long

adjective. heavy

lung

adjective. heavy, heavy; [G.] grave, serious

Sindarin adjective meaning “heavy” attested only in the name Mablung “Heavy Hand” (S/185). Given this name’s Quenya cognate Q. Lungumá (VT47/19), S. lung probably developed from primitive ✱✶lungŭ, where the [[s|[u] was prevented from become [o] by the presence of the nasal [ŋ]]].

The Gnomish glosses for this word from the 1910s included the more metaphorical senses of “grave, serious” (GL/55). It’s possible the Sindarin word could be used in this way as well.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, the word for “heavy” was also G. lung (GL/55), an element in the name G. Mablung as well (LT2A/Mablung). Its primitive form was not given, but judging by the related word G. luntha- “to balance, weigh”, it might have been ✱ᴱ√LUŊU. The form ᴱN. lung “heavy” reappeared in the Early Noldorin Grammar from the 1920s (PE13/122), but became ᴱN. lhung in the (Early) Noldorin Dictionary (PE13/163), after Tolkien decided that [[en|initial [r-], [l-] were unvoiced]].

In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the Noldorin form of this word was N. lhong derived from primitive ᴹ✶lungā (Ety/LUG¹), where [[n|the [u] became [o] due to a-affection]]. At this point in time, Mablung was Doriathrin/Ilkorin rather than a Noldorin name (Ety/MAP), so there was no conflict.

After Tolkien abandoned the Ilkorin language, Mablung would have become a Sindarin name, and Tolkien needed a new etymology for it. Judging by its later Quenya cognate Lungumá (VT47/19), it seems that Tolkien revised the primitive form of this word from ✶lungā to ✶lungŭ, as described above, possibly a restoration of its etymology from the 1920s. This meant there was no a-affection in the Sindarin development, making S. lung the Sindarin form of the word.

Neo-Sindarin: I personally prefer S. lung for the Sindarin word for “heavy”, but some Neo-Sindarin authors use the reformed word ᴺS. ^long, based on the Noldorin word lhong in The Etymologies, switching to a voiced [l] because the unvoicing of initial [l], [r] does not happen in Sindarin phonology.

lorn

noun. quiet water

lorn

noun. anchorage, harbour

long

heavy

long (pl. lyng);

long

adjective. heavy

long

heavy

(pl. lyng);

and

adjective. long

The Sindarin word for “long”, appearing as both and and ann, derived from primitive ✶andā based on the root √ANAD (PE17/12, 40, 90, 121; VT42/28). The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. ann “long” of the same derivation (Ety/ÁNAD).

Possible Pronunciation: In one note from the mid-1960s Tolkien said “S †ann- only preserved in certain compounds, owing to competition with ann (< annā) ‘gift’, and ann(on) ‘gate’, of different origin” (PE17/90) and in a note from 1959 Tolkien said “S ann/and rare except in old words or names as anduin” (PE17/40). Despite these claims of rarity, and/and appears in a very large number of compounds, far more than ann “gift”.

One way of resolving this ambiguity is to assume the normal pronunciation of this as a standalone word is and rather than ann, in keeping with the notion that the sound “remained nd at the end of fully accented monosyllables” in Sindarin (LotR/1115). The reduction an(n) would then only occur in compounds like anann “for long” and Anfang “long beard”.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. {indra >>} in(d)ra “long (also used of time)” based on primitive ᴱ√ṇdr (GL/51).

anann

adverb. long

adv. long. Cuio i Pheriain anann 'May the Halflings live long'.

and

adjective. long

adj. long. i·arben na megil and 'The Knight of the Long Sword'. >> ann

ann

adjective. long

adj. long. Rare except in old names (e.g. Anduin). >> and

and

adjective. long

ann

adjective. long

anach

place name. ?Long Neck

A pass between the Crissaegrim and Ered Gorgoroth (S/201). The meaning of the name is unclear, but it might be a compound of and “long” and ach “neck”. Alternately, it could be the cognate of Q. (a)nacca “narrows, pass” (PE17/166); this second etymology was suggested to me by Matt Dinse in a 2022-07-26 Discord conversation.

anann

adverb. (for) long

An adverb meaning “(for) long” in the phrase cuio i Pheriain anann “may the Halflings live long” (LotR/953; Let/448; PE17/102). It is a combination of an “for” with and “long”.

andram

place name. Long Wall

A wall of hills in Beleriand from Nargothrond to Ramdal, translated “Long Wall” (S/122). This name is a combination of and “long” and ram “wall” (SA/an(d), ram).

Conceptual Development: The name N. Andram first appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s with the same translation “Long Wall” (LR/262). It also appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s with the same derivation as above (Ety/ÁNAD, RAMBĀ).

andras

place name. Long Cape

A cape south of Brithombar. This name is similar in form and has the same translation (“Long Cape”) as Andrast (WJ/189, note #56). It is also a combination of and “long” and ras(t) “cape”.

Conceptual Development: This name appeared on Tolkien’s private map of Beleriand (WJ/184) but not in the maps published in The Silmarillion. It is also mentioned in Tolkien’s Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 (WJ/379).

andrast

place name. Long Cape

A cape in southwest Gondor translated “Long Cape” (UT/214, note #6). This name is a combination of and “long” and ras(t) “cape”.

Conceptual Development: An earlier form of this name Angast appeared in Tolkien’s essay on the “Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor” (VT42/8, 15), composed between 1967-9 (VT42/5). The revised name Andrast is mentioned in notes for the posthumously published story “Aldarion and Erendis” (UT/214, note #6). The name was first published in the Pauline Baynes poster map of Middle-earth, made in consulation with Tolkien in 1969 (RC/lxiv).

andrath

place name. Long Climb [or Long Street]

This name was used to two distinct tracks. The first is a road crossing the Greenway between the Barrow-downs and the South Downs (UT/348) and running from ancient Fornost down to Tharbad (TI/305). The second is the pass from Rivendell over the Misty Mountains translated by Christopher Tolkien as “long climb” (UT/271, 278 note #4). This name is a combination of and “long” and rath “(climbing) street”.

Conceptual Development: The road crossing the Greenway was first mentioned in Lord of the Rings drafts with the name N. Amrath (perhaps “✱up-course”), soon changed to Andrath (TI/72, 79). It also appeared on draft maps for the Lord of the Rings (TI/298, 305), but the name did not appear in the published book or its maps. The road was mentioned again in Tolkien’s private essays on “The Hunt for the Ring” (UT/348). I believe Tolkien intended name this road crossing the Greenway to mean something like “✱Long Street or Long Course”.

In a different essay on “The Disaster at Gladden Fields”, the name Andrath was applied to the “high-climbing pass” over the Misty Mountains [named only in this essay], the pass that Bilbo and the Dwarves used in the Hobbit, more fully named Cirith Forn en Andrath; Christopher Tolkien suggested in this second instance it meant “long climb” (UT/271, 278 note #4).

androth

place name. *Long Cave

Caves where Tuor dwelled in his youth (S/238). The name was not translated, but it is most likely a compound of and “long” and the lenited form roth of groth “cave”.

ann-thennath

proper name. *Long-shorts

A mode of Elvish verse (LotR/193), possibly a combination of and “long”, thent “short” and the class-plural suffix -ath, as suggested by Patrick Wynne and Carl Hostetter (Tolkien’s Legendarium, p. 115).

cair andros

place name. Ship of Long Foam

An island in the river Anduin (LotR/812), translated “Ship of Long Foam” (PM/371), sometimes appearing as just Andros “Long Foam (LotR/1115). This name is a combination of cair “ship”, and “long” and ross “foam, spray” (SA/an(d), ros).

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this island was first named N. Tol Varad “Defended Isle”, soon revised to Men Falros “✱Place of Splashing Foam” (WR/326). Later in the drafts it was changed to N. Cairros “✱Ship Foam” then Andros before Tolkien settled on its full form N. Cair Andros (WR/340 note #15).

foen

place name. Long Sight

A mountain in Dorthonion appearing in Silmarillion map revisions from the 1950s-60s (WJ/183) and translated “Long Sight” in a philological fragment of uncertain date (WJ/187 note #32).

fang

noun. beard, beard, [G.] long beard

The Sindarin word for “beard”, best known as an element in the name S. Fangorn “Treebeard, (lit.) beard of tree” (LotR/1131, PE17/84). The word dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s where it appeared as G. fang “a long beard” (GL/34), though in that document it had a rejected variant bang “beard” (GL/21). ᴱN. fang “beard” appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/143), and N. fang “beard” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√SPANAG (Ety/SPÁNAG). Thus this word was well established in Tolkien’s mind.

Achad Tarlang

place name. The long narrow 'col' or passage over the long spur of the mountains that separated Lamedon from the plain of Erech

topon. The long narrow 'col' or passage over the long spur of the mountains that separated Lamedon from the plain of Erech. It is not certain whether this was named after some ancient man with the Sindarin name Tarlang ('stiff-neck', sc. 'proud') or was due to the obsolescence of Tarlang 'the stiff, tough passage' to which S. ached had been prefixed in explanation, so that Achad Tarlang 'the crossing called Tarlang' was interpreted as 'Tarlang's Neck'. The neck was not the name of the passage but of the lower, narrower ridge (crossed by the road) between the main mountains, and the mountainous region at southern end of the spur. Fachad, lang

An(d)fang

noun. long beard

and (“long”) + fang (“beard”)

Andram

noun. long wall

and (“long”) + ramb (“wall”)

Andras(t)

noun. long cape

and (“long”) + #rast (#“shore”) #The second element is probably the same as in Nevrast and Haerast.

Andrath

noun. long climb

and (“long”) + rath (“course, passage”)

Androth

noun. long cave

and (“long”) + groth (“underground dwelling”)

Anduin

noun. long river

and (“long”) + duin (“long and large river”)

Anfalas

noun. long strand

and (“long”) + falas (“coast, beach, shore”)

Anfauglir

noun. long-thirsty-jaws (Carcharoth)

an(d) (“long”) + faug (“thirst”) + lîr (“row, range #of teeth”)

Cair Andros

noun. ship of long foam

cair (“ship”), and (“long”) + ros (“foam, rain”) Nd doesn’t become nn before r; the original form of ros would probably be ross, with the final s dropped at the end of a polysyllable [HKF].

anfangrim

noun. long bearded dwarves

and (“long”) + fang (“beard”) + rim (collective plural suffix)

angerthas

noun. long rune-rows

and (“long”) + certhas (“rune rows”) > certh (“a rune”) + as (#abstract colletive suffix)

finnel

noun. mass of long hair

n. mass of long hair. >> find, finn

ídha

long for

v. long for, desire. >> ídhra, ídhril. This gloss was rejected.

ídhra

long for

{ð} v. long for, desire. >> ídha, ídhril. This gloss was rejected.

ann-

prefix. long and far

_ pref. _long and far. Only preserved in certain compounds, owing to competition with ann 'gift' and ann(on) 'gate'.

andaith

noun. long-mark

andreth

noun. long-suffering, patience

angerthas

noun. runic alphabetic, (lit.) long rune-rows

aníra-

verb. to desire, to desire, *long for

cuio i pheriain anann

may the Halflings live long

foen

noun. long sight

angast

place name. Long Cape

An earlier form of Andrast appearing in Tolkien’s essay on the “Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor” (VT42/8, 15), composed between 1967-9 (VT42/5). The second element of this name appears to be the lenited form gast of an otherwise unattested word cast “cape”, perhaps related to the root √KAS “head”, as suggested by Carl Hostetter (VT42/28, note #16).

duin

noun. (long and large) river (having strong current)

gûl

noun. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things)

lang

sword

(cutlass), pl. leng.

anann

adverb. long, for a long time

andaith

noun. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a vowel, to indicate that it is lengthened.

angerthas

noun. runic alphabet, long rune-rows (extended version of the Certhas)

ann-thennath

noun. a verse mode, lit. "long-shorts" (alternance of long and short vowels, or rather alternance of long and short verse units, possibly of masculine and feminine rhymes)

The word is not translated by Tolkien. Refer to Tolkien's Legendarium p. 115 for a discussion of its probable meaning

glaer

noun. tale, [N.] long lay, narrative poem, [S.] tale, song

i arben na megil and

Knight of the Long Sword

ifant Reconstructed

adjective. *aged, [N.] aged, having lived long, (lit.) year-full

imrath

noun. long narrow valley with a road or watercourse running through it lengthwise

iphant

adjective. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness)

laer

noun. song, long lay

lorn

quiet water

(anchorage, haven, harbour), pl. lyrn (VT45:29).

loss

noun. snow (especially fallen or long-lying snow)

laer

noun. song

anann

long

(adverb, = "for a long time") anann

anann

long

and

long

(adjective) and (pl. aind),

and

long

(pl. aind)

Andrath

Long Climb

Andrath means "Long Climb", apparently consisting of the Sindarin elements and + rath.

Anduin

long river or great river

Anduin is a Sindarin name meaning "long river" or "great river", composed of and + duin.

Cair Andros

Ship of Long Foam

The Sindarin name Cair Andros translates to "Ship of Long Foam". Cair means "ship", and means "long", and ros means (in this context at least) "foam".

andaith

long mark

(no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters, like the Mode of Beleriand.

andaith

long mark

andaith (no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters, like the Mode of Beleriand. LONG RUNE-ROW (a certain system of runes) Angerthas (and + certhas). LONG YEAR (Valian year) ennin. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

andaith

long mark

andaith (no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters.

iphant

long-lived

iphant (aged, literally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E. LONG-SNOUTED ONE (= elephant), annabon, pl. ennebyn, coll. pl. annabonnath. (Archaic form andabon.)

Andrath

long climb

andrath (high pass), pl. endraith,

Andrath

long climb

andrath (high pass), pl. endraith.

anann

for a long time

.

anann

for a long time

anann.

andrann

noun. cycle, age, (lit.) long cycle

andrath

long climb

(high pass), pl. endraith,

angerthas

long rune-row

(and + certhas).

angerthas

long rune-row

(and + certhas).

annabon

long-snouted one

pl. ennebyn, coll. pl. annabonnath. (Archaic form andabon.)

brûn

long endured/established/in use

(old), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin;

brûn

long established

under

brûn

long endured

under

brûn

long in use

under

brûn

long endured/established/in use

brûn (old), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin;

ennin

long year

. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

glaer

long lay

(i ’laer) (narrative poem), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glaer)

glaer

long lay

glaer (i **laer) (narrative poem), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glaer**)

glaer

long lay

glaer (i **laer) (narrative poem), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glaer**);

iphant

long-lived

(aged,  literally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

iphant

long-lived

iphant (aged, literally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

taen

long (and thin)

taen (lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.

taen

long (and thin)

taen (lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.

andrann

noun. cycle, age (100 Valian Years)

Helge Fauskanger noted that the element and "long" would normally be preserved before r-, but the -d is lost because there is another d in the word (VT/41:9); however, this second d later disappeared in the change from -nd to -nn, and it is unclear whether or not an- would then revert to and-

megil

noun. sword

_ n. _sword. i·arben na megil and 'The Knight of the Long Sword'.

pind

noun. crest

n. crest, ridge, esp. used of long (low) hill with a sharp ridge against skyline. Q. quíne. >> pend 1/2, pinn, Pinnath Gelin

pinn

noun. crest

n. crest, ridge, esp. used of long (low) hill with a sharp ridge against skyline. Q. quíne. >> pend 1/2, pind, Pinnath Gelin

anfang

longbeard

pl. Enfeng, coll. pl. Anfangrim (WJ:10, 108, 205)

glîr

song

1. glîr (i **lîr, construct glir) (poem, lay), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glîr), coll. pl. glíriath. 2) laer (no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”summer”. 3) lind (air, tune; also = singer, in the latter sense also used of rivers), no distinct pl. form (WJ.309). See also HYMN regarding the word aerlinn**.

glîr

song

(i ’lîr, construct glir) (poem, lay), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glîr), coll. pl. glíriath. 2)  laer (no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”summer”. 3) lind (air, tune; also = singer, in the latter sense also used of rivers), no distinct pl. form (WJ.309). See also

im Archaic

noun. valley, valley; [N.] dell, deep vale

An archaic element meaning “valley” that survived only in compounds, a derivation of ✶imbi “between” (VT47/14). The basic sense “valley” was transferred to its more elaborate form imlad as in Imladris “Rivendell”, and †im “valley” fell out of use due to its conflicted with other words like the reflexive pronoun im.

Conceptual Development: N. imm “dell, deep vale” was mentioned in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√IMBE, alongside its elaboration N. imlad of the same meaning (Ety/IMBE).

Anduin

Anduin

Anduin is a Sindarin name meaning "long river" or "great river", composed of and + duin.

Anfalas

Anfalas

Anfalas means "Long Shore/Beach" in Sindarin (and + falas). It is also translated as Andafalasse in Quenya and Langstrand in Westron. Tolkien noted that the shortening of long to lang is very frequent in English place-names.

Cair Andros

Cair Andros

The Sindarin name Cair Andros translates to "Ship of Long Foam". Cair means "ship", and means "long", and ros means (in this context at least) "foam".

Andrath

Andrath (name)

Andrath means "Long Climb", apparently consisting of the Sindarin elements and + rath.

Category:Eriador Category:Passes Category:Roads and Streets Category:Sindarin Locations de:Andrath fr:encyclo:geographie:reliefs:eriador:andrath fi:Andrath

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annabon

elephant

annabon (lit. "long-snouted"), pl. ennebyn, coll. pl. annabonnath.

annabon

elephant

(lit. "long-snouted"), pl. ennebyn, coll. pl. annabonnath.

brenia

endure

1. brenia- (i vrenia, i mreniar), 2) dartha- (i dhartha, i narthar) (stay, wait, remain, last) (VT45:8) LONG ENDURED, see brûn under OLD

brûn

elder, eldest

(long endured, long established, long in use), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin. Cf. also

certh

rune

certh (i gerth, o cherth), pl. cirth (i chirth). RUNE-ROW (collection of runes) certhas (i gerthas, o cherthas), pl. certhais (i cherthais). LONG RUNE-ROW (a certain system of runes) Angerthas (and + certhas).

duin

river

(long, large river with strong current) duin (i dhuin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nuin) (VT48:24)

duin

large river

(i dhuin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nuin), coll. pl. duinath (Names:179, PM:54); compare the river-name Anduin, ”long river”.

iaur

old

1. iaur (ior-, iar-) (ancient, former), pl. ioer. Compare ELDER, ELDEST, q.v. 2) brûn (long endured, long established, long in use), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin. Cf. also

imrath

valley

(long narrow valley with a road or watercourse running through it lengthwise) imrath (pl. imraith)

iphant

full of years

(aged, long-lived), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

iphant

aged

iphant (long-lived, litearally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

iphant

aged

(long-lived, litearally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

iuith

use

(noun) iuith (no distinct pl. form). LONG IN USE, see brûn under .

nand

valley

1. nand (construct nan) (wide grassland, land at the foot of hills with many streams), pl. naind, coll. pl. nannath (VT45:36), 2) lâd (lowland, plain), construct lad, pl. laid, 3) (long narrow valley with a road or watercourse running through it lengthwise) imrath (pl. imraith).

reth Reconstructed

noun. endurance

A neologism coined by Vyacheslav Stepanov posted on 2024-03-01 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), probably an element in andreth “long-suffering, patience”.

tangada

establish

tangada- (confirm, make firm) (i dangada, i thangadar). LONG ESTABLISHED, see brûn under OLD

duin

noun. (large) river, (large) river; [N.] water

A Sindarin word for river, more specifically a large one (LotR/1138; PM/54; RC/765; VT48/24), derived from primitive ✶duinē and the root √DUY “flow (strongly), flood, inundate” (RC/766; VT48/23-24).

Conceptual Development: The first precursor to this word seems to be G. duif “stream” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from primitive ᴱ✶duiwe and related to G. duil “flight” (GL/31). The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. duin under the root ᴹ√DUI̯, but there it was a loan word from Ilk. duin “water, river”. After Tolkien abandoned Ilkorin, it became a native Sindarin word.

narn

noun. tale, tale, [N.] saga

iaur

adjective. old, old; [N.] ancient, olden

certhas

noun. runic alphabet, rune-rows

annas

5{#iD noun. length

Theoretical Sindarin; based on the attested formations thinnas (– adj. thent).

aerlinn

noun. (unknown meaning, perhaps a song about the sea, or possibly holy song)

amloth

noun. flower or floreate device used as crest fixed to the point of a tall helmet

angerthas

noun. angerthas

pl. n. >> certhas, Cirth

aníra-

verb. to desire

brethil

noun. silver birch

_n. Bot. _silver birch, an emblem of Elbereth. Because of its association with Elbereth, Elves associated this tree with stars, and the word was often interpreted as 'daughter of the Queen', 'princess'. >> fimbrethil, nimbrethil

brethil

noun. silver birch, silver-birch; [N.] beech

A word for a “silver-birch”, an element in the names Nimbrethil and Fimbrethil (SA/brethil). According to Tolkien it was associated with bereth “queen”:

> ... since this tree was an emblem of Elbereth, was associated by Elves with the stars, and the word by them often interpreted as “daughter of the Queen, princess”. Fuller forms nimbrethil “white princess” and fimbrethil “slender princess” were also used (PE17/23).

Tolkien went on to add that “the ordinary non-mythological word for birch was ... S chwind, whinn”, so it seems brethil was only for the specific species of birch associated with Elbereth, and the ordinary word for “birch” was whinn. In this note, Tolkien also derived brethil from √BARATH, but he may have changed his mind later; see the entry to bereth “queen” for discussion.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. brethil was “beech (tree)” and it was derived from the root ᴹ√BERETH of the same meaning (Ety/BERETH, NEL). In later writings, “beech” was S. neldor; see that entry for discussion.

bronwe

noun. endurance, lasting quality, faith

certh

noun. rune

certh

noun. rune

cuia-

verb. to live

find

noun. a tress

findel

adjective. having beautiful hair

adj. having beautiful hair. >> Glorfindel

finn-

noun. a tress

fîn

noun. a tress

glae

noun. grass

A word for “grass” reported by Lisa Star from notes associated with The Lord of the Rings appendices, in unpublished material from the Marquette collection (TT17/33). It may be derived from an elaboration of the root √LAY which had other-plant related derivatives.

glandagol

noun. boundary mark

gloss

adjective. snow-white, dazzling-white

gûl

noun. perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy

imlad

noun. deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides (but a flat habitable bottom)

imloth

noun. flower-valley, flowery vale

This word only occurs in the place name Imloth Melui, a vale where roses grew

imrad

noun. a path or pass (between mountains, hills or trackless forest)

laws

noun. hair ringlet

linnod

noun. (?) a single verse used as a maxim

The word is not translated by Tolkien. The first meaning assumes that -od is a singulative affix (cf. filigod ). The second meaning is proposed by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne in Tolkien's Legendarium p. 132, based on the metrical characteristics of Gilraen's linnod

linnod

noun. (?) a chant of a certain metrical type, where each (half-)verse is composed of seven syllables

The word is not translated by Tolkien. The first meaning assumes that -od is a singulative affix (cf. filigod ). The second meaning is proposed by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne in Tolkien's Legendarium p. 132, based on the metrical characteristics of Gilraen's linnod

los

snow

{ŏ}_ n. _snow. Q. losse. >> glos, glosui, loss, Loss(h)oth

loss

noun. snow

_ n. _snow. Q. losse. >> glos, glosui, los, Loss(h)oth

lîr

noun. song, poem, lay

lû

noun. a time, occasion

maetha-

verb. use

_ v. _use, wield. Q. mahta-. >> maw

megil

noun. sword

The word was struck out in the Etymologies, but is well attested in late compounds such as Mormegil or Arvegil (with regular mutation). It is conceivably the Sindarinized form of Quenya makil, coexisting with magol (see tegil and tegol for a similar case)

narn

noun. a tale or a saga, that is told in verse to be spoken and not sung

nen

noun. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river)

nen

noun. waterland

nen

water

{ĕ}_ n. _water, lake. Q. nén. >> nîn

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from, of. In older S. o had the form od before vowels. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'.

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from. . This gloss was rejected.

od

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

sirion

place name. Great River

The Great River of Beleriand (S/120), a combination of sîr “river” and the adjective iaun “wide”, reduced to its suffixal form -ion also seen in the names of lands (PE17/42).

Conceptual Development: This river was named G. Sirion in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/238) and was explained as an archaic word for “river” in the Gnomish Lexicon (GL/67). The name N. Sirion appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s as an elaboration of N. sîr (Ety/SIR). The derivation given above appeared in Tolkien’s Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/42). In an early name list its Qenya equivalent was given as ᴱQ. Sirion as well (PE13/102).

sîr

noun. river

taith

noun. mark

tum

noun. deep valley, under or among hills

andrann

cycle

andrann (age), pl. endrain. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” anrand.

andrann

cycle

(age), pl. endrain.  Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” anrand. ****

angol

magic

(deep lore), pl. engyl. Note: a homophone means "stench".

aníra

desire

(vb.) aníra- (i aníra, in anírar);

aníra

desire

(i aníra, in anírar);

brenia

endure

(i vrenia, i mreniar)

bronadui

enduring

bronadui (lasting). Lenited vronadui. No distinct pl. form.

bronadui

enduring

(lasting). Lenited vronadui. No distinct pl. form.

bronwe

endurance

bronwe (i vronwe)

bronwe

endurance

(i vronwe)

caul

heavy burden

(i gaul, o chaul) (affliction), pl. coel (i choel), coll. pl. colath; 

celon

river

(i gelon, o chelon), pl. celyn (pl. i chelyn)

certh

rune

(i gerth, o cherth), pl. cirth (i chirth).

certhas

rune-row

(i gerthas, o cherthas), pl. certhais (i cherthais).

certhas

alphabet

(runic alphabet) certhas (i gerthas, o cherthas) (rune-row), pl. certhais (i cherthais)

certhas

alphabet

(i gerthas, o cherthas) (rune-row), pl. certhais (i cherthais)

cuia

live

(i guia, i chuia; the attested form is the imperative cuio). Also cuina (i guina, i chuinar).

dartha

endure

(i dhartha, i narthar) (stay, wait, remain, last) (VT45:8)  

dram

heavy stroke

(i dhram) (blow), pl. draim (in draim)

ethir

of a river

(estuary), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. ethiriath. Note: a homophone means "spy".

fang

beard

fang (pl. feng)

fang

beard

(pl. feng)

fast

shaggy hair

(pl. faist if there is a pl.).

find

hair

(construct fin), no distinct pl. form, coll. pl. finnath.

find

tress

find (lock of hair). Construct fin; no distinct pl. form; coll pl. finnath.

find

tress

(lock of hair). Construct fin; no distinct pl. form; coll pl. finnath.

fîn

hair

1. (a single hair) fîn (construct fin), no distinct pl. form. (PM:362), 2) (lock of hair, tress) find (construct fin), no distinct pl. form, coll. pl. finnath.

fîn

hair

(construct fin), no distinct pl. form. (PM:362)

glae

grass

glae (i **lae), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glae**).

glae

grass

(i ’lae), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glae).

glîr

lay

glîr (i **lîr, construct glir) (poem, song), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glîr), coll. pl. glíriath**;

glîr

lay

(i ’lîr, construct glir) (poem, song), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glîr), coll. pl. glíriath;

golu

secret lore

(i ngolu = i ñolu, o n’golu = o ñgolu), analogical pl. gely (in gely = i ñgely) if there is a pl. Archaic golw, hence golwath as the likely coll. pl.****

gûl

magic

1. gûl (i ngûl = i ñûl, o n**gûl = o ñgûl, construct gul) (sorcery, necromancy, evil knowledge), pl. guil (in guil = i ñguil) (Silm:App, MR:250, WJ:383), 2) angol (deep lore), pl. engyl**. Note: a homophone means "stench". DARK MAGIC, see .

gûl

magic

(i ngûl = i ñûl, o n’gûl = o ñgûl, construct gul) (sorcery, necromancy, evil knowledge), pl. guil (in guil = i ñguil) (Silm:App, MR:250, WJ:383)

hathel

broadsword blade

(i chathel, o chathel) (axe blade), pl. hethil (i chethil)

ia

ago

ia, io

ia

ago

io

iaur

old

(ior-, iar-) (ancient, former), pl. ioer. Compare

imloth

flowering valley

(pl. imlyth) (VT42:18).

ist

lore

ist (knowledge); no distinct pl. form.

ist

lore

(knowledge); no distinct pl. form.

iuith

use

(no distinct pl. form).

iuitha

use

(verb) iuitha- (i iuitha, in iuithar)

iuitha

use

(i iuitha, in iuithar)

ledhbas(t) Reconstructed

noun. waybread

lind

river

”singer” may also be used of rivers (see

loss

snow

(fallen snow) loss (construct los; pl. lyss if there is a pl.) (RGEO:61-62, Letters:278, VT42:18) (Note: homophones mean ”flower” [more commonly loth] and ”wilderness”.).

lâd

valley

(lowland, plain), construct lad, pl. laid

lû

time

_(a time) _1) lû (occasion), pl. lui, coll. pl. lúath.

lû

time

(occasion), pl. lui, coll. pl. lúath.

magol

sword

(i vagol), analogical pl. megyl (i megyl), coll. pl. maglath (though analogical ?magolath may also be possible). In ”Noldorin”, this was the native word for ”sword” (derived from primitive makla, as is Quenya macil); it is unclear whether Tolkien definitely replaced it with megil when he turned ”Noldorin” into Sindarin, or whether both words coexist in the language.

megil

sword

1. megil (i vegil), no distinct pl. form except with article (i megil). This is a borrowing from Quenya macil (VT45:32). 2) magol (i vagol), analogical pl. megyl (i megyl), coll. pl. maglath (though analogical ?magolath may also be possible). In ”Noldorin”, this was the native word for ”sword” (derived from primitive makla, as is Quenya macil); it is unclear whether Tolkien definitely replaced it with megil when he turned ”Noldorin” into Sindarin, or whether both words coexist in the language. 3) lang (cutlass), pl. leng.

megil

sword

(i vegil), no distinct pl. form except with article (i megil). This is a borrowing from Quenya macil (VT45:32).

nand

valley

(construct nan) (wide grassland, land at the foot of hills with many streams), pl. naind, coll. pl. **nannath **(VT45:36)

narn

tale

1. narn (saga; versified tale to be spoken rather than sung), pl. nern**; 2) pent (i bent, o phent) (story), pl. pint (i phint), coll. pl. pennath; 3) trenarn (i drenarn, o threnarn) (account), pl. trenern (i threnern); 4) gwanod (i **wanod) (number), pl. gwenyd (in gwenyd).

narn

tale

(saga; versified tale to be spoken rather than sung), pl. *nern***; 2) pent (i** bent, o phent) (story), pl. pint (i** phint), coll. pl. pennath; 3) trenarn (i** drenarn, o threnarn) (account), pl. trenern (i** threnern); 4) gwanod (i ’wanod) (number), pl. gwenyd (in gwenyd**).

nên

water

nên (lake, pool, stream, waterland), construct nen, pl. nîn. FLOOD-WATER (or ”wash”) iôl (pl. ŷl) (RC:334, VT48:33).

nên

water

(lake, pool, stream, waterland), construct nen, pl. nîn.

o

of

(od), followed by hard mutation. With article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by ”mixed” mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366). Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning”.

rand

noun. cycle

rath

climbing path

(street, course, riverbed), pl. raist (idh raist) (UT:255)

raw

rush

(noun, roaring noise) 1) raw (pl. roe, idh roe)

raw

rush

(pl. roe, idh roe)

rib

rush

(verb) rib- (i rîb, idh ribir) (fly, fling)

rib

rush

(i rîb, idh ribir) (fly, fling)

sirion

great river

sirion (i hirion, o sirion), pl. siryn (i siryn).

sîr

river

1. (also = rill) sîr (i hîr, o sîr), in compounds sir- or -hir or -hír; no distinct pl. form except with article (i sîr), coll. pl. siriath. Note: sîr is also the adverb ”today”. 2) celon (i gelon, o chelon), pl. celyn (pl. i chelyn), 3) The word lind ”singer” may also be used of rivers (see . (WJ.309).

sîr

river

(i hîr, o sîr), in compounds sir- or -hir or -hír; no distinct pl. form except with article (i sîr), coll. pl. siriath. Note: sîr is also the adverb ”today”.

taen

thin

(lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.

taith

mark

(noun) taith (i daith, o thaith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thaith). Archaic teith.

taith

mark

(i daith, o thaith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thaith). Archaic teith.

talath

wide valley

(i** dalath, o thalath) (flat surface, plane, flatlands, plain), pl. telaith (i** thelaith). *Tolkien changed this word from ”Noldorin” dalath, LR:353 s.v.*

talath

dal

Dirnen or ”Guarded Plain” mentioned in the Silmarillion.

tangada

establish

(confirm, make firm) (i dangada, i thangadar).

thâr

stiff grass

pl. thair if there is a pl; coll. pl. tharath.

tiwdi

alphabet

tiwdi (i diwdi), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thiwdi). (VT46:16; David Salo would read têwdi)

tiwdi

alphabet

(i diwdi), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thiwdi). *(VT46:16; David Salo would read têwdi)*

îr

sexual desire

(VT46:23)