cair (“ship”), and (“long”) + ros (“foam, rain”) Nd doesn’t become nn before r; the original form of ros would probably be ross, with the final s dropped at the end of a polysyllable [HKF].
Sindarin
cai
noun. hedge
cai
noun. hedge
cair andros
place name. Ship of Long Foam
Cair Andros
noun. ship of long foam
cail
noun. fence, palisade of spikes or sharp stakes
cair
noun. ship
cail
noun. fence or palisade of spikes and sharp stakes
cair
noun. ship
cai
hedge
cai (i gai, o chai), pl. cî (i chî);
cai
hedge
(i gai, o chai), pl. cî (i chî);
Cair Andros
Cair Andros
The Sindarin name Cair Andros translates to "Ship of Long Foam". Cair means "ship", and means "long", and ros means (in this context at least) "foam".
Cair Andros
Ship of Long Foam
cail
palisade
(with spikes and sharp stakes) cail (i gail, o chail) (fence). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chail).
cail
palisade/fence
(with spikes and sharp stakes) cail (i gail, o chail). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chail).
cair
ship
cair (in compounds cír-) (i gair, o chair), pl. cîr, i chîr; coll. pl. ciriath.
cail
fence
(i gail, o chail) (palisade); no distinct pl. form except with article (i chail).
cail
palisade
(i gail, o chail) (fence). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chail).
cair
ship
(in compounds cír-) (i gair, o chair), pl. cîr, i chîr; coll. pl. ciriath.
sarnas
cairn
sarnas (i harnas, o sarnas) (pile of stones), pl. sernais (i sernais)
sarnas
cairn
(i harnas, o sarnas) (pile of stones), pl. sernais (i sernais)
beren
bold
1) beren (lenited veren), pl. berin. Also used as masc. name Beren. 2) cand (lenited gand, pl. caind)
cam
hand
1) cam (i gam, o cham), pl. caim (i chaim), coll. pl. cammath; 2) mâb (i vâb; construct mab), pl. maib (i maib). 3) Archaic †maw (i vaw), pl. moe (i moe). A homophone means ”soil, stain”. (VT47:6) 4) (fist) dond (i dhond; construct don), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).
cant
shape
(noun) cant (i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i **chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint**; see SHADOW.
cant
outline
cant (i gant, o chant) (shape), pl. caint (i **chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint**; see SHADOW.
car
house
(building, dwelling-place) 1) car or cardh (i gar[dh], o char[dh]) (building), pl. cerdh (i cherdh) or cair (i chair). Note: cardh also means "deed, feat". Therefore, the form car may be preferred for clarity. 2) adab (building), pl. edaib. In ”Noldorin”, the plural was edeb. 3)
car
building
car or cardh (i gar[dh], o char[dh]) (house), pl. cerdh (i cherdh) or cair (i chair). Note: cardh also means "deed, feat". Therefore, the form car (or adab) may be preferred for clarity.
cast
headland
cast (i gast, o chast) (cape), pl. caist (i chaist)
cast
headland
cast (i gast, o chast) (cape), pl. caist (i chaist);
iâth
fence
(noun) 1) iâth (construct iath, pl. iaith) (WJ:370, 378), also ?iâd (construct iad), pl. iaid. 2) lest (girdle, boundary), pl. list, 3) (outer/encircling fence) ephel (pl. ephil), 4) (with spikes and sharp stakes) cail (i gail, o chail) (palisade); no distinct pl. form except with article (i chail).
rast
cape
(geographic) 1) rast (also shortened ras), pl. raist, idh raist, 2) (of land) bund (i mund, o mbund, construct mun) (snout, nose), pl. bynd (i mbynd), #cast (i gast, o chast) (headland), pl. caist (i chaist) (VT42:14; compare the name Angast)
bund
cape
(i mund, o mbund, construct mun) (snout, nose), pl. bynd (i mbynd), #cast (i gast, o chast) (headland), pl. caist (i chaist) (VT42:14; compare the name Angast)
cam
hand
(i gam, o cham), pl. caim (i chaim), coll. pl. cammath
cand
bold
(lenited gand, pl. caind)
cant
shape
(i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint; see SHADOW.
cant
outline
(i gant, o chant) (shape), pl. caint (i chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint; see
car
house
or cardh (i gar[dh], o char[dh]) (building), pl. cerdh (i cherdh) or cair (i chair). Note: cardh also means "deed, feat". Therefore, the form car may be preferred for clarity.
car
building
or cardh (i gar[dh], o char[dh]) (house), pl. cerdh (i cherdh) or cair (i chair). Note: cardh also means "deed, feat". Therefore, the form car (or adab) may be preferred for clarity.
cast
headland
(i gast, o chast) (cape), pl. caist (i chaist)
adab
building
1) adab (house), pl. edaib. In ”Noldorin”, the plural was edeb_. _2)
anna
give
anna- (i anna, in annar), pa.t. ?aun (with endings one-)
brêg
lively
brêg (sudden, quick), lenited vrêg, pl. brîg
bâr
house
bâr (dwelling, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.
cael
lying in bed
(noun) cael (sickness) (i gael, o chael). Same form in the pl. except with article (i chael).
cael
lying in bed
(noun) cael (sickness) (i gael, o chael). Same form in the pl. except with article (i chael).
caeleb
bedridden
caeleb (sick), lenited gaeleb, pl. caelib
celu
source
1) celu (i gelu, o chelu) (spring), analogical pl. cely (i chely). Archaic celw; so the coll. pl. is likely celwath. 2) eithel (spring, issue of water), pl. eithil
daen
corpse
daen (i naen, o ndaen), same in pl. except with article (i ndaen)
echad
shape
(verb) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)
genedia
reckon
1) #genedia- (i **enedia, i ngenediar = i ñenediar), verbal stem isolated from the gerund genediad** (see
glîr
lay
glîr (i **lîr, construct glir) (poem, song), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glîr), coll. pl. glíriath**;
haust
bed
(etymologically ”resting”) haust (i chaust, o chaust), pl. hoest (i choest), coll. pl. hostath.
heledh
glass
heledh (i cheledh, o cheledh), pl. helidh (i chelidh) if there is a pl.
noss
house
(family) 1) noss (construct nos, pl. nyss) (family, clan), 2) nost (pl. nyst) (family) (PM:360), 3) nothrim (family); no distinct pl. form (PM:360)
pae
cardinal. ten
pae (the ”Noldorin” form caer listed in the Etymologies was apparently abandoned by Tolkien).
paenui
tenth
paenui.
paenui
tenth
paenui (lenited baenui)
thora
fence
(verb) *thora- (the curious form ”thoro-” occurs in the primary source, LR:393 s.v. THUR). The passive participle thoren ”fenced, guarded, hidden” is cited (pl. thorin).
aned
give
anno
verb. give!
auth
noun. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition
beren
masculine name. Bold
Hero of Beleriand and love of Lúthien who wrested a Silmaril from the crown of Morgoth (S/162). His name is simply [N.] beren “bold” used as a name.
Conceptual Development: The name G. Beren dates back to the earliest Lost Tales, though in the earliest stories he was a Noldorin Elf instead of a Man (LT2/11). The name N. Beren appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s as a derivative of ᴹ√BER alongside N. beren “bold” (Ety/BER), which is the source of the derivation given above.
cabed
noun. leap
cae
cardinal. ten
caen
cardinal. ten
caen-
cardinal. ten
caenen
ordinal. tenth
caenui
ordinal. tenth
caenui
ordinal. tenth
cam
noun. hand
camm
noun. hand
cand
adjective. bold
cant
noun. shape, shape; [N.] outline
cast
noun. cape, headland
cidinn
?. [unglossed]
cinnog
?. [unglossed]
ephel
noun. outer fence, encircling fence
fân
shape
_n._shape, with the added notion of light and whiteness. It was thus often used where we might use 'a vision' (of something beautiful and sublime). Q. fana-. Tolkien notes that "Yet being elvish, though it may be used of things remote, it has no implication either of uncertainty or unreality" (PE17:26). In the name Fanuilos of Elbereth, the Fân was the vision of majesty of Elbereth upon the mountain where she dwelt.
genedia-
verb. to reckon
heledh
noun. glass
heledh
noun. glass
iath
noun. fence
iath
noun. fence
iâth
noun. fence
iâth
noun. fence
mab-
noun. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers)
madu
?. [unglossed]
maud
?. [unglossed]
maw
noun. hand
maw
noun. hand
The Sindarin equivalent of Q. má, likewise derived from the root √MAH or √MAƷ “hand; handle, wield” (PE17/162; VT47/6). However, in Sindarin this word was archaic, used only in poetry, having been replaced in ordinary speech by other words like S. mâb and (less often) cam. Other remnants of this word can be seen in compounds like molif “wrist, (orig.) hand link” and directional words like forvo and harvo for left and right hand side.
Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, G. mô from the early root ᴱ√MAHA was the normal word for “hand”, replacing mab “hand” (< ᴱ√MAHA) which in this document Tolkien decided was instead an irregular dual form of mô (GL/55). It had also had an irregular plural mabin based on this dual, replacing an older plural †maith. In the Gnomish Grammar, its archaic form was †mâ, with the usual Gnomish sound change of ā to ō (GG/14), as opposed to later Sindarin/Noldorin ā to au, spelt -aw when final. Tolkien seems to have abandoned mô as a non-archaic word for “hand” early on, preferring ᴱN. mab “hand” by the 1920s and introducing N. cam “hand” in the 1930s.
mâb
noun. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers)
mâb
noun. hand, hand, [N.] grasp
The typical Sindarin word for “hand” (VT47/7, 20), usable in almost any context. It is most notable as an element in the name Mablung “Heavy Hand” (VT47/8). See below for a discussion of its etymology.
Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, where G. mab “hand” appeared as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√MAPA “seize” (GL/55). Tolkien then revised the gloss to “hands”, saying instead it was an irregular dual of G. mô “hand”. The word reverted to singular ᴱN. mab “hand” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/149). These early versions of the word were already an element of Mablung “Heavy Hand(ed)” (LT2/38; LB/311), but also of Ermabwed “One-handed” (LT2/34; LB/119).
In the 1930s it seems Tolkien decided Ilk. mâb “hand” was primarily an Ilkorin word, and the usual word for “hand” in Noldorin was N. cam. Compare Ilkorin Ermabuin “One-handed” and Mablosgen “Empty-handed” with Noldorin Erchamion and Camlost of the same meaning. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien had N. mab “grasp” under the root ᴹ√MAPA “seize”, but the version of the entry with that word was overwritten (EtyAC/MAP), leaving only the Ilkorin form mâb. In this period, Mablung may also have been an Ilkorin name.
After Tolkien abandoned Ilkorin in the 1950s, he kept S. Erchamion and Camlost based on cam, but also kept Mablung “Heavy Hand” which must have become Sindarin. In his later writings Tolkien again revisited the etymology of S. mâb “hand”. In a note from Jan-Feb 1968, he wrote:
> It [Q. má = “hand”] did not survive in Telerin and Sindarin as an independent word, but was replaced by the similar-sounding but unconnected C.E. makwā, Q. maqua, T. mapa, S. mab, of uncertain origin, but probably originally an adjectival formation from MAK “strike” ... (VT47/19).
This sentence was struck through, however. In drafts of notes on Elvish Hands, Fingers and Numerals written in or after 1968, Tolkien again derived mâb from √MAP (VT47/20 note #13), but in the final version of these notes he made the remarkable decision to discard this root despite it being a stable part of Elvish for nearly 50 years, declaring it was used only in Telerin and not Quenya or Sindarin (VT47/7). He coined a new etymology for S. mâb “hand” based on ✶makwā “handful” = ✶mā + ✶kwā (VT47/6-7), a variation on the above etymology from √MAK.
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I prefer to ignore Tolkien’s 1968 removal of √MAP “seize”, and so would continue to derive S. mâb “hand” from that root. However, its ancient meaning may have been “✱grasp”, and its eventual use as “hand” might have been influenced by ancient ✶makwā “handful”.
ness
noun. headland, *headland; [G.] (water) meadow; long grass
An element appearing in the name Taras-ness for the headlands below the mountain Taras (UT/28), a promonotory sticking out over the water. The actual meaning of ness is unclear.
Conceptual Development: Superficially this word resembles G. ness “water meadow; long grass” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/60) which was probably a derivative of the early root ᴱ√NESE “give to feed; feed, pasture; graze” (QL/66). Given its Early Qenya cognate ᴱQ. nesse “(green) fodder, herb, grass”, it is likely that “long grass” is the original sense of G. ness, and “water meadow” is an extrapolated meaning.
Neo-Sindarin: If the headland of Taras-ness was used for grazing, the two words might still be related. I would thus retain the Gnomish meanings “meadow; long grass” for this Sindarin word, since we have no other good “meadow” word in Sindarin.
pae
cardinal. ten
pae
cardinal. ten
paean
cardinal. ten
paenui
ordinal. tenth
paenui
ordinal. tenth
sennas
noun. guesthouse
adab
house
(building), pl. edaib. In ”Noldorin”, the plural was edeb.
adab
building
(house), pl. edaib. In ”Noldorin”, the plural was edeb. 2)
anna
give
(i anna, in annar), pa.t. ?aun (with endings one-)
beren
bold
(lenited veren), pl. berin. Also used as masc. name Beren.
brêg
lively
(sudden, quick), lenited vrêg, pl. brîg
bâr
house
(dwelling, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.
cab
leap
(i gâb, i chebir), pa.t. camp;
cabed
leap
(i gabed, o chabed), pl. cebid (i chebid)
cael
lying in bed
(sickness) (i gael, o chael). Same form in the pl. except with article (i chael).
cael
lying in bed
(sickness) (i gael, o chael). Same form in the pl. except with article (i chael).
caeleb
bedridden
(sick), lenited gaeleb, pl. caelib
caeth
noun. cause, reason, motive
caetha-
verb. to make to do or be, cause, compel, induce, bring about
caethas
noun. causation
caetheb
noun. original
cafor
noun. flea
camlann
of the hand
(i gamlann, o chamlann), pl. cemlain (i chemlain).
cand
adjective. bold
caraes
hedge of spikes
(i garaes, o charaes). No distinct pl. form except with article (i charaes).
celu
source
(i gelu, o chelu) (spring), analogical pl. cely (i chely). Archaic celw; so the coll. pl. is likely celwath.
cirion
shipman
(i girion) (sailor), pl. ciryn (i chiryn), coll. pl. cirionnath.
crûm
left hand
(i grûm, o chrûm, construct crum), pl. cruim (i chruim), coll. pl. crummath. Also ✱hair (i chair), no distinct pl. form (not even with article). Note: hair is also used = ”left” as adjective. Cited in archaic form heir (LR:365 s.v. KHYAR).
círdan
shipbuilder, shipwright
(i gírdan, o chírdan) (shipwright), pl. círdain (i chírdain).
daen
corpse
(i naen, o ndaen), same in pl. except with article (i ndaen)
dond
hand
(i dhond; construct don), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).
echad
shape
(i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)
eithel
source
(spring, issue of water), pl. eithil
ephel
fence
(pl. ephil)
forgam
right-handed
(pl. fergaim, for archaic förgeim)
fuir
right hand
pl. fŷr. Also used as adj. "right, north" (VT42:20). In ”Noldorin” the word appeared as (”foeir” =) föir, feir (LR:382 s.v. PHOR).
genedia
reckon
(i ’enedia, i ngenediar = i ñenediar), verbal stem isolated from the gerund genediad (see
glaer
long lay
(i ’laer) (narrative poem), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glaer)
glîr
lay
(i ’lîr, construct glir) (poem, song), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glîr), coll. pl. glíriath;
gobel
village
(i ’obel) (enclosed dwelling, ”town”), pl. gebil (i ngebil = i ñebil). Archaic pl. ✱göbil.
haust
bed
(i chaust, o chaust), pl. hoest (i choest), coll. pl. hostath.
heledh
glass
(i cheledh, o cheledh), pl. helidh (i chelidh) if there is a pl.
iâd
noun. fence
iâth
fence
(construct iath, pl. iaith) (WJ:370, 378), also ?iâd (construct iad), pl. iaid.
lest
fence
(girdle, boundary), pl. list
maw
hand
(i vaw), pl. moe (i moe). A homophone means ”soil, stain”. (VT47:6)
mib-
verb. kiss
mib-
verb. to kiss
mâb
hand
(i vâb; construct mab), pl. maib (i maib).
mítha-
verb. to kiss
nedia
reckoning
(count, number) (i nedia, in nediar). Cited in archaic form ”noedia” = nödia- (LR:378 s.v. NOT). 3) gonod- (i ’onod, i ngenedir = i ñenedir) (count up, sum up), pa.t. gonont
noss
house
(construct nos, pl. nyss) (family, clan)
nost
house
(pl. nyst) (family) (PM:360)
nothrim
house
(family); no distinct pl. form (PM:360)
pae
ten
(the ”Noldorin” form caer listed in the Etymologies was apparently abandoned by Tolkien).
paenui
tenth
.
pemp
noun. lip
A neologism for “lip” coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo, the Sindarin equivalent of Q. pempë.
pêl
fence, fenced field
(i bêl, construct pel) (enclosure, garth), pl. peli (i pheli), the latter forms reflecting the stem pele- (root PEL(ES), LR:380)
rast
cape
(also shortened ras), pl. raist, idh raist
sennas
guesthouse
(i hennas), pl. sennais (i sennais), coll. pl. sennassath (RC:523)
thangail
shield fence
(shield wall). No distinct pl. form? (UT:281)
thora
fence
(the curious form ”thoro-” occurs in the primary source, LR:393 s.v. THUR). The passive participle thoren ”fenced, guarded, hidden” is cited (pl. thorin).
An island in the river Anduin (LotR/812), translated “Ship of Long Foam” (PM/371), sometimes appearing as just Andros “Long Foam (LotR/1115). This name is a combination of cair “ship”, and “long” and ross “foam, spray” (SA/an(d), ros).
Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this island was first named N. Tol Varad “Defended Isle”, soon revised to Men Falros “✱Place of Splashing Foam” (WR/326). Later in the drafts it was changed to N. Cairros “✱Ship Foam” then Andros before Tolkien settled on its full form N. Cair Andros (WR/340 note #15).