aica

sharp

aica (1) ("k") adj. "sharp" _(AYAK) or "fell, terrible, dire" (PM:347; according to PM:363 seldom applied to evil things)_. In Aicanáro, q.v.

aicalë

peak

aicalë ("k")noun "a peak" (AYAK)

amya-

verb. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √AM “go up, go up, [ᴹ√] up” ✧ PE17/157

Elements

Word	Gloss
-ya	“verbal suffix”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√AM > amya	[amja-]	✧ PE17/157

Variations

• amya ✧ PE17/157 (amya)

arra

adjective. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √SRAG “awkward, awry; hard, (very) difficult” ✧ PE17/172

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√SRA-G > asra > arra	[asra] > [azra] > [arra]	✧ PE17/172

cairë

?. [unglossed]

Cognates

• S. caer “*flat isle on a river, [N.] flat isle on a river” ✧ PE17/101

Derivations

• √KAY “lie, lie, [ᴹ√] lie down; [ᴱ√] rest, dwell” ✧ PE17/101

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KAYA > caire	[kaire]	✧ PE17/101

Variations

• caire ✧ PE17/101

cendë

point

cendë noun "point" (PE16:96)

cendë

noun. point

Element in

• Q. pirucendëa “on the point of her toes” ✧ PE16/096

Variations

• cende ✧ PE16/096

conta-

verb. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √KOM “gather, collect” ✧ PE17/157

Elements

Word	Gloss
-ta	“causative verb suffix”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KOM > conta	[komta-] > [konta-]	✧ PE17/157

Variations

• conta ✧ PE17/157 (conta)

cúma

noun. [unglossed]

Cognates

• S. cû “bow, bow; [N.] arch, crescent; [G.] waxing or waning moon” ✧ PE17/122

Derivations

• ✶kūma ✧ PE17/122
  • √KU(H) “bow, [ᴱ√] bend”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶kūma > cúma	[kūma]	✧ PE17/122

ecya

sharp

#ecya adj. "sharp" in Ecyanáro ("k") "Sharp Flame", masc. name, Sindarin Aegnor(VT41:14, 19). The Quenya form of Aegnor is elsewhere given as Aicanáro instead.

felca

adjective. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √PHELEG “excavation, excavation; [ᴹ√] cave” ✧ PE17/118

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√PHELEK > felca	[pʰelka] > [ɸelka] > [felka]	✧ PE17/118

felehta-

verb. [unglossed], *to excavate, tunnel, mine

An untranslated form appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 derived from the root √PHELEG/PHELEK (PE17/118), possibly a verb derived from ✱phelektā- or ✱phelegtā-. The derivatives of this root had to do with mines and tunnels, so perhaps this verb meant “✱to excavate, tunnel, mine”.

Derivations

• √PHELEG “excavation, excavation; [ᴹ√] cave” ✧ PE17/118

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√PHELEK > felehta	[pʰelektā] > [ɸelektā] > [ɸelextā] > [ɸelextā] > [felextā]	✧ PE17/118

Variations

• felehta ✧ PE17/118

finca

noun. [unglossed]

Cognates

• S. fing “lock of hair” ✧ PE17/017

Derivations

• ✶phinik ✧ PE17/017
  • √SPIN(ID) “fine thread, filament; hair” ✧ PE17/017

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶finik/fink > finca	[pʰinika] > [pʰinka] > [pʰiŋka] > [ɸiŋka] > [fiŋka]	✧ PE17/017

Variations

• finca ✧ PE17/017

hendas

?. [unglossed]

Element in

• Q. calma hendas “*light in the eyes” ✧ PMCH/02; TMME/192

hindo

noun. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √KHIN “child” ✧ PE17/157

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KHIN > hindo	[kʰindo] > [xindo] > [hindo]	✧ PE17/157

hindë

noun. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √KHIN “child” ✧ PE17/157

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KHIN > hinde	[kʰinde] > [xinde] > [hinde]	✧ PE17/157

Variations

• hinde ✧ PE17/157 (hinde)

holdë

noun. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √SKOL “shut, close” ✧ PE17/098

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KHOL > holde	[kʰolde] > [xolde] > [holde]	✧ PE17/098

Variations

• holde ✧ PE17/098

háro

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶khādo ✧ PE22/148
  • √KHAD “sit”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶khādo > hāzo > hāro	[kʰādo] > [xādo] > [xāðo] > [hāðo] > [hāro]	✧ PE22/148

Variations

• hāro ✧ PE22/148

lingi-

verb. [unglossed]

maica

sharp, piercing

maica (1) ("k")adj. "sharp, piercing" (SA:maeg), cf. hendumaica and the noun maica below.

maitya

?. [unglossed]

Variations

• mahtya ✧ PE19/084 (mahtya)

malsa

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶maslā ✧ PE19/101

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶maslā > malsa	[maslā] > [malsā] > [malsa]	✧ PE19/101

melya-

verb. [unglossed], *to be in love

Derivations

• √MEL “love, love, [ᴹ√] love (as friend)”

mentë

point, end

mentë noun "point, end" (MET)

naue

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶ndagwē ✧ PE19/094

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ndagwē > ndau̯we > nau̯we > naue	[ndagwē] > [ndaɣwē] > [ndauwē] > [nauwē] > [naue]	✧ PE19/094

Variations

• nawe ✧ PE19/094 (nawe)

nerca

sharp, angular

nerca adj. "sharp, angular" (PE17:55), variant nexa (reading uncertain).

nexa

sharp, angular

nexa adj. "sharp, angular" (PE17:55; the editor indicates that the reading is uncertain, so the variant nerca may be preferred.)

rassë

horn

rassë, also rasco, noun "horn" (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains) (RAS/VT46:10, PM:69)

rassë

noun. horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]

A noun appearing as ᴹQ. rasse “horn” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√RAS “stick up” along with a variant form rasko (Ety/RAS). In that document Tolkien said it was used “especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains”. The word rasse “horn” reappeared on a (rejected) page of verb forms from 1948 (PE22/127 note #152), and again in notes from the 1950s or 60s discussing the mountain name S. Caradhras (PE17/36).

Cognates

• S. rass “horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]” ✧ PE17/036

Derivations

• √RAS “horn, horn; [ᴹ√] stick up”

Element in

• Q. Arfanyarassë “High Shining White Peak”
• ᴺQ. rassëa “horned”
• ᴺQ. rassemunda “rhinoceros, (lit.) horn-snout”

Variations

• rasse ✧ PE17/036

romba

horn, trumpet

romba noun "horn, trumpet" (ROM)

róma

horn

róma (1) noun "horn" (WJ:368 - this refers to a "horn" as an instrument rather than as part of an animal; see rassë, tarca_)._Loose compound Oromë róma "an Oromë horn", sc. "one of Orome's horns (if he had more than one)" (WJ:368).

róma

noun. horn, horn; [ᴹQ.] loud sound, trumpet-sound, *blare

Derivations

• √ROM “horn noise, horn noise; [ᴹ√] loud noise”

Element in

• Q. Orome róma “an Orome horn” ✧ WJ/368
• Q. róma Oromëo “a horn coming from Orome” ✧ WJ/368
• Q. róma Oroméva “Orome’s horn” ✧ WJ/368
• Q. Valaróma “Horn of Oromë, *(lit.) Vala-horn”

sal-

verb. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √SAL “[unglossed], *harp(ing), lyre” ✧ PE22/133

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√SAL > azálie	[asālie] > [azālie]	✧ PE22/133

sélo

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶steglō ✧ PE19/095

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶steglō > thélo > þélo > sélo	[steglō] > [θeglō] > [θeɣlō] > [θēlō] > [θēlo] > [sēlo]	✧ PE19/095

sóla

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶soglā ✧ PE19/095

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶soglā > sóla	[soglā] > [soɣlā] > [sōlā] > [sōla]	✧ PE19/095

tarca

horn

tarca ("k")noun "horn" (TARÁK)

taru

horn

taru noun "horn" (LT2:337, 347; Tolkien's later Quenya has tarca)

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √STAR “*stiff, [ᴹ√] stiff” ✧ PE22/133

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√STAR > thar	[star-] > [θar-]	✧ PE22/133

Variations

• thar ✧ PE22/133

tildë

spike, horn

tildë noun "spike, horn" _(TIL; in the Etymologies as printed in LR, the first gloss is quoted as "point", but according to VT46:19, the proper reading is "spike")_

tilma

noun. point

tinda

spike

tinda (2) noun "spike" (LT1:258; probably obsoleted by # 1 above)

tomba

noun. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √TOM “of resonant sounds” ✧ PE17/138

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√TOM > tomba	[tomba]	✧ PE17/138

tompë

noun. [unglossed], *pulse, beat

@@@ Neo-meaning “✱pulse, beat” suggested by Röandil on 2023-04-20

Derivations

• √TOM “of resonant sounds” ✧ PE17/138

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√TOM > tompe	[tompe]	✧ PE17/138

Variations

• tompe ✧ PE17/138

um(ba)-

prefix. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √UMU “not, expressing privation, not, expressing privation; [ᴹ√] negative stems” ✧ PE17/172
  • √Ū “denial of fact, privation, negative element, denial of fact, privation, negative element, [ᴱ√] not”

Element in

• Q. umbacarin “[unglossed]” ✧ PE17/172

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√UMU > um(ba)	[umba-]	✧ PE17/172

Variations

• um(ba) ✧ PE17/172 (um(ba))

umbacarin

noun. [unglossed]

éna

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶eñna ✧ PE19/097
  • √EÑ “be, exist”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶eñna > enna > éna	[eŋna] > [enna]	✧ PE19/097

úpa-

verb. [unglossed]

þúna

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶stuknā ✧ PE19/086
  • √STUK “[unglossed]” ✧ PE19/086

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶stuknā > thúna	[stuknā] > [stugnā] > [θugnā] > [θuŋnā] > [θūnā] > [θūna] > [sūna]	✧ PE19/086

Variations

• thúna ✧ PE19/086 (thúna)

til

point

n. point, ending. >> -il, niphredil

till

tine

_ n. _tine, spike, point. >> Celebdil

till

sharp horn

(i** dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds)  (tine, point, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thill). Archaic †tild.

till

sharp-pointed peak

(i** dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds)  (tine, point, sharp horn), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thill). Archaic †tild.

till

sharp-pointed peak

(i** dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds)  (tine, point, sharp horn), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thill). Archaic †tild.  

till

spike

(i** dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, tine, point, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thill). Archaic †tild.

till

point

till (i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, tine, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild. 5)

till

point

(i** dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, tine, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thill). Archaic †tild. 5)

till

sharp horn

(i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (tine, point, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild.

till

tine

till (i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, point, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild.

till

tine

(i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, point, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild.

carag

spike

1) carag (i garag, o charag) (tooth of rock), pl. ceraig (i cheraig). 2) ceber (i geber, o cheber) (stake, stone ridge), pl. cebir (i chebir). A lenited pl. form occurs in the name Sarn Gebir. 3) till (i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, tine, point, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild.

ecthel

spear point

(pl. ecthil), literally "thorn point”

thela

spear point

(-thel), pl. ?thili, 3) aith; no distinct pl. form.

-il

point

suff. point, ending. >> niphredil, til

aeg

adjective. sharp, sharp, [N.] pointed, piercing

Element in

• S. aeglir “line of peaks, line of peaks, [N.] range of mountain peaks; [ᴱN.] peak, mountain top”
• S. Aeglos “Snow-point”
• S. aeglos “icicle, (lit.) snow-point; snowthorn (a plant)”
• S. Aegnor “Fell Fire, Sharp Flame” ✧ SA/nár
• S. Crissaegrim “*Cleft Mountain Peaks”
• S. Ecthelion “?One with Sharp Will”
• S. Egalmoth “Pointed Helm-crest”

Variations

• Aeg ✧ SA/nár (Aeg)

aeg

noun. point

The adjective oeg "sharp, pointed, piercing" from Ety/349 is perhaps rejected: Tolkien later decided that no cognate of Quenya aica "fell, terrible, dire" was used in Sindarin, "though aeg would have been its form if it had occurred" (PM/347). On the other hand, we have words such as aeglos and aeglir , so there must be a noun aeg "point"

cidinn

?. [unglossed]

Cognates

• Q. cinta “small” ✧ PE17/157

Derivations

• √KIT “*small” ✧ PE17/157

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KIT > cidinn	[kitinne] > [kitinn] > [kidinn]	✧ PE17/157

cinnog

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• √KIT “*small” ✧ PE17/157

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KIT > cinnog	[kintok] > [kintʰok] > [kinθok] > [kinθog] > [kinnog]	✧ PE17/157

madu

?. [unglossed]

maeg

adjective. sharp, piercing, penetrating, going deep in something

maud

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ✶matwā ✧ PE17/148
  • √MAT “eat”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶matwā > madw̯ > maud	[matwā] > [matwa] > [matw] > [maut] > [maud]	✧ PE17/148
✶matwā > madw̯ > madu	[matwā] > [matwa] > [matw] > [madw] > [madu]	✧ PE17/148

Variations

• madu ✧ PE17/148

megor

adjective. sharp-pointed

min

noun. peak

A word glossed “peak” appearing in the name S. Min-Rimmon “Peak of the Rimmon” from the Unfinished Index to The Lord of the Rings (RC/511). It is probably a derivative of √MIN.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. mintye “peak”

Derivations

• √MIN “one, first of a series, one, first of a series; [ᴹ√] stand alone, stick out”

Element in

• S. Min-Rimmon “Peak of the Rimmon” ✧ RC/511

Variations

• min ✧ RC/511

negen

sharp

_ adj. _sharp, angular. Q. nerca, nexe. >> negn

negn

sharp

_ adj. _sharp, angular. Q. nerca, nexe. >> negen

ras

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10

rasg

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

rass

horn

_ n. _horn. >> Caradhras

rass

noun. horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]

A noun for “horn” appearing in notes on the name Caradhras “Redhorn” from the 1950s or 60s (PE17/36). This word was an element in other names as well, such as Methedras “Last Peak” and Nimras “White Horn”.

Conceptual Development: This word appeared as N. rhas “horn” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√RAS “stick up” (Ety/RAS). Christopher Tolkien gave it as rhaes in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road (LR/383), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne corrected this to rhas in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT46/10). In The Etymologies it appeared beside an alternate form N. rhasg, equivalent to ᴹQ. rasko (Ety/RAS; EtyAC/RAS).

Neo-Sindarin: Some Neo-Sindarin writers adapt its variant form as ᴺS. rasg, but I recommend sticking to attested S. rass for a “horn” of both animals and mountains.

Cognates

• Q. rassë “horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]” ✧ PE17/036

Derivations

• √RAS “horn, horn; [ᴹ√] stick up”

Element in

• S. Barad Nimras “White Horn Tower” ✧ SA/ras
• S. Caradhras “Redhorn” ✧ SA/ras
• S. Caran-rass “Redhorn” ✧ PE17/036
• S. Ered Nimrais “White Mountains, (lit.) White-horns Mountains” ✧ SA/ras
• S. Methedras “Last Peak” ✧ SA/ras
• S. Nimras “White Horn”
• S. Ras-Arphain
• S. Rasmund “Horned Bull”

rom

noun. horn, trumpet

aeg

sharp

1) aeg (pointed, piercing). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as noun "point, peak, thorn". 2) aig (no distinct pl. form). 3) laeg (keen, acute). No distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fresh, green”. 4) maeg (lenited vaeg; no distinct pl. form) (penetrating, going deep in). (WJ:337)

aeg

sharp

(pointed, piercing). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as noun "point, peak, thorn".

aeg

horn

(point, thorn). No distinct pl. form. (but aeglir can be used for a range of mountain peaks). Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". 2) mîn (i vîn), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mîn), coll. pl. míniath. Note: homophones include the numeral ”one” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 3) egnas (sharp point; literally "thorn-point"), pl. egnais, coll. pl. egnassath.

aeg

point

1) aeg (peak, thorn). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". 2) naith (spearhead, gore, wedge, promontory); no distinct pl. form. 3) nass (sharp end, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais. 4)

aeg

point

(peak, thorn). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing".

aig

sharp

(no distinct pl. form).

carag

spike

(i** garag, o charag) (tooth of rock), pl. ceraig (i** cheraig).

ceber

spike

(i** geber, o cheber) (stake, stone ridge), pl. **cebir (i** chebir). A lenited pl. form occurs in the name Sarn** Gebir.

egnas

sharp point

(peak; literally "thorn-point"), pl. egnais, coll. pl. egnassaith.

eitha

prick with a sharp point

(stab, treat with scorn; insult) (i eitha, in eithar)

laeg

sharp

(keen, acute). No distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fresh, green”.

maecheneb

sharp-eyed

(lenited vaecheneb; pl. maechenib)

maeg

sharp

(lenited vaeg; no distinct pl. form) (penetrating, going deep in). (WJ:337)

megor

sharp-pointed

(lenited vegor, analogical pl. megyr); cited in archaic form megr (WJ:337)

ment

point

(at the end of a thing) ment (i vent), pl. mint (i mint), coll. pl. mennath.

ment

point

(i vent), pl. mint (i mint), coll. pl. mennath**. **

naith

point

(spearhead, gore, wedge, promontory); no distinct pl. form.

nass

sharp end

(point, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais** **

nass

point

(sharp end, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais.

nasta

point

(verb) nasta- (i nasta, in nastar) (prick, stick, thrust)

nasta

point

(i nasta, in nastar) (prick, stick, thrust)

rafn

extended point at the side

(wing, horn), pl. raifn (idh raifn).

rafn

horn

(wing, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn)

rasg

noun. horn

rass

horn

(mountain peak), pl. #rais (idh rais). The pl. is attested in the name Ered Nimrais. Side-form rasc, rasg.

rom

horn

1) rom (trumpet), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath. (Cf. also romloth ”horn-flower”, tobacco.) 2) rass (mountain peak), pl. #rais** (idh rais). The pl. is attested in the name Ered Nimrais. Side-form rasc, rasg. 3) rafn (wing, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn); 4) tarag (i darag, o tharag), pl. teraig (i theraig**). The word may be used of a ”steep mountain peak” (VT46:17; ”steep mountain path” in LR:391 is a misreading).

rom

horn

(trumpet), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath. (Cf. also romloth ”horn-flower”, tobacco.)

rû

sound of horns

pl. rui (idh rui), also romru, pl. remry (idh remry) for archaic römry

tarag

horn

(i darag, o tharag), pl. teraig (i theraig). The word may be used of a ”steep mountain peak” (VT46:17; ”steep mountain path” in LR:391 is a misreading).

snǣs

noun. spear-head, point, gore, triangle

Original form not entirely clear; the stem is SNAS/SNAT (LR:387), not defined but evidently to be understood as a strengthened form of NAS "point, sharp end" (LR:374). A primitive plural form natsai is mentioned under SNAS/SNAT; snǣs may derive from something like snatsâ via snats, *snas. The shift of original a to long ǣ (presumably the same vowel as in English cat, but longer) is found in this word only, but there are several examples of e from a, see spenna, scella. Perhaps a became ǣ in stressed monosyllables where there was no following consonant cluster (as in nand).

asdi

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation (pronounced [azdi]) without giving its meaning (SD/421).

Derivations

• √Ad. ASAD “?” ✧ SD/421

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√Ad. ASAD > Asdi	[asdi]	✧ SD/421

Variations

• Asdi ✧ SD/421

sapda

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation without giving its meaning (SD/421).

Derivations

• √Ad. SAPAD “?” ✧ SD/421

Variations

• Sapda ✧ SD/421

inbar

noun. horn

Element in

• Kh. Barazinbar “Redhorn” ✧ PE17/035; TI/174
• Kh. Udushinbar “Horn of Cloud”
• Kh. Zirakinbar “Silverhorn”

zirak

noun. spike

Changes

• zirak → Zirak “silver colour” ✧ PE17/036
• Zirik → Zirak ✧ TI/174

Element in

• Kh. Gamil Zirak
• Kh. Zirakzigil “Silvertine, Silver-spike” ✧ LotRI/Zirakzigil; PE17/035; PE17/036; TI/174
• Kh. Zirakinbar “Silverhorn”

Variations

• Zirak ✧ LotRI/Zirakzigil; PE17/035; PE17/036; PE17/036; TI/174
• Zirik ✧ TI/174

thil

root. shine silver; white light

Tolkien frequently used the root √THIL as the basis for “moon” words in Elvish. The first appearance of this root was ᴱ√ÞILI a variant of ᴱ√SILI “✱gleam” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/83). The normal “moon” words in this period were ᴱQ. Sil and G. Sil (QL83; GL/67). A rejected Gnomish variant Thil “the moon” indicates Tolkien considered ᴱ√ÞILI, but did not commit to it (GL/72). However, in The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave unglossed ᴹ√THIL with derivatives like ᴹQ. Isil and N. Ithil “Moon, (lit.) Sheen” (Ety/I²; THIL). Tolkien stuck with these “Moon” words thereafter, and the root √THIL was mentioned regularly in Tolkien’s later writings (Let/425; PE17/66; PE22/136).

Derivatives

• ✶thillu- “to shine out, appear (of stars, etc.)”
• ✶tithilla- “to twinkle, glisten” ✧ PE22/136
• Q. Isil “Moon, (lit.) Sheen” ✧ Let/425
• S. Belthil “Divine Radiance” ✧ SA/sil
• S. Ithil “Moon” ✧ Let/425; SA/sil

Element in

• Q. Narsil “Red and White Flame” ✧ Let/425
• Q. Narsilion “(Song) of the Sun and Moon”
• Q. tintila- “to twinkle, sparkle, glitter, give tremulous light, †tremble” ✧ PE17/066
• S. Belthil “Divine Radiance”
• S. Galathilion “White Tree” ✧ SA/sil

Variations

• ΘIL ✧ PE17/066; PE17/188
• thil- ✧ SA/sil

lemek

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Outline of Phonology from the early 1950s illustrating certain phonetic combinations (PE19/98), and therefore possibly not a “real” root.

phut

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root appearing in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) as an etymological variation of √PUT (PE18/90).

ras

root. horn, horn; [ᴹ√] stick up

This root first appeared as ᴹ√RAS “stick up (intr.)” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. rasse and N. rhas or rhasg “horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)” (Ety/RAS; EtyAC/RAS). It reappeared as ᴹ√RASA “stick up” on an rejected page of roots in the Quenya Verbal System from the 1940s (PE22/127). Finally, √RAS “horn” appeared in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure of the early 1950s, but that was merely the last appearance of the root in Tolkien’s published writings. Q. rassë and S. rass “horn” continued to appear regularly as an element in mountain names in the 1950s and 60s.

Derivatives

• ✶aras(sō) “hart” ✧ PE21/82
  • ᴺQ. arasso “hart, stag, (male) deer”
  • S. aras “deer, deer, hart, *stag”
• ✶rass “horn”
• Q. ras- “to stick out”
• Q. rassë “horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]”
• S. rass “horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]”
• S. ras(t) “cape, shore”

Element in

• ᴺQ. rassulca “carrot”

rass

noun. horn

Derivations

• √RAS “horn, horn; [ᴹ√] stick up”

Element in

• S. Caran-rass “Redhorn” ✧ SA/caran

sal

root. [unglossed], *harp(ing), lyre

The unglossed root ᴱ√SALA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. salma “lyre, small harp” and ᴱQ. salumbe “harping, music” (QL/81). The root √SAL appeared again Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the early 1950s to illustrate the reformed perfect form of its verb Q. asálie (PE22/132), but since these later forms are unglossed it is unclear whether they have the same meaning (“✱harp(ing)”) as the earlier version of the root.

Derivatives

• Q. sal- “[unglossed]” ✧ PE22/133

stuk

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in a rejected section of the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, serving to illustration certain phonetic developments: ✶stuknā > Q. thúna (PE19/86).

Derivatives

• ✶stuknā ✧ PE19/086
  • Q. þúna “[unglossed]” ✧ PE19/086

tig

root. [unglossed]

A root appearing in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as the basis for the verb Q. tinga- “go (for a long while)” (PE22/157). The etymology was marked with an “X” and so was probably a transient idea (PE22/157 note #70).

Derivatives

• Q. tinga- “to go (for a long while)” ✧ PE22/157

tilte

noun. peak

Derivations

• √TIL “point, horn”

Derivatives

• Q. tildë “a fine sharp point, fine sharp point, [ᴹQ.] spike; (mountain) horn, [ᴱQ.] tip, ️peak”

Element in

• ✶tār(a)-ninqui-tilte “High White Peak” ✧ PE17/186

graw Reconstructed

root. [unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart

This root appeared as a primitive form grawa serving as the basis of the word Q. roa “bear” >> “dog” in notes on monosyllabic roots from 1968 (VT47/35); a Sindarin derivative S. graw “bear” appeared in other notes written around the same time (VT47/12). Patrick Wynne suggested that in the sense “bear” grawa might be connected to the root ᴹ√GRAWA “dark, swart” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/GRAWA).

Derivatives

• ✶grawa “dog” ✧ VT47/35
  • Q. röa “dog” ✧ VT47/35
• ✶grā “dog, bear” ✧ VT47/35
  • S. graw “bear” ✧ VT47/12

Variations

• grāw(ɜ) ✧ VT47/35 (grāw(ɜ))

till

noun. horn

Cognates

• ᴹQ. tilde “spike, horn” ✧ Ety/TIL

Derivations

• ᴹ√TIL “point, horn” ✧ Ety/TIL

Element in

• N. Celebdil “Silvertine”
• N. Calendil “Green-tine”
• N. Tor-dilluin
• N. nelthil “triangle” ✧ Ety/TIL
• N. Nimdil “White Horn”
• N. nifredil “(green) snowdrop; *(lit.) pale point”
• N. Tilion “Horned” ✧ Ety/TIL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√TIL > tild > till	[tilde] > [tilðe] > [tilð] > [till]	✧ Ety/TIL

tild

noun. horn, point

till

noun. horn, point

borth

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ√BOR(ON) “endure” ✧ Ety/BOR

Element in

• N. Borthandos “*Steadfast-intelligence” ✧ Ety/BOR

Variations

• Borth ✧ Ety/BOR

caraes

noun. jagged hedge of spikes

carag

noun. spike, tooth of rock

clei

?. [unglossed]

coen

?. [unglossed]

diragas

?. [unglossed]

Element in

• N. annon porennin diragas·venwed ✧ RS/451
• N. diragath·telwen porannin nithrad ✧ RS/451

Variations

• diragath ✧ RS/451

ecthel

noun. point (of spear)

egnas

noun. sharp point

egnas

noun. peak

egthel

noun. point (of spear)

mauth

?. [unglossed]

ment

noun. point

ment

noun. point

Cognates

• ᴹQ. mente “point, end, point, end; [ᴱQ.] peak, tip” ✧ Ety/MET

Derivations

• ᴹ√MET “end” ✧ Ety/MET

Element in

• N. Mornvenniath “Black Mountains”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MET > ment	[mente] > [mentʰe] > [menθe] > [menθ] > [ment]	✧ Ety/MET

menwed

?. [unglossed]

Element in

• N. annon porennin diragas·venwed ✧ RS/451

nass

noun. point, (sharp) end

nass

noun. angle or corner

nith

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• On. nitse ✧ PE22/037

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. nitse > nĭth	[nitse] > [niθθe] > [niθθ] > [niθ]	✧ PE22/037

Variations

• nĭth ✧ PE22/037

nithrad

?. [unglossed]

Element in

• N. diragath·telwen porannin nithrad ✧ RS/451

níth

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• On. nikthe ✧ PE22/037

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. nikthe > níth	[niktʰe] > [nixθe] > [nīθe] > [nīθ]	✧ PE22/037

porennin

?. [unglossed]

Element in

• N. annon porennin diragas·venwed ✧ RS/451
• N. diragath·telwen porannin nithrad ✧ RS/451

Variations

• porannin ✧ RS/451

rhas

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10

rhasg

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

rhasg

noun. horn

Derivations

• ᴹ√RAS “stick up (intr.)” ✧ Ety/RAS

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√RAS > rhasg	[raske] > [rask] > [r̥ask] > [r̥asg]	✧ Ety/RAS

rhom

noun. horn, trumpet

tarag

noun. horn

tarag

noun. steep mountain peak

telwen

?. [unglossed]

Element in

• N. diragath·telwen porannin nithrad ✧ RS/451

thela

noun. point (of spear)