cognates

• Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first” ✧ VT48/06

tyaz-

verb. like

agh

conjunction. and

Element in

• Bs. ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul “one ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011

ash

cardinal. one

Element in

• Bs. ash nazg durbatulûk “one ring to rule them all” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011
• Bs. ash nazg gimbatul “one ring to find them” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011
• Bs. ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul “one ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011

u

preposition. to

Element in

• Bs. Uglúk u bagronk sha pushdug Saruman-glob búbhosh skai “Uglúk to the cesspool, sha! the dungfilth, the great Saruman-fool, skai; Uglúk to torture chamber with stinking Saruman-filth, dung-heap, skai” ✧ LotR/0445; PE17/078; PM/083

ash

cardinal. one

a

pronoun. *it

A pronominal prefix, most likely the neuter singular pronoun “it”, appearing in the word ayadda “[it] went” in the sentence adûn izindi batân tâidô ayadda “the road west [it] once went straight” (SD/247). See the entry on pronominal-prefixes for more discussion.

Variations

• a- ✧ SD/247

asdi

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation (pronounced [azdi]) without giving its meaning (SD/421).

Derivations

• √Ad. ASAD “?” ✧ SD/421

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√Ad. ASAD > Asdi	[asdi]	✧ SD/421

Variations

• Asdi ✧ SD/421

sapda

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation without giving its meaning (SD/421).

Derivations

• √Ad. SAPAD “?” ✧ SD/421

Variations

• Sapda ✧ SD/421

-ô

preposition. from

A prepositional suffix translated “from” (SD/429). In a few places, the suffix appears with the glide-consonant v (pronounced [w]) between it and a preceding u-vowel (SD/247, 249). It is likely related to the Quenya genitive inflection Q. -o.

Conceptual Development: At an earlier conceptual stage, this suffix was a grammatical inflection, the draft-genitive -ō (SD/438).

Cognates

• Q. -o “of; genitive ending”

Element in

• Ad. Bârim an-Adûn yurahtam dâira sâibêth-mâ Êruvô “Lords of [the] West, they rent [the] Earth with assent from Eru” ✧ SD/247; SD/249
• Ad. bārun an-adūn {urahhata >>} urahta dāira sāibēth-mā ēruvō ✧ SD/247
• Ad. Indilzar Azrabêlôhin “*Line of Elros [son] of Earendil” ✧ SD/365; SD/382

Variations

• -o ✧ SD/365
• ō ✧ SD/429

-ul

suffix. of

Element in

• Kh. Azanulbizar “Dimrill Dale, (lit.) Rills of the Shadows” ✧ RC/269

Variations

• |ul ✧ PE17/047

ā

particle. imperative

Derivatives

• Q. á “imperative particle”
• S. -o “imperative” ✧ WJ/365; WJ/372

Element in

• ✶aba-kar ā “don’t do it”
• ✶lḗ tuli, tuli lḗ, āle tuli! “come (you)!, now you, come!” ✧ PE22/140
• ✶sē tuli, tuli sḗ, āse tuli! “let him come! etc.” ✧ PE22/140
• Q. áva “don’t, negative imperative” ✧ WJ/371
• S. ava- “will not, do not” ✧ WJ/372
• T. abá “don’t” ✧ WJ/371

ā̆

preposition. as for, as regards, with reference to

-ā

suffix. adjectival

Derivatives

• Q. -a “adjectival suffix”

Element in

• ✶elenā “connected with or concerning the stars”
• ✶lindā “*sweet sounding” ✧ WJ/382

Variations

• ā ✧ PE21/82

-ā̆

suffix. active verbal suffix

Element in

• ✶tura-mbar “master of fate” ✧ PE17/104

Variations

• ā̆ ✧ PE17/104

am-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

• √AMA “addition, increase, plus”

Derivatives

• Q. amba “more” ✧ PE17/090
• Q. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092

Variations

• am ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092; PE17/092
• an- ✧ PE17/092
• añ ✧ PE17/092

as(a)

preposition. and

Changes

• as(a) → ad(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041

Derivations

• √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31

Derivatives

• Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
• S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31

Variations

• as ✧ VT43/30; VT47/31

sal

root. [unglossed], *harp(ing), lyre

The unglossed root ᴱ√SALA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. salma “lyre, small harp” and ᴱQ. salumbe “harping, music” (QL/81). The root √SAL appeared again Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the early 1950s to illustrate the reformed perfect form of its verb Q. asálie (PE22/132), but since these later forms are unglossed it is unclear whether they have the same meaning (“✱harp(ing)”) as the earlier version of the root.

Derivatives

• Q. sal- “[unglossed]” ✧ PE22/133

ăwă

preposition. from

Derivations

• √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/148

Derivatives

• Q. o “from” ✧ PE17/148
• S. o “from, of” ✧ PE17/148

-āga

suffix. genitive

Derivatives

• S. -a “[old] genitive suffix” ✧ NM/355; NM/355

-ō

suffix. genitive

Changes

• ā → ō ✧ PE17/097
• i+ām → iōm ✧ PE17/097

Derivations

• √HO “from, coming from”

Derivatives

• Q. -o “of; genitive ending” ✧ WJ/407
• S. -a “[old] genitive suffix” ✧ PE17/097; PE17/097

Variations

• ō ✧ PE17/097
• ā ✧ PE17/097 (ā)
• i+ām ✧ PE17/097 (i+ām)

gō

preposition. from

imin

masculine name. One

Element in

• Q. Imillië “Company of Imin”

lemek

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Outline of Phonology from the early 1950s illustrating certain phonetic combinations (PE19/98), and therefore possibly not a “real” root.

min

cardinal. one

Derivations

• √MIN “one, first of a series, one, first of a series; [ᴹ√] stand alone, stick out”

Derivatives

• Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first”

Element in

• ✶Imin “One” ✧ WJ/421
• ✶Iminye ✧ WJ/421

Variations

• Min ✧ NM/060

phut

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root appearing in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) as an etymological variation of √PUT (PE18/90).

stuk

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in a rejected section of the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, serving to illustration certain phonetic developments: ✶stuknā > Q. thúna (PE19/86).

Derivatives

• ✶stuknā ✧ PE19/086
  • Q. þúna “[unglossed]” ✧ PE19/086

tig

root. [unglossed]

A root appearing in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as the basis for the verb Q. tinga- “go (for a long while)” (PE22/157). The etymology was marked with an “X” and so was probably a transient idea (PE22/157 note #70).

Derivatives

• Q. tinga- “to go (for a long while)” ✧ PE22/157

ʒō

preposition. from

Derivatives

• T. ho “from” ✧ PE21/78

Variations

• ʒō̆ ✧ PE21/78

graw Reconstructed

root. [unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart

This root appeared as a primitive form grawa serving as the basis of the word Q. roa “bear” >> “dog” in notes on monosyllabic roots from 1968 (VT47/35); a Sindarin derivative S. graw “bear” appeared in other notes written around the same time (VT47/12). Patrick Wynne suggested that in the sense “bear” grawa might be connected to the root ᴹ√GRAWA “dark, swart” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/GRAWA).

Derivatives

• ✶grawa “dog” ✧ VT47/35
  • Q. röa “dog” ✧ VT47/35
• ✶grā “dog, bear” ✧ VT47/35
  • S. graw “bear” ✧ VT47/12

Variations

• grāw(ɜ) ✧ VT47/35 (grāw(ɜ))

a

conjunction. and

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ar “and; but”

Element in

• N. pedo mellon a minno “speak, friend, and enter” ✧ TI/182

a-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

• ᴹ✶a- ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹ√A “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/N

Element in

• N. afarch “arid, very dry” ✧ EtyAC/N
• N. ongol “stench” ✧ EtyAC/N

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶a- > a	[a]	✧ EtyAC/N

Variations

• a ✧ EtyAC/N

an

preposition. of

Element in

• N. anann “long”
• N. Bair Nestad “Houses of Healing” ✧ WR/379 (Berin a Nestad)
• N. Ernil a Pheriannath “Prince of the Halflings” ✧ WR/287
• N. Rath a Chelerdain “Street of the Lampwrights” ✧ WR/388

ar

conjunction. and

Derivations

• ᴹ√AR “beside, outside”

Element in

• N. lheben teil brann i annon ar neledh neledhi gar godrebh “five foot high the door and three may walk abreast” ✧ TAI/150

ha

pronoun. it

ha

pronoun. it

Derivations

• ᴹ√S “demonstrative stem” ✧ Ety/S

Element in

• N. im Narvi hain echant “I Narvi made them” ✧ TI/182

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√S > ha	[sa] > [ha]	✧ Ety/S

Variations

• hana ✧ Ety/S

nan

preposition. of

hana

pronoun. it

hana

pronoun. it

mauth

?. [unglossed]

diragas

?. [unglossed]

Element in

• N. annon porennin diragas·venwed ✧ RS/451
• N. diragath·telwen porannin nithrad ✧ RS/451

Variations

• diragath ✧ RS/451

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14

nithrad

?. [unglossed]

Element in

• N. diragath·telwen porannin nithrad ✧ RS/451

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

borth

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ√BOR(ON) “endure” ✧ Ety/BOR

Element in

• N. Borthandos “*Steadfast-intelligence” ✧ Ety/BOR

Variations

• Borth ✧ Ety/BOR

clei

?. [unglossed]

coen

?. [unglossed]

menwed

?. [unglossed]

Element in

• N. annon porennin diragas·venwed ✧ RS/451

min

cardinal. one

Cognates

• ᴹQ. min “one” ✧ Ety/MINI

Derivations

• ᴹ√MIN “stand alone, stick out” ✧ Ety/MINI

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MINI > min	[mini] > [mine] > [min]	✧ Ety/MINI

nith

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• On. nitse ✧ PE22/037

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. nitse > nĭth	[nitse] > [niθθe] > [niθθ] > [niθ]	✧ PE22/037

Variations

• nĭth ✧ PE22/037

níth

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• On. nikthe ✧ PE22/037

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. nikthe > níth	[niktʰe] > [nixθe] > [nīθe] > [nīθ]	✧ PE22/037

porennin

?. [unglossed]

Element in

• N. annon porennin diragas·venwed ✧ RS/451
• N. diragath·telwen porannin nithrad ✧ RS/451

Variations

• porannin ✧ RS/451

telwen

?. [unglossed]

Element in

• N. diragath·telwen porannin nithrad ✧ RS/451