[HKF] reg (Dor. regorn “holly tree”) + ion (Dor. gen. pl. suffix) = Dor. Regornion [Etym. ERÉK-]
Sindarin
region
place name. *Hollin
Elements
Word Gloss ereg “holly, thorn, holly, [N.] holly-tree, [S.] thorn” -ion “-region, -land”
region
noun. holly-tree area
gardh
noun. region
Cognates
- Q. arda “region, realm, particular land or region, region, realm, particular land or region; [ᴱQ.] place, spot” ✧ WJ/402
Derivations
Element in
- S. Ard-galen “Green Region”
- S. Ardhon “The World”
- S. Calenardhon “Green Province”
- S. gardhon “province”
- S. Garthúrian “Hidden Realm”
- S. Lisgardh “Land of Reeds” ✧ UT/034
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶gardā > gardh [gardā] > [garda] > [garða] > [garð] ✧ WJ/402
gwaith
noun. people; region, people, [ᴱN.] men, folk; [N.] manhood; man-power, troop of able bodied men, host, regiment; [S.] region
Cognates
- Q. vehtë “[a span of] life; habitat, haunt” ✧ PE17/190
Derivations
Element in
- S. Danwaith
- S. Drúwaith “the wilderness of the Drû-folk”
- S. Eluwaith
- S. Enedwaith “Middle-region, Middle-folk” ✧ Let/224; SA/gwaith
- S. Forodwaith “North-region, Northmen” ✧ Let/224
- S. Gaurwaith “Wolf-men”
- S. Gwaith-i-Mírdain “People of the Jewel Smiths” ✧ SA/gwaith
- S. Haradwaith “South-folk, the Harad”
- S. Tawarwaith “Forest People”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶weg-tē > gwaith [wegtē] > [wektē] > [wekte] > [wektʰe] > [wexθe] > [gwexθe] > [gweiθe] > [gweiθ] > [gwaiθ] ✧ PE17/189
ardhon
noun. great region, province
dor
noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live
The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor
dôr
noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live
The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor
dôr
noun. land, land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; [G.] people of the land
Cognates
- Q. -ndor “land, country” ✧ SA/dôr
Derivations
Element in
- S. Arnor “Royal Land”
- S. Balannor “Land of the Valar”
- S. bardor “home land, native land” ✧ PE17/164
- S. Berennyr “Brown Lands”
- S. Dor Caranthir “Land of Caranthir”
- S. Dor-Cúarthol “Land of Bow and Helm”
- S. Dor Daedeloth “Land of Great Dread; Land of Shadow of Horror”
- S. Dor Dínen “Silent Land” ✧ S/121
- S. Dor-en-Ernil “Land of the Prince” ✧ UT/245
- S. Dor Firn-i-Guinar “Land of the Dead that Live” ✧ S/188
- S. dorgannas “shapes of the lands, *geography” ✧ WJ/192
- ᴺS. dorgant “landscape, scene, *(lit.) land-shape”
- S. Dor Gyrth i Chuinar “Land of the Dead that Live” ✧ Let/417
- S. Dor Haeron
- S. Doriath “Land of the Fence” ✧ SA/dôr; SI/Doriath; UTI/Doriath; WJ/370
- S. Dor-i-Ndainn “*Land of the Nandor”
- S. Dor i Thuin
- north S. Dor-lómin “*Echoing-land”
- S. Dorloven “*Echoing Land” ✧ PE17/133
- S. Dor-na-Daerachas “Land of Great Dread”
- S. Dor-nu-Fauglith “Land under Choking Ash”
- S. Dor-Rodyn “*Land of the Valar” ✧ MR/200
- S. Dorthonion “Land of Pines” ✧ RC/384; SA/dôr
- S. Dorwinion “Young-land country, land of Gwinion”
- S. Eglador “Land of the Eglir (Forsaken)”
- S. Elennor “*Elf-land”
- S. Eriador “Lonely Land” ✧ SA/dôr
- S. Gondor “Stone-land” ✧ SA/dôr
- S.
Mildor“Wine-land”- S. Mordor “Black Land” ✧ Let/427; SA/dôr
- S. Pelennor “Fenced Land”
- S. Thonador
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶ndor > -dor [-ndorē] > [-ndore] > [-ndor] > [-dor] ✧ PE17/164 ✶ndor > dôr [ndorē] > [ndore] > [dore] > [dor] > [dōr] ✧ SA/dôr ✶ndorē > dôr [ndorē] > [ndore] > [dore] > [dor] > [dōr] ✧ WJ/413 ✶ndorē > -ndor > -nor/-nnor [-ndorē] > [-ndore] > [-ndor] > [-nnor] ✧ WJ/413 Variations
- Dor ✧ Let/417; MR/200; PE17/133; S/121; S/188; SI/Doriath; UT/245; UTI/Doriath; WJ/192
- dor ✧ Let/427; RC/384
- -dor ✧ PE17/164
- Dôr ✧ WJ/370
gardh
noun. bounded or defined region
gwaith
noun. region, wilderness
ardh
region
1) ardh (realm), pl. erdh, also in augmented form ardhon (great region, great province, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath. 2) dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, land), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413), 3) gardh (i **ardh) (bounded or defined place), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh), 4) gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).
ardh
region
(realm), pl. erdh, also in augmented form ardhon (great region, great province, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath.
dôr
region
(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, land), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413)
gardh
region
(i ’ardh) (bounded or defined place), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh)
gwaith
region
(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).
aran
king of a region
(pl. erain)
gilwen
region of stars
(Quenya Ilmen), also Gilith. In the Etymologies, this word is derived from a root GIL (LR:358) and would then have the form ’Ilwen (’Ilwith) when lenited. But in a later source, Tolkien cited the relevant root as ÑGIL (MR:388), and the lenited form would then be Ngilwen (Ngilwith).
raeth
noun. extent, reach; region, sphere, district, scope
Derivations
- ᴹ√RAK “stretch out, reach”
ereg
noun. holly
_ n. Bot. _holly. >> Eregion
ardh
realm
ardh (region), pl. erdh
ardh
realm
(region), pl. erdh
dôr
land
1) dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413), 2) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.
dôr
land
(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413)
gwaith
people
gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**).
gwaith
people
(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).
gwaith
manhood
gwaith (i **waith) (manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**)
gwaith
manhood
(i ’waith) (manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith)
ilphen
noun. everyone
il- (every/all) + pen (someone/somebody).
ardhon
noun. world
arthor
realm
_n. _realm.
arthor
noun. realm
Cognates
- Q. turmen “realm” ✧ PE17/028; PE17/028
Derivations
- ✶artaurē “Realm” ✧ PE17/028
Element in
- S.
aranarth“*kingdom”- S. Arthedain “*Realm of the Edain”
- S. Arthor na Challonnas “Realm of the South-harbourage” ✧ PE17/028
- S. Arthor na Forlonnas “Realm of the North-harbourage” ✧ PE17/028
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶artaurē > Arthor [artaurē] > [artaure] > [artʰaure] > [arθaure] > [arθaur] > [arθor] ✧ PE17/028 Variations
- Arthor ✧ PE17/028; PE17/028
cam
noun. hand
camm
noun. hand
cidinn
?. [unglossed]
Cognates
- Q. cinta “small” ✧ PE17/157
Derivations
- √KIT “*small” ✧ PE17/157
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √KIT > cidinn [kitinne] > [kitinn] > [kidinn] ✧ PE17/157
cinnog
?. [unglossed]
Derivations
- √KIT “*small” ✧ PE17/157
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √KIT > cinnog [kintok] > [kintʰok] > [kinθok] > [kinθog] > [kinnog] ✧ PE17/157
ereg
noun. holly-tree, thorn
gardh
noun. world
gwaith
noun. manhood
gwaith
noun. man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people
mab-
noun. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers)
madu
?. [unglossed]
maud
?. [unglossed]
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶matwā > madw̯ > maud [matwā] > [matwa] > [matw] > [maut] > [maud] ✧ PE17/148 ✶matwā > madw̯ > madu [matwā] > [matwa] > [matw] > [madw] > [madu] ✧ PE17/148 Variations
- madu ✧ PE17/148
maw
noun. hand
maw
noun. hand
The Sindarin equivalent of Q. má, likewise derived from the root √MAH or √MAƷ “hand; handle, wield” (PE17/162; VT47/6). However, in Sindarin this word was archaic, used only in poetry, having been replaced in ordinary speech by other words like S. mâb and (less often) cam. Other remnants of this word can be seen in compounds like molif “wrist, (orig.) hand link” and directional words like forvo and harvo for left and right hand side.
Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, G. mô from the early root ᴱ√MAHA was the normal word for “hand”, replacing mab “hand” (< ᴱ√MAHA) which in this document Tolkien decided was instead an irregular dual form of mô (GL/55). It had also had an irregular plural mabin based on this dual, replacing an older plural †maith. In the Gnomish Grammar, its archaic form was †mâ, with the usual Gnomish sound change of ā to ō (GG/14), as opposed to later Sindarin/Noldorin ā to au, spelt -aw when final. Tolkien seems to have abandoned mô as a non-archaic word for “hand” early on, preferring ᴱN. mab “hand” by the 1920s and introducing N. cam “hand” in the 1930s.
Cognates
Derivations
- √MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ PE17/162
- ✶mā “hand” ✧ VT47/06
- ✶maha “hand, the manager” ✧ PE19/074; PE19/102; VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/35
- √MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ VT47/18; VT47/18
- √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
- √MAH “handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use, handle, manage, control, wield; serve, be of use; [ᴹ√] hand; [ᴱ√] grasp” ✧ PE21/70
- √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
- √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ VT47/18
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √MAƷ > maw [mā] > [mǭ] > [mau] ✧ PE17/162 ✶mā > maw [mā] > [mǭ] > [mau] ✧ VT47/06 √mag > maw [mā] > [mǭ] > [mau] ✧ VT47/18
mâb
noun. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers)
mâb
noun. hand, hand, [N.] grasp
The typical Sindarin word for “hand” (VT47/7, 20), usable in almost any context. It is most notable as an element in the name Mablung “Heavy Hand” (VT47/8). See below for a discussion of its etymology.
Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, where G. mab “hand” appeared as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√MAPA “seize” (GL/55). Tolkien then revised the gloss to “hands”, saying instead it was an irregular dual of G. mô “hand”. The word reverted to singular ᴱN. mab “hand” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/149). These early versions of the word were already an element of Mablung “Heavy Hand(ed)” (LT2/38; LB/311), but also of Ermabwed “One-handed” (LT2/34; LB/119).
In the 1930s it seems Tolkien decided Ilk. mâb “hand” was primarily an Ilkorin word, and the usual word for “hand” in Noldorin was N. cam. Compare Ilkorin Ermabuin “One-handed” and Mablosgen “Empty-handed” with Noldorin Erchamion and Camlost of the same meaning. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien had N. mab “grasp” under the root ᴹ√MAPA “seize”, but the version of the entry with that word was overwritten (EtyAC/MAP), leaving only the Ilkorin form mâb. In this period, Mablung may also have been an Ilkorin name.
After Tolkien abandoned Ilkorin in the 1950s, he kept S. Erchamion and Camlost based on cam, but also kept Mablung “Heavy Hand” which must have become Sindarin. In his later writings Tolkien again revisited the etymology of S. mâb “hand”. In a note from Jan-Feb 1968, he wrote:
> It [Q. má = “hand”] did not survive in Telerin and Sindarin as an independent word, but was replaced by the similar-sounding but unconnected C.E. makwā, Q. maqua, T. mapa, S. mab, of uncertain origin, but probably originally an adjectival formation from MAK “strike” ... (VT47/19).
This sentence was struck through, however. In drafts of notes on Elvish Hands, Fingers and Numerals written in or after 1968, Tolkien again derived mâb from √MAP (VT47/20 note #13), but in the final version of these notes he made the remarkable decision to discard this root despite it being a stable part of Elvish for nearly 50 years, declaring it was used only in Telerin and not Quenya or Sindarin (VT47/7). He coined a new etymology for S. mâb “hand” based on ✶makwā “handful” = ✶mā + ✶kwā (VT47/6-7), a variation on the above etymology from √MAK.
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I prefer to ignore Tolkien’s 1968 removal of √MAP “seize”, and so would continue to derive S. mâb “hand” from that root. However, its ancient meaning may have been “✱grasp”, and its eventual use as “hand” might have been influenced by ancient ✶makwā “handful”.
Cognates
- Q. maqua “hand-full, group of five (similar) things; hand (colloquial); closing or closed [hand] (facing down) for taking” ✧ VT47/06; VT47/19; VT47/20
Derivations
- ✶makwā “a hand-full, complete hand with all five fingers” ✧ VT47/06; VT47/07; VT47/19
- √MAK “cut, hew with a sharp edge; kill, slay; forge metal, cut, hew with a sharp edge, [ᴹ√] cleave; sword, fight (with a sword); ️[√] forge metal; kill, slay” ✧ VT47/19
- √MAP “take away, take hold of, grasp, take away, take hold of, grasp, [ᴹ√] lay hold of with hand, seize” ✧ VT47/20
Element in
- ᴺS. mablanthos “sycamore”
- S. Mablung “Heavy Hand” ✧ VT47/07
- ᴺS. mabren “handed, having hands, dextrous”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶makwā > mâb [makwā] > [mapā] > [mapa] > [map] > [mab] > [māb] ✧ VT47/06 ✶makwā > mâb [makwā] > [mapā] > [mapa] > [map] > [mab] > [māb] ✧ VT47/07 ✶makwā > mâb [makwā] > [mapā] > [mapa] > [map] > [mab] > [māb] ✧ VT47/19 √MAP > măpo > mâb [mapo] > [map] > [mab] > [māb] ✧ VT47/20
bâr
land
(dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.
cam
hand
1) cam (i gam, o cham), pl. caim (i chaim), coll. pl. cammath; 2) mâb (i vâb; construct mab), pl. maib (i maib). 3) Archaic †maw (i vaw), pl. moe (i moe). A homophone means ”soil, stain”. (VT47:6) 4) (fist) dond (i dhond; construct don), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).
cam
hand
(i gam, o cham), pl. caim (i chaim), coll. pl. cammath
camlann
of the hand
(i gamlann, o chamlann), pl. cemlain (i chemlain).
crûm
left hand
(i grûm, o chrûm, construct crum), pl. cruim (i chruim), coll. pl. crummath. Also ✱hair (i chair), no distinct pl. form (not even with article). Note: hair is also used = ”left” as adjective. Cited in archaic form heir (LR:365 s.v. KHYAR).
denwaith
people of denwe
(WJ:385);
dond
hand
(i dhond; construct don), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).
forgam
right-handed
(pl. fergaim, for archaic förgeim)
fuir
right hand
pl. fŷr. Also used as adj. "right, north" (VT42:20). In ”Noldorin” the word appeared as (”foeir” =) föir, feir (LR:382 s.v. PHOR).
galadhrim
people of the trees
(Elves of Lórien)
gwathuirim
people of dunland
(”shadowy people”) (PM:330);
haradrim
people of the south
(southerners, southrons);
iathrim
people of doriath
(”Fence-people”) (WJ:378);
maw
hand
(i vaw), pl. moe (i moe). A homophone means ”soil, stain”. (VT47:6)
mâb
hand
(i vâb; construct mab), pl. maib (i maib).
nand
wide grassland
(construct nan) (valley), pl. naind, coll. pl. **nannath **(VT45:36);
parth
enclosed grassland
(i barth, o pharth) (field, sward), pl. perth (i pherth);
rohirrim
people of rohan
(Gondorian pronunciation of Rochirrim; see
rêg
holly
rêg (construct reg) (thorn), pl. rîg (idh rîg). See also LOW-GROWING TREE
rêg
holly
(construct reg) (thorn), pl. rîg (idh** rîg**). See also
A forested region within Doriath (S/121). The name resembles Eregion, and probably has a similar meaning. Christopher Tolkien indicated its initial element is a variant form of ereg “holly” (SA/ereg), and its final element may be -ion “-region” (as suggested by David Salo, GS/389).
Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this region was first named Ilk. Region (LR/126), which was designated a Doriathrin [Ilkorin] name in The Etymologies, the genitive plural of Ilk. reg (Ety/ÉREK).