and

and

a (2) conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song (that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna "and northwards" in a late text, VT49:26). According to PE17:41, "Old Quenya" could have the conjunction a (as a variant of ar) before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw (f is not mentioned), PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r, þ, s. See ar #1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen "he ran with his speed" (i.e. as quickly as he could) is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is "he ran and [did so] with his speed" (PE17:58).

ar

conjunction. and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but

The word ar was the Quenya word for “and” for much of Tolkien’s life. It was related to (and originally identical with) Q. ar(a) “beside” (PE17/70). The word ar was always used between sentences, but in sets of items sometimes yo and ta were used instead.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s ᴱQ. ar(a) was glossed “but” under the early root ᴱ√ƷARA “spread, extend sideways” (QL/32). In this earliest period the word for “and” was ᴱQ. ya(n) (QL/104). By the end of the 1920s when Tolkien composed the Nieninqe and Earendil poems, he consistently translated ar as “and” (MC/216; PE16/100). The translation “but” reappeared in a few phrases from the 1940s (PE22/124; PE23/74), but it is not clear if these were genuine shifts in meaning or loose translations.

By the time Tolkien wrote The Etymologies of the 1930s, ᴹQ. ar “and” was derived from the root ᴹ√AR “beside, outside” (Ety/AR²). This seems to have remained the case up through most of the 1950s, with the possible exception of a couple phrases in the 1930s where Tolkien used a “and” instead (LR/61, 72). In this period the usual Noldorin/Sindarin word for “and” was also ar.

At some point while writing drafts of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien decided that the Sindarin word for “and” should a in the famous phrase pedo mellon a minno “speak, friend, and enter”. His motivations for this change are unclear, but he noticed the problem in notes written between the first and second edition of The Lord of the Rings, saying “a·Berhael. ‘And’ cannot therefore be [derived from] arĭ!” (PE17/102). From this point forward, Tolkien considered two possible roots serving as the basis for “and”: √AD(A) and √AS, both meaning “beside” (PE17/145; VT48/25). In his later writings, Tolkien seems to favor √AS which appeared in a few different notes from 1968 (VT47/31; VT48/25), though ada reappeared in notes from 1969 (VT49/25).

Assimilations: In the notes written between both the 1st and 2nd edition of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien considered what kind of assimilations ar might have before consonants if it were derived from √AS or √AD (PE17/41). For √AS it became a before the consonants f, h, hw, hy, became as before t, k, p, q, s, and became al before l. For √AD it became a before the consonants n, m, became as before s, and became al before l. In notes from around 1964 Tolkien said:

> It is not necessary here to specify all the assimilations that could have occurred at these different stages, since in fact few have left traces in the forms of “and” ... Later after development to ar, only as survived as an occasional form before t, and as the usual form before s (of any origin); while al appeared before l. But in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases, though the pronunciation of ar-s, ar-l as as-s, al-l remained usual (PE17/71).

In this particular discussion, ar as derived from √AD. However, the system Tolkien described was that all the older assimilations were abandoned, and the only ones that survived were based on later assimilations involved r of any origin: *rs* > *ss* and *rl* > *ll*. These sound shifts only affected pronunciation, not spelling. Thus the same arguments would be apply if ar was derived from √AS.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would write ar “and” in all cases, and would assume it was derived from derived from √AS, but would further assume that the Tarquesta pronunciations before s and l were as-s, al-l.

-yë

conjunction. and

-yë (4) conj. "and" as a suffix added to the second of a pair, as Menel Cemenyë "Heaven and Earth" (VT47:30, 31, VT49:25). Other "pairs" are mentioned as examples but not actually translated into Quenya by Tolkien: Sun and Moon (*Anar Isilyë), Land and Sea (*Nór Eäryë), fire and water (*nárë nenyë, or *úr nenyë).

ar

and

ar (1) conj. "and" (AR2, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40). The older form of the conjunction was az (PE17:41). Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s (PE17:41, 71), but "in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases" (PE17:71). In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar "and raiments" to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation(PE17:175). More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in "Old Quenya", the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant (PE17:41, 71). An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" (VT43:31, cf. VT48:14). In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ar(a) (VT45:6). In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar "as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and" (PE17:145); compare ara.

ar

and

o (1) conj. "and", occurring solely in SD:246; all other sources give ar.

arë

and

arë conj. "and", longer form of ar, q.v. (VT43:31)

az

and

az, archaic form of the conjunction ar "and"; see ar #1.

yo

and

yo conj. "and", "often used between _two _items (of any part of speech) that were by nature or custom clearly associated, like the names of spouses (Manwë yo Varda), or "sword and sheath" (*macil yo vainë*), "bow and arrows" (quinga yo pilindi), or groups like "Elves and Men" (Eldar yo Fírimor but contrast eldain a fírimoin [dative forms] in FS, where Tolkien joins the words with a, seemingly simply a variant of the common conjunction ar). In one source, yo is apparently a preposition "with" (yo hildinyar* = "with my heirs", SD:56).

-ye

suffix. and (pairs)

A suffix appearing in the phrase imbi Menel Cemen__ye__ mene Ráno tie “between Heaven and Earth goes the path of the Moon” from Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals (HFN) written in the late 1960s (VT47/11). In notes from 1968 Tolkien described this suffix in detail:

> -ye “and” add[ed] to second of pair (sg. pl. — dual). In Q. still normally used of pairs usually associated as Sun, Moon; Heaven, Earth; Land, Sea; fire, water; etc. ... This ye is probably related to yé “lo” — (now see!) = kena, tira. Also in Q. yē or yea “What is more” (VT47/31).

A similar non-suffixal form ye appeared (untranslated) in the 1969 phrase Orome Valaron minya omenne __ye__ Eldar “Orome first of (the) Valar met the Elves” (PE23/134). Christopher Gilson suggested that in this phrase ye might mean “✱with”, which seems plausible to me.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would only use -ye to mean “and” with natural pairs like Anar Isilye “Sun and Moon”, an alternative to the dual conjunction yo. For “[together] with” I would use ó.

alcar i ataren ar i yondon ar i airefëan

glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit

The first line of Alcar i Ataren, Tolkien’s translation of the Gloria Patri prayer. The first word is alcar “glory” followed by dative clauses: i Ataren “for the Father” (atar dative), ar i Yondon “and for the Son” (yondo dative), ar i Airefean “and for the Holy Spirit” (Airefëa dative).

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> alcar i Atar-en ar i Yondo-n ar i Aire-fea-n = “✱glory [be] Father-to and the Son-to and the holy-spirit-to”

Conceptual Development: Before airefean, Tolkien first wrote and rejected faire aistan, the first word meaning “spirit” and the second a dative form of the adjective aista “holy”.

alcarin vendë ar manaquenta

O glorious and blessed Virgin

The fourth line of Ortírielyanna, Tolkien’s translation of the Sub Tuum Praesidium prayer. The first word is the adjective alcarin “glorious” modifying Vendë “Virgin”. It is followed by ar “and” and the second adjective manaquenta “blessed”.

Decomposition: A more literal translation of this phrase would be:

> alcarin Vendë ar manaquenta = “✱glorious Virgin and blessed”

Conceptual Development: Tolkien revised this sentence three times (VT44/7). Unfinished forms appearing before the first version indicate that Tolkien was uncertain whether the word for “virgin” should begin with a v or a w. He settled on Venë in the first version, revised to Venë’ in the second and Vendë in the third. He similarly revised the adjectives “glorious” (alcarinqua >> alcare >> alcarin) and “blessed (incomplete manque... >> manquenta >> manaquenta).

The first and second versions began with what appears to be the imperative particle á, but I think it is more likely to be a stressed form of the vocative a “O”. The second version had Véne’ alcare, which Wynne, Smith and Hostetter suggested might have its adjective and noun functions switched: “✱Virginal glory” instead of “glorious Virgin”, with Véne’ being an elided form of an unattested adjective vénëa (VT44/10). As further evidence of this, the word order switched in the final versions to alcarin Vénde. The form Véne’ was not deleted, so perhaps Tolkien still considered it to be a valid alternative.

|I|II|III| |á Véne|á Véne’|alcarin| |alcarinqua|alcare|Vénde| |ar| |manque...|manquenta|manaquenta|

ambarto

masculine name. *High and Lofty

A name that Fëanor gave his youngest son to replace his ominous-sounding mother-name Umbarto (PM/353-4). It is a compound of amba “up” and a masculinized form of the adjective arata “exalted, lofty”, so perhaps meant: “✱High and Lofty” (PM/353). It seems this name was Sindarized as S. Amrod. Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the name ᴹQ. Nambarauto “Hammerer of Copper” is given as the Qenya equivalent of his earlier name N. Damrod (Ety/NDAM, RAUTĀ).

ar hísië untúpa calaciryo míri oialë

and mist covers the jewels of Calacirya forever

End of the thirteenth and the fourteenth lines @@@

ar ámen apsenë úcaremmar

and forgive us our trespasses

The seventh line of Átaremma, Tolkien’s Quenya translation of the Lord’s Prayer. The first word is ar “and”, followed by a combination of the imperative particle á and the (dative) second person plural pronoun men “[for] us”. Next follows apsene, the aorist form of the verb apsen- “forgive”. The final word úcaremmar “our trespasses” is the first person plural exclusive possessive form of úcarë, with the usual plural suffix -r indicating the possessed noun was also plural (“trespasses” as opposed to “trespass”).

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> ar á-me-n apsenë úcare-mma-r = “✱and (imperative)-us-for forgive trespass-our-(plural)”

Conceptual Development: Earlier versions of the prayer used a different verb avatyar- for “forgive”, in what was probably a suffixed imperative form avatyara (I-IIa) or ávatyara (IIb-IV). In version I-IV, this was followed by the ablative form mello “[from] us” of the pronoun me.

Earlier versions of the prayer used a variety of words for “trespass”: lucassë (I), lucië (IIa-IIb), luhta (III-IV deleted) and rohta (III-IV). Most instances used the same possessive suffix -mma “our” as the final verion of the prayer, but version III used an independent pronoun menya, in its plural form menye to agree with the plural noun “trespasses”.

|  I  |IIa|IIb|III|IV|V|VI| |ar| |avatyara|ávatyara|ámen| |mello|apsene| |lucassemmar|i luciemmar|menye {luhtar >>} rohtar|{luhtammar >>} rohtammar|úcaremmar|

pirindë

noun. flower that opened and shut quickly with any change of light

A word in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 for a “flower that opened and shut quickly with any change of light” based on √PIRI “blink” and with variant forms pirinde and pirne (PE17/146). These flower names were part of an attempt by Tolkien to come up with a new etymology for S. alfirin after he decided that √LA was not a negative element, so that alfirin could no longer mean “immortelle”.

yo

conjunction. both ... and

A conjunction meaning “both ... and” in notes from around 1964 used to join two words (but not two sentences), as seen in the phrase: sanome tarne Olórin, Aracorno, Eomer, Imrahil, mi míse, mi telepta __yo__ morna, mi laiqua __yo__ ninquë, mi luinë ... “There stood Gandalf, Aragorn, Eomer and Imrahil in grey, in silver and black, in green and white, [and] in blue” (PE17/71). In the same document Tolkien described this conjunction in some detail:

> yo, a reduced form of yŭ < yū “both”: this was often used between two items (of any part of speech) that were by nature or custom closely associated, but were not “pairs” (as e.g. were hands, feet, eyes, etc.). These might be names of persons: as Beren and Luthien, Manwe yo Varda; or of things as sword and sheath, bow and arrows; or of groups as Elves and Men (Eldar yo Firimar); or adjectives, as wine white and red; long and thin; or adverbs, as far and away; also verbs, especially those with related meanings, as hear and obey, see and consider.

Tolkien further specified that yo was not used in repetitions for emphasis (“through and through”) or synonyms like alternative names. But it could be used for words that were contrasting opposites such as “head and foot, top and bottom, up and down, young and old, men and women”.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s ᴱQ. ya(n) was the usual word for “and” (QL/104), but by the end of the 1920s this was replaced by ar “and” which Tolkien mostly used thereafter. However, in a number documents from the late 1940s Tolkien used ye (PE23/91-92, 95), yu (PE22/125; PE23/110), or yo (PE23/97) for “and”, with yo “and” also appearing in drafts of The Lord of the Rings (SD/56). By the 1950s ar “and” was restored, but Tolkien seems to have retained yo in a more limited dual sense, as described above.

-lë

seem properly to have been universal and abstract

-lë ending forming nouns that "seem properly to have been universal and abstract" (VT39:16, in which source Tolkien is actually commenting on the prehistoric form -lē, but -lë is its Quenya descendant)

Ar Fanturion

day of the fanturi (mandos and lorien)

Ar Fanturion noun *"Day of the Fanturi (Mandos and Lorien)" _(LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK). _Also Arë Fanturion (VT45:27).

Eämbar

dispositions and will of eru, with regard to creation as a whole

Eämbar noun "dispositions and will of Eru, with regard to Creation as a whole" (PE17:105)

Narsilion

(the song) of the sun and moon

Narsilion (Þ) noun "(the song) of the Sun and Moon"; actually the stems of the words for Sun and Moon compounded (see Narsil above) and a plural genitive ending added (Silm)

Terendul

slender-(and)-dark

Terendul masc. name "Slender-(and)-dark" (LR:59, TER/TERES, DUL, NDUL)

ananta

and yet, but yet

ananta, a-nanta conj. "and yet, but yet" (FS, NDAN)

anaxartaron onyalië

proper name. Of the Ents and the Eagles

The title of an essay written by Tolkien, glossed “Of the Ents and the Eagles”, earlier labeled Anaxartamel without translation (WJ/340). This name is very difficult to analyze. There is some consensus that Onyalië might mean “Ent-people”, and that Anaxartaron looks like the genitive plural of a word ✱Anaxarta (“?Eagle”), but this is all guesswork. For further discussion see the following article by Patrick Wynne, which also provides links to discussions on this topic on the Elvish language mailing lists.

ar aistana i yávë mónalyo yésus

and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus

The fourth line of Aia María, Tolkien’s translation of the Ave Maria prayer. The first word is ar “and”. This is followed by a declarative statement. The second word aistana “blessed” is the predicate. The next two words i yávë “the fruit” are the subject. As in the second line, there is no Quenya equivalent of the English word “is” in the final version of the prayer. Thus, ar aistana i yávë means “and blessed [is] the fruit”.

The next word functions as the subordinate clause: mónalyo “of thy womb”, a combination of móna “womb”, the second person singular possessive suffix -lya and the genitive suffix -o. The final word Yésus is simply a Quenyarized form of “Jesus”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> ar aistana i yávë móna-ly(a)-o Yésus = “✱and blessed [is] the fruit womb-your-of Jesus”

Conceptual Development: In the second version, Tolkien considered but rejected a variant form are (II deleted) for ar “and”. The first two versions of the prayer used manna (I-II) for “blessed” instead of aistana (III-IV). Tolkien used several variations for “fruit”: yáva (I-II), yávë (III), yave (IV). In the first two versions of the prayer Tolkien used carva (I-II) for “womb” instead of móna (III-IV).

|  I  | II |III|IV| |ar|{are >>} ar|ar| |manna|aistana| |i| |yáva|yávë|yave| |carvalyo|mónalyo| |Yésus|

aucir-

verb. to cut off (and get rid of or lose a portion)

A verb in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 translated “cut off so that a portion is lost or no longer available” (WJ/365) and “cut off and get rid of or lose a portion” (WJ/368), a combination of au- “away (from the speaker)” and cir- “cut” (WJ/365, 368).

lenwa

long and thin, straight, narrow

lenwa adj. "long and thin, straight, narrow" (LT2:341)

mairë

work of high and beautiful art

mairë noun "work of high and beautiful art" (or the process of producing a work) (PE17:163)

narsil

proper name. Red and White Flame

The Sword of Elendil that was broken (LotR/243), later reforged as Andúril (LotR/277). This name is a combination of the primitive roots √NAR “fire” and √THIL “white light” (Let/425), and was translated “red and white flame” in the 1966 index of The Lord of the Rings (RC/231).

Conceptual Development: Its Quenya name first appeared as ᴹQ. Narsil in the draft of The Lord of the Rings chapter: “The Battle of the Pelennor Fields” (WR/370, 372 note #14).

narsilion

proper name. (Song) of the Sun and Moon

The tale of the creation of the Sun and the Moon, glossed “Song of the Sun and Moon” (S/99). Like the name Narsil, this name is probably a combination of the primitive roots √NAR and √THIL from which the words for the Sun and Moon were derived (Anar and Isil). The name is in the genitive plural (“of the”), but there is no element corresponding to “Song”, so a more accurate translation would simply be “Of the Sun and Moon”.

nienna

feminine name. Lady of Pity and Mourning

One of the most powerful of the Valier, sister of Mandos and Lórien, whose name is glossed “Lady of Pity and Mourning” (S/28). The exact meaning of her name is unclear, but its initial element is probably be related to [ᴹQ.] nie “tear” (Ety/NEI).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, her true name is ᴱQ. Fui and the name ᴱQ. Nienna is given as a sobriquet (LT1/66). Starting with Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, her name is given only as ᴹQ. Nienna (SM/79, LR/206). This name also appears in The Etymologies as a derivative of the root ᴹ√NEY (NEI̯) “tear” (Ety/NEI).

nápat

thumb and index as a pair

nápat noun "thumb and index as a pair", a dual formation. Apparently formed from #nápa, an alternative form of nápo "thumb"; Telerin also has a final -a (rather than -o) in this word (VT48:5; etymology, VT48:16)

ossa

wall and moat

ossa noun "wall and moat" (LT2:336)

pirindë

flower that opened and shut quickly with any change of light at [?some ?not] even a pansy closed

pirindë noun "a flower that opened and shut quickly with any change of light at [?some ?not] even a pansy closed" (PE17:146; reading uncertain and meaning obscure; read perhaps "…at [which] not even a pansy closed") Also pirnë.

sisilcala-

verb. to shine continuously (silver and gold)

sisilcala- ("k")vb. "to shine continuously (silver and gold)" ("Qenya" inflected form sisilkalan) (VT27:20, 26, 27)

tirios

town with walls and towers

tirios noun (probably *tiriost-) "a town with walls and towers" (LT1:258)

veru

husband and wife, married pair

veru (2) dual noun "husband and wife, married pair" (BES). Obsoleted by #1 above? (Notice that the word veru "married pair" comes from the same source that has venno rather than veru as the word for "husband".)

verya

to marry (of husband and wife), be joined to

verya (2) vb. "to marry (of husband and wife), be joined to" (intransitive; the spouse to be is mentioned in the allative case: veryanen senna *"I married him/her"; compare English "get married to someone"). (VT49:45, 46)

vilva

adjective. fluttering to and fro

An adjective appearing as wilwa “fluttering to and fro” in the glossary to the Markirya poem from the 1960s (MC/223). In the poem itself, it was loosely translated “vague as”, in the phrase wilwarin wilwa “vague as a butterfly” (MC/222).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use the form vilva “fluttering to and fro” in keeping with the general principle that *w* was pronounced and spelt *v* in modern Quenya; see the entry for [w] for discussion.

álamë tulya úsahtienna

[and] lead us not into temptation

The ninth line of Átaremma, Tolkien’s Quenya translation of the Lord’s Prayer. The first word Álamë is a combination of the negative imperative particle ála “not” and the pronoun me “us”. It is followed by the aorist form of the verb tulya “lead” and the allative form úsahtienna “into temptation” of the noun úsahtië “temptation”. Thus, Álamë tulya úsahtienna is more literally “✱imperative-not-us lead temptation-into”. In the final version of the phrase, there is no Quenya element representing the English word “and”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> á-la-më tulya úsahtie-nna = “✱do-not-us lead temptation-into”

Conceptual Development: The word ar “and” appears only in version I of the prayer. It was omitted from all later versions for unknown reasons.

The earliest version used a different negative imperative particle úa (I-IIa). Versions IIa-IV also suffixed the pronominal element lye “you (polite)” to the imperative element, as was also the case in line 6 of the prayer. In all early versions of the prayer (I-IV), the object pronoun me appeared after the verb.

The early versions (I-IV) used a different verb mittanya- for “lead”. Tolkien considered several words for “temptation”: terfantië (I deleted) and terpellië (I-IIa), insangarë and sahtië (V deleted), before settling on úsahtië (V-VI). All appear with the allative suffix -nna: “(in)to temptation”.

| |  I  |IIa|IIb|III|IV|V|VI| |ar| | |{úna >>}|úa|úalye|alalye|Álalye|Álame| |mittanya|tulya| |{men >>}|me| | |{terfantie >>}|terpellienna|insangarenna|{sahtienna >>} úsahtienna|

ar ilyë tier undulávë lumbulë

and all paths are drowned deep in shadow

Eleventh line @@@

ar lumbulë undulávë ilyë tier

and (heavy) shadow swallowed (lit. down-licked) all roads

The 11th phrase of the prose Namárië. Tolkien altered the text from the poetic version as follows:

> ar ilyë tier undulávë lumbulë >> ar lumbulë undulávë ilyë tier

Tolkien simply swapped the subject lumbulë “(heavy) shadow” with the object ilyë tier “all roads” to be consistent with the usual Quenya subject-verb-object word order.

nasser ar cenime cantar valaron ar maiaron

The Natures and Visible Shapes of the Valar and Maiar

valar ar maiar fantaner nassentar fanainen ve quenderinwe coar ar larmar

Valar and Maiar cloaked their true-being in veils, like to Elvish bodies and raiment

-inquë

suffix. thou-and-I (dual)

-nquë

suffix. thou-and-I (dual)

arcalima ep’ eleni

far and away brighter than stars

ar elendil vorondo voronwë

and of the faith of Elendil the Faithful

Second phrase @@@

ar hísië untúpa calaciryo míri oialë

and mist covers (lit. down-roofs) Calacirya’s jewels forever

The 14th phrase in the prose Namárië, which is essentially the same as its poetic version, differing only in its more literal translation. There is nothing particularly notable about its word order.

ar i eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa tennoio

and of the One who is above all thrones for ever

Fourth phrase @@@

ar sindanóriello caita mornië

and out of a grey country darkness lies

Twelth line @@@

ar sindanóriello mornië caita

and from a grey country darkness lies

The 12th phrase of the prose Namárië. Tolkien altered the text from the poetic version as follows:

> ar sindanóriello caita mornië >> ar sindanóriello mornië caita

Tolkien simply moved the subject mornië “darkness” before the verb caita “lies” to be consistent with the usual Quenya subject-verb-object word order.

ar súlë manwëo etsurinyë ar eldaron indor turyaner

*and the spirit of Manwe went out and the hearts of the Eldar were comforted / or obeyed

ar wingildi wilwarindië

*and the foam-like butterflies

cuita’r parë

live and learn

eldarinwë leperi ar notessi

Elvish Fingers and Numerals

finda

adjective. fine and delicately made

An adjective glossed “fine & delicately made” in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 based on the root √PHĬN “clever, fine, delicate” (PE17/181).

imbi menel cemenyë menë ráno tië

between Heaven and Earth goes the path of the Moon

imbë met

between you and me

nápat

noun. thumb and index [fingers] as a pair

pirnë

noun. flower that opened and shut quickly with any change of light

sanomë tarnë olórin, aracorno, eomer, imrahil, mi mísë, mi telepta yo morna, mi laiqua yo ninquë, mi luinë, ta gimli mi lossëa

There stood Gandalf, Aragorn, Eomer and Imrahil in grey, in silver and black, in green and white, and in blue, and also Gimli in white

sustanë manwëo súlë ten i indo sindicollo ar he lastanë ar carnes

*the spirit of Manwe blew unto the heart of Thingol and he listened and did it

tutulla-

verb. keep on coming (and going)

verya-

verb. to marry (of husband and wife), be joined to

wilwa Archaic

adjective. fluttering to and fro

hatar

noun. thrower (of spears and darts)

A neologism coined by Quentandil posted on 2022-06-02 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), an agental form of hat- “throw”.

accal-

verb. to blaze, shine (suddenly and) brilliantly

amapta-

verb. to ravish, seize and carry off forcibly

hototyossë

noun. a cough and a sneeze

ad

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ada, adh

brand

adjective. towering; tall and massive, towering, tall and massive, [N.] high; lofty, noble, fine

In notes from the 1950s or 60s the word brand, brann meant “towering; tall and massive” (PE17/22, 61). In these notes Tolkien said it was derived from √BARAT (PE17/22), but that root would probably produce ✱✱brant so I think it is more likely to be based on (or blended with) √BARAD. The Etymologies from around 1937 had N. brand, brann “lofty, noble, fine” derived from primitive ᴹ✶b’randā under the root ᴹ√BARAD (Ety/BARÁD). In a phrase from Thrór’s Map written in 1936, brann was translated “high”: lheben teil __brann__ i annon ar neledh neledhi gar godrebh “five foot high the door and three may walk abreast” (TAI/150).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume brand was a blending of various ancient words meaning both “tall” and “noble”, so useable for either depending on context. I further assume it can only be used for “high, tall (and massive)” of things mostly of exceptional height, while of people it means “lofty, noble, fine”. For tall people I would probably instead use tond.

brand

towering; tall and massive

1 _ adj. _towering; tall and massive. >> brann

a

and

conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> ad, ada, adh

a

and

conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

a

conjunction. and

conj. and. Pedo mellon a minno! 'Say friend and enter'. Q. ar

ada

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, adh

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, ada

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

Ídh

and

{ð}_ conj. _and. It was not mutated before vowels. >> a

a

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

adh

conjunction. and

ah

conjunction. and

ar

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

ar

conjunction. and, and, [G.] too, besides

a

conjunction. and; †by, near, beside

In The Lord of the Rings, the Sindarin conjuction for “and” was a, as seen in the famous phrase from the Moria Gate Inscription: pedo mellon __a__ minno “speak, friend, and enter” (LotR/305).

Conceptual Development: In Tolkien’s earlier writings, the word for “and” was usually ar, consistent with the usual Quenya form of this word: Q. ar. The first appearance of this form of the word was in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, which had G. ar “and, too” (GL/20). This version of “and” appeared in numerous phrases from the 1920s-50s, that latest being the Sindarin version of the Lord’s Prayer: Ae Adar Nín from the mid-1950s (VT44/21).

In Lord of the Rings drafts of the 1940s, however, Tolkien introduced a “and” in the initial versions of the gate inscription (TI/182). He gradually transitioned to the a version over the next few years.

Possible Etymologies: It is not obvious what Tolkien intended the etymology of S. a “and” to be when he first introduced it. He did revisit the question in notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s, where he considered two primitive forms: ✶as(a) and ✶ad(a) (PE17/41). In both cases, the consonant of the primitive word would vanish if the following word began with a consonant, either as > ah > a or ad > að > a. However, there would be remnants of the primitive consonant before words beginning with a vowel, such as ah Edhel or að Edhel “and an Elf”. This is similar to how the English indefinite article “a” is “a” before a consonant but “an” before a vowel.

In the previously mentioned note Tolkien eventually settled on a(ð), and this was also the etymology of “and” in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 (PE17/145). In writings elsewhere Tolkien seems to have used a(h). For example, ah appeared in the phrase Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth “The Debate of Finrod and Andreth” written around 1959 (MR/329). In notes from 1968, Tolkien had Common Eldarin as “and” producing S. ah which became a before consonants (VT43/30).

Possible Mutations: In notes from 1969, Tolkien said that conjunctions like “and, or” induced mutation in Sindarin (PE23/142). The exact mutation would depend on the etymology of the word. The a(ð)-variant would induce stop mutation and the a(h)-variant would induce sibilant mutation, as described in Tolkien’s notes on the etymology of this word mentioned above (PE17/41).

One complication for the etymology of a was the phrase Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn “Frodo and Sam, princes of the west” (LotR/953). Here the name Perhael “Samwise” clearly undergoes soft mutation. Tolkien noticed this in his notes on the phrase, saying: “a·Berhael. ‘And’ cannot therefore be [derived from] arĭ! aŋa. ā̆. {an >>} ŋ̃a [and later in the same context] ‘And’ ad(a). Q ar. N [sic., should be S] a(ð). a, að before vowel. with soft mutation” (PE17/102).

However, there are no signs of soft mutation after a in other phrases like pedo mellon __a__ minno [rather than vinno] (LotR/305) or si loth __a__ galadh lasto dîn [rather than ’aladh] (LB/354). The earlier ar-variant also seems not to have induced mutation in some documents, such as the King’s Letter [ar Hîr; ar Meril] (SD/128) or Ae Adar Nín [ar díheno] (VT44/21, 28-29).

In the previously mentioned notes on Daur a Berhael, Tolkien seems to have considered another explanation where Daur “Frodo” was also a mutation, with an unmutated form Taur (PE17/102). If so, it may be that the mutations in Daur a Berhael are the result of some other grammatical operation rather than the normal mutation of a “and”.

Other than Daur a Berhael, the only clear example of consonant mutation after the conjunction “and” is ar·phent Rían... “✱and Rían said” from the Túrin Wrapper from the early 1950s (VT50/5). This seems to be an example of liquid mutation for the ar-version of this word.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I prefer the a(h)-variant for Sindarin “and”, with sibilant mutation before consonants and ah before vowels. This variant appears in notes from 1968 (VT43/30) and the sibilant mutation occurs only before words beginning with p, t, c, h (→ ph, th, ch, ch) and l, r (→ lh, rh). That means conflict with unmutated examples is minimized. In earlier versions of Eldamo I recommended ignoring mutation entirely for a(h), but since PE23 made it clear that conjunctions induce mutation I now recommend the “least disruptive” mutation: sibilant mutation.

This means a separate explanation is required for Daur a Berhael. For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I assume that soft mutation is used as a marker for Sindarin direct objects, even when those objects do not immediately follow the verb. Thus I assume Daur a Berhael are soft mutations of Taur “Frodo” and Perhael “Samwise” because they are the objects of the verb eglorio “glorify” in the phrase Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn, eglerio “Frodo and Sam, princes of the west, glorify (them)”.

There is some evidence that a “and” is omitted in lists of items in Sindarin; see Vyacheslav Stepanov’s article on How to List the Children of Master Samwise Properly for discussion.

Bear in mind that this system is based on a very small number of examples, and could be overturned by new publications.

amrod

masculine name. *High and Lofty

Twin brother of Amras and youngest(?) of the sons of Fëanor (it is unclear which of the twins was born first). The name is a compound of am “up” and the suffixal form -rod of raud “lofty, noble” (PM/353, VT41/10), an adaption of his Quenya name Q. Ambarto (PM/353).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this character was first named G. Damrod (LT2/251), and the name remained N. Damrod in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/223). It appeared in The Etymologies with the gloss “hammerer of copper”, a combination of N. dam “hammer” and the lenited form of N. rhaud “metal” (Ety/NDAM, RAUTĀ).

The name was changed to S. Amrod in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (WJ/197). Elsewhere Tolkien said that Amrod would also have been the proper Sindarin adaption for the name of Ambarto’s cousin Q. Ambaráto, but that Noldorin Elf chose the Sindarin name Aegnor instead (PM/347).

athra-

verb. to cross (to and fro)

A verb for “to cross (to and fro)” based on the root √THAR, also used as a prefix (PE17/14).

Conceptual Development: The Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s had ᴱN. athra- “to face, look in a certain direction, oppose” < ᴱON. anthra- based on ᴱN. ant “face, front”.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume this verb (and prefix) is used for either crossing back and forth as in athrabeth “conversation”, or a static crossing such as i iant athra i hîr “the bridge crosses the river”. For crossing in a single direction, I would use [N.] athrada- “to cross, traverse”, as in i adan athrada i eryd “the man crosses the mountains [one way]”. For the Early Noldorin sense “to face” I would use ᴺS. nevra-.

dor-cúarthol

place name. Land of Bow and Helm

The region where Túrin and Beleg campaigned against Morgoth, translated “Land of Bow and Helm” (S/205), a combination dôr “land”, cû “bow”, a variant ar of a “and” with thôl “helm” (SA/cú, thôl).

pirin

noun. flower that opened and shut quickly with any change of light

A word in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 for a “flower that opened and shut quickly with any change of light” based on √PIRI “blink” (PE17/146). This flower name was part of an attempt by Tolkien to come up with a new etymology for S. alfirin after he decided that √LA was not a negative element, so that alfirin could no longer mean “immortelle”.

lothlann

place name. Wide and Empty

A great plain in northeast Beleriand translated “Wide and Empty” (S/123). This name is a combination of lost “empty” and land “wide” (Ety/LAD, LUS), where the [[s|[st] became [s] before a consonant]] and then the [[s|medial [s] became [θ] before [l]]].

Conceptual Development: This name first appeared as N. Lothland “Wide and Empty” in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/264), but in The Etymologies it also appeared as N. Lhothlann or Lhothlann, reflecting the Noldorin phonetic rule that [[n|initial [r-], [l-] were unvoiced]]. In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, the name Lothlann was used for the region south of Mordor along with variant N. Lostladen (TI/313, WR/426), but this use of the name was later abandoned.

Gondolin

A blend of Noldorin-Quenya and Sindarin

_topon. _A blend of Noldorin-Quenya and Sindarin. Tolkien notes that "it is obviously neither Sindarin nor Noldorin" (PE17:29).

ah

preposition/conjunction. and, with

The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a.1 , ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT/43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)

ann-

prefix. long and far

_ pref. _long and far. Only preserved in certain compounds, owing to competition with ann 'gift' and ann(on) 'gate'.

ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin

and forgive us our trespasses

The seventh line of Ae Adar Nín, Tolkien’s Sindarin translation of the Lord’s Prayer (VT44/21). The first word ar is a form of a “and”. The second word díheno is the imperative form of díhena- “to forgive”, followed by ammen “for us”, a combination of an “to, for” and men “us”.

The fourth word is the definite article i “the”, followed by the plural form úgerth of úgarth “trespass, ✱misdeed” and the lenited form vin of the possessive pronoun min “ours”. The adjectival elements follow the noun as is usual in Sindarin. See the entry for the second line of this prayer for a discussion of the use of the definite article i “the” before the possessed noun in this phrase.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> ar díhen-o am-men i úgerth vin [← min] = “✱and forgive-(imperative) for-us the trespasses ours”

Conceptual Development: Tolkien initially wrote the (singular) form ugarth “trespass” after the verb before deleting it and writing the rest of the phrase, which may help explain why the definite article is not in its usual plural form before vowels: in. Tolkien first wrote the unlenited form min of the pronoun “our” before replacing it with the lenited form vin. In both min and vin, the vowel i was short where it was long in the previous line of the prayer, but this may have been a slip.

athra

adverb. to and fro; cross to and fro

adv. to and fro; cross to and fro (as a river ford). . This gloss was rejected.

fain

white and shining

_adj. _white and shining, white, shimmering. Q. fanya. >> fân, fanui

grond

adjective. very weighty and ponderous

adj. very weighty and ponderous. >> gronn

grond

noun. 'very weighty and ponderous'

prop. n. 'very weighty and ponderous', Morgoth's mace or hammer. >> grond, gronn

gronn

adjective. very weighty and ponderous

adj. very weighty and ponderous. >> grond, Grond

gwaith

noun. a 'people' associated by place and occupation

_n. _a 'people' associated by place and occupation. >> lî, rim, -waith

gûl

evil and necromantic arts

_n. _evil and necromantic arts, black arts, sorcery. A loan from B.S. Tolkien notes that "gūl in B.S. is probably from S.". Q. ñūle.

iarwain ben-adar

masculine name. Oldest and Fatherless

Fuller title of Tom Bombadil, loosely translated “oldest and fatherless” (LotR/265). This first word is the name Iarwain, and the second is a combination of the lenited form of the prefix pen “without” and the noun adar “father” (PE17/34).

nor-

verb. run (of men and animals using legs : not of fluids

_v. _run (of men and animals using legs : not of fluids, etc.). Pret. onur. >> noro, northa-

aran gondor ar arnor ar hîr i mbair annui

king of Gondor and Arnor and Lord of the Westlands

pedo mellon a minno

speak, friend, and enter; (alternately) say ‘friend’ and enter

alfirin

noun/adjective. name of a flower, bell-like and running through many soft and gentle colours

ann-thennath

noun. a verse mode, lit. "long-shorts" (alternance of long and short vowels, or rather alternance of long and short verse units, possibly of masculine and feminine rhymes)

The word is not translated by Tolkien. Refer to Tolkien's Legendarium p. 115 for a discussion of its probable meaning

ar iorhael, gelir, cordof, ar baravorn, ionnath dîn

and Frodo, Merry, Pippin and Hamfast his sons

@@@ should be revised to use v3 of the letter from AotM

ar meril bess dîn, ar elanor, meril, glorfinniel, ar eirien sellath dîn

and Rose his wife; and Elanor, Rose, Goldilocks and Daisy his daughters

@@@ should be revised to use v3 of the letter from AotM

arphent

noun. "and (he/she) said"

estel

noun. hope, trust, a temper of mind, steady fixed in purpose, and difficult to dissuade and unlikely to fall into despair or abandon its purpose

plad

noun. palm, flat of the hand, hand held upwards or forwards, flat and tensed (with fingers and thumb closed or spread)

a

and

a, or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

a

and

or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

tuilu-

verb. to bud, open (of flowers and leaves)

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo inspired by ᴹQ. tuilu- and derived from ✶tuilu-, both of the same meaning (PE22/114, 136). However, we don’t know how u-verbs are inflected in Sindarin, so Elaran suggested the easier-to-conjugate ᴺS. tuila- as an alternative.

ulunn

deformed and hideous creature

*ulunn (monster), pl. ylynn. (The archaic form ulund and the later form ulun is cited in LR:396 s.v. Ú

ulunn

deformed and hideous creature

*ulunn (monster), pl. ylynn. (The archaic form ulund and the later form ulun is cited in LR:396 s.v. Ú _(see also

tuila-

verb. to bud, open (of flowers and leaves)

gochest

noun. brother and brother, brother and sister, etc., *a set of siblings

graug

powerful, hostile and terrible creature

(demon) graug (i **raug), pl. groeg (in groeg), coll. pl. grogath** (WJ:415)

graug

hostile, powerful and terrible creature

graug (i **raug), pl. groeg (in groeg), coll. pl. grogath** (WJ:415). See DEMON.

graug

powerful, hostile and terrible creature

graug (i **raug), pl. groeg (in groeg), coll. pl. grogath**_ (WJ:415) _See DEMON.

graug

terrible, hostile and powerful creature

graug (i **raug), pl. groeg (in groeg), coll. pl. grogath** (WJ:415). See DEMON.

heria

begin suddenly and vigorously

heria- (i cheria, i cheriar) (have an impulse, be compelled to do something, set vigorously out to do) (VT45:22)

heria

begin suddenly and vigorously

heria- (i cheria, i cheriar) (have an impulse, be compelled to do something, set vigorously out to do) (VT45:22).

host

hundred and forty-four

host (i chost, o chost) (gross), pl. hyst (i chyst)

taen

long (and thin)

taen (lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.

taen

long (and thin)

taen (lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.

ulunn

noun. monster, deformed and hideous creature

a

conjunction. and

ar

conjunction. and

taen

adjective. long (and thin)

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “long (and thin)” derived from the root ᴹ√TAY “extend, make long(er)” (Ety/TAY).

hador

noun. thrower (of spears and darts)

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “thrower (of spears or darts)”, an agental form of the root ᴹ√KHAT “hurl” (Ety/KHAT), also used as the name of the progenitor of the House of Hador. This noun had a (masculine?) variant N. hadron.

rhas

noun. horn [of both animals and mountains]

ulun

noun. monster, deformed and hideous creature

hadron

noun. thrower (of spears and darts)

heria-

verb. to begin suddenly and vigorously

laden

adjective. flat (and wide)

laden

adjective. flat (and wide)

agh

conjunction. and

ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul

one ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them

as(a)

preposition. and

(n)dip

root. bending and drooping, drooping, bending

A root appearing as √(N)DIP/B “bending and drooping” in notes probably from around 1959 given as an influence on S. nimp “pale, pallid”, and as a variant of √(N)DUB of similar meaning (PE17/168). Its Quenya derivatives Q. nimpa “drooping” and Q. limpa “frail” indicate both the strengthened and unstrengthened forms were in use. Based on the derived forms, probably √(N)DIP meant “droop” vs. √(N)DUB = “bend”.

(n)dub

root. bending and drooping, bending, drooping

A root appearing as √(N)DUP/B “bending and drooping” in notes probably from around 1959 given as the basis for Q. lúva “bend, bow, curve” and Q. numba “bent, humped”, so most likely meaning “bend” as opposed to √(N)DIP/B = “droop”, another root appearing in the same note; the pair was glossed “bending and drooping” (PE17/168). In another set of notes written between the first and second edition of The Lord of the Rings, Q. lúva “bow, bight” was derived from √LUB “bend” (PE17/122). Yet another probably related primitive form is ✶luʒu > ✶lū in a discussion of monoconsonantal primitive roots from 1968; one of the derivatives of ✶luʒu was Q. luhta- “to bow” (VT47/35). Of the three, I prefer √(N)DUB as the basis for Q. lúva for purposes of Neo-Eldarin, as it has the greatest set of derivatives and related forms.

ruk

root. terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, terrible shapes and the fear they inspire, [ᴹ√] demon

The root ᴹ√RUK “demon” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives ᴹQ. rauko and N. rhaug of the same meaning, serving as the basis for N. Balrog (Ety/RUK). In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, similar “demon” words were derived from primitive ᴱ✶ʒǝroukē instead (QL/32). As for √RUK, in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 it was glossed “terrible shapes and the fear they inspire”, serving as the basis for both Q. rauko/S. raug “demon” and S. orch “Orc” < ✱urkō or ✱urkā (WJ/389-90, 415); the latter was instead derived from unglossed ᴹ√OROK in The Etymologies of the 1930s along with various other words for “goblin” in multiple Elvish languages (Ety/ÓROK). Primitive (o)rok reappeared in notes probably from the late 1950s denoting “anything that caused fear and/or horror” (MR/413); this might be a transition towards later √RUK “terrible shapes and the fear they inspire”.

denethara

masculine name. lithe-and-lank

thara

adjective. tall (or long) and slender

-il

suffix. old tool and weapon names

ad(a)

preposition. and, alongside

akkal-

verb. to blaze, shine (suddenly and) brilliantly

aþra-

verb. to cross (to and fro)

grauk-

noun. a powerful hostile and terrible creature

nki

pronoun. *thou-and-I

rantā

noun. tracks and trails of travellers or explorers that had become habitual and could be followed by others

kadô

conjunction. and so

A word glossed “and so” in both the draft and final versions Lament of Akallabêth (SD/247, 311). This is the only known Adûnaic conjunction. Andreas Moehn suggested (EotAL/DAW, KA3) that the element -dô is some sort of modifying suffix, also seen in tâidô and îdô, so that the conjugation “and” is simply ka. Thorsten Renk also used ka for simple “and” (NBA/15).

kadô zigûrun zabathân unakkha

and so [Sauron] he came humbled

The 1st phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/247). It changed little from its original draft, with only the verb unekkū becoming unakkha. Tolkien did not interpret the name Zigûrun in any version of the text, but it can be equated to Sauron from information given elsewhere (SD/250). Tolkien’s gloss was “and so ‽ humbled he-came”, which in more ordinary English might be “and so Sauron he came humbled”.

The subject Zigûrun of the sentence is the subjective form of the name Zigûr. The verb unakkha has the 3rd-person singular masculine inflection u- “he”. In the grammatical rules of Lowdham’s Report, the subject would be emphasized with this syntax (SD/429), so the sense might be more like “and it was Sauron who came humbled”. It could be that the “so” of the English gloss is a representation of this emphasis, and that the initial word kadô is simply the conjugation “and”.

The verb form nakkha is the past tense of nakh- “to come”. Since the majority of the text seems to be in the aorist, this use of the past tense would function as a pluperfect according to the grammatical rules of Lowdham’s Report (SD/439). If so, the sense would be more like “Sauron had come” rather than “Sauron came”. Finally, the position of the adjective zabathân “humbled” is difficult to explain, since Tolkien stated that “adjectives normally preceded nouns” (SD/428). Perhaps it follows because it is used as a predicate of the subjective subject Zigûrun (a construction discussed on SD/429), so that the literal interpretation of the full phrase would be “✱and so Sauron [was] humbled, he had come [to Númenor]”. Alternately, zabathân could appear in this abnormal position because it is a participle (verbal adjective).

ûrinîluwat

Sun and Moon

A phrase demonstrating a dual compound with two different elements. It contains the related pair ûri “sun” and nîlu “moon (SD/428).

ûriyat nîlô

sun and moon

An example of a dual phrase with two different words. The first word of the pair is declined as a dual. It contains the related pair ûri “sun” and nîlu “moon” (SD/428).

kadō zigūrun zabathān {hunekkū >>} unekkū

and so ‽ humbled he-came

The first draft of the 1st phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/311), differing only from the the final version in its use of the verb (h)unekkū for later unakkha. In the draft, Tolkien changed the 3rd-person singular masculine suffix in this sentence from hu- to u- as he vacillated over the proper form of this inflection.

denethor

masculine name. lithe-and-lank

ye

conjunction. and (pairs)