pen- vb. negative of #sam- "to have" (q.v.), used as a negative answer to inquires on ownership: penin "no / I haven't" (PE17:173)
Quenya
pen-
verb. not to have, not to have, *to lack
pen-
verb. to have
pen
without, not having
[pen prep. "without, not having" (PE17:171). Cf. Ú #1.]
pen
preposition. without, not having
pel-
verb. to go round, encircle, to go round, encircle; [ᴱQ.] to surround, fence in, pen in; [ᴹQ.] to revolve, return
A verb for “go round, encircle” (SA/pel) with a long history in Tolkien’s writings. In The Etymologies of the 1930s it appeared under the root ᴹ√PEL “revolve on fixed point” and was glossed “go round” but also “revolve, return” (Ety/PEL). In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s ᴱQ. pele- was glossed “surround, fence in, pen in” under the early root ᴱ√PELE “fence in” (QL/73).
Neo-Quenya: In Tolkien’s later writings the root √PEL meant “edge, bound, fence, limit” (PE17/65) rather than “revolve” (which became √KWER), so for purposes of Neo-Quenya I would use pel- mainly in the sense “go round, encircle” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien in the Silmarillion Appendices (SA/pel). I would also use the Early Qenya senses “surround, fence in, pen in”, but not the 1930s meanings “revolve, return” for which I would use quer- (“revolve”) or entul- (“return”) instead.
pel-
verb. go round, revolve, return
pel- vb. "go round, revolve, return" (PEL), apparently also transitive "encircle" (mentioned in the Silmarillion Appendix as a meaning of the root), cf. also "Qenya" pele- "surround, fence in, pen in" (pa.t. pellë given, QL:73)
tecil
pen
tecil ("k")noun "pen" (TEK, PM:318, VT47:8)
tecil
noun. pen
al-
prefix. -less
-less
lanotoite
adjective. innumerable
mo
somebody, one
nér
noun. man
tecco
noun. stroke, accent
-enca
without, -less
-enca suffix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. nec-, q.v.
-lóra
-less, without
-lóra ending "-less, without", as in ómalóra "voiceless" (VT45:28)
-valta
-less
-valta suffix "-less", also -viltë (evidently endings used to derive adjectives like "lifeless") (GL:23) The ending -lóra appears with the same meaning in Tolkien's later Quenya.
-viltë
-less
-viltë adjectival ending "-less", also -valta (evidently endings used to derive adjectives like "lifeless") (GL:23). Rather -lóra in Tolkien's later Quenya.
a
cardinal. one
au-
without
au- (3) privative prefix, = "without" (AWA)
ava-
without
ava- (3) prefix "without" (AR2, AWA). In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" (q.v.)
er
one, alone
er cardinal "one, alone" (ERE, VT48:6, VT49:54), in an early source also adv. "only, but, still" (LT1:269); Eru er "one God" (VT44:17; er was here emended by Tolkien from erëa, which seems to be an adjectival form *"one, single".)
erëa
cardinal. one
erëa adj.? "one" or *"single", apparently an adjectival form (see er) (VT44:17)
lanotoitë
adjective. innumerable, *innumerate, without knowledge of mathematics, (lit.) incapable of counting; innumerable
A word appearing as {alánŏtoite >>} lanŏtoite “innumerable” in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) written in 1969 as a combination of la- and an adjectival form of not- “count”.
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume notoite means “capable of counting”, so that lanotoite would mean “✱innumerate, without knowledge of mathematics, (lit.) incapable of counting”. For “innumerable” I would use únótima.
lér
man
**lér noun "man" (NI1; hypothetical Q form of PQ dēr; the form actually used in Quenya was nér)
min
cardinal. one
min numeral "one", also minë (VT45:34, VT48:6)
min
cardinal. one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first; [adverb] first
The Quenya word for “one” used when counting: min, atta, neldë, etc. This is contrasted with er “one, alone” for an isolated thing (VT48/6).
Conceptual Development: This use of min “one” appeared regularly in Tolkien’s writings, dating back to the Early Qenya Grammar (EQG) of the 1920s (PE14/49, 82, 84), but there were occasional variations. The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s instead had ᴱQ. mir “one” (QL/61), and The Etymologies of the 1930s had a variant form mine derived from the root ᴹ√MINI “stand alone, stick out” (Ety/MINI).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would also use min adverbially to mean “first”, as in carnes sa min “he/she did it first”, either before anyone else did so, or before he/she did anything else. Tolkien use min this way in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s. See [ᴱQ.] minyallumë “firstly” for further discussion. For adjectival or pronominal “first” I would use minya.
minë
cardinal. one
minë numeral "one", also min (MINI, VT45:34)
mir
cardinal. one
mir (2) cardinal "one" (LT1:260; in LotR-style Quenya rather minë)
mis
less
mis adverbial particle "less" (PE14:80)
mo
one, someone, anyone
mo, indefinite pronoun "one, someone, anyone" (VT42:34, VT49:19, 20, 26)
nec-
without, -less
nec- prefix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. -enca, q.v.
nec-
prefix. without
nér
man
nér (1) (ner-, as in pl. neri) noun "man" (adult male elf, mortal, or of other speaking race) (MR:213, VT49:17, DER, NDER, NI1, VT45:9; see also WJ:393)
pelma
noun. border, fringe, edge, limiting device, border, fringe, edge, limiting device; [ᴱQ.] pen
A word for “a border, fringe, edge, limiting device” derived from the root √PEL “fence” (elsewhere glossed “encircle”) in notes from the mid-1960s (PE17/65). The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. pelma “pen” under the early root ᴱ√PELE “fence in” (QL/73).
Neo-Quenya: Based on the usual meaning of the root, I would assume pelma is a limiting device that surrounds something, and therefore is usable for things like animal pens, the fringes of cloth, or the borders of a country.
penya
lacking, inadequate
penya adj. "lacking, inadequate"; pl. penyë in penyë tengwi "lacking signs", "inadequate signs"; in early Elvish analysis of Quenya the term for vowels with no preceding consonant, held (in many cases incorrectly) to have lost such a consonant (VT39:6, 8)
quén
one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman
quén (quen-, as in pl. queni; as final element in compounds -quen) noun "one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman", pl. queni = "persons", "(some) people", "they" with the most general meaning (as in "they [= people in general] say that..."). The element is combined with noun and adjective stems in old compounds to denote habitual occupations or functions, or to describe those having some notable (permanent) quality; examples include roquen, ciryaquen, arquen, q.v. Also in aiquen "whoever", ilquen "everybody" (WJ:361 cf. 360, 372).
tecco
stroke of pen or brush (´) when not used as long mark
tecco ("k")noun "stroke of pen or brush (´) when not used as long mark" (TEK)
ter
through
ter (1), also terë, prep. "through", "throughout" (Notes on CO, UT:317, TER/TERES, Narqelion, VT44:33, 35, VT49:41, 42). The preposition is used both with spatial and temporal reference: ter i·aldar "through the trees" (Narqelion, cf. VT49:42), ter coivierya "throughout his/her life", ter yénion yéni "through years of years" (VT49:42, VT44:33, 35)
ter
preposition. through
The word ter was the common Quenya word for “through” for most (but not all) of Tolkien’s life. The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. pen “through” under the early root ᴱ√PENE, a variant of ᴱ√PERE “go through, pierce; endure, undergo” (QL/73), so probably meaning “through” both spatially and temporally. In ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya drafts from around 1930, Tolkien instead had ᴱQ. ter “through” in the phrase ᴱQ. karnevaite úri kilde hīsen ter nie nienaite (PE16/62, 72), translated “when the sky was red; the Sun gazed through a haze of tears” (PE16/68); this new preposition may have been based on the early root ᴱ√TEŘE [TEÐE] “pierce” (QL/91; PME/91).
Indeed, in The Etymologies from about 1937 Tolkien had ᴹQ. tere or ter “through” under the root ᴹ√TER “pierce” (Ety/TER). This ter “through” continued to appear in Tolkien’s later writings from the 1950s and 60s, in phrases like et sillumello ter yénion yéni tenn’ ambarmetta “✱from this hour, through years of years until the ending of the world” (VT44/33) and nai amanya onnalya ter coivierya “✱may your child be blessed through his/her life” (VT49/41).
Most of the later uses for ter “through” seem to be temporal in nature, such as in the phrase vanda sina termaruva Elenna·nóreo alcar enyalien “This oath shall stand in memory of the glory of the Land of the Star” (UT/305), where the verb termar- “stand” is more literally ter + mar- = “through-abide” (UT/317 note #43). However, it I think it is reasonable to assume ter “through” retained its spatial sense as well, given its 1930s connection to the root ᴹ√TER “pierce”, indicating a physical penetration.
vi Archaic
pronoun. us (inclusive)
vëo
man
†vëo noun "man" (WEG; etymologically connected to vëa "manly, vigorous"; the more neutral word for "man" is nér. According to VT46:21, Tolkien indicated that vëo is an archaic or poetic word.) Tolkien at a later point defined the word as "living creature" (PE17:189). Cf. variant wëo, q.v.
ú
without, destitute of
ú (1) adv. and prep. "without, destitute of" (VT39:14). Usually followed by genitive: ú calo "without light" (cala). In one source, ú is seemingly also used as a negative verb "was not" (VT49:13), but Tolkien revised the text in question.
ampícië
adverb. less
undo
less
A neologism for “less” as an adjective or pronoun, proposed by Arael in a 2022-02-24 chat Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) as the opposite of amba “more”.
undë
adverb. less
urmatecil
noun. pencil, (lit.) coal-pen
A verb in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 used as the negative of sam- “have” based on the root √PEN “lack, have not” as in penin “I haven’t” (PE17/146). Thus a better meaning might be “✱to lack”.
Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. oito “lack” with past tense oionte under the early root ᴱ√OYO (QL/71).