morco

bear

morco ("k")noun "bear" (MORÓK)

yav-

bear fruit

yav- vb. "bear fruit" (LT1:273, given in the form yavin and glossed "bears fruit"; this would have to mean "I bear fruit" in Tolkien's later Quenya: 1st pers. sg. aorist)

col-

bear, carry

#col- vb. "bear, carry", not attested by itself by suggested by colindo and colla, q.v.; also compare Tancol.

col-

verb. to bear, carry, wear

Cognates

• ᴺS. col- “to bear, carry, wear”

Derivations

• √KOL “bear, carry, wear” ✧ PE22/155

Element in

• ᴺQ. aucol- “to remove, (lit.) bear away”
• Q. cólima “bearable, light (of burdens and things comparable, troubles, labors, afflications)” ✧ PE22/155
• Q. colindo “bearer”
• Q. colla “borne, worn; vestment, cloak”
• Q. coloitë “capable of bearing, tolerant (of), enduring” ✧ PE22/155
• ᴺQ. eccol- “to export”
• ᴺQ. micol- “to import”
• ᴺQ. tercol- “to endure, carry through”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KOL > kol-	[kol-]	✧ PE22/155
√KOL > kól-	[kōl-]	✧ PE22/155

Variations

• kol- ✧ PE22/155 (kol-)
• kól- ✧ PE22/155 (kól-)

roa

dog

roa noun "dog" (VT47:35). Also huo.

röa

noun. dog

A word for “dog” appearing in 1968 notes on monosyllabic primitive Elvish nouns (VT47/35). Of the primitive forms, Tolkien first gave ✶wā(w) “dog” and ✶grā “bear”, but ✶wā(w) was struck through and the gloss of ✶grā was changed to “dog”, after which Tolkien wrote Q. roa “dog” (VT47/36). He seems to have been disatisfied with this derivation, however, going on to write a number of primitive animal roots in the upper margin, including ✶yarr- “dog”.

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. roa “a wild beast” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from primitive ᴱ✶raw̯a under the early root ᴱ√RAVA or ᴱ√RAẆA (QL/79).

Neo-Quenya: Giving Tolkien’s vacillations on these 1968 forms, I’d stick to the better known ᴹQ. huo as the common word for “dog” in (Neo) Quenya, which is the word used in Helge Fauskanger’s NQNT (NQNT).

Derivations

• ✶grawa “dog” ✧ VT47/35
  • √GRAW “[unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart” ✧ VT47/35

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶grawa > roa	[grawa] > [ɣrawa] > [ɣroa] > [roa]	✧ VT47/35

Variations

• roa ✧ VT47/35

colla

borne, worn

colla passive participle "borne, worn" (compare #col- "bear"); also used as a noun = "vestment, cloak" (MR:385). Variant form collo "cloak" _(SA:thin(d) ) _in the name Sindicollo (q.v.), sc. colla with a masculine ending.

lav-

yield, allow, grant

lav- (2) vb. "yield, allow, grant" (DAB)

melu

honey

#melu noun "honey", isolated from melumatya, q.v. (PE17:68)

melu

noun. honey

A word for “honey” appearing only in the compound Q. melumatya “honey-eating” in notes from 1967 (PE17/68).

Element in

• Q. melumatya “honey-eating” ✧ PE17/068
• ᴺQ. meluquetya “sweet-speaking person, flatterer”

tul-

come

tul- vb. "come" (WJ:368), 1st pers. aorist tulin "I come" (TUL), 3rd pers. sg. tulis "(s)he comes" (VT49:19), perfect utúlië "has come" (utúlien "I am come", EO), utúlie'n aurë "Day has come" (the function of the 'n is unclear; it may be a variant of the article "the", hence literally "the Day has come"). Past tense túlë "came" in LR:47 and SD:246, though an alternative form *tullë has also been theorized. Túlë in VT43:14 seems to be an abnormal aorist stem, later abandoned; tula in the same source would be an imperative. Prefixed future tense entuluva "shall come again" in the Silmarillion, future tuluva also in the phrase aranielya na tuluva* "may thy kingdom come" (VT44:32/34), literally apparently "thy kingdom, be-it-that (it) will come". In early "Qenya" we have the perfects tulielto "they have come" (LT1:114, 270, VT49:57) and tulier "have come", pl., in the phrase I·Eldar tulier "the Eldar have come"(LT1:114, 270). Read probably utúlieltë, Eldar utúlier** in LotR-style Quenya.

tul-

verb. come

lís

noun. honey, honey, *sugar, sweetener

A word for “honey” in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 given as lîs and derived from the root √(G)LIS (PE17/154); the usual representation of a long vowel in Quenya would be ✱lís. In DLN Tolkien said that it sometimes appeared as līr- in inflections with the usual change of intervocalic s to r, but that its usual stem form was liss-. Indeed, in The Etymologies of the 1930s this word was ᴹQ. lis “honey” under the root ᴹ√LIS of the same meaning, and its stem form was also liss- as indicated by its [ᴹQ.] genitive lissen (Ety/LIS). Tolkien originally gave the base noun as lisse in The Etymologies, but this was deleted and replaced by lis (EtyAC/LIS). In The Etymologies its Noldorin cognate was N. glî.

Conceptual Development: A likely precursor to this word was ᴱQ. ile “honey” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, cognate to ᴱN. glí “honey” (GL/59).

Neo-Quenya: Since there are other honey-words in Quenya like Q. nehtë, I would use lís (liss-) for sweeteners in general, including both honey and sugar.

Derivations

• √LIS “*sweet, [ᴱ√] sweetness, [ᴹ√] honey” ✧ PE17/154

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√(G)LIS > lîs	[līs]	✧ PE17/154

Variations

• lîs ✧ PE17/154

nectë

honey

nectë noun "honey" (LT1:262; Tolkien's later Quenya has lis; otherwise, nectë would have had to become nehtë_, a form appearing in the Etymologies with the meaning "honeycomb" [VT45:38]. However, this word clashes with _nehtë "angle" or "spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow promontory" from later sources [PE17:55, UT:282].)

nehte

noun. honey

honey

nehtë

noun. honey, honey; [ᴹQ.] honeycomb

A noun for “honey” appearing in 1970 green-ink revisions to the Outline of Phonology (OP2) derived from ✶negdē “exudation” based on the root √NEG “ooze, drip” (PE19/91). It was a later iteration of ᴹQ. nehte “honeycomb” in The Etymologies of the 1930s which had essentially the same derivation (EtyAC/NEG). This in turn was a later form of ᴱQ. nekte “honey” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root ᴱ√NEHE having to do with bees and honey (QL/65).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d use this word only for “honey”. For “honeycomb” I’d use ᴺQ. nehtelë inspired by ᴱQ. nektele “honeycomb” (QL/65)

Cognates

• S. nîdh “juice, [N.] honeycomb; [S.] juice” ✧ PE19/091
• T. nettë “honey” ✧ PE19/091

Derivations

• ✶negdē “exudation” ✧ PE19/091
  • √NEG “‽ooze, drip, ooze, drip; *honey” ✧ PE19/091

Element in

• ᴺQ. nehtelë “honeycomb”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶negdē > nehte	[negdē] > [nektē] > [nextē] > [nexte]	✧ PE19/091

Variations

• nehte ✧ PE19/091

tulu-

fetch, bring, bear; move, come

tulu- vb. "fetch, bring, bear; move, come" (LT1:270; compare tulta- in Tolkien's later Quenya)

huo

dog

huo noun "dog" (KHUG, see KHUGAN; cf. hú, huan). Also roa.

graw

noun. bear

graw

noun. bear

A Sindarin word for “bear” in notes from the late 1960s, derived from primitive ✶grā (VT47/12).

Neo-Sindarin: Its Quenya cognate Q. roa had the revised meaning {“bear” >>} “dog”, so for purposes of Neo-Sindarin it is probably best to stick with [N.] brôg and ᴺS. medli [N. megli] as words for “bear”.

Derivations

• ✶grā “dog, bear” ✧ VT47/12
  • √GRAW “[unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart” ✧ VT47/35

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶grā > graw	[grā] > [grǭ] > [grau]	✧ VT47/12

medli

noun. bear

medlin

adjective. honey-eater, bear-like

tolo

verb. come!

hû

dog

hû (i chû, o chu, construct hu), pl. hui (i chui)

hû

dog

(i chû, o chu, construct hu), pl. hui (i chui)

brôg

bear

(i vrôg, construct brog), pl. brŷg (i mrŷg)

graw

bear

(noun) 1) graw (i **raw), pl. groe (in groe), coll. pl. ?grawath or ?groath (VT47:12). 2) brôg (i vrôg, construct brog), pl. brŷg (i mrŷg**), 3) *medli (i vedli), no distinct pl. form except with article (i medli). The word literally means ”honey-eater”. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” megli.

graw

bear

(i ’raw), pl. groe (in groe), coll. pl. ?grawath or ?groath (VT47:12).

medli

bear

(i vedli), no distinct pl. form except with article (i medli). The word literally means ”honey-eater”. – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” megli.

medlin

bearish, of bears

(adjective derived from medli ”bear”), lenited vedlin, no distinct pl. form. – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” meglin.

col-

verb. to bear, carry, wear

Cognates

• Q. col- “to bear, carry, wear”

Derivations

• √KOL “bear, carry, wear”

Element in

• ᴺS. asgolui “equivalent, (lit.) beside-bear-able”
• ᴺS. colui “light (to carry), not heavy, (lit.) carryable”
• ᴺS. tharchol- “to translate, (lit.) carry-across”

medli

noun. bear, (lit.) honey-eater

tol

come

tol- (i dôl, i thelir). The present tense tôl is attested (WJ:254). MAKE COME, see FETCH

tol

come

(i dôl, i thelir). The present tense tôl is attested (WJ:254).

glî

honey

glî (i **lî**);

glî

honey

(i ’lî);

toltha

fetch

(make come) toltha- (i doltha, i tholthar)

toltha

fetch

(i doltha, i tholthar)

nîdh

honeycomb

(construct nidh; no distinct pl. form) (VT45:38).

necte, nette

noun. honey

honey

nettë

noun. honey

Cognates

• Q. nehtë “honey, honey; [ᴹQ.] honeycomb” ✧ PE19/091

Derivations

• ✶negdē “exudation” ✧ PE19/091
  • √NEG “‽ooze, drip, ooze, drip; *honey” ✧ PE19/091

Variations

• necte/nette ✧ PE19/091

urug

noun. bear

A noun translated “bear” (SD/426), also given by Tolkien as an example of how common-nouns can be altered into masculine and feminine forms using the suffixes -û and -î: urgī “female bear, she-bear” (SD/435).

raba

noun. dog

A noun translated “dog” and fully declined as an example of a Strong II noun (SD/437). It is also used as an example of a common-noun that can be altered to masculine and feminine forms rabô “male dog” and rabê “bitch” (SD/434).

morokō

noun. bear

Derivations

• ᴹ√MOROK “*bear”

grā

noun. dog, bear

Changes

• grā → grā “bear” ✧ VT47/35

Derivations

• √GRAW “[unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart” ✧ VT47/35

Derivatives

• S. graw “bear” ✧ VT47/12

yarr-

noun. dog, dog; *growl, snarl

In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, Tolkien gave the root ᴱ√YAPA “snarl, snap, bark ill-temperedly” (QL/105). It had no derivatives in QL, but in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon the words G. gab- “bark, bay (of dogs)” and G. gôbi “a large hound” were clearly related (GL/36). There were no similar forms for many years, but then primitive ✶yarr- “dog” appeared in notes from 1968 (VT47/36). This later primitive was likely related to Q. yarra- “growl, snarl” from the Q. Markirya poem of this same period (MC/223), perhaps from a root ✱√YAR.

Derivatives

• ᴺQ. yarra “️growl, snarl”
• Q. yarra- “to growl, snarl”

kol

root. bear, carry, wear

The root √KOL served various purposes throughout Tolkien’s life. The root appeared as two separate entries in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s: ᴱ√KOLO “to strain through” and also as ᴱ√KOLO, unglossed but with derivatives like ᴱQ. koli- “to prick”, ᴱQ. kolme “point, tip”, and ᴱQ. kolman “peak, summit”, so perhaps meaning something like “✱point” (QL/47). It reappeared in a rejected entry in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√KOL with a single derivative ᴹQ. kolma “ring”, and the root had the gloss “round, (?rim)” in an earlier version of the entry (EtyAC/KOL). It had a deleted reference in the entry ᴹ√KOR “round” of which it was probably a variant (EtyAC/KOR).

The root √KOL appeared regularly in Tolkien’s writing in the 1950s and 60s with glosses like “bear, carry” and derivatives of similar meaning (PE17/145, 158; PE22/152, 155; VT39/10). This new meaning of the root was anchored in the words Q. colindo “bearer” as in Q. Cormacolindor “Ring-bearers” (LotR/953), as well as S. coll “cloak” in S. Thingol “Grey-cloak” (PE17/72). In notes from 1969, Tolkien clarified that the root referred “to the ability to support weight or a burden, physical or mental, not necessarily to transporting it” (PE22/155).

Derivatives

• ✶gollo “fur, cloak”
• Q. col- “to bear, carry, wear” ✧ PE22/155
• Q. colba “*womb”
• ᴺQ. colca “box”
• ᴺQ. cólë “passivity, endurance, patience; a passive individual”
• Q. collo “cloak”
• ᴺQ. colma “stretcher”
• Q. cólo “burden” ✧ VT39/10
• ᴺQ. colta- “to lade, burden, weigh down”
• S. caul “great burden, affliction, (great) burden; affliction” ✧ VT39/10
• ᴺS. col- “to bear, carry, wear”
• S. coll “cloak, mantle”
• ᴺS. colron “bearer”
• ᴺS. cyll “bearer”
• ᴺS. coltha- “to bear up; to weigh, balance it on scales; to be worth, value or be equivalent to; to endure”
• S. cûl “load”

Element in

• ᴺ✶. askōlimā “equivalent, (lit.) beside-bear-able”

Variations

• KOL- ✧ PE17/145
• KOLO ✧ PE22/152

tul-

verb. come, is coming, has come, is here

Element in

• ✶le tulir “come ye!” ✧ PE22/140
• ✶lḗ tuli, tuli lḗ, āle tuli! “come (you)!, now you, come!” ✧ PE22/140; PE22/140; PE22/140
• ✶sē tuli, tuli sḗ, āse tuli! “let him come! etc.” ✧ PE22/140; PE22/140; PE22/140

grawa

noun. dog

Derivations

• √GRAW “[unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart” ✧ VT47/35

Derivatives

• Q. röa “dog” ✧ VT47/35

wā(w)

noun. dog

Changes

• wā(w) → grā “dog” ✧ VT47/35

tul

root. come, approach, move towards (point of speaker), come, approach, [ᴹ√] move towards (point of speaker); [ᴱ√] fetch, bear, bring; (originally) uphold, support, bear, carry

The root √TUL was used for Elvish words having to do with motion towards a speaker for much of Tolkien’s life, but the precise meaning evolved over time. The earliest appearance of this root was as ᴱ√TULU “fetch, bear, bring; move, come”, but with an original sense = “uphold, support, bear, carry” (QL/95). It had a derived verb ᴱQ. tulu- matching the verbal sense of the root along with an added sense “produce, bear fruit”, but it had other derivatives like ᴱQ. tulma “bier, tray” and ᴱQ. tulwe “tall thin pillar, standard, pole; banner” connected to the older “support” sense of the root. It had a similar divergence of meaning in its derivatives from the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, such as G. taul “a pillar” vs. G. tul- “bring; come to” (GL/69, 71). This 1910s root ᴱ√TULU may also have been connected to ᴱ√TḶPḶ which likewise had derivatives having to do with “support” (QL/93).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root ᴹ√TUL had the gloss “come, approach, move towards (point of speaker)” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tul-/N. tol- “come” and ᴹQ. tulta-/N. toltha- “send for, fetch, summon” = “(orig.) make come” (Ety/TUL); in the 1930s the “support” words seem to have been transferred to (probably unrelated) ᴹ√TULUK. √TUL “come” was mentioned regularly in Tolkien’s later writings (PE22/103; PE17/188; PE22/156), in one 1969 note with the extra gloss “approach” (PE22/168), so the 1930s senses for the root seem to have been retained thereafter.

Derivatives

• ✶tultā- “to make come, fetch, send (from point of view of receiver)” ✧ PE22/156; PE22/157
  • Q. tulta- “to send (from point of view of receiver), to send (from point of view of receiver), [ᴹQ.] to send for, send hither, fetch, summon, (lit.) cause to come” ✧ PE22/156; PE22/164
• ✶tulyā- “to cause to come, send for, fetch, summon”
  • Q. tulya- “to lead, to lead; [ᴱQ.] to bring, send”
• Q. tul- “to come, to come, [ᴱQ.] move (intr.); to bring, carry, fetch; to produce, bear fruit”
• ᴺQ. tulya “coming, approaching, future”
• S. tol- “to come”

brôg

noun. bear

brôg

noun. bear

A noun for “bear” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶morókō under the root ᴹ√MOROK (Ety/MORÓK), where the initial syllable reduced to m’rokō and then the initial mr became br.

Conceptual Development: A likely precursor to this word is ᴱN. gorch “bear” (also “fierce fighter”) from Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/145, 149).

Cognates

• ᴹQ. morko “bear” ✧ Ety/MORÓK

Derivations

• ᴹ√MOROK “*bear” ✧ Ety/LIS
• ᴹ✶morókō “bear” ✧ Ety/MORÓK
  • ᴹ√MOROK “*bear” ✧ Ety/MORÓK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶morókō > brôg	[morókō] > [mrokō] > [brokō] > [broko] > [brok] > [brog] > [brōg]	✧ Ety/MORÓK

Variations

• brog ✧ EtyAC/LIS

megli

noun. bear

meglin

adjective. honey-eater, bear-like

megli

noun. bear, (lit.) honey-eater

A noun appearing as N. {magli >>} megli “bear” in The Etymologies, a combination of N. mad- “eat” and N. glî “honey”, hence more literally “honey-eater” (Ety/LIS, MAT; EtyAC/LIS, MAT), where dl > gl as was usual in Noldorin. This word also appeared in the phrase i vegli vorn “the black bear” in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1930s (PE22/33).

Conceptual Development: ᴱN. magli “a bear, honey-eater” appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s.

Neo-Sindarin: The sound change dl > gl was not a feature of Sindarin, so most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. medli “bear”, as suggested in HSD (HSD).

Changes

• magli → megli “bear” ✧ Ety/LIS

Derivations

• ᴹ✶madlī “honey-eater” ✧ Ety/LIS

Element in

• N. i vegli vorn “the black bear” ✧ PE22/033
• N. meglin “*bear-like” ✧ Ety/LIS
• N. meglivorn “blackbear” ✧ Ety/LIS; EtyAC/LIS (magli) (mormagli); EtyAC/MAT (Mormagli); EtyAC/MAT (Meglivorn)

Elements

Word	Gloss
mad-	“to eat”
glî	“honey”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶mad-lī > megli	[madlī] > [madli] > [medli] > [megli]	✧ Ety/LIS

Variations

• magli ✧ EtyAC/LIS (magli); EtyAC/MAT (magli)

glî

noun. honey

glî

noun. honey

A word for “honey” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶g-lisi under the root ᴹ√LIS of the same meaning (Ety/LIS).

Conceptual Development: In Early Noldorin Word-lists Tolkien also had ᴱN. glí “honey” (PE13/144), presumably similarly derived from the early root ᴱ√LISI. However, in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s the word for “honey” was G. neglis with an initial element √neg- (GL/59), the Gnomish equivalent of the early root ᴱ√NEHE that was the basis for ᴱQ. nekte “honey” (QL/65). It is possible that the second element of G. neglis was based on ᴱ√LISI and this was carried forward into later “honey” words.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. lis “honey” ✧ Ety/LIS

Derivations

• ᴹ✶glisi “honey” ✧ Ety/LIS
  • ᴹ√LIS “honey” ✧ Ety/LIS

Element in

• ᴺS. glidheb “like honey”
• N. megli “bear, (lit.) honey-eater”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶g-lisi > glî	[glisi] > [glihi] > [glih] > [glīh] > [glī]	✧ Ety/LIS

tol-

verb. to come

toltha-

verb. to fetch, summon, make come

hû

noun. dog

hû

noun. dog

Cognates

• ᴹQ. huo “dog” ✧ Ety/KHUGAN

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHUG “bark, bay” ✧ Ety/KHUGAN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHUG > hû	[kʰugo] > [xugo] > [xuɣo] > [xuɣ] > [xūɣ] > [xū] > [hū]	✧ Ety/KHUGAN