ú

preposition/adverb. without, destitute of

@@@ with object of the preposition in the genitive: ú calo “without light”

ú

without, destitute of

ú (1) adv. and prep. "without, destitute of" (VT39:14). Usually followed by genitive: ú calo "without light" (cala). In one source, ú is seemingly also used as a negative verb "was not" (VT49:13), but Tolkien revised the text in question.

ú

particle. not

úmë

úmë

úmë (1) vb. pa.t. of um- (and u-?), q.v. (UGU/UMU)

úmaiar

úmaiar

Úmaiar pl. noun, Maiar (see Maia) who became evil and followed Melkor, like the Balrogs (MR:79). Sg. #Úmaia.

únë

únë

#únë vb., the pa.t. of ua-, q.v. Only attested with a 1st person sg. pronominal suffix: únen.

úquétima

unspeakable

úquétima adj. "unspeakable", sc. impossible to say, put into words; also "unpronounceable" (WJ:370)

úrion

úrion

Úrion (Q?) noun, a title of Fionwë (= later Eönwë); see the LR index. (UR; this stem was struck out in Etym, but several words that must be derived from it occur in LotR, so it seems that Tolkien restored it.)

úvana

unmarred

úvana adj. "unmarred" (PE17:150), rejected meaning: "monstrous" (PE17:149). The word for "unmarred" is alahasta (q.v.) in a more widely published source.

úχarin

unmarred

úχarin adj. "unmarred" (PE17:150), this would be úharin in more standard spelling (and later pronunciation). In a more widely published source, the word for "unmarred" is alahasta, q.v.

úquétima

adjective. unspeakable, impossible to say or put into words, unpronounceable

úχarin

adjective. unmarred

úsië, an cé mo quernë cendelë númenna, ve senya

on the contrary, for if one turned the face westward, as was usual

Third phrase @@@

| |  I  | II |III|IV|  V  |VI|VII| |{lasi >> la >>}|lasir|>>|ūsir|úsir| |úsir|>> úsie| |{pan >> an >>}|an ké mo| |{nanquerne >> númequerna >>}|querne|{quernesse >>} quernes|querne|quere|querne| |immo|kanwarya|kendele| |númenna|(ve senya)|númenna| |(ve ...)| |(ve senwa)|(ve senya)|{i hyarma} númenna|ve senya|

úcalima

adjective. dim, murky, dim, murky, *not bright

A word for “dim, murky” in notes from 1969 illustrating the use of the ú- prefix with -ima adjectives, in this case calima “luminous, bright” (PE22/156), hence literally “✱not bright”.

úcárima

adjective. hard to do, difficult, *undoable, unmakeable; hard to do, difficult

A word glossed “hard to do, difficult” in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969, a negated form of cárima “able to be done” (PE22/156). This word is from the brief period in 1969 where Tolkien decided that the main negative root was √LA, and ú- meant only “bad, hard, difficult, unfavourable”.

Neo-Quenya: For most of the 1960s, the prefix ú- was used for negation, and thus úcárima is likely to be interpreted as “✱undoable, unmakeable” for those Neo-Quenya writers that subscribe to u-negation; see the entry on the Quenya negative for discussion. To minimize ambiguity, I would instead use hraia or hranga to mean “difficult” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, and urucárima for “hard to make / do”.

úlairi

collective name. Ring-wraiths, (lit.) ?Un-living, Un-summer

Quenya name of the Nazgûl, of unclear meaning (S/296, PM/175). The first element is likely the negative prefix ú-. The second element resembles a plural form of the noun lairë “summer”, so perhaps it means “✱Un-summer”, referring to their cold and undead nature. Alternately, the second element could a derivative of an unattested primitive noun ✱lay-ro “living one” from the root √LAY (having to do with life), so that the name means “✱Un-living”. Both these derivations are quite speculative.

úpa

adjective. dumb [unable to speak]

A word for “dumb” in notes probably dating to the early 1960s derived from ✶ūopa (PE17/126), a combination ōpa “mouth (as a speaking apparatus)” with the negative prefix ū-, so perhaps originally meaning something like “✱without a working mouth”. Note that this word means “dumb” only as in “unable to speak”, not as in “stupid”.

ú-

verb. not-, un-, in-

ú- (2) prefix "not-, un-, in-", denying presence or possession of thing or quality (VT39:14, UGU/UMU/VT46:20, GŪ, LT1:272), or simply suggesting something bad or immoral (see #úcar-, Úmaiar). Tolkien at one point considered redefining ú- as an element signifying "bad, uneasy, hard"; the already-published form únótima would then mean "difficult/impossible to count" rather than simply "uncountable" (VT42:33). However, Tolkien's very last word on the matter seems to be that ú- was to remain a mere negative (VT44:4). Compare úa, q.v. According to the Etymologies, the prefix ú- usually has a "bad sense", whereas according to early material u- (uv-, um-, un-) is a "mere negation" (UGU/UMU vs. VT42:32) According to a later source, ú- could be used as an uninflected verbal prefix, mainly in verse, but in a normal style the prefix was "verbalized" as ua-, q.v. (PE17:144). The stem Ū, as a negation, was accompanied by "pursed lips and shaking of the head" (PE17:145).

úvanimo

monster (creature of melko[r]) (ban, lt1:272); pl. úvanimor

úvanimo noun "monster (creature of Melko[r]) (BAN, LT1:272); pl. úvanimor "monsters" is attested (UGU/UMU, (GŪ). According to VT45:7, 16 Tolkien did not capitalize the word úvanimo_, though it was so printed in the entries BAN and GŪ in the Etymologies as printed in LR. The (pl.) form _húvanimor was abandoned along with hú rather than ú- as a negative prefix, VT45:17.

úmaitë

adjective. clumsy(-handed), unskilled

An adjective in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 glossed “clumsy(-handed), unskilled”, a negated form of maitë “handy, skillful” (PE17/162).

úr(in)

proper name. Sun

A late remnant of earlier names for the Sun: ᴱQ. Ûr and ᴹQ. Úrin. In Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s, this name was changed from Úrin >> Naira >> Vása (MR/198), but the form Úr(in) occasionally appeared in some later writings (PE17/148, MR/377). This name was a derivative of the root √UR “heat, be hot” (PE17/148).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this name was ᴱQ. Ûr, Ur or Úri “Sun”, but literally meaning “Fire” (LT1/187, QL/98). The name became ᴹQ. Úrin in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/240). It was rejected in The Etymologies along with the root form ᴹ√UR, but reappeared sometimes in later writing as noted above.

úva-

verb. to impend, be imminent, draw near [usually negative in sense]

A pseudo-verb meaning “impend, be imminent, draw near” related to the Quenya future suffix -uva, usually with a negative sense as Tolkien explained: “a strengthened form ūva was used ‘impend, be imminent’ nearly always in a bad sense: ‘threaten (to come)’ (PE22/167)”. This verb had only two forms: úva used for aorist, present and [near] future, and úvane used for the past (PE22/168). As an example of its use, Tolkien gave ulo úva “rain (unwelcome) is coming/threatens”, versus more ordinary future uluva “it is going to rain, it will rain”.

ufárëa

not enough

ufárëa adj. "not enough" (FS). Cf. ú- "un-" and fárëa "enough, sufficient" (read *úfárëa?)

ulundo

monster, deformed and hideous creature

ulundo noun "monster, deformed and hideous creature" (ÚLUG)

unotë

not counted, uncounted

unotë, unotëa (read *únotë, *únotëa?)adj. "not counted, uncounted" (VT39:14)

urnótima

difficult to count

urnótima adj. Unglossed, apparently *"difficult to count" (PE17:172)

úa

do not thou lead us

úa, with 1st person suffix úalyë, imperative particle á, a combined with the negation ú- to express a prohibition (úalyë mittanya me, *"do not thou lead us", VT43:9, 21-22). However, Tolkien apparently abandoned úa in favour of ala, alalyë, q.v. (later he also used the form áva for "don't"). Compare ua.

úfanwa

not veiled or obscure, perspicuous

úfanwa adj. "not veiled or obscure, perspicuous" (PE17:176)

úfanwëa

not veiled, unveiled

úfanwëa adj. "not veiled, unveiled" (PE17:180), possibly a variant or replacement úfanwa, q.v.

úlëa

pouring, flooding, flowing

úlëa adj. "pouring, flooding, flowing" (ULU)

úmaitë

clumsy(-handed), unskilled

úmaitë adj. "clumsy(-handed), unskilled" (PE17:162)

úmëa

abundant, swarming, teeming

úmëa (1) adj. "abundant, swarming, teeming" (VT48:32), "large" (of throng) (PE17:115).Compare úvëa.

úna

deprived of, destitute, forlorn

úna adj. "deprived of, destitute, forlorn" (VT39:14). The plural form *únë is not to be confused with the pa.t. of the negative verb ua, q.v. An unglossed word úna, cited in VT49:28, rather seems to be a negated form of ná "is".

únyárima

impossible to recount

únyárima adj. "impossible to recount" (because all the facts are not known, or the tale is too long) (WJ:370)

únótima

not possible to count, countless

únótima adj. "not possible to count, countless" (VT39:14), pl. únótimë (translated "numberless") attested (ú-nót-imë "not-count-able") (Nam, RGEO:66, Appendix E). Cf. unnegated nótima, q.v.

úpa

dumb

úpa adj. "dumb" (i.e. unable to speak) (PE17:126)

úr-anar

the red sun

Úr-anar noun, word occurring in Fíriel's Song, translated "the red sun"; actually the prefixed element úr- must have to do with the element ur- "heat, be hot" mentioned in the Silmarillion Appendix. Also compare Ûr as an early Qenya word for "the Sun".

úri

sun

úri noun "sun" (MC:214, 221; this is "Qenya"); genitive úrio "sun's" (MC:216)

úrin

g.sg. úrinden

Úrin (Úrind-, as in "g.sg. Úrinden", in LotR-style Quenya this is dat.sg.) noun, a name of the Sun (UR, PE17:148; this stem was struck out in Etym, but several words that must be derived from it occur in LotR, so it seems that Tolkien restored it.)

úsahtië

inducement to do wrong

úsahtië (þ) noun "inducement to do wrong" (VT43:23); allative úsahtienna attested (the alternative form úsahtíenna with a long í must be erroneous, as pointed out by the editors [ibid.]). Compare sahta-, sahtië.

úvanima

not fair, ugly

úvanima noun "not fair, ugly" (VT39:14). Negated form of vanima.

úvanë

without beauty

úvanë prep. + noun "without beauty", adj. úvanëa (VT39:14)

úvë

abundance, great quantity

úvë noun "abundance, great quantity" (UB). Compare úmë #2.

úvëa

abundant, in very great number, very large

úvëa adj. "abundant, in very great number, very large" (UB). Compare úmëa.

ú-

prefix. no, not, un-, in-; hard, difficult, bad, uneasy; hardly, with difficulty, ‘badly’

um(ba)-

prefix. [unglossed]

úna

adjective. deprived of, destitute, forlorn

úra

adjective. torrid, sultry, unpleasantly hot

úrimë

noun. August, *Hot-one

ú calmo

without the light

ú calo

without the light

úfanwëa

adjective. not veiled, unveiled

úmara

adjective. bad, ill-used, evil, sinister

úmë

noun. great collection or crowd of things of the same sort, throng, great collection or crowd of things of the same sort; [ᴹQ.] abundance, great quantity; [Q.] throng

úmëa

adjective. abundant, swarming, teeming, abundant, swarming, teeming; [ᴹQ.] in very great number, very large, [ᴱQ.] large

únotë(a)

adjective. not counted, uncounted

únyárima

adjective. impossible to recount

únótima

adjective. numberless, innumerable, countless, difficult/impossible to count

úsahtië

noun. inducement to do wrong, *temptation

úvanima

adjective. not fair, ugly; hard to call beautiful, hideous

úvanimo

noun. monster, corrupt or evil creature

úvanë(a)

adjective. without beauty

umbacarin

noun. [unglossed]

ú-

prefix. bad, uneasy, hard

úcalima

adjective. dim, murky

úcárima

adjective. hard to do, difficult

úmahta(le)

noun. nuisance

únótima

adjective. hard/impossible to count

úpa-

verb. [unglossed]

úvanima

adjective. hard to call beautiful, hideous

úvano

noun. monster, corrupt or evil creature

úmaiar

collective name. Evil Spirits

A term for the corrupted Maiar who served Morgoth (MR/79, 165). It is a combination of the negative prefix ú- and the plural of Maia.

úmaneldi

collective name. *Elves not of Aman

A term for Elves who did not reach Aman, a longer form of Úmanyar (WJ/373). It is a combination of the negative prefix ú- and Amaneldi, the “Elves of Aman”.

úmanyar

collective name. Those not of Aman

A term for Elves who did not reach Aman (S/53, WJ/373), a combination of the negative prefix ú- and Amanyar, “Those of Aman”. This term applied to Elves who intended to go to Aman but were unable to complete the journey, as opposed to the Avamanyar who refused to go to Aman in the first place, more commonly known as the Avari (WJ/371). In a few places this term appeared instead as Úamanyar (WJ/373, PE21/72).

Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s, Tolkien first used the term Alamanyar for those not of Aman, using the negative prefix al(a)- (MR/170). The change to Úmanyar reflects Tolkien’s general vacillation on the basis for Eldarin negation: the roots √LA or √Ū. In some linguistic notes from the early 1950s, Tolkien also changed Alamanyar to Úamanyar, but in later emendations from 1970 he wrote “stet” next to Alamanyar indicating he was considering restoring it (PE21/72, note #13). In other notes from the late 1960s, Tolkien also consider restoring the Alamanyar form (PE22/156).

úrë

noun. heat

A word for “heat” and name of tengwa #36 [.] in The Lord of the Rings Appendix E (LotR/1123), a derivative of √UR “heat” (PE22/160). On the basis of Úrimë “August, ✱Hot-one”, its stem form might be ✱úri-. Its function as a tengwar name probably reflects its use for u-diphthongs in Tengwar spelling.

Conceptual Development: In the 1st edition of The Lord of the Rings the name of tengwa #36 was úr “heat” (RC/736), and in earlier documents on The Feanorian Alphabet this word was glossed “fire, heat” (PE22/51) or just “fire” (PE22/23); see the discussion under ᴹQ. úr for further details.

u-

not do, not be

#u- vb. "not do, not be" (1st pers. aorist uin "I do not, am not"), pa.t. úmë (UGU/UMU). A late (ca. 1968) source gives the forms uin, uin(yë) "I am not", uil(yë) "you are not", uis "it is not", uilmë "we are not", uir "are not" and endingless ui *"is not" (VT49:29, 36); these forms were however struck out. The example uin carë "I dont" (PE17:68) combines this negative verb with a following verb in the "simplest aorist infinitive". Compare ua in another late source. See also ui, which (despite its use as an interjection "no") seems to be the endingless 3rd person aorist.

ui

no

ui interjection "no" (originally an endingless negative verb in the 3rd person aorist: "it is not [so]"; see #u-). Apparently this is the word for "no" used to deny that something is true (compare vá, which is rather used to reject orders, or to issue negative orders). (VT49:28) Compare uito.

ullumë

not for ever

ullumë adv.? a word occurring in Fíriel's Song, evidently meaning "not for ever". Cf. ú-, lúmë and úlumë.

úcarë

debt, trespass

#úcarë noun "debt, trespass" (úcaremmar "our debts, our trespasses", VT43:19). The related words #úcar- "to sin" and #úcarindo "sinner" would suggest that #úcarë can also be translated "sin". One may question whether the simplex form is #úcarë or just #úcar (+ -e- as a mere connecting vowel before the pronominal ending in úcaremmar), but compare lacarë, hrúcarë.

úner

masculine name. Noman

A name that the freedom-loving Ancalimë invented for her hypothetical husband (UT/211), a compound of the negative prefix ú- “no” and nér “man”.

ul-

verb. to rain

An impersonal verb for “rain” attested only in its future form uluva “it is going to rain, it will rain” (PE22/167). Its aorist form is probably ✱ule “[it] rains”, its past form probably ✱úle “[it] rained”, and its perfect ✱úlie “[it] has rained”; as an impersonal verb, no explicit subject is required in Quenya. It is clearly derived from the root √UL “pour (out), flow” (WJ/400; PE17/168) and it seems that its primitive form originally meant “pour” (PE22/133), but elsewhere Tolkien gave the Quenya verb for “pour, flow” as ulya- (Ety/ULU).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, the verb for “it rains” was (3rd-singular) ᴱQ. uqin from the early root ᴱ√UQU “wet” (QL/98). This verb reappeared as uqe or úqe “it rains” in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, having become an impersonal verb (PE14/56, 85). Another impersonal verb for “to rain” appeared in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948: ᴹQ. kelya “(it) sends running down = it rains” from the root √KEL (PE22/114). The form uluva mentioned above appeared in Late Notes on Verbs from 1969 (PE22/167).

Neo-Eldarin: Based on attested forms I would limit ul- for “rain” as an impersonal verb only, and for “pour” would use ulya-. Interestingly, the Noldorin word for “rain” is eil [ᴺS. uil] from ᴹ✶ulyā-, so I think Quenya and Sindarin/Noldorin made different choices for which ancient verb became impersonal “rain”.

ulo

noun. rain

A noun for “rain” in Late Notes on Verbs from 1969 given as {ulla >>} ulo in the phrase ulo úva “rain (unwelcome) is coming”, clearly related to the impersonal verb ul- “to rain” appearing in its future form on the same page: uluva “it will rain” (PE22/167).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, the noun for “rain” was ᴱQ. úqil, likewise related to the contemporaneous verb ᴱQ. uqin “it rains” (QL/98).

úpahtëa

adjective. speechless

A word for “speechless”, a negated adjectival form of pahta “speech” (PE17/126).

úvana

adjective. marred

An adjective for “marred” in notes from the late 1950s, a negated form of vana “beautiful, unmarred, of fair unspoiled form” (PE17/150).

Conceptual Development: In a (rejected) draft of this note úvana was gloss “monstrous”, as with úvanimo “monster” (PE17/149). In notes from 1936 ᴹQ. uvana was meant “wicked” in the sentence ᴹQ. nakuvan tye uvana néra “I will slay thee, wicked man”, but this version of the sentence was struck through (PE21/65 note #13).

Ulban

monster

Ulban (Ulband-) noun "monster" (a name of Melko) (LT1:260)

ua-

not do, not be

ua- negative verb "not do, not be". If a verb is to be negated, ua (coming before the verb) receives any pronominal endings (and presumably also any endings for plurality or duality, -r or -t), whereas the uninflected tense-stem of the verb follows: With the ending -n for "I", one can thus have constructions like uan carë "I do not" (aorist), uan carnë "I did not" (past), uan cára "I am not doing" (present), uan caruva "I shall not do" (future). The verb ua- can itself be fully conjugated: #ua aorist (or present?), únë (past), úva "(future), #uië (perfect) (the aorist and perfect are attested only with the ending -n "I"). In "archaic Quenya" these tense-forms could be combined with an uninflected aorist stem, e.g. future *úvan carë = later Quenya uan caruva, "I shall not do". In later Quenya, only the forms ua (present or aorist) and "occasionally" the past tense form #únë were used in normal prose (únen* "I did not, was not"). (PE17:144; compare FS for úva** as a future-tense negative verb "will not")

ulca

evil, bad, wicked, wrong

ulca adj. "evil, bad, wicked, wrong" (QL:97, VT43:23-24, VT48:32, VT49:14; compounded in henulca "evileyed", SD:68); variant olca, q.v. Compare noun ulco. The adj. ulca may also itself be used as a noun "evil", as in the ablative form ulcallo "from evil" (VT43:8, 10) and the sentence cé mo quetë ulca *"if one speaks evil" (VT49:19).

ulco

evil

ulco (stem #ulcu-) noun "evil", pl. *ulqui (VT43:23-24; the stem-form is attested in the ablative case: ulcullo "from evil", VT43:12)

um-

not to do, not to be

#um- vb. "not to do, not to be" (1st pers. aorist umin "I do not, am not"), past tense úmë (UGU/UMU). Another version of this negative verb had the form #hum-, q.v., but Tolkien rejected it.

undómë

twilight

undómë noun "twilight", usually of the time near evening, not near dawn (that is tindómë)

uru

fire

uru noun "fire" (LT1:271)

uruitë

fiery

uruitë adj. "fiery" (UR; thisstem was struck out in Etym, but several words that must be derived from it occur in LotR, so it seems that Tolkien restored it.)

uruvoitë

fiery

uruvoitë adj. "fiery" (LT1:271)

uscarë

doing wrong

uscarë (þ) noun "doing wrong" (PE17:151). Also uxarë. Cf. úcarë.

uxarë

doing wrong

uxarë noun "doing wrong" (PE17:151). Also uscarë. Cf. úcarë.

úamanyar

those not of aman

Úamanyar noun "those not of Aman" (sg. Úamanya, PE17:143), Elves who did not reach the Blessed Realm (but did leave Cuiviénen with the intention of going there) = Heceldi _(WJ:371). Also Úmanyar and fuller Úmaneldi. (WJ:373)_. Also called Lembi, q.v.

úcar-

to sin, trespass; to do wrong

#úcar- vb. "to sin, trespass; to do wrong" (pl. aorist úcarer in VT43:12, we would rather expect úcarir, a form seemingly indicated by an emendation in one variant of the text in question, VT43:21). The verb is car- "do" with the prefix ú-, here suggesting something morally bad ("do wrong") rather than simple negation.

úcarindo

sinner

#úcarindo (pl. úcarindor, VT43:27) noun "sinner"; cf. úcar-. The form úlcarindor occurring in an older variant of the text in question seems abnormal, since Quenya rarely has a long vowel in front of a consonant cluster (VT43:33)

úfantima

not concealable

úfantima adj. "not concealable" (PE17:176), also úfantuma (PE17:180), cf. fanta-, q.v.

úlairi

nazgûl

Úlairi pl. noun "Nazgûl" (sg. *Úlairë*? Úlair**?) Etymology obscure.

úlumë

ever

úlumë adv. "ever", at all times (in a series or period) (PE17:156). Cf. ullumë.

úma-

teem

úma- vb. "teem" (VT48:32)

úmaneldi

non-aman elves

Úmaneldi noun *"Non-Aman Elves", Elves who never dwelt in Aman (= Úmanyar) (WJ:373). Sg. #Úmanel, #Úmaneld-.

úmanyar

those not of aman

Úmanyar pl. noun "those not of Aman", Eldar that did not reach Aman, sc. Sindar and Nandor _(SA:mān). _Sg. #Úmanya.Also Úamanyar.

úmë

great collection or crowd of things of same sort

úmë (2) "great collection or crowd of things of same sort" (a struck-out note gave the rejected gloss "largeness") (VT48:32), "throng, great concourse of things without order" (PE17:115). Compare úvë.

úmëa

evil

úmëa (2) adj. "evil" (UGU/UMU). Obsoleted by #1 above? Possibly connected to úmëai in Narqelion, if that is a "Qenya" plural form.

únat

thing impossible to be or to be done

únat noun "a thing impossible to be or to be done" (VT39:26) Cf. ú- and nat.

úner

noman

Úner noun "Noman" (UT:211)

úpahtëa

speechless

úpahtëa adj. "speechless" (synonym of úpa, q.v.) (PE17:126)

úr

fire

úr noun "fire" (UR)This stem was struck out in Etym, but a word that must be derived from it occurs in LotR, so it seems that Tolkien restored it. Early "Qenya" also has Ûr, noun "the Sun" (also Úri, Úrinci ("k"), Urwen) (LT1:271). Cf. Úri.

úra

large

úra (2) adj. "large" (UR), probably obsoleted by #1 above

úra

evil, nasty

úra (1) adj. "evil, nasty" (VT43:24, VT48:32)

úrimë

heat

Úrimë (in some editions Urimë, but this seems to be an error; cf. úrë "heat") noun, name of the eighth month of the year, "August" (Appendix D, SA:ur-, UT:302)

úrin

blazing hot

úrin adj. "blazing hot" (LT1:271)

úro

evil

úro noun "evil" (VT43:24); Tolkien may have abandoned this form in favour of ulco, q.v.

úruva

fiery

úruva adj. "fiery" (from UR; this stem was struck out in Etym, but several words that must be derived from it occur in LotR, so it seems that Tolkien restored it. The word úruva also occurred in early "Qenya"; in LT1:271 it is glossed "like fire".)

úrë

heat

úrë noun "heat", also name of tengwa #36 (Appendix E)

úsir

on the contrary

úsir adv. "on the contrary", a form Tolkien may have abandoned in favor of úsië (VT49:18)

úsië

on the contrary

úsië adv. "on the contrary" (VT49:8, 35). Cf. lasi.

úva

will not

úva (1) vb. "will not", future tense of a negative verb (present/aorist tense úyë?) in Fíriel's Song. Compare #úva as the future tense of the negative verb ua- (q.v.) in a later source (PE17:144, where the verb is cited with a 1st person sg. ending: úvan).

úva-

impend, be imminent

úva- (2) vb. "impend, be imminent" "nearly always in a bad sense: threaten (to come) ", as in hrívë úva véna "winter is drawing near to us" (VT49:14)

úvië

considering a matter (with a view to decision)

úvië noun "considering a matter (with a view to decision)" _(VT48:32) _Not to be confused with the plural form of úvëa.

úyë

is

úyë vb., a form occurring in Fíriel's Song (cf. VT46:22), apparently ye "is" with the negative prefix ú-, hence "is not" (úyë sérë indo-ninya símen, translated "my hearth resteth not here", literally evidently *"[there] is not rest [for] my heart here")

ui-

verb. to not be, to not do

úlumë

adverb. ever, at all times (in a series or period)

úra

adjective. nasty

úsir

conjunction. on the contrary

úsië

conjunction. on the contrary

úvië

noun. pondering, consideration, pondering, consideration, [ᴹQ.] considering a matter (with a view to decision)

ua-

verb. to not be, to not do

ulcarindo

noun. *sinner

ulco

noun. evil

urra

adjective. bad

uxarë

noun. doing wrong, doing wrong, *misdeed

úcar-

verb. *to trespass, do wrong, sin

úcarindo

noun. *sinner

úcarnë

adjective. not red

úcarë

noun. *sin, debt, trespass

úfantima

adjective. not concealable

úma-

verb. to teem

úmárë

noun. not good = evil

úna

?. *it is not

únat

noun. thing impossible to be or to be done

únehta

noun. *atom

úro

noun. *evil, nastiness

ulo

noun. rain

urra

adjective. nasty, bad

uscarë

noun. doing wrong

úfantuma

adjective. not concealable

úr

noun. heat

úva

verb. impend, be imminent, threaten (to come)

úvie

noun. pondering, consideration

úyalë

noun. twilight

húvanimor

húvanimor

[húvanimor, see úvanimo]

lumenyárë

history, chronological account

lumenyárë noun "history, chronological account" (NAR2 - read *lúmenyárë?) According to VT45:36, the manuscript spelling actually seems to be lumennyáre, but Hostetter and Wynne conclude that this is "probably a slip": The double nn would be difficult to justify.

lúmequenta

history, chronological account

lúmequenta ("q")noun "history, chronological account" (LU)

álamë tulya úsahtienna

[and] lead us not into temptation

The ninth line of Átaremma, Tolkien’s Quenya translation of the Lord’s Prayer. The first word Álamë is a combination of the negative imperative particle ála “not” and the pronoun me “us”. It is followed by the aorist form of the verb tulya “lead” and the allative form úsahtienna “into temptation” of the noun úsahtië “temptation”. Thus, Álamë tulya úsahtienna is more literally “✱imperative-not-us lead temptation-into”. In the final version of the phrase, there is no Quenya element representing the English word “and”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> á-la-më tulya úsahtie-nna = “✱do-not-us lead temptation-into”

Conceptual Development: The word ar “and” appears only in version I of the prayer. It was omitted from all later versions for unknown reasons.

The earliest version used a different negative imperative particle úa (I-IIa). Versions IIa-IV also suffixed the pronominal element lye “you (polite)” to the imperative element, as was also the case in line 6 of the prayer. In all early versions of the prayer (I-IV), the object pronoun me appeared after the verb.

The early versions (I-IV) used a different verb mittanya- for “lead”. Tolkien considered several words for “temptation”: terfantië (I deleted) and terpellië (I-IIa), insangarë and sahtië (V deleted), before settling on úsahtië (V-VI). All appear with the allative suffix -nna: “(in)to temptation”.

| |  I  |IIa|IIb|III|IV|V|VI| |ar| | |{úna >>}|úa|úalye|alalye|Álalye|Álame| |mittanya|tulya| |{men >>}|me| | |{terfantie >>}|terpellienna|insangarenna|{sahtienna >>} úsahtienna|

au-

without

au- (3) privative prefix, = "without" (AWA)

hu-

verb. hu-

[hu- or hú-, negative prefix (VT45:17); Tolkien settled on ú- instead.]

luxo

mud

luxo (luxu-) noun "mud" (QL:56)

púlima

adjective. pourable, liquid

An adjective in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969, indicating the existence of a verbal root ✱√PUL “pour”, as opposed to the more usual √UL. This is the only sign of such a root.

cúma

noun. [unglossed]

þúna

?. [unglossed]

naue

?. [unglossed]

aunotë(a)

adjective. not counted, uncounted

auvanëa

adjective. without beauty

allumë

adverb. never, never, *at no time, [ᴹQ.] at no date

An adverb for “never” appearing in drafts of the Löa Yucainen poem of the 1950s (CPT/1297), probably a combination of the negative prefix al(a)- with lúmë “time”.

Conceptual Development: Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/111), also had ᴹQ. allume, but in that document it was glossed “at no date” and had a variant láqallume with prefixal láqa- (PE23/109, PE23/110 note #121). This document also had ᴹQ. allan “never” and {aláqan, láqan(an) >>} lálan, allanan “at no time”, combinations of ᴹQ. alla “none” and ᴹQ. -n(an) “time” (PE23/109 and note #114). Drafts had {lá >>} alla “never, at no time” (PE23/110 note #121).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would stick with Q. allumë for “never”, since I believe ᴹQ. -n(an) has abandoned.

-úmë

large

-úmë (3) suffix "large" (of quantity)", as in liyúmë "host" (VT48:32)

andúna

western

andúna adj. "western" (PE17:18)

hum-

not to do

[#hum- vb. "not to do" (cited as 1st person aorist: humin "I do not"; pa.t. húmë. (VT45:17). See #um-.]

húna-

howl

[húna- 2) vb. "howl" (VT46:6)]

lúmequentalë

history

lúmequentalë ("q")noun "history" (LU, KWET). According to VT45:29, the accent marking the ú as a long vowel is actually missing in the entry LU in Tolkien's original Etymologies manuscript; yet it is apparently included both in the entry KWET and in the related words lúmequenta and lúmequentalëa; its omission in the entry LU is therefore probably just a slip.

númenya

western

númenya adj. "western" (NDŪ)

núna

western

núna adj. "western" (PE17:18), compare the element #nún- "west(ern)" in certain compounds, such as Núnatani and Nunduinë, q.v. (in the latter word, ú is apparently shortened as u before a consonant cluster). Compare númen.

yualë

twilight

yualë noun "twilight" (KAL). Also yúcalë. Cf. yúyal.

yúcalë

twilight

yúcalë ("k")noun "twilight" (KAL, VT45:13). Also yualë.

yúyal

twilight

yúyal noun "twilight" (PE17:169); cf. yualë, yúcalë, q.v.

linqui

wet

linqui ("q")adj. "wet" (MC:216; Tolkien's later Quenya has linquë.)

linquë

wet

linquë ("q") (1) adj. "wet" _(LINKWI). In early "Qenya", this word was glossed "water" (LT1:262)_, and "wet" was linqui or liquin, q.v.

liquin

wet

liquin ("q")adj. "wet" (LT1:262; Tolkien's later Quenya has linquë.)

lucassë

debt, trespass

#lucassë noun "debt, trespass" (VT43:19, attested in the pl. with a pronominal suffix: lucassemmar "our trespasses")

lucië

debt, trespass

#lucië noun "debt, trespass" (VT43:19, attested in the pl. with a pronominal suffix: luciemmar "our trespasses")

luhta

debt, trespass

[#luhta (3) noun "debt, trespass" (VT43:19, attested in the pl. form luhtar, but deleted by Tolkien)]

manaquenta

blessed

manaquenta adj. "blessed" (VT44:10; see manquë, manquenta)

manquë

blessed

manquë, manquenta adj. "blessed" (VT44:10-11; it cannot be ruled out that manquë spelt manque in the source is simply an uncompleted form of manquenta. Whatever the case, Tolkien decided to use the form manaquenta instead, q.v.)

munta

nothing

munta pron. "nothing" (PE14:81)

rauca

demon

rauca ("k")noun "demon" (PE17:48). Variant of rauco, q.v.

ruinë

fire, a blaze

ruinë noun "a fire, a blaze" (PE17:183). Compare nárë.

andúna

adjective. western

núna

adjective. western

yúyal

noun. twilight

rauca

noun. demon

arauco

noun. demon

únirna

 adverb/adjective. spontaneous, unforced, vouluntary

Parts
ú-	“not-, negative prefix”
nir-	“press, thrust, force (in a given direction)”
-na	passive participle suffix

Depending on the age of the formation, úninda might be possible as well, restoring the d of its primitive Elvish root √NID, which became r between vowels in Quenya, but survives in the combination -nd-. This is illustarted by the past tense forms of nir-: archaic †ninden was eventually reformed to nirnen.

úhwalda

adjective. unwashed

A neologism for “unwashed” coined by Gilruin posted on 2024-10-10 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a negative form of ᴺQ. hwalda “washed” based on Q. hwal- “wash” published within PE23 in 2024. Helge Fauskanger instead had ᴺQ. alasóvina in his NQNT (NQNT) based on ᴱQ. sovo- “wash”, but that word was coined before the publication of hwal- “wash”.

úpartalë

noun. unorder, *disorder

A neologism coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT), a negation of a noun form ᴺQ. partalë “order” of his verb ᴺQ. parta- “to arrange, order”.

úfailië

noun. unrighteousness

úhandë

noun. unreason, incomprehension

úpoica

adjective. unclean

útancië

noun. uncertainty

útúrima

adjective. unruly

úharin Reconstructed

adjective. unmarred

únut-

verb. to untie

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo, a negation of [ᴹQ.] nut- “to tie”. Helge Fauskanger had ᴺQ. avanut- for “untie” in his NQNT (NQNT), but the prefix ava- means refusal or forbiddance, so I think the connotation is wrong.

úrisen

noun. temperature, (lit.) heat-state

A neologism for “temperature” coined by Luinyelle posted on 2025-03-10 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of úrë (úri-) “heat” and sendë “state”, so more literally “heat-state”.

úrunda

adjective. gruff, unpolished

A neologism for “gruff” coined by Arael posted on 2025-01-26 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a negated form of runda “polished”, so more literally “unpolished”.

úcarunqua

adjective. sinful

úhep-

verb. to lose, (lit.) to un-keep

úlaita-

verb. to dishonour

úlaitima

adjective. disgraceful, dishonourable

únet-

verb. to lose, (lit.) to un-get

úpuhtië

noun. adultery

ú pusto

immediately, at once, (lit.) without pause

úlévima

adjective. paralyzed, lame

A neologism for “paralyzed” coined by Helge Fauskanger in his NQNT (NQNT), a combination of ú- “not”, [ᴺQ.] lev- “move” and the suffix -ima “-able”, hence “✱not able to move”. Fauskanger sometimes used this word for “lame” as well, but I’d use lalevítë for “lame” instead.

únomë

pronoun. nowhere

A neologism posted by Vyacheslav Stepanov on 2023-08-21 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of ú- “no-” and nómë “place”. This word has be in general use for some time.

úperima

adjective. indivisible

A neologism for “indivisible” from the NQW, a combination of the negative prefix ú- with an adjective form of ᴹ√PER “divide in middle, halve”, so more literally “unhalveable”.

útulma

noun. accident, (lit.) bad-event

A neologism coined by Luinyelle posted on 2024-01-31 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of [ᴹQ.] tulma “victory” with the negative prefix ú- “bad, uneasy, hard”.

úcarindë

noun. sinner (f.)

úcim-

verb. disregard

úhandëa

adjective. witless

úhepië

noun. loss

úlanwa

noun/adjective. infinity, infinite

úmaia

noun. demon, devil

úoio

adverb. never

úpuhta-

verb. to fornicate

úpuhtalë

noun. fornication

úqua

pronoun. nothing

úquen

pronoun. nobody, no one

úrin

adjective. (blazing) hot

úruva

adjective. fiery, [ᴱQ.] like fire

úsahtando

noun. tempter

útulya-

verb. to mislead

útulyando

noun. deceiver, (lit.) mis-leader

úcénima

adjective. invisible

alahasta

adjective. unmarred

A word for “unmarred” in one of the names for “Arda Unmarred”, Arda Alahasta (MR/254). It is a negation of hasta- “mar”. There was a similar word úχarin “unmarred” as a negation of χarina from around this time marked “A.”, perhaps meaning it was Ancient Quenya (PE17/150). The modern form would be ✱úharin. These words might be related if they are derived from a root ✱√KHAS.

alahasta

unmarred

alahasta adj. "unmarred" (MR:254)

avanut-

verb. to untie

hrupuhta-

verb. to fornicate

A neologism for “fornicate” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT), a combination of puhta- “to have sex” with the prefix hru- “evil”, hence = “to have evil/improper sex”. Elsewhere Fauskanger used ᴺQ. úpuhta- for “fornicate” with the prefix ú-, but since that is usually just a negative prefix (hence = “not sex”), I prefer hrupuhta-.

hrupuhtië

noun. fornication

A neologism for “fornication” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT), a noun form of hrupuhta- “to fornicate”. Elsewhere Fauskanger used ᴺQ. úpuhtalë for “fornication” with the prefix ú-, but since that is usually just a negative prefix (hence = “not sex”), I prefer hrupuhtië.

miru

noun. wine

alaquen

pronoun. nobody, no one

alquen

pronoun. nobody, no one

-na

no longer part of verbal conjugation

-na (4), ending used to form passive participles as well as some adjectives and nouns; see -ina. According to PE17:68, the ending -na was "no longer part of verbal conjugation"; the derived words are thus considered independent adjectives (sometimes nouns) rather than regularly derived passive participles, the obvious etymological connection to certain verbal stems notwithstanding. Where adding the ending to a root would produce the combinations tn, pn, kn (cn), metathesis occurs to produce nt, (np >) mp, nc, as in nanca *"slain" for older ¤ndakna, or hampa "restrained, delayed, kept" vs. the root KHAP "retain, keep, detain". Following -l, the suffix -na turns into -da, as in yulda "draught, the amount drunk" for older yulna (this being an example of a noun being derived with this ending, though Tolkien might also explain yulda as containing a distinct ending -da [q.v.] denoting the result of a verbal action). The word *turúna "mastered" (q.v., only attested in elided form turún) would seem to be a passive participle formed from the verb turu- "master" (PE17:113), suggesting that in the case of U-stem verbs, their final -u is lengthened to ú when -na is added.

Anar

sun

Anar noun "Sun" (ANÁR, NAR1, SA:nár; UT:22 cf. 51); anar "a sun" (Markirya); Anarinya "my Sun" (FS). See also ceuranar, Úr-anar. (According to VT45:6, Tolkien in the Etymologies mentioned anar "sun" as the name of the short vowel carrier of the Tengwar writing system; it would be the first letter if anar is written in Quenya mode Tengwar.) Compounded in the masc. name Anárion "Sun-son" (Isildur's brother, also the Númenorean king Tar-Anárion, UT:210); also in Anardil "Sun-friend" (Appendix A), a name also occurring in the form Anardilya with a suffix of endearment (UT:174, 418). Anarya noun second day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the Sun (Appendix D). Anarríma name of a constellation: *"Sun-border"??? (Silm; cf. ríma)

anar

noun. Sun

Anar is the most common Quenya name for the Sun and was derived from primitive ✶Anār, an augmented form of the root √NAR “fire” (Let/425; PE17/38; Ety/ANÁR; SD/302, 306). In the uninflected form the long vowel shortens as usual in final syllables, but its stem form is probably Anár- as with the name Anárion (LotR/1044) and the plural coranári of coranar “sun-round” (PM/126). When suffixes with consonant clusters are added, however, the á shortens such as with Anarinya “my Sun” (LR/72).

Conceptual Development: This term appeared in Silmarillion drafts of the 1930s with the gloss “Heart of Flame” (LR/240) and as ᴹQ. Anar “sun” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, already with the derivation given above (Ety/ANÁR, NAR¹).

ar

conjunction. and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but

The word ar was the Quenya word for “and” for much of Tolkien’s life. It was related to (and originally identical with) Q. ar(a) “beside” (PE17/70). The word ar was always used between sentences, but in sets of items sometimes yo and ta were used instead.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s ᴱQ. ar(a) was glossed “but” under the early root ᴱ√ƷARA “spread, extend sideways” (QL/32). In this earliest period the word for “and” was ᴱQ. ya(n) (QL/104). By the end of the 1920s when Tolkien composed the Nieninqe and Earendil poems, he consistently translated ar as “and” (MC/216; PE16/100). The translation “but” reappeared in a few phrases from the 1940s (PE22/124; PE23/74), but it is not clear if these were genuine shifts in meaning or loose translations.

By the time Tolkien wrote The Etymologies of the 1930s, ᴹQ. ar “and” was derived from the root ᴹ√AR “beside, outside” (Ety/AR²). This seems to have remained the case up through most of the 1950s, with the possible exception of a couple phrases in the 1930s where Tolkien used a “and” instead (LR/61, 72). In this period the usual Noldorin/Sindarin word for “and” was also ar.

At some point while writing drafts of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien decided that the Sindarin word for “and” should a in the famous phrase pedo mellon a minno “speak, friend, and enter”. His motivations for this change are unclear, but he noticed the problem in notes written between the first and second edition of The Lord of the Rings, saying “a·Berhael. ‘And’ cannot therefore be [derived from] arĭ!” (PE17/102). From this point forward, Tolkien considered two possible roots serving as the basis for “and”: √AD(A) and √AS, both meaning “beside” (PE17/145; VT48/25). Of the two, Tolkien appears to have settled on √AS, which appeared in a few different notes from 1968 (VT47/31; VT48/25).

Assimilations: In the notes written between both the 1st and 2nd edition of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien consider what kind of assimilations ar might have before consonants if it were derived from √AS or √AD (PE17/41). For √AS it became a before the consonants f, h, hw, hy, became as before t, k, p, q, s, and became al before l. For √AD it became a before the consonants n, m, became as before s, and became al before l. In notes from around 1964 Tolkien said:

> It is not necessary here to specify all the assimilations that could have occurred at these different stages, since in fact few have left traces in the forms of “and” ... Later after development to ar, only as survived as an occasional form before t, and as the usual form before s (of any origin); while al appeared before l. But in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases, though the pronunciation of ar-s, ar-l as as-s, al-l remained usual (PE17/71).

In this particular discussion, ar as derived from √AD. However, the system Tolkien described was that all the older assimilations were abandoned, and the only ones that survived were based on later assimilations involved r of any origin: rs > ss and rl > ll. These sound shifts only affected pronunciation, not spelling. Thus the same arguments would be apply if ar was derived from √AS.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would write ar “and” in all cases, and would assume it was derived from derived from √AS, but would further assume that the Tarquesta pronunciations before s and l were as-s, al-l.

car-

verb. to do, make, to do, make, [ᴹQ.] build

Car- is the Quenya verb for “do, make”, derived from the root √KAR of the same meaning, and was very well established in Tolkien’s mind. ᴱQ. karin “I do, make” dates back all the way to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/45), and appeared regularly in Tolkien’s writings thereafter. Tolkien frequently used car- in examples of conjugating basic verbs, so the inflections of car- are pretty representative of Tolkien’s evolving notations of the Quenya verb system.

The English verb “do” has many specialized functions, such as in the formation of questions like “do you want to go?”. Quenya car- does not share many of those functions. Quenya car- serves as a “generic action” verb, in some sense acting like verbal pronoun, which can be substituted for a more specific verb. For example, in phrases like A carnë ta yallë B (carnë) “A did that as / like B (did)” (PE17/74) or ecuva nin carë sa nöa “I may do that tomorrow” (VT49/20), the verb car- is a placeholder for the specific action done, in the same way that ta and sa is a pronominal placeholder for the action as a noun.

The English verb “do” often requires a generic object like “it”, but that is not the case for Quenya car-: consider English “don’t do it” [with object] vs. Quenya áva carë [without object] (WJ/371) or the Quenya phrase á carë ancárië “try harder” (PE17/94), more literally “✱do [it] with more doing”. When car- has a specific direct object, it generally has the sense “make” or “build”, as in ma caruvalwë ohta “shall we make war” (PE22/161) or i carir quettar ómainen “those who form [make] words with voices” (WJ/391).

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien had ᴹQ. karin “I make, build” under the root ᴹ√KAR {“make, do” >>} “make, build, construct” (Ety/KAR), and in this period kar- was more often glossed “make” rather than “do”, such as in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948. It could be that in the 1930s and 40s this verb was more limited in sense than it was earlier and later.

arien

feminine name. Maiden of the Sun

The Maiden of the Sun who guided the solar orb through the heavens after it was created (S/99). Her name is likely a compound of árë “sunlight” and the feminine suffix -ien.

Conceptual Development: When she first appeared, this character’s name was ᴱQ. Urwen(di) “Sun-maiden” (LT1/179, LT1A/Urwen), combining the early name of the Sun, ᴱQ. Ûr, with ᴱQ. wen(di) “maiden”. Her name was later revised to ᴹQ. Úrien (SM/97, SM/170) >> ᴹQ. Árien (SM/99, 168) >> ᴹQ. Arien (LR/243, Ety/AR¹).

In later writings, the name sometimes appeared with the long Á (PE17/148, MR/376) but usually had a short A, and this is the form appearing in the later drafts and published versions of The Silmarillion (MR/136, 198; S/99). In his late notes on the cosmology of Middle-earth, Tolkien consider numerous variant forms for this name: Áren, Ār(i), Ārië, Āzië and even a (rejected) masculine form Auron (MR/376, 380), but none of these variants appeared in the narratives. The early form Úrien also briefly reappeared in some linguistic note from the 1950s (PE21/86).

felehta-

verb. [unglossed], *to excavate, tunnel, mine

An untranslated form appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 derived from the root √PHELEG/PHELEK (PE17/118), possibly a verb derived from ✱phelektā- or ✱phelegtā-. The derivatives of this root had to do with mines and tunnels, so perhaps this verb meant “✱to excavate, tunnel, mine”.

not-

verb. to count, to count, [ᴹQ.] reckon

A verb for “count” (PE17/63), most notable as an element in the adjective únótima “numberless, countless, (lit.) uncountable” from the phrase yéni únótimë ve rámar aldaron “long years numberless as the wings of trees” in the Namárië “poem” (LotR/377). In The Etymologies of the 1930s ᴹQ. not- was glossed “reckon” and was derived from the root ᴹ√NOT “count, reckon” (Ety/NOT).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use the verb not- primarily in the sense “count”, and for “reckon” I would use onot-.

sahta

adjective. marred, marred, *hurt

An adjective for “marred” in notes from the late 1950s (MR/405), possible related to the verb ᴹQ. sak- “hurt” from the 1940s (PE22/93).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would assume this adjective could also mean “✱hurt”.

tompë

noun. [unglossed], *pulse, beat

@@@ Neo-meaning “✱pulse, beat” suggested by Röandil on 2023-04-20

-enca

without, -less

-enca suffix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. nec-, q.v.

Calaventë

sun

Calaventë _("k")_noun "Sun" (LT1:254)

Calavénë

sun

Calavénë _("k")_noun "Sun" (lit. "light-vessel", "light-dish") (LT1:254)

Ellairë

summer

Ellairë alternative name of June (PM:135); evidently incorporating lairë "summer"; the el- part is probably an assimilated form of er-, an element meaning one or first, June being the first summer month.

Maia

the beautiful

Maia pl. Maiar noun "the Beautiful" (MR:49), the lesser (= non-Vala) Ainur that entered Eä. Variant Máya in VT42:13/VT47:18, pl. Máyar in PM:363, 364 and VT47:18 (possibly, Máya is to be understood as the older form of Maia). With negative prefix ú- also Úmaiar, Maiar who became evil and followed Melkor, such as Balrogs (MR:79, "Umaiar", MR:165).

Narsil

sun

Narsil (Þ) noun the sword of Elendil, compound of the stems seen in Anar "Sun" and Isil "Moon"; see Letters:425 for etymology

Vanimo

the beautiful

Vanimo (pl. Vanimor given), noun "the beautiful", children of the Valar (BAN), or "fair folk" = (men and) elves (UGU/UMU, VT45:17). Negated úvanimor = "monsters".

ar-

outside

ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17), "by" (PE17:169; in the same source the glosses "near, by, beside" were rejected). Cf. ara.

ara

outside, beside, besides

ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, besides" (AR2, VT49:57). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë "he is out", VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni > arni "beside me", astyë "beside you" (informal), allë "besides you" (formal), arsë "beside him/her", plural anwë > armë "beside us" (exclusive), arwë "beside us" (inclusive), astë > ardë "beside you" (plural), astë > artë "beside them"; dual anwet > armet "beside us (two)". (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-.) The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence "beside the" (VT49:24-25)

asta-

to heat, bake (by exposure to sun)

asta- (2) vb. "to heat, bake (by exposure to sun)" (PE17:148)

ava

outside, beyond

ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)

ava-

without

ava- (3) prefix "without" (AR2, AWA). In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" (q.v.)

avanótë

without number, numberless

avanótë adj. "without number, numberless" (AWA, AR2, VT49:36)

etsë

outside, exterior

etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)

ettë

outside

ettë noun(and/or adv.?) "outside" (ET)

holmë

odour

[holmë] noun "odour" (ÑOL; according to VT46:6, Tolkien struck out the initial h-, thus changing the word to olmë)

il-

verb. no, *un-

il- (prefix) "no, *un-" (LA); cf. ilfirin "immortal" (vs. firin "dead"). This prefix "denotes the opposite, the reversal, i.e. more than the mere negation" (VT42:32). But il- can also mean "all, every"; see ilaurëa, ilqua, ilquen.

lairë

summer

lairë (1) noun "summer" (Letters:283, VT45:26), in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 72 days, but also used without any exact definition (Appendix D). Oiolairë "Eversummer", name of a tree (UT:167), see also Coron Oiolairë. Lairelossë noun *"Summer-snow", name of a tree (UT:167), perhaps with white flowers.

linda

fair, beautiful

linda adj. "fair, beautiful" (of sound) (SLIN, LIND; VT45:27), "soft, gentle, light" (PE16:96), "beautiful, sweet, melodious of sound" (PE17:150); for Linda as a noun, see Lindar.

nec-

without, -less

nec- prefix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. -enca, q.v.

ní

beneath, not touching, under

ní (3) prep. "beneath, not touching, under" (PE17:95)

nótima

countable

nótima adj. "countable" (PE17:68, 172), negated únótima "uncountable", q.v.

olmë

odour

olmë noun "odour" (changed by Tolkien from holmë, VT46:6)

onna

creature

onna noun "creature" (ONO), "child" (PE17:170), also translated "child" in the plural compound Aulëonnar "Children of Aulë", a name of the Dwarves (PM:391), and apparently also used = "child" in the untranslated sentence nai amanya onnalya ter coivierya ("k") "be it that your child [will be] blessed thoughout his/her life" (VT49:41). The form onya (q.v.), used as a vocative "my child", is perhaps shortened from *onnanya.

pen

without, not having

[pen prep. "without, not having" (PE17:171). Cf. Ú #1.]

sahta-

induce

#sahta- (þ) vb. "induce", apparently primarily in negative sense: *"tempt, seduce". Compare the gerund or abstract noun sahtië (þ) "pressure or force (to do something against one's will or conscience)" (VT43:22-23; also compare úsahtië.)

voro

ever, continually

voro, voro- adv. "ever, continually" (BOR, Narqelion) Compare vor. (Focusing on the gloss "continually", post-Tolkien writers have sometimes used voro for "still, yet", but for this sense the term en is available.) The variants vora, vorë were used for "always" in drafts for a Quenya version of the Sub Tuum Praesidium, but Tolkien eventually replaced such forms with the unrelated word illumë (VT44:9). Compare vórë, vórëa.

-ō, -ŏ

suffix. masculine

masculine

lairë

noun. summer

-on

suffix. masculine suffix

amya-

verb. [unglossed]

arra

adjective. [unglossed]

cairë

?. [unglossed]

conta-

verb. [unglossed]

felca

adjective. [unglossed]

finca

noun. [unglossed]

hendas

?. [unglossed]

hindo

noun. [unglossed]

hindë

noun. [unglossed]

holdë

noun. [unglossed]

háro

?. [unglossed]

lala-

verb. to laugh

lanotoitë

adjective. innumerable

maitya

?. [unglossed]

malsa

?. [unglossed]

melya-

verb. [unglossed], *to be in love

nec-

prefix. without

sal-

verb. [unglossed]

sélo

?. [unglossed]

sóla

?. [unglossed]

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

tomba

noun. [unglossed]

éna

?. [unglossed]

hríva

place name. [unglossed]

laire

noun. summer

lanotoite

adjective. innumerable

lingi-

verb. [unglossed]

máriel

feminine name. [unglossed]

níva

?. [unglossed]

-ië

suffix. is

-ië (3) "is", -ier "are", stative verb suffix occurring in Fíriel's Song: númessier "they are in the west", meldielto "they are...beloved", talantië "he is fallen", márië "it is good" (< *númessë "in the west", melda "beloved", *talanta "fallen"); future tense -iéva in hostainiéva "will be gathered" (< *hostaina "gathered"). Compare ye "is", yéva "will be", verbs that also occur in Fíriel's Song. This suffix is probably not valid in LotR-style Quenya: -ië is an infinitival or gerundial ending in CO, for ye "is" Namárië has ná, and the phrase "lost is" is vanwa ná, not *vanwië.

aman

blessed, free from evil

aman adj. "blessed, free from evil". Adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:399), though in other versions Tolkien cited an Elvish etymology (cf. VT49:26-27). Place-name Aman the Blessed Realm, from the stem mān- "good, blessed, unmarred" (SA:mān), translated "Unmarred State" (VT49:26). Allative Amanna (VT49:26). Adj. amanya "of Aman, Amanian" (WJ:411), nominal pl. Amanyar "those of Aman", Elves dwelling there (with negations Úamanyar, Alamanyar "those not of Aman"). Also fuller Amaneldi noun "Aman-elves" (WJ:373).Masc. name Amandil *"Aman-friend" (Appendix A, SA:mān), the father of Elendil; also name of the Númenorean king Tar-Amandil (UT:210).

alasóvina

adjective. unwashed

loxo

noun. mud

manya

noun. butter

carda

noun. deed, deed, *action

Quenya noun for a “deed”, a combination of the verb car- “to do” and the verbal suffix -da used for the product of an action (PE17/51; PE22/152), thus literally “✱a thing done” = “✱action”.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor of this word is ᴱQ. karma “shape, fashion; act, deed” in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s of similar derivation (QL/45). ᴱQ. ká “deed, act, fact” also appeared in that document, derived from a different root ᴱ√KAHA cause” (QL/43). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the word appeared as ᴹQ. kar (kard-) “deed” in a draft version for the entry of the root ᴹ√KAR “do, make”, but this word was revised to ᴹQ. kar (kard-) “building” when Tolkien decided the root meaning was only “make, build, construct” and not “do” (Ety/KAR), a decision he later reversed. The form karma “deed” also appeared in some later writings, but was rejected (PE22/138).

hastaina

adjective. marred

A word appearing as hastaina “marred” in notes towards the end of the 1950s in the name Arda Hastaina “Arda Marred” (MR/254), apparently the passive participle of a verb hasta- “mar”. There was a similar word χarina “marred” from around this time marked “A.”, perhaps meaning it was Ancient Quenya (PE17/150). The modern form would be ✱harina. These words might be related if they are derived from a root ✱√KHAS.

hyero

noun. wine

A word for “wine” appearing in notes on the Common Eldarin Article (CEA) from 1969, derived from primitive ✶syeru (PE23/139).

lacaraitë

adjective. impossible, *inactive; impossible

A word appearing as {alákăraite >>} lắkăraite “impossible” in rough notes within Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS), a negated form of karaite (PE22/156). The unnegated adjective was elsewhere glossed “active, busy” (PE22/155).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I think it is safer to assume this adjective means “✱inactive”, and that “impossible” is [ᴺQ.] lacárima, the negative form of cárima “possible”.

mat-

verb. to eat

The verb for “to eat” derived from the root √MAT of the same meaning (VT39/7).

Conceptual Development: This verb and root are quite well established, dating all the way back to ᴱQ. mat- and ᴱ√MATA of the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/59) and appearing as ᴹQ. mat- and ᴹ√MAT in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/MAT), as well as numerous other places albeit with occasional variants like mata- (PE12/26). This verb was one Tolkien often used in examples of verb conjugations and as such its inflected forms changed considerably over time, but that is more a topic of the evolution of the Quenya verb system itself.

nat

noun. thing, thing, [ᴹQ.] object

The usual Quenya noun for “thing” derived from the root √NĀ “be, exist” (VT49/30, Ety/NĀ²), so perhaps prehistorically simply “a thing that is”. Its plural form nati is indirectly attested in the plural únati of its (strong) negation únat “a thing impossible to be or to be done” (VT39/26).

Conceptual Development: This word is well established in Tolkien’s writings, appearing all the way back in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s (QL/64). In its earliest iteration, its stem form was natt- and its plural was natsi, where [[eq|[ti] became [tsi]]] as was the usual pattern in Early Qenya. The word reappear in texts and notes from the 1920s (PE14/43, 72; PE15/32, 68, 78). In one early dictionary entry it was glossed more generally as “affair, matter, thing”, but this entry was deleted (PE15/68); in other early writings the word for “affair” was given as ᴱQ. natto (QL/64). The word reappeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s with a simplified stem form nat- given its Noldorin equivalent N. nad (Ety/NĀ²). The word appeared again in the late 1960s in notes associated with Q. ná- “to be”, where it was given the primitive form ✶năta (VT49/30).

ná-

verb. to be, to be, [ᴱQ.] exist

The basic Quenya verb for “to be”, based on the root √NĀ (PE17/93). It was typically used as the copula equating a noun to another noun or an adjective:

> √NA joining adjs./nouns/pronouns in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have a certain quality, or to be the same as another (PE22/147).

In many circumstances this verb was optional:

> As a copula “be, is” is not usually expressed in Quenya where the meaning is clear: sc. in such expressions as “A is good” where the adjective (contrary to the usual order in Quenya of a qualifying adjective) follows: the normal Quenya for this is A mára (PE17/93).

For further discussion see the entry on the Quenya copula.

Conceptual Development: This verb dates back all the way to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where it was given as the early root ᴱ√NĀ “be, exist” (QL/64). This verb and its root appeared regularly throughout Tolkien’s writings thereafter, but at times Tolkien considered alternative verbs for “to be”; see the entry ëa- for further discussion.

náma

noun. thing

A word for a “thing” in notes from 1969, likely a combination of ná- “be” and the instrumental suffix -ma, appearing in the phrase eleni námaron anírime “stars are the most beautiful of (created) things”. In the translation of the phrase Tolkien put a parenthetical “created” before the gloss “things”, but I don’t think he intended to imply that this was part of the meaning of the word, but rather a sense omitted from the Quenya phrase.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would stick to the better attested nat “thing”.

sintamo

noun. smith

A word specifically for a “[metal] smith” based on primitive ✶sinkitamo, as opposed to more generic tamo “smith, ✱builder” which can refer to a variety of craftsman (PE17/107-108). Its initial element seems to be a restoration of ᴱQ. sink “mineral, metal, gem” from the 1910s (QL/83), and might be related to Q. sinca “flint”. If so, this word may have originally meant “✱mineral smith”, perhaps referring to the extraction of metal from minerals.

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. tongar “smith”, apparently an agental form ᴱQ. tonga “great hammer” under the early root ᴱ√TOŊO, so more literally “✱hammerer” and thus likely referring to metal smithing (QL/94).

#terpellië

temptation

#terpellië noun "temptation" (allative terpellienna attested, VT43:8, 9); Tolkien may have abandoned this form in favour of úsahtië, q.v.

-ima

fair

-ima adjectival suffix. Sometimes it is used to derive simple adjectives, like vanima "fair" or calima "bright"; it can also take on the meaning "-able" (PE17:68), as in mátima "edible" (mat- "eat"), nótima "countable" (not- "count") and (with a negative prefix) úquétima "unspeakable" (from quet- "speak"). Note that the stem-vowel is normally lengthened in the derivatives where -ima means "-able", though this fails to occur in cenima "visible" (q.v., but contrast hraicénima, q.v.) and also before a consonant cluster as in úfantima "not concealable" (PE17:176). "X-ima" may mean "apt to X" (when the ending is added to an intransitive verbal stem), as in Fírimar "mortals", literally "those apt to die" (WJ:387). The adj. úfantima "not concealable" (PE17:176) also appears as úfantuma (PE17:180), indicating the existence of a variant ending -uma (possibly used to derive adjectives with a "bad" meaning; compare the ending *-unqua next to -inqua, q.v.)

-yë

conjunction. and

-yë (4) conj. "and" as a suffix added to the second of a pair, as Menel Cemenyë "Heaven and Earth" (VT47:30, 31, VT49:25). Other "pairs" are mentioned as examples but not actually translated into Quenya by Tolkien: Sun and Moon (*Anar Isilyë), Land and Sea (*Nór Eäryë), fire and water (*nárë nenyë, or *úr nenyë).

Alamanya

alamanya

#Alamanya pl. Alamanyar noun, name of the Elves who started on the march from Cuiviénen but did not reach Aman; = Úmanyar (MR:163)

Lembi

elves remaining behind

Lembi noun "Elves remaining behind" = Telerin Ilkorins (LEB/LEM, PE17:143). Sg. #Lembë. Also called Úamanyar.

ainima

blessed, holy (of things)

ainima adj. "blessed, holy (of things)" (PE17:149)

ala

not

ala, #ála (1) imperative particle á, a combined with the negation lá, -la "not" to express a prohibition (VT43:22; see lá #1). Also with 1st person suffix -lyë (alalyë and álalyë, VT43:10, 22, VT44:8) and 1st person pl. object suffix -më (alamë and álamë, "do not [do something to] us", as in álamë tulya, "do not lead us", VT43:12, 22). In the essay Quendi and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well coexist with ala, #ála.

ala-

not

ala- (2) negative prefix "not", "un-", reduced to al- before a vowel (VT42:33, GALA, VT45:25), though the example Alcorin would suggest that al- can sometimes appear before a consonant as well. In a deleted entry in Etym, al(a)- was defined as "not" and said to be a "pure negative" (VT45:5). In alahasta, Alamanyar, alasaila, Alcorin.

alat-

large, great in size

alat- prefix "large, great in size". (ÁLAT, cf. VT45:5). In Alatairë.

alima

fair, good

alima adj. "fair, good" (also alya) (PE17:146)

almárëa

blessed

almárëa adj. "blessed". In a deleted entry in Etym, the gloss provided was "bless", but this would seem to be a mistake, since the word does not look like a verb. Another deleted entry agrees with the retained entry GALA that almárëa means "blessed" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)

alta

large, great in size

alta (1) adj. *"large, great in size" (root meaning)(ÁLAT). Alat- in Alatairë, q.v.

alya

fair, good

alya (1) adj. "fair, good" (PE17:146), "prosperous, rich, abundant, blessed" (GALA). In a deleted entry in Etym, the glosses provided were "rich, blessed"; another deleted entry defined alya as "rich, prosperous, blessed". (GALA, [ÁLAM], VT42:32, 45:5, 14)

amanya

blessed

amanya adj. "blessed" (VT49:39, 41)

and

and

a (2) conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song (that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna "and northwards" in a late text, VT49:26). According to PE17:41, "Old Quenya" could have the conjunction a (as a variant of ar) before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw (f is not mentioned), PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r, þ, s. See ar #1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen "he ran with his speed" (i.e. as quickly as he could) is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is "he ran and [did so] with his speed" (PE17:58).

ar

and

ar (1) conj. "and" (AR2, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40). The older form of the conjunction was az (PE17:41). Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s (PE17:41, 71), but "in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases" (PE17:71). In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar "and raiments" to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation(PE17:175). More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in "Old Quenya", the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant (PE17:41, 71). An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" (VT43:31, cf. VT48:14). In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ar(a) (VT45:6). In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar "as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and" (PE17:145); compare ara.

ar

and

o (1) conj. "and", occurring solely in SD:246; all other sources give ar.

arca

narrow

arca (1) adj. "narrow" (AK)

arë

and

arë conj. "and", longer form of ar, q.v. (VT43:31)

az

and

az, archaic form of the conjunction ar "and"; see ar #1.

car

deed

car (card-) (3) ("k")noun "deed" (rewritten >) "building, house" (KAR). Cf. carda.

carda

deed

carda noun "deed" (PE17:51). Cf. car #3. The word may contain the ending -da (q.v.) denoting the result of the corresponding verbal action.

cildë

saw

cildë _("k")_pa.t. vb.? "saw" (???) The phrase úri kilde hísen níe nienaite is translated "the Sun with wet eyes dropped tears of mist", literally perhaps something like "the Sun saw (through) misty tears tearfully"??? (MC:221; this is "Qenya"; cf. cildo)

engwë

thing

engwë noun "thing" (VT39:7, VT49:28). Extrapolation may also point to *engwë as an emphatic dual inclusive pronoun "we" (thou and I), corresponding to the ending -ngwë.

harin

marred

*harin adj. "marred" (PE17:150). The word is given as χarin*, where the initial Greek chi presumably represents [x]; in later [MET] pronunciation and spelling, this would become harin**.

ia

ever

[ia adv. "ever" (GEY, EY); replaced by oia.]

inca

idea

inca ("k")noun "idea" (VT45:18, where the word is cited with a final hyphen, though its gloss would indicate that it is a noun not a verb. Originally, the triple glosses "idea, notion, guess" were provided.)

insangarë

temptation

#insangarë (allative insangarenna attested, VT43:22)noun "temptation", a form Tolkien apparently abandoned in favour of #úsahtië. In Quenya, the cluster ns is unusual.

la

no, not

la negation "no, not" (see lá); also prefix la- as in lacarë, q.v. (VT45:25)

landa

wide

landa (2) adj. "wide" (LAD). Maybe in landatavárë = *"wide-wood"? (TI:415)

lasi

on the contrary

lasi or lasir, -sír adv. "on the contrary", possibly an ephemeral form Tolkien replaced by úsië (VT49:17-18)

lá

no, not

lá (1) adv. "no, not" (LA, VT45:25) According to VT42:33, lá is the stressed form, alternating with la when the negation is unstressed. In another conceptual phase of Tolkien's, lá had the opposite meaning "yes" (VT42:32-33), but this idea is contradicted by both earlier and later material: usually lá is conceived as a negation. The negation can receive tense markers and be used as a negative verb "when [another] verb is not expressed" (VT49:13), apparently where the phrase "is not" is followed by a noun or an adjective as a predicate, or where some verb is understood, as in English "I do not" (i.e. "I do not do whatever the context indicates"). With pronominal endings la- in the aorist, e.g. lanyë "I do not, am not" (etc.) (Tolkien abandoned the form lamin.) Exemplified in the sentence melin sé apa lanyë hé *"I love him but I do not [love] him" (another person) (VT49:15). Present tense laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva.

lára

blessed

[lára (3) adj. "blessed", also lárëa (VT45:26)]

manaitë

blessed

manaitë adj. "blessed" (VT49:41, 42)

manna

blessed

manna adj. "blessed" (also mána, q.v.) (VT43:30, VT45:32, VT49:41)

missë

wet, damp, rain

[missë] adj.ornoun "wet, damp, rain" (VT45:35)

mixa

wet

mixa ("ks")adj. "wet" (MISK); later sources have néna, nenya

mána

blessed

mána 1) adj. "blessed" (FS); also manna, q.v. 2) noun "any good thing or fortunate thing; a boon or blessing, a grace, being esp. used of some thing/person/event that helps or amends an evil or difficulty. (Cf. frequent ejaculation on receiving aid in trouble: yé mána (ma) = what a blessing, what a good thing!)" (VT49:41)

naicando

sinner

#naicando (and #naico, both attested as plural forms in -or) noun "sinner" (VT43:33; Tolkien may have abandoned these forms i favour of #úcarindo)

naico

sinner

naico (1) noun "sinner"; see naicando

nat

thing

nat noun "thing" (NĀ2); compare únat. VT49:30 lists "năta, nat", but it is unclear whether năta is here a Quenya word or an etymological form underlying Quenya nat.

nenya

wet

nenya adj. "wet" (PE17:52), also néna, q.v. Nenya as the name of a Ring of Power seems to imply *"(thing) related to water", since this Ring was associated with that element (SA:nen).

nerdo

large, strong man

nerdo noun "large, strong man" (compare nér) (VT47:33)

ná

is

ná (1) vb. "is" (am). (Nam, RGEO:67). This is the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns "in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another" (VT49:28). Also in impersonal constructions: ringa ná "it is cold" (VT49:23). The copula may however be omitted "where the meaning is clear" without it (VT49:9). Ná is also used as an interjection "yes" or "it is so" (VT49:28). Short na in airë [] na, "[] is holy" (VT43:14; some subject can evidently be inserted in the place of [].) Short na also functions as imperative: alcar mi tarmenel na Erun "glory in high heaven be to God" (VT44:32/34), also na airë "be holy" (VT43:14); also cf. nai "be it that" (see nai #1). The imperative participle á may be prefixed (á na, PE17:58). However, VT49:28 cites ná as the imperative form. Pl. nar or nár "are" (PE15:36, VT49:27, 9, 30); dual nát (VT49:30). With pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë "I am", nalyë or natyë "you (sg.) are" (polite and familiar, respectively), nás "it is", násë "(s)he is", nalmë "we are" (VT49:27, 30). Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps to be taken as representing the aorist: nain, naityë, nailyë (1st person sg, and 2nd person familiar/polite, respectively); does a following na represent the aorist with no pronominal ending? However, the forms nanyë, nalyë, ná, nassë, nalme, nar (changed from nár) are elsewhere said to be "aorist", without the extra vowel i (e.g. nalyë rather than nailyë); also notice that *"(s)he is" is here nassë rather than násë (VT49:30).Pa.t. nánë or né "was", pl. náner/nér and dual nét "were" (VT49:6, 9, 10, 27, 28, 30, 36). According to VT49:31, né "was" cannot receive pronominal endings (though nésë "he was" is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29), and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen "I was", anel "you were", anes "(s)he/it was" (VT49:28-29). Future tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34, VT49:19, 27; another version however gives the future tense as uva, VT49:30). Nauva with a pronominal ending occurs in tanomë nauvan "I will be there" (VT49:19), this example indicating that forms of the verb ná may also be used to indicate position. Perfect anaië "has been" (VT49:27, first written as anáyë). Infinitive (or gerund) návë "being", PE17:68. See also nai #1.

náha

narrow

náha adj. "narrow" (PE17:166)

néna

wet

néna adj. "wet" (PE17:167). Cf. nenya, mixa.

oi

ever

oi adv. "ever" (OY)

olca

evil, bad, wicked

olca adj. "evil, bad, wicked" (VT43:23-24, VT48:32, VT49:14, PE17:149). The root meaning implies "wickedness as well as badness or lack of worth" (PE17:170). Variant of ulca.

palla

wide, expansive

palla adj. "wide, expansive" (PAL)

pol

large, big (strong)

pol (2) adj. "large, big (strong)". Since this would be the sole example of a monosyllabic Quenya adjective, it may be that Tolkien is here citing the root POL rather than a complete word. Cf. polda.

rohta

debt, trespass

#rohta noun "debt, trespass" (attested in the pl.: rohtar, and with a pronominal suffix: rohtammar "our trespasses") (VT43:19) Variant #ruhta. #Rohtalië, #ruhtalië *"trespass-people" = those who trespass (attested in the ablative: rohtaliello, ruhtaliello "from [our] debtors" (VT43:21)

saiwa

hot

saiwa adj. "hot" (LT1:248, 255, 265); rather lauca in Tolkien's later Quenya

ser-

rest

ser- vb. "rest" (1st pers. aorist serin "I rest"); pa.t. probably *sendë since the R of ser- was originally D (cf. stem SED; compare rer- pa.t. rendë from RED concerning the past tense)

sintamo

smith

sintamo noun "smith" (PE17:107-108), cf. more usual variant tamo, q.v.

sá

fire

sá noun "fire" (LT1:265; "Qenya" spelling sâ. Rather nárë in LotR-style Quenya.)

sára

fiery

sára (2) adj. "fiery" (LT1:248; this "Qenya" word may have been obsoleted by # 1 above)

sérë

rest, repose, peace

sérë noun "rest, repose, peace" (SED, VT44:35); see under úyë concerning the sentence úyë sérë indo-ninya símen in Fíriel's Song

terfantië

temptation

terfantië noun "temptation" (VT43:9, 22); Tolkien may have abandoned this form in favour of úsahtië, q.v.

vanya

fair

vanya (1) adj. "fair" (FS), "beautiful" (BAN), a word referring to beauty that is "due to lack of fault, or blemish" (PE17:150), hence Arda Vanya as an alternative to Arda Alahasta for "Arda Unmarred" (ibid., compare MR:254). Nominal pl. Vanyar "the Fair", the first clan of the Eldar; the original meaning of this stem was "pale, light-coloured, not brown or dark" (WJ:382, 383, stem given as WAN), "properly = white complexion and blonde hair" (PE17:154, stem given as GWAN); stems BAN vs. WAN discussed, see PE17:150.

vanë

fair

vanë adj. "fair" (LT1:272; in Tolkien's later Quenya rather vanya)

vor

ever

vor, voro adv. "ever" (BOR, LT1:250, 273 [only voro_ in the Etymologies]; also in Narqelion)_

yanda

wide

yanda adj. "wide" (PE17:115); variant of yána #1, q.v.

ye

is

ye (2) copula "is" (FS, VT46:22); both earlier and later sources rather point to ná (q.v.) as the copula "is", so ye may have been an experiment Tolkien later abandoned. Future tense yéva, q.v.

yo

and

yo conj. "and", "often used between _two _items (of any part of speech) that were by nature or custom clearly associated, like the names of spouses (Manwë yo Varda), or "sword and sheath" (*macil yo vainë*), "bow and arrows" (quinga yo pilindi), or groups like "Elves and Men" (Eldar yo Fírimor but contrast eldain a fírimoin [dative forms] in FS, where Tolkien joins the words with a, seemingly simply a variant of the common conjunction ar). In one source, yo is apparently a preposition "with" (yo hildinyar* = "with my heirs", SD:56).

yonda

wide, roomy, extensive

yonda adj."wide, roomy, extensive" (PE17:43), also (as alternative form of yonna) glossed "enclosed", with the latter meaning perhaps intended as the passive participle of the verb yor-

óma

voice

óma noun "voice" (OM), "voice, resonance of the vocal chords" (VT39:16), "voice /vowel" _(PE17:138, where it is said that the root _OM refers to "drawn-out" sounds; contrast tomba, q.v.). With pronominal suffix #ómarya "his/her voice", genitive ómaryo "of his/her voice" (Nam, RGEO:67). Instrumental pl. ómainen "with voices" _(WJ:391). Adj. ómalóra "voiceless" (VT45:28)_. The term óma is closely associated with vowels, see óma-tengwë, ómëa; cf. also the compounds ómataina "vocalic extension", the addition to the base a final vowel identical to the stem-vowel (WJ:371, 417; also called ómataima, VT42:24, 25), ómatehtar "vowel-signs", signs used for vowels (usually called simply tehtar, but the latter term strictly includes all kinds of diacritics, not just the vowel-signs) (WJ:396)

lá

adverb. no, not

aldomë

pronoun. nowhere

A neologism coined by Vyacheslav Stepanov posted on 2023-08-21 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of al(a)- “no-” and nómë “place”.

hep-

verb. to keep

A neologism for “to keep” appearing in ABNW (ABNW) from the early 2000s, based on S. heb- “keep”.

penta-

verb. to lose

There have been various neologism for verbs meaning “to lose”, all rendered moot by the publication of [ᴹQ.] rov- “lose” in 2024.

cal-

verb. to shine

landa

adjective. wide, wide, [ᴱQ.] broad

lá-

verb. to not be

mel-

verb. to love

mer-

verb. to hope, to hope, [ᴹQ.] wish, desire, want

naicando

noun. *sinner

naico

noun. *sinner

naxa

noun/adjective. evil

nenda

adjective. wet

náha

adjective. narrow, narrow, *thin

néna

adjective. wet

vanë

adjective. fair, fair, [ᴱQ.] lovely

yanda

adjective. wide

χarina

adjective. marred

alacénima

adjective. invisible

amatírë

noun. hope

estelya-

verb. to hope

handelóra

adjective. witless

raicë

noun. wrong

sahtando

noun. tempter

sarma

noun. saw

Este

noun. Rest

Rest

wet

wet

wet, see we #2

carda

noun. deed

carma

noun. deed

lacaraite

adjective. impossible

naxa

adjective. evil

nenya

adjective. wet

ninda

adjective. wet

harina Reconstructed

adjective. marred