hu

noun. howl

huan

noun. hound, hound, [ᴱQ.] dog

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “hound” derived from primitive ᴹ✶khugan under the root ᴹ√KHUG “bark, bay” (Ety/KHUGAN). It was followed a parenthetical form (húnen), likely a genitive, indicating a stem form of hún-. This word served as the basis for the name of the great Valinorian hound Huan.

Conceptual Development: The forms huan and {hwan >>} huan appeared in both the Qenya Lexicon and Qenya Phonology of the 1910s, but in both cases this word was revised to ᴱQ. fan (fand-) “dog” (QL/37; PE12/26). This word was derived from the early root ᴱ√SAẆA < sǝwǝ (QL/82) and primitive forms ᴱ✶swandǝ (PE12/26) or ᴱ✶swǝnd- (QL/82). The vacillation from huan to fan reflects Tolkien’s uncertainty on the development of initial sw- in Early Qenya, either to hw- > hu- or to f- (PE12/26 note #26). The form ᴱQ. huan (huand-) “dog” appeared in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/132). It appeared again in The Etymologies, with a new gloss “hound”, a revised derivation and a new stem form hún- (see above).

hui

proper name. Night

A name for (Primordial?) Night appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√PHUY, along with its (archaic?) variant Fui (Ety/PHUY).

Conceptual Development: This name is most likely a remnant of the name ᴱQ. Fui from the earliest Lost Tales, where it was another name for the goddess ᴱQ. Nienna (LT1/66, LT1A/Fui). According to the Qenya and Gnomish Lexicons from the 1910s, this earlier version of the name is derived from the root ᴱ√ǶUẎU (GL/36, QL/38).

huo

noun. dog

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “dog” derived from the root ᴹ√KHUG “bark, bay” (Ety/KHUGAN). It is probably one of the better known words for “dog” in Quenya, and was widely used in Helge Fauskanger’s NQNT (NQNT).

huore

masculine name. heart-vigour, courage

Quenya equivalent of N. Huor appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s as a derivative of the same primitive form ᴹ✶Khōgore (Ety/KHŌ-N).

huine

noun. deep shadow, nightshade

huanin melir atani

dogs love men

humpe

adverb. in the middle

faraste

noun. hunting, the chase

A word appearing as ᴹQ. faraste “hunting, the chase” in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 (PE22/110). It likely means a (single) act of hunting, as opposed to faralë which is “hunting” in abstract or the practice of hunting.

Neo-Quenya: Since Tolkien revised the “general action suffix” from ᴹQ. -ste to Q. -sta, I would adapt this word as ᴺQ. farasta for purposes of Neo-Quenya (PE22/137).

roime

noun. hunt, hunting

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “hunt, hunting” derived from the root ᴹ√ROY “chase” (Ety/ROY¹). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road, Christopher Tolkien gave this word as raime (LR/384), but in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies, Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne clarified that the word was actually roime with an o (VT46/12).

tumpo

noun. hump, lump

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “hump” derived from the root ᴹ√TUMPU of the same meaning (Ety/TUMPU). It is a later iteration of tunt (tump-) “lump” from the Declension of Nouns of the early 1930s (PE21/27).

Conceptual Development: Possible earlier precursors include ᴱQ. tupse “lump, knob” from Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/154) and ᴱQ. kumpo “pile” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/49).

veru

collective noun. husband and wife, married pair

A noun appearing as ᴹQ. veru “husband and wife, married pair” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶besū under the root ᴹ√BES “wed” (Ety/BES). It seems to be an intrinsically dual word. It also appeared as an element in the name ᴹQ. Are Veruen “Day of the Spouses”, but under the entry where this word appeared the form was derived from ᴹ✶Bedū, reflecting a variant (and apparently abandoned) root ᴹ√BED (Ety/LEP).

Conceptual Development: The dual form ᴱQ. veringwi “husband and wife” appeared in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (PE14/77). The same form appeared in the English-Qenya Dictionary of the same period with the gloss “married pair, husband and wife”, where it was apparently related to the adjective ᴱQ. verin “married” (PE15/75).

Neo-Quenya: ᴹQ. veru “married pair” collides with the later word Q. veru “husband”, so for purposes of Neo-Quenya I would adapt the Early Quenya form as ᴺQ. verinu “married pair” to reflect later Quenya dual formations.

farale

noun. hunting

firya

adjective. human

nukumna

adjective. humbled

venno

noun. husband

farea nasto

hunting animal, beast of prey

farino

noun. hunted man, outlaw, fugitive

veru

noun. husband

sak-

verb. to hurt

A verb for “to hurt” appearing only in the form sakin “hurts me” in a marginal note within the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 (PE22/93 note #6). This note was later struck through (PE22/93 note #7), but there are hints of this verb’s continued existence in the possibly-related adjective sahta “marred” from the late 1950s (MR/405).

Neo-Quenya: Given sahta “marred”, I would also retain ᴺQ. sac- “to hurt” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

farina

adjective. fugitive, hunted

An adjective meaning “fugitive, hunted”, based on the verb ᴹQ. fara- “to hunt” (PE22/111).

fara-

verb. to hunt

nér

noun. man, adult male (of any kindred: elf, human or dwarf)

rip-

verb. to hurl

nis

noun. woman (of any kindred: elf, human or dwarf)

ronyo

noun. ‘chaser’, hound of chase, *hunting dog

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “‘chaser’, hound of chase” derived from primitive ᴹ✶ronyō under the root ᴹ√ROY “chase” (Ety/ROY¹). In the first version of this entry, Tolkien used the vowel u for these words: ᴹ√RUY > ᴹ✶runyō > ᴹQ. runyo (EtyAC/ROY¹).

hún

noun. earth, earth, *ground

A word in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s with stem form hun- and gloss “earth” (QL/39). It might be a later iteration of ᴱQ. han “ground, earth” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/39), and if so then hún might also be used as “✱ground”. I think it is useful to assume so for purposes of Neo-Quenya, as the other attested word for “ground”, Q. talan, is probably used more often for “floor”, including floors above the ground level.

nirwa

adjective. scarred

A word for “scarred” The Etymologies of the 1930s in the entry for the deleted root ᴹ√NID “hurt, injure” (Ety/NID²).

andamunda

noun. elephant

A noun for “elephant” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of ᴹQ. anda “long” and an adjectival form of ᴹQ. mundo “snout” (Ety/MBUD), hence literally “long snouted”.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, Tolkien gave ᴱQ. hunto “elephant” (QL/41).

húna-

verb. to howl

The deleted verb ᴹQ. hūna- “howl” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the deleted root ᴹ√ÑO, replacing ñōna- “groan” (EtyAC/ÑŌ²).

Neo-Quenya: Since the root ᴹ√ÑO seems to have become √ÑGAW “howl”, I would revise this verb to ᴺQ. nauna- for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

qilir

noun. quiet

The noun ᴱQ. qilde or qille “quiet, rest, hush” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√QḶÐḶ (QL/44). Qilde also appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon as equivalent to (deleted) G. clidhron (GL/23). The Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s instead had noun ᴹQ. qilir “quiet” derived from primitive ᴹ✶ku̯ilẹz (PE21/33-34), based on a similar root.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I prefer ᴺQ. quildë “quiet, rest, hush” as most compatible with its adjective form ᴺQ. quilda “quiet, hushed, still” and the later Quenya syncope.

atan

noun. Man

hiswe

noun. fog

A noun for “fog” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶khithme under the root ᴹ√KHITH “mist, fog” (Ety/KHIS; EtyAC/KHIS).

Neo-Quenya: The phonetic developments thm > þm̌ > þw > sw were consistent with Quenya phonology of the 1930s (PE19/44), but sometime around 1960, or shortly before, Tolkien revised these rules as discussed in the entry on the phonetic development of voiceless stops and aspirates before nasals (PE19/87 plus p. 88 note #88). I personally prefer the pre-1960 rules, and would retain this form for Neo-Quenya. If, however, you prefer the later rules, you should (a) stick to Q. hísë for both “mist” and “fog”, (b) revise this word to ᴺQ. ✱hitwe to fit later phonology, or (c) assume the primitive form was ✱khithwē rather than ᴹ✶khithme.

hón

noun. heart (physical)

hópa

noun. haven, harbour, small landlocked bay

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “haven, harbour, small landlocked bay” a derivative of the root ᴹ√KHOP (Ety/KHOP).

Conceptual Development: A similar word ᴱQ. kópa “harbour” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from ᴱ√KOPO “keep, guard” (QL/47). This word also appeared in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa with the gloss “haven, bay” (PME/47), but it was ᴱQ. Kópas in The Lost Tales (LT2/255), particularly in the name ᴱQ. Kópas Alqalunte “Haven of the Swanships” (LT1/164). Both kôpa and kôpas appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as cognates of G. gobos “haven” (GL/40).

The form ᴹQ. kópa “harbour, bay” appeared in The Etymologies as a derivative of ᴹ√KOP (Ety/KOP), but this entry was deleted and replaced by ᴹQ. hópa and ᴹ√KHOP as noted above.

taura

adjective. mighty

tul-

verb. to come

um-

verb. to not be, to not do

-(n)ikka

suffix. small

-on

suffix. great

alda

noun. tree

anar

noun. Sun

asto

noun. bone

astula

adjective. bony

The adjective appearing as ᴹQ. astula “bony” appeared in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s based on ᴹQ. astŭ- “bone” (PE21/27).

Conceptual Development: Early adjectives include ᴱQ. assea “bony” and ᴱQ. aswa or aksa “of bone”, both appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as elaboration of ᴱQ. as (ass-) “bone” (QL/33).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would adapt these adjectives as ᴺQ. axula “bony” based on the later form Q. axo “bone”.

ehte

noun. spear

fuine

noun. deep shadow

fírima

adjective. mortal

fírimo

proper name. Mortal

halla

adjective. naked

harna-

verb. to wound

A verb for “to wound” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√SKAR “tear, rend” (Ety/SKAR).

hen

noun. eye

hwarin

adjective. crooked

hó

noun. shout

kaita-

verb. to lie

laite

noun. colour

landa

adjective. wide, wide, [ᴱQ.] broad

lhit-

verb. to speed

lin-

verb. to sing

lor-

verb. to sleep, to sleep, [ᴱQ.] slumber

The verb ᴱQ. lor- “slumber” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√LORO “doze, slumber” (QL/56). The verb reappeared in a present participle form loralyar “asleep” in Koivienéni sentence which was probably composed in the late 1930s (VT27/7).

Neo-Quenya: I’d use lor- as the best available verb for “to sleep, slumber” for purposes of Neo-Quenya; see the entry on √(O)LOR for further discussion.

lá-

verb. to not be

lár

noun. ear

lóna

adjective. dark

mitsa

adjective. small

nahta

cardinal. eighteen

nengwe

noun. nose

A word for “nose” in The Etymologies written around 1937, derived from ᴹ√NEÑ-WI (Ety/NEÑ-WI), an elaboration of the shorter root ᴹ√NEÑ (EtyAC/NEÑ-WI). Given its primitive form, its stem ought to be nengwi-, but in attested compounds this word is consistently nengwe-, so perhaps Tolkien changed his mind on its primitive form.

Conceptual Development: The earliest percursor to this word seems to be ᴱQ. nen (neng-) “nostril” in several documents from the 1920s (PE14/72; PE15/75; PE16/113), whose dual nenqi was also used for a “nose” of one person (PE14/76; PE15/75). In the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, Tolkien had nin (ning-) “beak, nose” < ᴹ✶nengǝ (PE21/26), though this phonetic shift of short e to i is rather unusual and seems to be limited to this document.

nerte

cardinal. nine

nulda

adjective. secret

núre

noun. night

sen

pronoun. them

tunt

noun. lump

tí

pronoun. them

ungwe

noun. gloom

uruite

adjective. fiery

A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “fiery”, an adjectival form of ᴹQ. úr “fire” under the root ᴹ√UR “be hot”, but these words were deleted when the meaning of the root was revised to “wide, large, great” (Ety/UR).

Conceptual Development: A similar word ᴱQ. uruvoite “fiery, having fire” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√URU (QL/98).

Neo-Quenya: The word úr “fire” was restored in some later writings, and this adjective may have been restored with it, but I prefer ᴺQ. úruva for “fiery”; see that entry for discussion.

veo

noun. man

yondo

noun. son

yé

noun. eye

The word ᴱQ. sé “eye, pupil” appeared in the Qenya Phonology of the 1910s derived from ᴱ✶þeχē (PE12/21), and ᴱQ. sē reappeared with the gloss “eye, eyeball” in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√SEHE [ÞEHE] (QL/82). A similar word ᴹQ. yé “eye” appeared in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s (PE21/40). Both were likely displaced by Q. hen “eye” < √KHEN.

ú-

prefix. not, un-, in-

úruva

adjective. fiery

A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing as ᴹQ. úruva “fiery”, an adjectival form of ᴹQ. úr “fire” under the root ᴹ√UR “be hot”, but these words were deleted when the meaning of the root was revised to “wide, large, great” (Ety/UR).

Conceptual Development: The word ᴱQ. urūva “like fire” also appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√URU (QL/98).

Neo-Quenya: The word úr “fire” was restored in some later writings, and this adjective may have been restored with it. I personally would use ᴺQ. úruva “fiery” for purposes of Neo-Quenya. See the entry on ᴹQ. úr for further discussion on the viability of “fire” words based on √UR.

úvanimo

noun. monster