Ara-

noble

Ara-, ar- a prefixed form of the stem Ara- "noble" (PM:344). In the masc. names Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername (amilessë, q.v.) of Fingolfin (PM:360, cf. 344), Arafinwë "Finarfin" (MR:230)

arato

noble

arato noun "a noble" (PE17:147), in PE17:118 given as aratō and there glossed "lord" (often = "king"). Cf. aráto. The form cited in the latter source, aratō with a long final vowel, is evidently very archaic (compare Enderō under Ender); later the vowel would become short. (PE17:118)

arquen

noble

arquen noun "a noble" (WJ:372), "knight" (PE17:147)

ar(a)-

prefix. noble, high

Derivations

• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/147; PM/344

Element in

• Q. Aracáno “High Chieftain” ✧ PM/344
• Q. Aracondo “*Noble Prince”
• Q. Aracorno “Aragorn”
• Q. Arafinwë “*Noble Finwë” ✧ PM/344
• ᴺQ. aranisquë “frankincense”
• Q. Aratan “*Noble Man”
• Q. Arcantiër “Major Patterns”
• Q. Arciryas “*Noble Ship”
• Q. Arfanyarassë “High Shining White Peak”
• Q. Argoldo “Noble Noldo”
• Q. Armenelos “City of the Kings; *(lit.) Noble Heaven City”
• Q. arquen “noble, knight”
• Q. Artano “High-smith”
• ᴺQ. arcöa “palace, (lit.) noble-house”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ARA > ar/ara/aran	[ara-]	✧ PE17/147
√Ara- > Ara-/ar-	[ara-]	✧ PM/344

Variations

• ar/ara/aran ✧ PE17/147
• Ara-/ar- ✧ PM/344

arquen

noun. noble, knight

Cognates

• S. arphen “noble, knight” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• Q. arquen andamacilwa “Knight of the Long Sword” ✧ PE17/147
• ᴺQ. arquenië “nobility”

Elements

Word	Gloss
ar(a)-	“noble, high”
quén	“person, individual, man or woman; one, somebody”

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

tána

high, lofty, noble

tána (meaning unclear, probably adj. "high, lofty, noble") (TĀ/TA3). Compare tára.

arata

adjective. high, noble, exalted, lofty

Cognates

• S. raud “noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/118; PE17/147
• S. arod “noble” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/186
• T. aráto “*noble” ✧ PM/346

Derivations

• ✶rāta “lofty, high, noble” ✧ PE17/049
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PE17/118; PE17/186; PE17/186
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• Q. Ambarto “*High and Lofty” ✧ PM/354
• Q. Artanga “*Noble Iron” ✧ PM/346
• Q. Aratar “High Ones, The Exalted, The Supreme”
• Q. Artaher “Noble Lord” ✧ PM/346
• Q. Artaresto
• Q. Artamir “*Noble Jewel”
• Q. Artanáro “*Noble Fire”
• Q. Artanis “Noble Woman” ✧ PM/346
• ᴺQ. artapano “chessboard”
• ᴺQ. artatúrë “government”
• Q. Artafindë “*Noble [Golden] Hair” ✧ PM/346
• Q. Varda Aratarya “Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity” ✧ WJ/369

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶(a)rātā > arata	[arātā] > [aratā] > [arata]	✧ PE17/049
✶áratā > arta	[aratā] > [artā] > [arta]	✧ PE17/118
√ARAT > arta	[arata] > [arta]	✧ PE17/147
✶arāta > arata	[arāta] > [arata]	✧ PE17/186
✶arăta > arta-	[arata-] > [arta-]	✧ PE17/186

Variations

• arta ✧ PE17/118; PE17/147; PM/354
• arta- ✧ PE17/186
• aráta- ✧ PM/346

arta

adjective. high, noble, exalted, lofty

Amarië

good

Amarië fem. name; perhaps derived from mára "good" with prefixing of the stem-vowel and the feminine ending -ië (Silm)

ala-

good

ala- (3), also al-, a prefix expressing "good" or "well" (PE17:146), as in alaquenta (q.v.) Whether Tolkien imagined this ending to coexist with the negative prefix of the same form (#2 above) is unclear and perhaps dubious.

aráto

noun. champion, eminent man, noble, lord, king

Derivations

• ✶árātō “lord” ✧ PE17/118
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147; SA/ar(a)

Element in

• Q. Ambaráto “*High Champion”
• Q. Angaráto “*Iron Champion” ✧ SA/ar(a)
• Q. Findaráto “*[Golden] Hair Champion” ✧ SA/ar(a)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶árātō > aratō	[arātō] > [aratō] > [arato]	✧ PE17/118
√ARAT > arato	[arato]	✧ PE17/147
√arat- > aráto	[arā́to]	✧ SA/ar(a)

Variations

• aratō ✧ PE17/118
• arato ✧ PE17/147

mára

adjective. good

halda

adjective. high, tall

tára

lofty

tára (1) adj. "lofty". (SA:tar, LT1:264, TĀ/TA3 (AYAK, TÁWAR), VT45:6), "tall, high" (WJ:417). Compare antara. Adverb táro in an early "Qenya" text (VT27:20, 26). The adj. tára is not to be confused with the continuative form of the verb #tar- "stand".

aráto

champion, eminent man

aráto noun "champion, eminent man" (SA:ar(a) )

arta

exalted, lofty

arta (1) adj. "exalted, lofty" (PM:354), "high, noble" (PE17:118, 147); cf. names like Artaher, Artanis.

tar-

affix. high, high; [ᴹQ.] king or queen (in compounds)

Cognates

• S. -dor “*king, lord”

Derivations

• √TĀ/TAƷ “high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble”

Element in

• Q. Alatar
• Q. Annatar “Lord of Gifts” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Arantar “*High King”
• Q. Tar Calimos “*Royal Bright City”
• Q. Hyarantar “?Southern Height”
• Q. Sorontar “King of Eagles”
• Q. Taniquetil “High White Peak”
• Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Tarannon
• Q. Tarcil “High Man, Númenórean”
• Q. Tarciryan
• Q. Tareldar “High-elves”
• Q. tarhanwa “throne, (lit.) high seat” ✧ PE22/148
• Q. tári “queen, queen, [ᴱQ.] mistress, lady” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Tarindor “*High minded one”
• Q. tarma “pillar” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Tarmenel “High Heaven”
• Q. tarminas “great towering building (fort/city/castle), tower”
• ᴺQ. tarolwen “sceptre, (lit.) royal branch”
• Q. Tarondor “?King of Stones”
• Q. Tarostar “?King of the Lands”
• Q. Tarquesta “High Speech, High Language”
• Q. Tarumbar “King of the World”
• S. Tarmund “Noble Bull”

Variations

• tar- ✧ PE22/148; SA/tar

tá

high

tá 2) adj. "high" (LT1:264; there spelt tâ. This is hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, but cf. tára "lofty".)

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

herwa

adjective. lordly

Elements

Word	Gloss
heru	“lord, master”

arod

adjective. noble

arod

noble

1b _adj._noble. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

adj. #noble.

arod

adjective. noble

d adj. noble. Q. arata. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

Cognates

• Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/186
• T. aráta “noble” ✧ PM/363

Derivations

• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PE17/039; PE17/186; PM/363; VT41/09
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶rāta “lofty, high, noble” ✧ PE17/049
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• S. Arodreth “Noble Endurance” ✧ PE17/182
• S. Arothir “Noble Lord”
• S. Finrod ✧ VT41/09
• S. Thinrod “noble member of the Thindrim” ✧ VT41/09

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶arātā > arod	[arātā] > [arāta] > [arǭta] > [arauta] > [araut] > [araud] > [arod]	✧ PM/363

arphen

noun. a noble

arphen

noun. noble, knight

Cognates

• Q. arquen “noble, knight” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• S. i arben na megil and “Knight of the Long Sword” ✧ PE17/147

Elements

Word	Gloss
ar(a)-	“noble, royal, high”
pen	“one, somebody, anybody, one, somebody, anybody; [N.] Elf”

Variations

• arben ✧ PE17/147

rodwen

noun. high virgin noble

Ara-

prefix. high, noble, royal

ar(a)-

prefix. noble, royal, high

Derivations

• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal”
• S. aran “king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person, king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)” ✧ Let/426
  • √ARAN “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• S. Aradan “*Noble-man”
• S. Arador “*Noble-lord”
• S. Araglas “*Royal-joy”
• S. Aragorn “Revered King, Kingly Valour” ✧ Let/426; PE17/113
• S. Aragost
• S. Arahad
• S. Arahael
• S. Aramund “Kingly Bull”
• S. Arassuil
• S. Arathorn “Steadfast King” ✧ Let/426
• S. Araval
• S. Aravir
• S. Aravorn
• S. arahadhw “throne, (lit.) high seat” ✧ PE22/148
• S. Aredhel “Noble Elf”
• S. Aredhel “Noble Elf” ✧ PE17/139
• S. Ar-Feiniel “White Lady”
• S. Argeleb
• S. Argon
• S. Argonath “Pillars of the Kings, (lit.) Royal Stones” ✧ RC/347
• S. Argonui
• S. Arminas “?Noble Tower”
• S. Arnor “Royal Land”
• S. arphen “noble, knight”
• S. Arroch “*Noble-horse”
• S. Arvedui “Last-king”
• S. Arvegil
• S. Arveleg
• S. Arwen “Noble Maiden”
• ᴺS. arwen “noble lady”
• S. Finarfin
• S. Gil-Orrain “Star of High Hope”
• S. Pelargir “Garth of Royal Ships”
• S. Ras-Arphain
• Os. Ára-ngorn “Revered King”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
S. aran > ara	[aran-] > [ara-]	✧ Let/426

Variations

• ara ✧ Let/426; PE22/148
• ar(a) ✧ LotR/1038
• ara- ✧ PE17/113
• ar- ✧ PE17/139
• aran/ar(a) ✧ PM/193
• Ar(a)- ✧ RC/347

ar-

prefix. high, noble, royal

brann

towering

_ adj. _towering, tall and massive. >> brand

maer

adjective. excellent

_ adj. _excellent. Q. maira admirable, excellent, precious. >> maer-, maeron

raud

excellent

_ adj. _excellent, noble, eminent.

bain

good

_ adj. _good, wholesome, blessed, fair (esp. of weather). . This gloss was rejected.

ma

adjective. good

_ adj. _good. Archaic and obsolete except as interjection 'good, excellent, that's right'.

maer

good

_ adj. _good.

maer

good

adj. good, proper, excellent. Q. mára good, proper, Q. maira excellent. >> mae-. This gloss was rejected.

taer

lofty

adj. lofty. Q. tāra.

taer

adjective. lofty, lofty, *high

Cognates

• Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ PE17/186; PE17/186

Derivations

• √TĀ/TAƷ “high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶tagra ✧ PE17/186
  • √TĀ/TAƷ “high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble” ✧ PE17/186

Element in

• S. Targon

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶tagra > taer	[taɣra] > [tagra] > [taɣra] > [taira] > [tair] > [taer]	✧ PE17/186

brand

towering; tall and massive

1 _ adj. _towering; tall and massive. >> brann

brand

adjective. towering; tall and massive, towering, tall and massive, [N.] high; lofty, noble, fine

Cognates

• Q. varanda “sublime” ✧ PE17/023

Derivations

• √BARAT “lofty, high, height combined with strength/size/majesty” ✧ PE17/022
  • √BAR “[ᴹ√] raise; uplift, save, rescue(?)”

Element in

• S. Brandir “*Noble Man”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√BARAT > brand	[barándā] > [branda] > [branda] > [brand]	✧ PE17/022

Variations

• brand ✧ PE17/022; PE17/023; PE17/061
• brann ✧ PE17/022; PE17/023; PE17/061

brann

adjective. towering, tall and massive, towering, tall and massive, [N.] high; lofty, noble, fine

raud

lofty

adj. lofty. Q. rāta. >> arod, taer

raud

adjective. noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent

Cognates

• Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/118; PE17/147

Derivations

• ✶rāta “lofty, high, noble” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/118; PE17/186
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• S. Amrod “*High and Lofty”
• S. Angrod “*Iron Champion”
• S. Rodwen “High Virgin Noble”
• S. Finrod ✧ PE17/049
• S. rodel “lady, high lady” ✧ PE17/049
• S. Rodnor
• S. Rodon “Vala” ✧ PE17/118; PE17/186

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶(a)rātā > raud	[rātā] > [rāta] > [rǭta] > [rauta] > [raut] > [raud]	✧ PE17/049
✶(a)rā́tā > raud	[rātā] > [rāta] > [rǭta] > [rauta] > [raut] > [raud]	✧ PE17/118
✶rāta > raud	[rāta] > [rǭta] > [rauta] > [raut] > [raud]	✧ PE17/186

Variations

• raud ✧ PE17/049; PE17/118; PE17/147; PE17/186

arth

adjective. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted)

ar

noble

(adjectival prefix) ar- (high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

ar

noble

(high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

arn

noble

(adjective) 1) arn (royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic *araud), pl. aroed. 2) brand (high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind; 3) raud (eminent, high), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

arn

noble

(royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic ✱araud), pl. aroed.

arphen

noble

(noun, "a noble") 1) arphen, pl. erphin; 2) raud (eminent man, champion), pl.roed (idh roed), coll. pl. rodath.

arphen

noble

pl. erphin

brand

noble

(high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind

raud

noble

(eminent, high), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed.  4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

arwen

noble woman

(pl. erwin).****

duinen

high tide

(i dhuinen), pl. duinin (i nuinin). (VT48:26).

orchall

lofty

(superior, eminent), pl. erchail (for archaic örchail)

mîn

towering

mîn (lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (isolated, first). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the numeral ”one”.

mîn

towering

(lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (isolated, first). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the numeral ”one”.

or

high

(adjectival pref.) or- (above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

or

high

(above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

wen

maiden

in names means ”girl, maiden, virgin”.

brand

tall

(lofty, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind.

hall

tall

(exalted); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

hall

exalted

hall (high); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

hall

exalted

(high); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

maer

good

_(”useful” of things _ not of moral qualities) maer (lenited vaer, no distinct pl. form) (fit, useful). For ”good” as an adjective describing human qualities, the word fael ”fair-minded, just, generous” may be considered.

maer

good

(lenited vaer, no distinct pl. form) (fit, useful). For ”good” as an adjective describing human qualities, the word fael ”fair-minded, just, generous” may be considered.

raud

tall

(eminent, noble), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed. Also used as noun ”champion, eminent man, [a] noble”.

taur

tall

(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

telu

high roof

(i delu, o thelu) (dome), pl. tely (i thely).

arth

lofty

1) arth (noble, exalted), pl. erth, 2) brand (high, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind, 3) orchall (superior, eminent), pl. erchail (for archaic örchail), 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

arth

lofty

(noble, exalted), pl. erth

brand

lofty

(high, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind

taur

lofty

(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

andrath

high pass

(literally "long climb"), pl. endraith.

arth

exalted

1) arth (lofty, noble), pl. erth;

arth

exalted

(lofty, noble), pl. erth

gondrath

highway

(i ’ondrath) (street of stone, causeway), pl. gendraith (i ngendraith = i ñendraith). Archaic pl. göndreith. (WJ:340). Possibly the pl. can also be gondraith, without umlaut of the first element.

arpenia

adjective. *noble

aráta

adjective. noble

Cognates

• S. arod “noble” ✧ PM/363

Derivations

• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PM/363
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186

Element in

• T. aráto “*noble”

Variations

• arāta ✧ PM/363

aráto

noun. *noble

Cognates

• Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PM/346

Element in

• Q. Angaráto “*Iron Champion” ✧ PM/346
• Q. Findaráto “*[Golden] Hair Champion” ✧ PM/346

Elements

Word	Gloss
aráta	“noble”

arn(a)-

prefix. noble, royal

Derivations

• √ARAN “good, excellent, noble”

Element in

• Q. Aranórë “Kingsland” ✧ Let/428
• S. Argonath “Pillars of the Kings, (lit.) Royal Stones” ✧ Let/427

Variations

• arn(a) ✧ Let/427; Let/428

arātā

adjective. high, lofty, noble

Derivations

• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
• √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186

Derivatives

• Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/118; PE17/186; PE17/186
• S. arod “noble” ✧ PE17/039; PE17/186; PM/363; VT41/09
• T. aráta “noble” ✧ PM/363

Element in

• ✶findarātō ✧ VT41/09
• Q. Aratar “High Ones, The Exalted, The Supreme” ✧ PM/363
• Q. Findaráto “*[Golden] Hair Champion” ✧ PE17/039

Variations

• aratā ✧ PE17/039
• áratā ✧ PE17/118
• arāta ✧ PE17/186
• arăta ✧ PE17/186
• arat- ✧ PM/363
• arata- ✧ VT41/09

rā/ara

root. noble, high, royal

An invertible root meaning “noble”, itself an extension of √AR (PE17/147). Given its widespread use, Tolkien did not define this root until quite late. Its first clear mention was in Notes on Names (NN) and Quenya Notes (QN), both from 1957. In NN, Tolkien introduced invertible √ARA/RĀ to give an explanation of the element rod in names like S. Rodon “Vala” and S. Finrod, where Tolkien said:

> S raud “tall, high, lofty, eminent”. √ARA, RĀ. Cf. Q aran “king”. Q arta “high” < árată. S raud < form (a)rā́tă (PE17/118).

Earlier in The Etymologies of the 1930s, the second element of N. Finrod was N. rhaud “metal” (Ety/RAUTĀ), whereas ᴹQ. haran/N. aran “king” was derived from ᴹ√ƷAR “have, hold” (Ety/ƷAR). As for the later root √ARA/RĀ, Tolkien gave a lengthier explanation in QN:

> √AR. ARI-, ARA/RĀ, ARAT/ARAN. Original sense probably seen in adverb/preposition ✱ara/ar/ra, beyond, further than. The stems ARI/ARAN/ARAT mean “good, excellent, noble” — differing from √MAN in stating that any one specimen is “good of its kind”, excels, without necessarily implying that others are bad or marred. Hence ari-, good as prefix, ar/ara/aran as prefixes of excellence especially in royal names, aran king. Q arta noble, arato a “noble”, ráta- excel, surpass. S aran, arod (arāta); or raud excellent, noble, eminent (PE17/147).

Thus all these roots, including the extensions √ARAN and √ARAT, were elaborations on the sense “beyond” from base root √AR. The simple root √AR itself had a lengthy conceptual history; see that entry for details. As for ARA/RĀ, the connection between these forms and nobility seems to be firmly established by the late 1950s and afterwards, with primitive element Ara- “noble” mentioned in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 (PM/344, 363 note #43), and numerous other mentions of derived forms in documents from this period.

Derivatives

• Ad. Ar- “king or queen” ✧ SA/ar(a)
• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/118; PE17/186; PE17/186
  • S. arod “noble” ✧ PE17/039; PE17/186; PM/363; VT41/09
  • T. aráta “noble” ✧ PM/363
• ✶árātō “lord” ✧ PE17/118
  • Q. aráto “champion, eminent man, noble, lord, king” ✧ PE17/118
• ✶rāta “lofty, high, noble” ✧ PE17/118
  • Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/049
  • S. arod “noble” ✧ PE17/049
  • S. raud “noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/118; PE17/186
• Q. ar(a)- “noble, high” ✧ PE17/147; PM/344
• Q. aran “king” ✧ PE17/118
• Q. arya “excelling, *better” ✧ PE17/147
• S. ar(a)- “noble, royal, high”
• S. ro- “*superlative” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• ✶artaurē “Realm”
• √RAT “tower up”
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ SA/ar(a)
• Q. Aranórë “Kingsland” ✧ PE17/118
• ᴺQ. artanwa “award”
• S. Aradan “*Noble-man” ✧ SA/ar(a)
• S. aran “king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person, king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)” ✧ SA/ar(a)
• S. Aredhel “Noble Elf” ✧ SA/ar(a)
• S. Argonath “Pillars of the Kings, (lit.) Royal Stones” ✧ SA/ar(a)
• S. Arnor “Royal Land” ✧ SA/ar(a)

Variations

• ARA ✧ PE17/118; PE17/145; PE17/147; PE17/148
• RĀ ✧ PE17/118; PE17/147; PE17/148; PE17/182
• Ara- ✧ PM/344
• ara- ✧ PM/363
• ar(a)- ✧ SA/ar(a)

rāta

adjective. lofty, high, noble

Derivations

• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118
• √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186

Derivatives

• Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/049
• S. arod “noble” ✧ PE17/049
• S. raud “noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/118; PE17/186

Variations

• (a)rātā ✧ PE17/049
• (a)rā́tā ✧ PE17/118

aran

root. good, excellent, noble

An extended root in 1957 Quenya Notes based on √AR “beyond, further than”, √ARAN was glossed “good, excellent, noble” but was principally used for Q. aran, S. aran “king” (PE17/147).

Derivatives

• ✶arn(a)- “noble, royal”
• Q. aran “king” ✧ PE17/147
• S. aran “king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person, king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)” ✧ PE17/147
  • S. ar(a)- “noble, royal, high” ✧ Let/426

Variations

• ARA|N|T ✧ PE17/148

arat

root. good, excellent, noble

Derivatives

• Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/147
• Q. Aratar “High Ones, The Exalted, The Supreme” ✧ SA/ar(a)
• Q. aráto “champion, eminent man, noble, lord, king” ✧ PE17/147; SA/ar(a)
• Q. ráta- “to excel, surpass” ✧ PE17/147
• S. arod “noble” ✧ PE17/147
• S. raud “noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent” ✧ PE17/147

Elements

Word	Gloss
RĀ/ARA	“noble, high, royal”

Variations

• ARA|N|T ✧ PE17/148
• arat- ✧ SA/ar(a)

ari

root. good, excellent, noble

An extended root in 1957 Quenya Notes based on √AR “beyond, further than”, √ARI was glossed “good, excellent, noble” but was principally used for the prefix Q. ari- (PE17/147). This prefix was glossed “good” in the 1957 Quenya Notes, but in notes on comparison (probably from the early 1960s) it was used as a superlative prefix (PE17/56-57). The corresponding S. superlative prefix seems to be ro- (PE17/147).

Derivatives

• Q. ar(i)- “superlative prefix; good, superlative prefix; good; [ᴱQ.] intensive” ✧ PE17/147

tā/taʒ

root. high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble

This root and ones like it were used for “high” things for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared as unglossed ᴱ√TAHA in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. tā “high; high above, high up”, ᴱQ. tahōra or tayóra “lofty”, and ᴱQ. tāri “queen”; it had a variant form ᴱ√TAʕA where the ʕ might be a malformed Y (QL/87). The corresponding forms in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon were G. dâ “high” and G. dara “lofty” (GL/29), indicating the true form of the root was ᴱ√DAHA, since initial voiced stops were unvoiced (d- > t-) in Early Qenya (PE12/17). Primitive forms like ᴱ✶dagá > ᴱN. dâ/ᴱQ. tá “high” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s indicates the root continued to begin with D for the following decade (PE13/141, 161).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave this root as ᴹ√TĀ/TAƷ “high, lofty; noble” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high”, ᴹQ. tári “queen” and N. taen “height, summit of high mountain” (Ety/TĀ). In Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 Tolkien gave the root as √TAG or Tā- “high”, and in notes from around 1967 Tolkien gave √TAƷ as the explanation of the initial element of Q. Taniquetil and contrasted it with √TĂR “stand” (PE17/186). In 1970 green-ink revisions to the Outline of Phonology (OP2), Tolkien wrote a marginal note giving √TAƷ > TĀ “high”, but this note was rejected with a statement “transfer to Gen. Structure. No [ʒ] existed in Eldarin” (PE19/72-73 note #22).

This last rejection seems to be part of Tolkien’s general vacillation on the nature and phonetic evolution of velar spirants in Primitive Elvish in 1968-70. For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume the root form was √TAH or √TAƷ > √TĀ as the basis for “high” words, much like √MAH or √MAƷ > ✶mā was the basis for “hand” words.

Derivatives

• ✶tagra ✧ PE17/186
  • Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ PE17/186
  • S. taer “lofty, lofty, *high” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶tāra “high”
• Q. -tar “honorific”
• Q. tar “honorific, sir, madam”
• Q. tar- “high, high; [ᴹQ.] king or queen (in compounds)”
• Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ PE17/186
• S. taer “lofty, lofty, *high” ✧ PE17/186

Variations

• TAG/Tā- ✧ PE17/186
• TAƷ ✧ PE17/186; PE17/186; PE19/073 (TAƷ)
• TĀ ✧ PE19/073 (TĀ)

manrā

adjective. good

Derivations

• √MAN “good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil, good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil; [ᴹ√] holy spirit” ✧ PE17/162

Derivatives

• Q. mára “good, proper, good, proper; [ᴹQ.] useful, fit, good (of things), [ᴱQ.] excellent; mighty, power, doughty” ✧ PE17/162

tāra

adjective. high

Derivations

• √TĀ/TAƷ “high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble”

Element in

• ✶tār(a)-ninqui-tilte “High White Peak” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶tārī “queen, (lit.) she that is high” ✧ PE17/067

Variations

• tār(a) ✧ PE17/186

ar(a)-

prefix. noble, royal

Element in

• N. Pelargir

brand

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

brann

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

brann

adjective. lofty, noble, fine; high

Cognates

• ᴹT. branda “lofty, noble, fine” ✧ Ety/BARÁD

Derivations

• On. branda “lofty, noble, fine” ✧ Ety/BARÁD
  • ᴹ✶b’randā “lofty, noble, fine” ✧ Ety/BARÁD
  • ᴹ√BARAD “*lofty, noble” ✧ Ety/BARÁD
    • ᴹ√BAR “raise; uplift, save, rescue(?)” ✧ Ety/BAR

Element in

• N. Brandir “*Noble-man” ✧ Ety/BARÁD
• N. brannon “lord” ✧ Ety/BARÁD
• N. brennil “lady” ✧ Ety/BARÁD
• N. lheben teil brann i annon ar neledh neledhi gar godrebh “five foot high the door and three may walk abreast” ✧ TAI/150

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. branda > brand > brann	[branda] > [brand] > [brann]	✧ Ety/BARÁD

hall

adjective. exalted, high

brand

adjective. high (in size)

brann

adjective. high (in size)