o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

o

preposition. about, concerning

The Etymologies state that h- is prefixed to the word following this preposition, when it begins with a vowel: o Hedhil "concerning the Elves". Some scholars consider that this rule is not valid in Sindarin, but that the preposition would perhaps become oh in such a case (hence oh Edhil, to be compared with ah in Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth)

orchal

adjective. superior, lofty, eminent

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

orchall

adjective. superior, lofty, eminent

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

orchel

adjective. superior, lofty, eminent

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

oelinuial

place name. Pools of Twilight

Earlier name of S. Aelin-uial in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/AY) appearing along with variants Elinuial (Ety/KHIS, MBOTH, MUY) and Lhîn Uial (Ety/MUY). All these names contain uial “twilight” as well as a word for “pools”, either the plural of oel or (plural?) lhîn. In the narratives of this period, however, the name already appeared in its later form Aelin-uial (LR/262).

oegas

noun. mountain peak

The noun N. oegas “mountain peak” appeared in The Etymologies as a noun form of oeg “sharp, pointed, piercing” (Ety/AYAK). In Noldorin, often ancient ai became oe, whereas in Sindarin ai fairly consistently became ae. Thus if adapting this word to Sindarin, its form would likely be ᴺS. aegas, as suggested in Hiswelókë’s Sindarin Dictionary (HSD/aegas).

Ossiriandren

noun. language of Ossiriand

language of Ossiriand

ogol < ogl

gloom

n/adj gloom, gloomy

oeg

adjective. sharp, pointed, piercing

oeglir

noun. range of mountain peaks

oel

noun. pool, lake

oegas

noun. mountain peak

oeglir

noun. range of mountain peaks

oel

noun. lake, pool, mere

orch

noun. Goblin, Orc

old

noun. torrent, mountain-stream

oll

noun. torrent, mountain-stream

oltha-

verb. to dream

or

preposition. above, over

or-

prefix. above, over

orod

noun. mountain

orodrim

noun. range of mountains

ortha-

verb. to raise

orthel-

verb. to roof, screen above

orthelian

noun. canopy

orthor

verb. (he) masters, conquers

orthor-

verb. to master, conquer

os-

prefix. about, around

osgar-

verb. to cut round, to amputate

osp

noun. reek, smoke

ost

noun. city, town with wall round

ost

noun. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art

othrond

noun. fortress or city in underground caves, underground stronghold

ovra-

verb. to abound

ovras

noun. crowd, heap.

orchal

adjective. tall

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

orchall

adjective. tall

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

orchel

adjective. tall

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

oear

noun. sea

odhril

noun. parent

odhron

noun. parent

odog

cardinal. seven

oer

noun. sea

oeruil

noun. seaweed

ofr

adjective. abundant

orn

noun. (any large) tree

orthannen

raised

osgar

verb. (he) cuts, amputates

ostrad

noun. street

othlon

noun. paved way

othlond

noun. paved way

ovor

adjective. abundant

ovr

adjective. abundant

edro

verb. open!

celevon

adjective. of silver

dolt

adjective. obscure

doron

noun. oak

cabor

noun. frog

A noun for “frog” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, an agental form of the root ᴹ√KAP “leap” (Ety/KAP). This was initially glossed “a dog” (EtyAC/KAP).

corch

noun. crow

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “crow” derived from the root ᴹ√KORKA of the same meaning, replacing rejected N. carach derived from ᴹ√KARKA (Ety/KARKA).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. crunc “crow”, probably related to G. crug “beak” (GL/27) and possibly also to ᴱQ. karon “crow” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/45). The forms crunc and crwnc “crow” appeared in Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document (PE13/111), and ᴱN. crunc “crow” appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/141). The word ᴱN. corch also appeared in the same Early Noldorin Word-lists, but was unglossed, so it is not clear whether it was connected to 1930s N. corch “crow”.

dor

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

gwaloth

noun. blossom, collection of flowers

This form replaced deleted goloth in the manuscript of The Etymologies, see VT/45:29. The deleted form is however also later attested in VT/42:18

magol

noun. sword

The word megil (q.v.), probably introduced by the Ñoldor, was also used

afor

proper name. Refuser, an Elf who did not journey to Aman

elbereth gilthoniel

Elbereth Gilthoniel

angos

noun. horror

borth

?. [unglossed]

a tiro’men gilthoniel

*oh watch us, Gilthoniel

callon

noun. hero

celevon

adjective. *of silver

cevnor

noun. potter

amon

noun. hill, steep-sided mount

annon

noun. great door or gate

daro

verb. halt! stop!

doer

noun. bridegroom

gloss

adjective. snow-white, dazzling-white

alagon

noun. storm

alagos

noun. storm of wind

angol

noun. deep lore, magic

aronoded

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless

brannon

noun. lord

brannon

noun. lord

brona-

verb. to last, to survive

cabor

noun. frog

callon

noun. hero

coen

?. [unglossed]

corch

noun. crow

corn

adjective. round, globed

coron

noun. globe, ball

coron

noun. mound

doll

adjective. dark, dusky, obscure

dolt

adjective. dark, dusky, obscure

drambor

noun. blow (with fist)

edonna-

verb. to beget

forodrim

noun. Northmen

forodwaith

noun. Northmen

forodwaith

noun. the lands of the North

forodweith

noun. Northmen

forodweith

noun. the lands of the North

gador

noun. prison, dungeon

glamhoth

noun. barbaric host of Orcs

glor-

noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)

go-

prefix. together

gobel

noun. walled house or village, town

gobennas

noun. history

godrebh

adverb. through together

golodh

noun. "Deep Elf" or "Gnome", one of the Wise Folk

golodhrim

noun. Deep Elves, Gnomes

gondrafn

noun. hewn stone

gondram

noun. hewn stone

gonn

noun. great stone, rock

gorf

noun. impetus, vigour

goroth

noun. horror

gosta-

verb. to fear exceedingly

gowest

noun. contract, compact, treaty

gwador

noun. brother (especially used of those not brothers by blood, but sworn brothers or associates)

hador

noun. thrower (of spears and darts)

hadron

noun. thrower (of spears and darts)

hortha-

verb. to urge on, speed

host

noun. gross (144)

hoth

noun. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense)

io

adverb. ago

lobor

noun. horse

maethor

noun. warrior

mindon

noun. isolated hill, especially a hill with a watch tower

mindon

noun. tower

muindor

noun. brother

nagol

noun. tooth

nothlir

noun. family line (esp. as family tree, genealogical tree)

pethron

noun. narrator

post

noun. pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite

rhom

noun. horn, trumpet

rhond

noun. cave roof

rhond

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

rhonn

noun. cave roof

rhonn

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

roch

noun. horse, swift horse for riding

solch

noun. root (especially as edible)

tachol

noun. pin, brooch

tadol

ordinal. double

tathor

noun. willow-tree

thalion

noun. hero, dauntless man (especially as surname of Húrin Thalion)

thora-

verb. to fence

thosta-

verb. to stink

thórod

noun. torrent

toba-

verb. to cover, roof over

toll

noun. island, (steep) isle rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river

torech

noun. hole, excavation, lair

toss

noun. bush, low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.)

airlond

place name. (?sea-stead)

A name appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s with an unclear gloss, possibly “?swanstead” (EtyAC/LOD). According to Hostetter and Wynne, it seems to replace a rejected form oerlond, possibly glossed “?sea-stead”. It appears to be a combination of oer “sea” and the lenited form of lhonn “haven”. If the gloss “swanstead” is correct, it may be a variant form of Alflon and Alfobas.

cobas

place name. Haven

The bay north of Dol Amroth in early maps of Gondor from the 1940s (TI/312, WR/434), unnamed in the maps published in The Lord of the Rings. The name is similar to N. hobas “harbourage” and ᴱQ. kópas “harbour”. It was probably derived from the root ᴹ√KOP, a (rejected) variant of ᴹ√KHOP > hobas from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KOP, Ety/KHOP). See the entry on ᴹ√KHOP for details.

coe

noun. earth

An indeclinable word given as {cíw >>} coe “earth” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√KEM (Ety/KEM; EtyAC/KEM).

Possible Etymology: The primitive form of rejected cíw is given as ᴹ✶kēm and its derivation is clear: the long ē became ī and then the final m reduced to w after i as usual. The derivation of coe is more obscure, however. The likeliest explanation is that Tolkien imagined its ancient form with a slightly lowered vowel which he generally represented as ǣ in this period (in later writings as ę̄). According to the first version of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa and Comparative Vowel Tables from the 1930s (PE18/46; PE19/25), ǣ &gt; ei &gt; ai &gt; ae, and in The Etymologies itself, it seems ai often became oe instead of ae.

Neo-Sindarin: Updating the derivation of hypothetical ✱kę̄m would produced ᴺS. cae in Sindarin phonology. But given the obscurity of its derivation, I recommend using 1950s S. ceven for “earth” instead.

coe

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

tachol < tachl

noun. clasp

clasp, brooch

tegol

noun. pen

It is stated in PM/318 that " tegil was a Sindarized form of Quenya tekil "pen", not known to the Sindar until the coming of the Ñoldor". It must be assumed therefore that tegol was either rejected by Tolkien, or that it may perhaps have been considered as a dialectal variant. For a similar case where both a true Sindarin/Noldorin word and a Sindarized form conceivably coexist, see magol and megil "sword" (it is unlikely that weapons were not known to the Sindar before the coming of the Ñoldor)

toloth

cardinal. eight

Tolkien emended toloth to tolodh, cf. VT/42:31 (and also VT/48:6). If we are to follow him, a word such as tolothen would be incorrect, unless the two forms coexisted

anor

noun. Sun

cost

noun. quarrel, quarrel, *dispute

amon

noun. hill

bachor

noun. pedlar, pedlar, *trader, merchant

badhor

noun. judge

badhron

noun. judge

celon

noun. river

mellon

noun. friend

sirion

noun. great river

angol

noun. stench

bachor

noun. pedlar

badhor

noun. judge

badhron

noun. judge

corw

adjective. cunning, wily

cost

noun. quarrel

coth

noun. enmity

coth

noun. enemy

dagor

noun. battle

drambor

noun. clenched fist

duirro

noun. river-bank

filigod

noun. small bird

gathrod

noun. cave

golf

noun. branch

gollor

noun. magician

gwanod

noun. tale, number

heron

noun. master

ho

pronoun. he

hon

pronoun. he

hono

pronoun. he

lhalorn

noun. elm-tree

lhong

adjective. heavy

mirion

noun. great jewel, Silmaril

naugol

noun. dwarf

nos

noun. kindred, family, clan

noss

noun. kindred, family, clan

rhingorn

noun. circle

thost

noun. smell

tond

adjective. tall

tonn

adjective. tall

atlant

adjective. oblique, slanted

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s given as {tlant >>} N. atlant “oblique, slanted”, a derivative of the root ᴹ√TALAT “to slope, lean, tip” (Ety/TALÁT). It is not clear why the consonant did not undergo mutation to dl or gl, such as with ON. etlenna > N. eglenn (Ety/LED).

Neo-Sindarin: If you use this word for Neo-Sindarin, it would probably be best to reform it to ᴺS. adlant, as originally suggested in Hiswelókë’s Sindarin Dictionary.

bedhwen

proper name. of the Spouses

The Noldorin adjectival formation meaning “of the Spouses” appearing in the name Ar Vedhwen “Day of the Spouses”, appearing only in its lenited form Vedhwen (Ety/LEP). It developed from ancient Bedū+ina; see that entry for further discussion.

cevn

adjective. of earth, earthen

A Noldorin adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “of earth, earthen” and given as a derivative of the root ᴹ√KEM (Ety/KEM). Hiswelókë’s Sindarin Dictionary suggested an alternate (Neo) Sindarin spelling cefn (HSD/cefn) which is more than in keeping with Tolkien’s usual spelling conventions from the 1930s, but I prefer cevn as it makes the pronunciation clearer; see the discussion of the Sindarin phoneme [v] for more details.

ingem

adjective. old (of person, in mortal sense: decripit, suffering from old age)

New word coined by the Elves after meeting with Men

araw

masculine name. Orome

ar-

prefix. outside, beside; without

brûn

adjective. old (has long endured)

an

preposition. of

angren

adjective. of iron

ath-

prefix. on both sides, across

cant

noun. outline

celebren

adjective. of silver, like silver

cant

noun. outline, shape

ephel

noun. outer fence, encircling fence

anfang

noun. one of the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves)

angren

adjective. of iron

ath-

prefix. on both sides, across

atlant

adjective. oblique, slanting

brûn

adjective. old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use

celefn

adjective. of silver

dîn

noun. opening, gap, pass in mountains

erchamui

adjective. one-handed

falathren

noun/adjective. of the shore

garn

noun. own, property

gwest

noun. oath

iaur

adjective. older, former

lhaden

adjective. open, cleared

lhand

adjective. open space, level

mallen

adjective. of gold, golden

malthen

adjective. of gold, golden

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

tathren

adjective. of willow, having willows

taw

adjective. of wool, woollen

ûl

noun. odour

belegast

place name. Void

Noldorin term for the “Void” appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, a combination of beleg “great” and Gast “void” (Ety/KUM), also appearing as a variant Belego containing gaw “void” (Ety/GAS).

car(dh)

noun. house, house, *construction, structure

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing as car or carð with the gloss “house” under the root ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” (Ety/KAR). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. kar (kard-) was glossed “building, house”.

Neo-Sindarin: Given the meaning of its root, I would use cardh for any kind of building-like construction or structure for purposes of Neo-Sindarin. For an ordinary “house” where people live, I would use S. bâr.

cef

noun. soil

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “soil” derived from the root ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth” (Ety/KEM). It had a rather unusual plural form ceif which shows i-intrusion but not the usual i-raising of e to i; under ordinary phonetic developments the expected plural would be ✱cif. I can think of no good reason for this abnormal plural, but it would be ^caif if adapted to Sindarin. It is mostly moot since this word is very unlikely to be used in the plural.

cugu

noun. dove

A word for “dove” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from ᴹ✶kukūwā based on a reduplicated form of the root ᴹ√KŪ (Ety/KŪ). It replaced a deleted for cû from primitive ᴹ✶kūwā (EtyAC/KŪ).

rhas

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10

aglar

noun. splendour

splendour, glory

ammarth

noun. doom

doom

damma-

verb. to hammer

It was long considered that damna-, dammint in the Etymologies might have been misreadings. VT/45:37 confirms this, though the exact reading actually remains rather uncertain

dant-

verb. to fall

Written dant- in the Etymologies

haew

noun. custom, habit

Written hæw (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies, rectified here according to VT/45:22

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14

magl

noun. sword

The word megil (q.v.), probably introduced by the Ñoldor, was also used

megil

noun. sword

The word was struck out in the Etymologies, but is well attested in late compounds such as Mormegil or Arvegil (with regular mutation). It is conceivably the Sindarinized form of Quenya makil, coexisting with magol (see tegil and tegol for a similar case)

rhib-

verb. to flow like a (torrent ?)

The reading of the gloss is uncertain

salff

noun. broth, liquid food, soup

The form salf in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45:12

taur

noun. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes)

In LotR/IV:IV, Frodo is called Daur, which might be the mutated form of this word

tôl

verb. (he) comes

According to WJ/301, the expression tôl acharn "vengeance comes" was later changed to tûl acharn by Tolkien

tôr

noun. brother

The word muindor is more usual

uidavnen

adjective. ever-closed

Normalized to uidafnen, as in lefnui

sarn

noun. stone (as a material)

Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11

sarn

noun. small stone

Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11

amrûn

noun. uprising, sunrise, Orient, east

ang

noun. iron

anna-

verb. to give

athan

preposition. beyond

baug

adjective. tyrannous, cruel, oppressive

baugla-

verb. to oppress

bauglir

noun. tyrant, oppressor

baul

noun. torment

canad

cardinal. four

caun

noun. valour

caw

noun. top

cennan

noun. potter

câs

noun. top, summit

diragas

?. [unglossed]

iath

preposition. across

aglar

noun. glory, brilliance, splendour

amrûn

noun. east, orient

andeith

noun. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a vowel, to indicate that it is lengthened.

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

bereth

noun. queen, spouse

ceber

noun. stake, spike, stone ridge

cram

noun. cake of compressed flour or meal (often containing honey and milk)

cramb

noun. cake of compressed flour or meal (often containing honey and milk)

curunir

noun. man of craft, wizard

ethir

noun. mouth (of a river), estuary

fend

noun. door, threshold

fenn

noun. door, threshold

harad

noun. south

haudh

noun. (burial) mound, grave, tomb

imlad

noun. deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides (but a flat habitable bottom)

ithil

noun. the (full) Moon, lit. 'The Sheen'

lhand

adjective. wide, broad

lhann

adjective. wide, broad

lhaw

noun. ears (referring to one person's pair of ears only)

menniath

noun. many points

menniath

noun. range of mountains

mîr

noun. jewel, precious thing, treasure

na

preposition. with, by (also used as a genitive sign)

na

preposition. to, towards, at

peth

noun. word

thanc

adjective. cleft, split, forked

adab

noun. building, house

adel

preposition. behind, in rear (of)

aes

noun. cooked food, meat

al-

prefix. no, not

am

preposition. up, upwards, upon

anc

noun. jaw, row of teeth

ang

noun. iron

ar-

prefix. without

ardh

noun. realm, region

arnediad

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless

arnœdiad

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

balan

noun. Vala, divine power, divinity

band

noun. duress, prison, custody, safe-keeping

bann

noun. duress, prison, custody, safe-keeping

bartha-

verb. to doom

baug

adjective. tyrannous, cruel, oppressive

baugla-

verb. to oppress

bauglir

noun. tyrant, oppressor

baul

noun. torment

bellas

noun. bodily strength

bess

noun. (young) woman

brand

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

brann

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

bui

verb (impersonal). to need

bund

noun. snout, nose

bund

noun. cape (of land)

bunn

noun. snout, nose

bunn

noun. cape (of land)

cabr

noun. frog

caer

noun. flat isle in river, opp. of toll-

camland

noun. palm of hand

canad

cardinal. four

canath

cardinal. four

car

noun. house, building

caraes

noun. jagged hedge of spikes

carag

noun. spike, tooth of rock

carch

noun. tooth, fang

cardh

noun. house, building

cared

gerund noun. making, doing

caun

noun. valour

caw

noun. top

cef

noun. soil

celebren

adjective. like silver (in hue or worth)

celw

noun. spring, source

cen-

verb. to see

cenedril

noun. looking-glass, mirror

cennan

noun. potter

ceredir

noun. doer, maker

cerin

noun. circular enclosure

cerin

noun. mound

chwand

noun. sponge, fungus

chwann

noun. sponge, fungus

claur

noun. splendour, glory

clei

?. [unglossed]

crist

noun. cleaver, sword

cugu

noun. dove

cum

noun. mound, heap

cumb

noun. mound, heap

cîl

noun. cleft, pass between hills, gorge

côl

noun. gold (metal)

cúran

noun. the crescent Moon

cû

noun. bow

dad

adverb. down, downwards

dae

noun. shadow

daedelu

noun. canopy

daen

noun. corpse

dagra-

verb. to battle

dalf

noun. palm of hand

dath

noun. hole, pit, steep fall, abyss

daug

noun. warrior, soldier (chiefly used of Orcs)

daw

noun. night-time, gloom

del

noun. fear, disgust, loathing, horror

dess

noun. young woman

draug

noun. wolf

dî

noun. woman, lady

dîr

noun. man, referring to an adult male (elf, mortal, or of any other speaking race)

dôl

noun. hill or mountain

dûr

adjective. dark, sombre

ecthel

noun. point (of spear)

ed-

prefix. forth, out

edra-

verb. to open

egnas

noun. sharp point

egthel

noun. point (of spear)

eithel

noun. issue of water, spring, well

emelin

noun. yellow bird, "yellow hammer"

emil

noun. mother

emlin

noun. yellow bird, "yellow hammer"

emmelin

noun. yellow bird, "yellow hammer"

er-

prefix. alone, one

ereb

adjective. isolated, lonely

eria-

verb. to rise

esgar

noun. shore

falathren

noun/adjective. Shore-language (one of the names for Common Speech)

fuin

noun. night, dead of night, gloom, darkness

gadr

noun. prison, dungeon

gala-

verb. to grow

galas

noun. growth, plant

gammas

noun. s-sign (special sign used to mark a final -s in Tengwar)

garaf

noun. wolf

garth

noun. fort, fortress

gas

noun. hole, gap

gaul

noun. wolf-howl

gaw

noun. void

gern

adjective. worn, old, decripit (used of things only)

giliath

noun. all the host of stars

glaur

noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)

glawar

noun. sunlight, radiance (of the golden tree Laurelin)

gwa-

prefix. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-)

gwaedh

noun. bond, troth, compact, oath

gwanath

noun. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract)

gwanw

noun. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract)

gwatha-

verb. to soil, stain

gwathel

noun. sister, associate

gwedh

noun. bond

gwend

noun. bond, friendship

gûl

noun. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things)

gûl

noun. perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy

hae

adjective. far, remote, distant

haltha-

verb. to screen

hammad

gerund noun. clothing

hast

noun. axe-stroke

heleth

noun. fur, fur-coat

hent

noun. the two eyes (referring to one person's eyes)

herth

noun. household, troop under a "hîr" (master, lord)

hethw

adjective. foggy, obscure, vague

hmaw

noun. soil, stain

hwand

noun. sponge, fungus

hîr

noun. master, lord

hû

noun. dog

hûb

noun. haven, harbour, small land-locked bay

hûl

noun. cry of encouragement in battle

i

definite article. who

ia

adverb. ago

iaur

adjective. ancient, old, original

ifant

adjective. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness)

ist

noun. lore, knowledge

iâr

noun. blood

lhammas

noun. account of tongues

lhevnar

noun. week (of five days)

lhîn

noun. pool

lhîr

noun. row, range

lhôd

verb. (he) floats

lhû

noun. a time, occasion

liniath

noun. pools

mad-

verb. to eat

maeth

noun. battle, fight (not of general host but of two or a few)

malen

adjective. yellow

malt

noun. gold (as metal)

manadh

noun. doom, final end, fate, fortune

maur

noun. gloom

maw

noun. soil, stain

ment

noun. point

nana

noun. mother, mummy

nand

noun. wide grassland, land at foot of hills with many streams

naneth

noun. mother

nann

noun. wide grassland, land at foot of hills with many streams

narn

noun. a tale or a saga, that is told in verse to be spoken and not sung

nass

noun. point, (sharp) end

nass

noun. angle or corner

naud

adjective. bound

negra-

verb. to pain

neleg

noun. tooth

nem

noun. nose

nemb

noun. nose

neth

adjective. young

nêl

noun. tooth

panas

noun. floor

pann

noun. courtyard

panna-

verb. to open, to enlarge

parf

noun. book

paur

noun. fist (often used to mean "hand", its chief use was in reference of the tighly closed hand, as in using an implement or a craft-tool, rather than to the fist used in punching)

peg

noun. small spot, dot

pel

noun. fenced field (= Old English tún)

pend

noun. declivity, slope

penia-

verb. to fix, to set

penn

noun. declivity, slope

pennas

noun. history, historical account

penninar

noun. last day of the year

pesseg

noun. pillow

prestanneth

noun. affection of vowels, mutation

pân

noun. plank, fixed board (especially in floor)

pôd

noun. animal's foot

rada-

verb. to make a way, find a way

rhafn

noun. wing (horn), extended point at side, etc.

rhasg

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

rhaug

noun. a powerful, hostile and terrible creature, a demon

rhim

noun. crowd, host, great number

rhim

noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)

rhimb

noun. crowd, host, great number

rhimb

noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)

rhista-

verb. to cut

rhista-

verb. to rend, rip

rîdh

noun. sown field, acre

saew

noun. poison

sarnas

noun. cairn, pile of stones

siria-

verb. to flow

sûl

noun. goblet

tachl

noun. pin, brooch

tad

cardinal. two

taen

noun. height, summit of high mountain

taew

noun. holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple

talad

noun. an incline, slope

talaf

noun. ground, floor

tamma-

verb. to knock

tar-

adjective. tough, stiff

tara

adjective. tough, stiff

tarag

noun. horn

tarag

noun. steep mountain peak

tarlanc

adjective. stiff-necked, obstinate

taur

noun. great wood, forest

taur

adjective. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime

tele

noun. end, rear, hindmost part

telu

noun. dome, high roof

ters

noun. (fine pierced) hole

tess

noun. (fine pierced) hole

thang

noun. compulsion, duress, need, oppression

thar-

prefix. across, athwart, over, beyond

thela

noun. point (of spear)

thia-

verb. to appear, seem

tild

noun. horn, point

till

noun. horn, point

tindu

noun. dusk, twilight, early night (without Moon)

tinna-

verb. to glint

tinnu

noun. dusk, twilight, early night (without Moon)

tir-

verb. to watch, to gaze, look at

tiria-

verb. to watch, to gaze, look at

tirith

noun. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance

tre-

prefix. through (but denoting completeness when prefixed to verbs, cf. English idioms like "talk something through")

trenarn

noun. account, tale

tri

prefix. through (but denoting completeness when prefixed to verbs, cf. English idioms like "talk something through")

trî

preposition. through

tui

noun. a sprout, bud

tuia-

verb. to sprout, spring

tuia-

verb. to swell

tuilin

noun. swallow (bird)

tuilind

noun. swallow (bird)

tuilinn

noun. swallow (bird)

tuiw

noun. a sprout, bud

tulu

noun. support, prop

tum

noun. deep valley, under or among hills

tund

noun. hill, mound

tunn

noun. hill, mound

tâd

cardinal. two

tâl

noun. foot

tî

noun. line, row

tû

noun. muscle, sinew, vigour, physical strength

tûr

noun. mastery, victory

âr

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

brôg

noun. bear

A noun for “bear” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶morókō under the root ᴹ√MOROK (Ety/MORÓK), where the initial syllable reduced to m’rokō and then the initial mr became br.

Conceptual Development: A likely precursor to this word is ᴱN. gorch “bear” (also “fierce fighter”) from Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/145, 149).

am-

prefix. snake

A prefix for “snake” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ANGWA of the same meaning, most notably an element in N. amlug “dragon” (Ety/ANGWA).

carab

noun. hat

A word for “hat” appearing in 1930s revisions to the map for The Silmarillion as an element in the name Amon Carab “Hill of the Hat” (WJ/187); hat tip to Lokyt for helping date this item. By the 1950s-60s the hill was renamed to Amon Rûdh “Bald Hill” (S/204). There is no clear derivation for the word carab, but ᴱQ. karape and G. garob “cloak, outer garment” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s may be related since they have a similar form and are also words for garments (GL/37). The unglossed 1930s root ᴹ√KARPA might also be related (PE18/66).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s instead had G. tôd “hat” with Qenya cognate ᴱQ. tâta (GL/71). Underneath this was G. togli “cap”, probably the result tôd + -li with the Gnomish sound change of dl to gl.

cerch

noun. sickle

A noun for “sickle” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KIRIK (Ety/KIRIK).

anrand

noun. cycle, age (100 Valian Years)

Helge Fauskanger noted that the element and "long" would normally be preserved before r-, but the -d is lost because there is another d in the word (VT/41:9); however, this second d later disappeared in the change from -nd to -nn, and it is unclear whether or not an- would then revert to and-

blâb

verb. (he) flaps, beats

The Etymologies seem to list this word as a noun, but it is clearly the third person singular of the verb

haedh

noun. heap

heap, piled mound

mō

noun. hand

ON. hand

nedh-

prefix. in, inside, mid-

See also the preposition ned , and the noun ened for a discussion of this form

tankla

noun. clasp

ON. clasp, brooch

tegl

noun. pen

It is stated in PM/318 that " tegil was a Sindarized form of Quenya tekil "pen", not known to the Sindar until the coming of the Ñoldor". It must be assumed therefore that tegol was either rejected by Tolkien, or that it may perhaps have been considered as a dialectal variant. For a similar case where both a true Sindarin/Noldorin word and a Sindarized form conceivably coexist, see magol and megil "sword" (it is unlikely that weapons were not known to the Sindar before the coming of the Ñoldor)

Tinnúviel

noun. nightingale

nightingale

bast

noun. bread

bór

masculine name. Faithful

dúlin(n)

noun. nightingale

a

conjunction. and

adar

noun. father

ai

interjection. hail

am

adverb. up

amar

noun. Earth

annûn

noun. west

ant

noun. gift

ar

conjunction. and

balch

adjective. cruel

baradh

adjective. steep

baur

noun. need

beleriand

place name. Beleriand

bereth

noun. queen

brennil

noun. lady

calad

noun. light

calardan

noun. lampwright

cam

noun. hand

carth

noun. deed

ceir

noun. ship

celeb

noun. silver

cerfeth

noun. July

cevnas

noun. earthenware

adar

noun. father

annûn

noun. west, sunset

cannas

noun. shaping

ceir

noun. ship

celeb

noun. silver

dûn

noun. west

gal-

prefix. light

galadh

noun. tree

ha

pronoun. it

hana

pronoun. it

hên

noun. eye

lhewig

noun. ear

men

pronoun. us

rhûn

noun. east

uial

noun. twilight

ad-

prefix. back, again, re-

ada

noun. father, daddy

aew

noun. (small) bird

amar

noun. earth

ambar

noun. earth

an-

prefix. with, by

anaur

noun. Sun

ant

noun. gift

ar-

prefix. etym. beside

auth

noun. war, battle

balch

adjective. cruel

bara

adjective. fiery

bara

adjective. eager

baradh

adjective. steep

bast

noun. bread

baur

noun. need

bein

adjective. beautiful, fair

benn

noun. man, male

bess

noun. wife

brand

adjective. high (in size)

brann

adjective. high (in size)

brennil

noun. lady

brôg

noun. bear

cael

noun. lying in bed, sickness

caew

noun. lair, resting-place

calad

gerund noun. light

calen

adjective. green

calf

noun. water-vessel

cam

noun. hand

camb

noun. hand

camm

noun. hand

camm

noun. hand

cardh

noun. deed, feat

carth

noun. deed, feat

cerch

noun. sickle

chwîn

noun. giddiness, faintness

cirban

noun. haven

cirban

noun. haven

criss

noun. cleft, cut, slash

crumui

adjective. left-handed

cuil

noun. life

cunn

noun. prince

curu

noun. craft, skill

curw

noun. craft, skill

cîr

noun. ship

cû

noun. arch, crescent

dagr

noun. battle

dalath

noun. flat surface, plane

dalath

noun. flat land, plain, (wide) valley

dalw

adjective. flat

dam

noun. hammer

dangen

noun. slain

dineth

noun. bride

dîs

noun. bride

dôl

noun. head

dúlin

noun. nightingale

dúlind

noun. nightingale

dúlinn

noun. nightingale

echui

noun. awakening

echuiw

noun. awakening

edhel

noun. Elf

egnas

noun. peak

eredh

noun. seed, germ

faug

adjective. thirsty

fela

noun. cave

fileg

noun. small bird

fliw

noun. sickness

gail

noun. bright light

geil

noun. star, bright spark

gildin

noun. silver spark

gilgalad

noun. starlight

glaew

noun. salve

guruth

noun. death

gwann

adjective. departed, dead

gwend

noun. maiden

gwenn

noun. maiden

gûr

noun. death

hadlath

noun. sling

haglath

noun. sling

half

noun. seashell

hall

adjective. exalted, high

ham

noun. (?) chair

hamp

noun. garment

hannas

noun. understanding, intelligence

harn

noun. helmet

haust

noun. bed

heledir

noun. kingfisher (bird)

heledirn

noun. kingfisher (bird)

heleg

noun. ice

helf

noun. fur

heniad

gerund noun. understanding, intelligence

herven

noun. husband

hervenn

noun. husband

herves

noun. wife

hervess

noun. wife

hiril

noun. lady

hâdh

noun. (?) cleaver

hâl

noun. fish

hûd

noun. assembly

hûn

noun. heart (physical)

i

definite article. the

laden

adjective. flat (and wide)

lalf

noun. elm-tree

lalven

noun. elm-tree

lhain

adjective. free, freed

lhalwen

noun. elm-tree

lhass

noun. leaf

lhein

adjective. free, freed

lhim

noun. fish

lhimb

noun. fish

lhâf

verb. (he) licks

lhûg

noun. snake, serpent

maenas

noun. craft

maew

noun. gull

manadh

noun. final bliss

megli

noun. bear

meldir

noun. friend

meldis

noun. friend

merilin

noun. nightingale

meth

noun. end

methen

adjective. end, final

minei

adjective. single, distinct, unique

mith

adjective. (pale) grey

muinthel

noun. sister

mân

noun. departed spirit

mîw

adjective. small, tiny, frail

mœrilind

noun. nightingale

nad

noun. thing

nae

interjection. alas

naeg

noun. pain

naew

noun. jaw

naglath

noun. the teeth

nand

noun. valley

nann

noun. valley

naugl

noun. dwarf

nawag

noun. Dwarf

neder

cardinal. nine

neled

cardinal. three

neledh

cardinal. three

nûr

adjective. deep

palath

noun. surface

pann

adjective. wide

pathred

noun. fullness

pathw

noun. level space, sward

paw

noun. sickness

peich

noun. juice, syrup

pelin

noun. fading, withering

pent

noun. tale

per-

prefix. half, divided in middle

perin

adjective. half, divided in middle

pichen

adjective. juicy

puig

adjective. clean, tidy, neat

rhaud

noun. metal

rhenn

adjective. circular

rhest

noun. cut

rhind

noun. circle

rhinn

noun. circle

rhufen

noun. east

rhîs

noun. queen

salab

noun. herb

saw

noun. juice

sigil

noun. dagger, knife

sigil

noun. necklace

síla

verb. (he) shines white

sîr

noun. river

sôg

verb. (he) drinks

sûth

noun. draught

taes

noun. nail

talagand

noun. harper

taus

noun. thatch

teith

noun. mark

telch

noun. stem

thaun

noun. pine-tree

thia

verb. it appears

thind

adjective. grey, pale

thinn

adjective. grey, pale

thliw

noun. sickness

thurin

adjective. secret, hidden

thêl

noun. sister

thîn

noun. evening

thû

noun. stench

thûl

noun. breath

tinc

noun. metal

tindu

noun. starry twilight

tinnu

noun. starry twilight

tint

noun. spark

tinw

noun. spark, small star

tirn

noun. watcher

tiwdi

noun. alphabet

tump

noun. hump

tê

noun. line, way

tôg

verb. (he) leads, brings

uil

noun. seaweed

uireb

adjective. eternal

um

adjective. bad, evil

âr

noun. king

ôl

noun. dream

ûn

noun. creature

ûr

noun. wide