a

conjunction. and

andeith

noun. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a vowel, to indicate that it is lengthened.

anfang

noun. one of the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves)

arad

noun. daytime, a day

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

agaldor

masculine name. Agaldor

Perhaps the earliest name for Q. Elendil, immediately revised to Amroth, appearing in the earliest version of the tale of the Fall of Númenor (LR/12, 31). The language and the meaning of the name are unclear, but it appears to be Noldorin.

ammalas

masculine name. Ammalas

Earliest form of the name of Amroth, first changed to Amaldor and then Amroth (TI/223). The meaning of these name are unclear, but Roman Rausch suggested they both contain the element am “up” appearing in his later name, and possibly end with the lenited forms of lhass “leaf” (or possibly glass “joy”) and Galdor (EE/2.26).

amon thorn

place name. Amon Thorn

An earlier name for Amon Dîn (WR/232). The meaning of its second element is unclear; Roman Rausch suggested several possible interpretions (EE/3.22), the most likely of which seems to be thoron “eagle”.

amon uilos

place name. Amon Uilos

amroth

masculine name. Amroth

ar

conjunction. and

aearendel

masculine name. Aearendel

annon porennin diragas·venwed

annon porennin diragas·venwed

airin

feminine name. Airin

amon hen

place name. Amon Hen

amon lhaw

place name. Amon Lhaw

andrath

place name. Andrath

angbor

masculine name. Angbor

angmar

place name. Angmar

angrod

masculine name. Angrod

anborn

masculine name. Anborn

ai, dennad torfir

Ai, dennad Torfir

ai, du-finnion

Ai, Du-finnion

awarth

noun. abandonment

ada

noun. father (hypocoristic), father (hypocoristic), [G.] daddy

A hypocoristic (affectionate) word for “father” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, hence roughly equivalent to English “daddy”, derived from the root ᴹ√ATA “father” (Ety/ATA).

Conceptual Development: A similar set of affection words appeared the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s: G. ada or nada, adi or nadi (GL/17, 59).

aes

noun. cooked food, meat

A noun for “cooked food, meat” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√AP, likely from primitive ✱apsā given its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. apsa (Ety/AP). If so, the ae is the result of the vocalization of the ancient ap to ai, after which the diphthong ai became ae.

Neo-Sindarin: This 1930s Noldorin word presents two problems for its adaptation to Sindarin. First, the Sindarin vocalization of ancient p seems to be u rather than i, as in S. leutha- “pick up” < ✱lepta- (VT47/10). Second, it seems spirants no longer vocalized before s, as in S. ach “neck” < aks (PE17/92). Nevertheless, I would retain this word for purposes of Neo-Sindarin and assume it was the result of dialectical variations in Sindarin of the First Age.

airlond

place name. (?sea-stead)

A name appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s with an unclear gloss, possibly “?swanstead” (EtyAC/LOD). According to Hostetter and Wynne, it seems to replace a rejected form oerlond, possibly glossed “?sea-stead”. It appears to be a combination of oer “sea” and the lenited form of lhonn “haven”. If the gloss “swanstead” is correct, it may be a variant form of Alflon and Alfobas.

alflon

place name. *Swan-haven

A Noldorin name for ᴹQ. Alqalonde appearing on the earliest Silmarillion maps (SM/250-1, 261). It appears to be a combination of alf “swan” and the lenited form of lhonn “haven”.

alfobas

place name. *Swan-harbourage

A Noldorin name for ᴹQ. Alqalonde appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/KHOP). It appears to be a combination of alf “swan” and hobas “harbourage”, and possibly replaced the earlier form Alflon.

am-

prefix. snake

A prefix for “snake” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ANGWA of the same meaning, most notably an element in N. amlug “dragon” (Ety/ANGWA).

amben

adjective. uphill, uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome

An adjective (and adverb?) for “uphill” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of am “up” and N. penn “declivity, ✱slope” (Ety/PEN). It was contrasted with N. dadben “downhill, inclined, prone” (Ety/AM², PEN).

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies it first appeared as N. amdenn, a derivative of ᴹ√DEN “hillside, slope”, but the meaning of this root was change to ᴹ√DEN “hole; gap, passage” (Ety/DEN), after which the form amben < ᴹ√PEN(ED) was introduced (see above). The earliest appearance of this word was in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s where it was ᴱN. amvenn “uphill; arduous, difficult, tiresome”, marked as both an adjective and adverb, along with a noun variant ᴱN. amvinn “slope, incline, hillside” (PE13/139, 159-160). This early Noldorin form was a combination of ᴱN. am “up” and ᴱN. benn “sloping”.

Neo-Sindarin: Given its Early Noldorin use for “arduous, difficult, tiresome”, amben might be used colloquially in Neo-Sindarin with a similar sense for a thing that is difficult, analogous to English usages like an “uphill battle”: dagor amben.

anc

noun. jaw, row of teeth

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “jaw, row of teeth” derived from the root ᴹ√(A)NAK “bite” (Ety/ÁNAK, NAK). The continued appearance of words like Anfauglir “Jaws of Thirst” (S/180) and its Quenya cognate Q. anca (LotR/1123) indicate its ongoing validity.

Conceptual Development: G. gag “jaw” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/37) might be a conceptual precursor.

anrand

noun. cycle, age, (lit.) long cycle

[@@@ an example of how middle consonants frequently vanished in clusters, ndr > nr rather than dr (PE22/36); this specific change did not occur in later Sindarin (e.g. Andras)]

atlant

adjective. oblique, slanted

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s given as {tlant >>} N. atlant “oblique, slanted”, a derivative of the root ᴹ√TALAT “to slope, lean, tip” (Ety/TALÁT). It is not clear why the consonant did not undergo mutation to dl or gl, such as with ON. etlenna > N. eglenn (Ety/LED).

Neo-Sindarin: If you use this word for Neo-Sindarin, it would probably be best to reform it to ᴺS. adlant, as originally suggested in Hiswelókë’s Sindarin Dictionary.

angolonn

place name. Land of the Gnomes

Noldorin equivalent of ᴹQ. Ingolonde “Land of the Gnomes” appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/ÑGOLOD). It seems to be an example of how [[on|initial syllabic [m], [n], [ŋ] became [am], [an], [aŋ]]] in Old Noldorin.

amon carab

place name. Hill of the Hat

An earlier name of Amon Rûdh that appeared in various forms in drafts to the Silmarillion map, one of which (Amon Carab) was translated “Hill of the Hat” (WJ/187). It seems to be a combination of amon “hill” and carab “hat”, the second of which is not otherwise attested. The variant Amon Garabel which shows Noldorin-style lenition of the 2nd element is strong evidence that this name is from the 1930s (or possibly 40s).

angrobel

place name. Irongarth

Earliest form of the name of Angrenost, translated “Irongarth” (TI/71). It seems to be a combination of a form of ang “iron” and gobel “village”, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/2.4).

anw

adjective. male

A literal interpretation of the Etymologies would class this word as a noun, but David Salo notes that the punctuation in The Etymologies is not always reliable. Noldorin anw cannot be cognate to the Quenya noun hanu (3anû) because the final -u would drop. It must rather be cognate to the Quenya adjective hanwa (3anwâ) attested under the stem INI, where it is also stated that inw, corresponding to Quenya inya "female", has been remodelled after anw. The combination of these two entries, along with the phonological evidences, clearly indicates that anw is actually an adjective

ammarth

noun. fate, doom

should be amarth because [[n|[mm] shortened]] @@@

aglaur, aglor

adjective. brilliant

brilliant, glorious

aklōra

adjective. brilliant

ON. brilliant, glorious

amphala

noun. death agony

ON. death agony

anrand

noun. cycle, age (100 Valian Years)

Helge Fauskanger noted that the element and "long" would normally be preserved before r-, but the -d is lost because there is another d in the word (VT/41:9); however, this second d later disappeared in the change from -nd to -nn, and it is unclear whether or not an- would then revert to and-

ad-

prefix. back, again, re-

adar

noun. father

adleg-

verb. *to release

adleitha-

verb. *to release

aew

noun. (small) bird

agor

adjective. narrow

alf

noun. swan

amar

noun. Earth

amlug

noun. dragon

amrûn

noun. uprising, sunrise, Orient, east

anduin

place name. Great River

atlanna-

verb. to slope, slant

adel

preposition. behind, in rear (of)

ai

interjection. hail

andeith

noun. long-mark

angol

noun. deep lore, magic

angwedh

noun. chain, fetter, (lit.) iron-bond

adleithian

noun. *release, freeing

aglarond

place name. Caves of Splendour

aglon

place name. defile, pass between high walls

airandir

masculine name. Sea-wanderer

amon gwareth

place name. Hill of Watch

an(d)fang

proper name. Longbeard

andram

place name. Long Wall

anfalas

place name. Langstrand

anfauglin

masculine name. Jaws of Thirst

ang(ren)ost

place name. Isengard

angrist

proper name. Iron-cleaver

ammarth

noun. fate, doom

annon

noun. great door or gate

ad-

prefix. back, again, re-

ada

noun. father, daddy

adar

noun. father

adel

preposition. behind, in rear (of)

adleg-

verb. to loose, let loose, release

aes

noun. cooked food, meat

aew

noun. (small) bird

afarch

adjective. very dry, arid

aglar

noun. glory, brilliance, splendour

aglon

noun. defile, pass between high walls

aglond

noun. defile, pass between high walls

agor

adjective. narrow

agr

adjective. narrow

ai, padathir, padathir

Hail, Trotter, Trotter

aith

noun. spearpoint

alf

noun. swan

am

preposition. up, upwards, upon

amar

noun. earth

amarthan

adjective. fated

ambar

noun. earth

amben

adverb. uphill, sloping upwards

ambend

adverb. uphill, sloping upwards

ambenn

adverb. uphill, sloping upwards

amlug

noun. dragon

amrûn

noun. east, orient

anc

noun. jaw, row of teeth

andabon

noun. elephant

angol

noun. deep lore, magic

angwedh

noun. chain

annabon

noun. elephant

ardh

noun. realm, region

arnediad

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless

arnœdiad

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless

aronoded

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless

ath-

prefix. on both sides, across

athrad

noun. (river-)crossing, ford, way

athrada-

verb. to cross, traverse

atlanna-

verb. to slope, slant

atlant

adjective. oblique, slanting

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

auth

noun. war, battle

awartha-

verb. to forsake, abandon

aclod

adjective. sloping, tilted

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s given as {tlaud >>} N. atlaud > aclod “sloping, tilted”, a derivative of the root ᴹ√TALAT “to slope, lean, tip” (Ety/TALÁT). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road it was given as atland, but this was corrected to atlaud > aclod by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne (EtyAC/TALÁT). The change tl &gt; cl was normal in the Noldorin period, but it is not clear why the consonant did not undergo mutation to gl, such as with ON. etlenna > N. eglenn (Ety/LED). The unaugmented form tlaud “sloping” < ON. tlāta appeared in the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ1), also from the 1930s (PE18/38).

Neo-Sindarin: If you use this word for Neo-Sindarin, it would probably be best to reform it to ᴺS. adlod.

adab

noun. building, house

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “building, house” derived from primitive ᴹ✶atakwē under the root ᴹ√TAK “fix, make fast” (Ety/TAK). Here the ancient kw became p and then the voiceless t, p became voiced d, b as they generally did after vowels. It had a (Noldorin) plural form edeb, also appearing in a (rejected) name N. Edeb na Nestad “Houses of Healing” from Lord of the Rings drafts of the 1940s (WR/380). Its Sindarin plural would be ✱edaib.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s Tolkien had G. bad “building, outhouse, shed” related to G. bada- “build” (GL/21). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s Tolkien had ᴱN. adob “(a) building” from primitive ᴱ✶atāqa (PE13/136, 158, 165); in this period it also served as the infinitive of the verb N. adag- “to build, erect” (PE13/132, 158).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin I would use this word primarily in the sense of “a building”; for an ordinary “house” where people live, I would use S. bâr.

alagos

noun. storm (of wind)

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “storm of wind”, an elaboration of N. alag “rushing” so perhaps “✱(lit.) rushing (of winds)” (Ety/ÁLAK). A similar (masculinized?) form appeared in the name N. Ancalagon “Biting-Storm” (Ety/NAK). Tolkien continued to use this name in later writings, but it was untranslated.

alchorin

proper name. Not-of-Kôr

Noldorin term for the Elves “Not of Kôr”, equivalent to ᴹQ. Ilkorin, appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/AR², LA). It also appeared in its plural form Elcheryn. This term appears to be a combination of the negative prefix al-, a mutated form of N. Caur (= ᴹQ. Kôr) and a variant of the adjective suffix -en. In some rejected notes from The Etymologies, Tolkien indicated it was derived from OQ. ḷkor- (EtyAC/LA), so perhaps it was an adaptation of the Quenya term rather than an original Noldorin word.

Conceptual Development: In Early Noldorin word lists from the 1920s, rejected cognate of ᴱQ. Ilkorin was Uchor (PE13/155).

al-

prefix. no, not

@@@ the phrase “the only place in Noldorin where the primitive prefix is preserved” was deleted (EtyAC/AR²)

a-

prefix. intensive prefix

aglar

noun. glory, splendour

aglareb

adjective. glorious

alag

adjective. rushing, impetuous

am

adverb. up

amath

noun. shield

amon

noun. hill

ang

noun. iron

angband

place name. Iron Prison, Hells of Iron

angos

noun. horror

angren

adjective. of iron

ann

adjective. long

anna-

verb. to give

ant

noun. gift

aderthad

noun. reuniting

an

preposition. of

an-

prefix. with, by

anann

adverb. long

amon ereb

place name. Lonely Hill

ancalagon

masculine name. Biting-Storm

Anor

noun. sun

adab

noun. building, house

aglar

noun. splendour

splendour, glory

aglar anann

*glory for long

aglareb

adjective. glorious

al-

prefix. no, not

alag

adjective. rushing, impetuous

alagon

noun. storm

alagos

noun. storm of wind

amath

noun. shield

ambath

noun. shield

ambend

adverb. uphill

ambenn

adverb. uphill

ammarth

noun. doom

doom

amon

noun. hill, steep-sided mount

an-

prefix. with, by

anaur

noun. Sun

andrand

noun. *long cycle

ang

noun. iron

angol

noun. stench

angren

adjective. of iron

ann

adjective. long

anna-

verb. to give

annûn

noun. west, sunset

ant

noun. gift

ar-

prefix. etym. beside

ar-

prefix. without

ascar

adjective. violent, rushing, impetuous

asgar

adjective. violent, rushing, impetuous

ast

noun. dust

atland

adjective. sloping, tilted

sarn

noun. stone (as a material)

Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11

caras

noun. a city (built above ground)

gwanur

noun. a pair of twins

dramb

noun. heavy stroke, a blow (of axe, etc.)

dramm

noun. heavy stroke, a blow (of axe, etc.)

gammas

noun. s-sign (special sign used to mark a final -s in Tengwar)

ganna-

verb. to play a harp

gannada-

verb. to play a harp

gwanath

noun. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract)

gwanw

noun. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract)

imlad

noun. deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides (but a flat habitable bottom)

maeth

noun. battle, fight (not of general host but of two or a few)

minnas

noun. fort, city with a citadel and central watch-tower

na

preposition. with, by (also used as a genitive sign)

naith

noun. any formation or projection tapering to a point: a spearhead, triangle gore, wedge, narrow promontory

narn

noun. a tale or a saga, that is told in verse to be spoken and not sung

naug

noun/adjective. a Dwarf

prestannen

noun. mutated (of a mutated vowel)

rada-

verb. to make a way, find a way

rhaug

noun. a powerful, hostile and terrible creature, a demon

hathal

noun. axe

See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization

hathel

noun. axe

See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization

palw

noun. agony

bach

noun. article (for exchange), ware, thing

bennas

noun. angle, corner

edinar

noun. anniversary day

giliath

noun. all the host of stars

glamb

noun. any body of Orcs

glamm

noun. any body of Orcs

hast

noun. axe-stroke

ia

noun. abyss, void

ia

adverb. ago

iaur

adjective. ancient, old, original

ifant

adjective. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness)

lhammas

noun. account of tongues

nae

interjection. alas

nass

noun. angle or corner

prestannen

noun. affected

prestanneth

noun. affection of vowels, mutation

rhanc

noun. arm

talad

noun. an incline, slope

thar-

prefix. across, athwart, over, beyond

trenarn

noun. account, tale

ínias

noun. annals

oegas

noun. mountain peak

The noun N. oegas “mountain peak” appeared in The Etymologies as a noun form of oeg “sharp, pointed, piercing” (Ety/AYAK). In Noldorin, often ancient ai became oe, whereas in Sindarin ai fairly consistently became ae. Thus if adapting this word to Sindarin, its form would likely be ᴺS. aegas, as suggested in Hiswelókë’s Sindarin Dictionary (HSD/aegas).

lhawhen

place name. Lhawhen

A variety of names for the hills Amon Lhaw and Amon Hen first consider by Tolkien in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (TI/387). These names are all combinations of the elements lhaw “ears” or ᴹ√LAS “listen” with hên “eye” or ᴹ√TIR “watch”, as analyzed by Roman Rausch (EE/2.61).

hathal

noun. broadsword-blade, axe-blade

See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization

hathel

noun. broadsword-blade, axe-blade

See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization

lhagr

adjective. swift, rapid

The form lhegin in the published Etymologies might be a misreading for lhegrin, see VT/45:25. As noted by Bertrand Bellet, the two forms are listed side by side, and they may simply be doublets, but it is also possible that we have here a singular followed by its plural.

rhas

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10

sarn

noun. small stone

Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11

damma-

verb. to hammer

It was long considered that damna-, dammint in the Etymologies might have been misreadings. VT/45:37 confirms this, though the exact reading actually remains rather uncertain

dant-

verb. to fall

Written dant- in the Etymologies

klōra

adjective. brilliant

ON. brilliant

taur

noun. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes)

In LotR/IV:IV, Frodo is called Daur, which might be the mutated form of this word

thand

adjective. firm, true, abiding

Misreading thenid, thenin rectified according to VT/46:16

thann

adjective. firm, true, abiding

Misreading thenid, thenin rectified according to VT/46:16

iarwath

masculine name. Blood-stained

dalath

noun. flat surface, plane

dalath

noun. flat land, plain, (wide) valley

gwanur

noun. brother or kinsman, kinswoman

hae

adjective. far, remote, distant

lhaer

noun. song, long lay

lhand

adjective. wide, broad

lhann

adjective. wide, broad

menniath

noun. many points

menniath

noun. range of mountains

balan

noun. Vala, divine power, divinity

barth

noun. fate

brass

noun. white heat

brona-

verb. to last, to survive

bronadui

adjective. enduring, lasting

buia-

verb. to serve, to hold allegiance to

cam

noun. hand

camb

noun. hand

camm

noun. hand

caras

noun. circular earthwall with dike

caras

noun. city (built above ground)

cardh

noun. deed, feat

carth

noun. deed, feat

caun

noun. valour

cirban

noun. haven

cuina-

verb. to be alive

dad

adverb. down, downwards

dagor

noun. battle

dagr

noun. battle

dagra-

verb. to battle

dam

noun. hammer

dangen

noun. slain

dar-

verb. to stay, wait, stop, remain

dath

noun. hole, pit, steep fall, abyss

daug

noun. warrior, soldier (chiefly used of Orcs)

dortha-

verb. to dwell, stay

egnas

noun. sharp point

egnas

noun. peak

erchamui

adjective. one-handed

falas

noun. beach, wave-beaten shore, line of surf

falas

noun. the western coast of Beleriand

falathren

noun/adjective. Shore-language (one of the names for Common Speech)

faur

noun. beach, shore

fela

noun. cave

forodwaith

noun. the lands of the North

fuia-

verb. to feel disgust at, abhor

gad-

verb. to catch

gae

noun. dread

gaer

adjective. dreadful

galas

noun. growth, plant

gamp

noun. hook, claw, crook

gandel

noun. harp

gannel

noun. harp

gas

noun. hole, gap

gathrod

noun. cave

glamb

noun. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise

glamb

noun. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts

glamhoth

noun. barbaric host of Orcs

glamm

noun. barbarous speech, shouting, confused noise

glamm

noun. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts

glaur

noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)

glaw

noun. radiance

glawar

noun. sunlight, radiance (of the golden tree Laurelin)

gosta-

verb. to fear exceedingly

gwaedh

noun. bond, troth, compact, oath

gwaith

noun. manhood

gwaith

noun. man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people

gwanna-

verb. to depart, die

gwanod

noun. tale, number

gwath

noun. shade, shadow, dim light

gwath

noun. stain

gwathel

noun. sister, associate

hall

adjective. exalted, high

hamp

noun. garment

iau

noun. ravine, cleft, gulf

ista-

verb. to have knowledge

leithia-

verb. to release

leithian

noun. release, freeing, release from bondage

lhach

noun. (leaping) flame

lhaden

adjective. open, cleared

lhaeg

adjective. keen, sharp, acute

lhaes

noun. babe

lham

noun. physical tongue

lhamb

noun. physical tongue

lhanc

noun. throat

lhand

adjective. open space, level

lhasbelin

noun. season of autumn

lhathra-

verb. to listen in, eavesdrop

lhathrada-

verb. to listen in, eavesdrop

lhaug

adjective. warm

lhaw

noun. ears (referring to one person's pair of ears only)

lheithian

noun. release, freeing, release from bondage

mad-

verb. to eat

maenas

noun. craft

maethor

noun. warrior

malt

noun. gold (as metal)

manadh

noun. doom, final end, fate, fortune

manadh

noun. final bliss

muda-

verb. to labour, toil

na

preposition. to, towards, at

naeg

noun. pain

naew

noun. jaw

nass

noun. point, (sharp) end

naug

noun/adjective. stunted, dwarf

naugl

noun. dwarf

naugol

noun. dwarf

naur

noun. flame

nawag

noun. Dwarf

negra-

verb. to pain

oear

noun. sea

oegas

noun. mountain peak

oltha-

verb. to dream

ortha-

verb. to raise

osgar

verb. (he) cuts, amputates

osgar-

verb. to cut round, to amputate

ovra-

verb. to abound

ovras

noun. crowd, heap.

palath

noun. surface

panna-

verb. to open, to enlarge

pelia-

verb. to spread

pendrad

noun. passage up or down slope, stairway

pendrath

noun. passage up or down slope, stairway

pennas

noun. history, historical account

penninar

noun. last day of the year

presta-

verb. to affect, trouble, disturb

rhafn

noun. wing (horn), extended point at side, etc.

rham

noun. wall

rhamb

noun. wall

rhasg

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

rhaud

noun. metal

rhaudh

adjective. hollow, cavernous

rhitha-

verb. to jerk, twitch, snatch

rosta-

verb. to hollow out, excavate

taen

noun. height, summit of high mountain

taen

adjective. long (and thin)

talt

adjective. slipping, falling, insecure

tangada-

verb. to make firm, confirm, establish

tarag

noun. steep mountain peak

tars

noun. labour, task

tass

noun. labour, task

taur

noun. great wood, forest

taur

adjective. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime

teilia-

verb. to play

telia-

verb. to play

thela

noun. point (of spear)

thia

verb. it appears

thia-

verb. to appear, seem

tiria-

verb. to watch, to gaze, look at

trevad-

verb. to traverse

dolamarth

place name. Mount Doom

Early name of S. Amon Amarth from Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, also appearing as Amarthon (TI/343). It is a combination of dôl “head, hill” and ammarth “doom”, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/2.57).

oelinuial

place name. Pools of Twilight

Earlier name of S. Aelin-uial in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/AY) appearing along with variants Elinuial (Ety/KHIS, MBOTH, MUY) and Lhîn Uial (Ety/MUY). All these names contain uial “twilight” as well as a word for “pools”, either the plural of oel or (plural?) lhîn. In the narratives of this period, however, the name already appeared in its later form Aelin-uial (LR/262).

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14

magl

noun. sword

The word megil (q.v.), probably introduced by the Ñoldor, was also used

magol

noun. sword

The word megil (q.v.), probably introduced by the Ñoldor, was also used

lalf

noun. elm-tree

diragas

?. [unglossed]

brand

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

brand

adjective. high (in size)

brann

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

brann

adjective. high (in size)

gal-

prefix. light

liniath

noun. pools

rhofan

noun. wilderness

*tlāta

adjective. sloping

ON. sloping

barad

noun. tower, fortress

baradh

adjective. steep

bartha-

verb. to doom

baul

noun. torment

bellas

noun. bodily strength

brannon

noun. lord

brassen

adjective. white-hot

cabor

noun. frog

cabr

noun. frog

cael

noun. lying in bed, sickness

caeleb

adjective. bedridden, sick

calad

gerund noun. light

car

noun. house, building

caran

adjective. red

cardh

noun. house, building

caw

noun. top

claur

noun. splendour, glory

cúran

noun. the crescent Moon

daw

noun. night-time, gloom

dilia-

verb. to stop up

draug

noun. wolf

edra-

verb. to open

ercha-

verb. to prick

esgar

noun. shore

falathren

noun/adjective. of the shore

faun

noun. cloud

flaew

adjective. sickly, sick, ill

forodwaith

noun. Northmen

gador

noun. prison, dungeon

gadr

noun. prison, dungeon

gail

noun. bright light

gala-

verb. to grow

galadh

noun. tree

garaf

noun. wolf

garth

noun. fort, fortress

gaul

noun. wolf-howl

glas

noun. joy

glass

noun. joy

gobennas

noun. history

gondrafn

noun. hewn stone

gondram

noun. hewn stone

gwaew

noun. wind

gwaith

noun. region, wilderness

gwaun

noun. goose

ha

pronoun. it

hadlath

noun. sling

haf-

verb. to sit

haglath

noun. sling

hana

pronoun. it

ia

noun. gulf

iaeth

noun. neck

iant

noun. bridge

iaur

adjective. older, former

lalf

noun. elm-tree

lalven

noun. elm-tree

lhain

adjective. free, freed

lhalorn

noun. elm-tree

lhalwen

noun. elm-tree

maer

adjective. useful, fit, good (of things)

maew

noun. gull

malen

adjective. yellow

mallen

adjective. of gold, golden

malthen

adjective. of gold, golden

minnas

noun. tower

nad

noun. thing

nag-

verb. to bite

nana

noun. mother, mummy

naneth

noun. mother

naru

adjective. red

narw

adjective. red

nasta-

verb. to prick, point, stick, thrust

naur

noun. fire

nauth

noun. thought

nella-

verb. to sound (of bells)

ostrad

noun. street

panas

noun. floor

pann

adjective. wide

pannod

verb. to fill

pant

adjective. full

parch

adjective. dry

parf

noun. book

pathra-

verb. to fill

paw

noun. sickness

pelthaes

noun. pivot

penia-

verb. to fix, to set

rhass

noun. precipice

rhista-

verb. to cut

rhista-

verb. to rend, rip

salab

noun. herb

saw

noun. juice

síla

verb. (he) shines white

síla-

verb. to shine white

tad

cardinal. two

tadol

ordinal. double

tanc

adjective. firm

tarag

noun. horn

thlaew

adjective. sickly, sick, ill

thosta-

verb. to stink

tinna-

verb. to glint

tlaud

adjective. sloping

sloping

tlaud

adjective. sloping

tuia-

verb. to sprout, spring

tuia-

verb. to swell

úan

noun. monster

lhoth

noun. flower, inflorescence, a head of small flowers

The noun is collective, a single flower being lotheg

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

ascar

rushing, impetuous

Asgar in Noldorin means "rushing" or "impetuous", derived from root A-SKAR.

In Eriol's Old English translations, Ascar is referred to as Baening. Christopher Tolkien tentatively interpreted the O.E. name as "river filled with bones (of the Dwarves)", but doubted that it was his father's intended meaning.

ethir

noun. mouth (of a river), estuary

gwilith

noun. air (as a region)

hoth

noun. host, crowd, horde (nearly always in a bad sense)

lhû

noun. a time, occasion

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

mindon

noun. isolated hill, especially a hill with a watch tower

nen

noun. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river)

nifredil

noun. a pale winter flower, snowdrop

rhond

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

rhonn

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

toll

noun. island, (steep) isle rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river

tui

noun. a sprout, bud

tuiw

noun. a sprout, bud

âr

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

o

preposition. about, concerning

The Etymologies state that h- is prefixed to the word following this preposition, when it begins with a vowel: o Hedhil "concerning the Elves". Some scholars consider that this rule is not valid in Sindarin, but that the preposition would perhaps become oh in such a case (hence oh Edhil, to be compared with ah in Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth)

-os

suffix. abstract noun

cuin

adjective. alive

cû

noun. arch, crescent

delos

noun. abhorrence, detestation, loathing

delos

noun. abhorrence, detestation, loathing

deloth

noun. abhorrence, detestation, loathing

echui

noun. awakening

echuiw

noun. awakening

er-

prefix. alone, one

gwelw

noun. air (as substance)

gwelwen

noun. air, lower air (distinct from the upper air of the stars, or the outer)

hûd

noun. assembly

io

adverb. ago

lhind

noun. air, tune

lhinn

noun. air, tune

lhorn

noun. anchorage, harbour

lith

noun. ash, sand, dust

ofr

adjective. abundant

or

preposition. above, over

or-

prefix. above, over

os-

prefix. about, around

ovor

adjective. abundant

ovr

adjective. abundant

pôd

noun. animal's foot

tiwdi

noun. alphabet

beleghir

place name. Great River

Precursor to the river name Anduin appearing in the Lord of the Rings from the 1940s (RS/410), a combination of beleg “great” and the lenited form of sîr “river”.

blâb

verb. (he) flaps, beats

The Etymologies seem to list this word as a noun, but it is clearly the third person singular of the verb

dor

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

iell

noun. daughter

Stated to be an alteration of sell , remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words

iell

noun. girl, maid

Stated to be an alteration of sell , remodelled after ion "son" (OS *jondo). It was "a change assisted by the loss of s in compounds and patronymics", hence the ending -iel in several feminine words

ionn

noun. scion, male descendant

For the second meaning, cf. Hadorion, a Húrin's epithet in WJ/294, Hurinionath referring to the house of Húrin the Steward in PM/202-3,218, and Gil-Galad's epithet Ereinion, cf. also the gloss of the old Qenya cognate yondo "descendant of" in PE/12:106, or the use of the same suffix in later Quenya names such as Isildurioni and Anárioni "Heirs of Isildur (resp. Anárion)" in PM/192,196

lhûn

adjective. (unknown meaning)

This word, which also appears on the map of Middle-earth in LotR, is glossed as "blue" in The Etymologies, but Tolkien later rejected this meaning (as luin was already used in that sense). He then proposed several explanations for it, including the possible adaptation of a Dwarvish name into Sindarin, but he apparently never reached a definitive solution.

coe

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

ingem

adjective. old (of person, in mortal sense: decripit, suffering from old age)

New word coined by the Elves after meeting with Men

mereth

noun. feast, festival

The word was changed to bereth in the Etymologies, but was never changed in the texts (cf. Mereth Aderthad and the compound Merethrond)

mō

noun. hand

ON. hand

eith

noun. spear-point

oel

noun. pool, lake

oeglir

noun. range of mountain peaks

oeglir

noun. range of mountain peaks

pelin

noun. fading, withering

sigil

noun. necklace

bein

adjective. beautiful, fair

benn

noun. man, male

beor

noun. follower, vassal

bess

noun. (young) woman

bior

noun. follower, vassal

brôg

noun. bear

brûn

adjective. old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use

celeg

adjective. swift, agile, hasty

celeir

adjective. brilliant

cenedril

noun. looking-glass, mirror

ceredir

noun. doer, maker

chwest

noun. puff, breath, breeze

curu

noun. craft, skill

curw

noun. craft, skill

côl

noun. gold (metal)

cûn

adjective. bowed, bow-shaped, bent

del

noun. fear, disgust, loathing, horror

deleb

adjective. horrible, abominable, loathsome

dess

noun. young woman

doll

adjective. dark, dusky, obscure

dolt

adjective. dark, dusky, obscure

duirro

noun. river-bank

dî

noun. woman, lady

dîn

noun. opening, gap, pass in mountains

dîr

noun. man, referring to an adult male (elf, mortal, or of any other speaking race)

dûr

adjective. dark, sombre

ecthel

noun. point (of spear)

eden

adjective. new, begun again

egthel

noun. point (of spear)

eithel

noun. issue of water, spring, well

elw

adjective. (pale) blue

emelin

noun. yellow bird, "yellow hammer"

emlin

noun. yellow bird, "yellow hammer"

emmelin

noun. yellow bird, "yellow hammer"

ennin

noun. Valian year

fern

noun/adjective. dead (of mortals)

fern

noun/adjective. dead person

fileg

noun. small bird

filigod

noun. small bird

foeg

adjective. mean, poor, bad

foen

adjective. radiant, white

forodweith

noun. the lands of the North

fuin

noun. night, dead of night, gloom, darkness

geil

noun. star, bright spark

gildin

noun. silver spark

glor-

noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)

glîr

noun. song, poem, lay

gobel

noun. walled house or village, town

golwen

adjective. wise, learned in deep arts

gonn

noun. great stone, rock

gost

noun. dread

guruth

noun. death

gweith

noun. manhood

gweith

noun. man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people

gûl

noun. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things)

gûl

noun. perverted or evil knowledge, sorcery, necromancy

gûr

noun. death

him

adjective. steadfast, abiding

him

adjective. continually

hûb

noun. haven, harbour, small land-locked bay

idhrin

noun. year

idhrind

noun. year

ind

noun. inner thought, meaning, heart

inn

noun. inner thought, meaning, heart

lheitho

verb. to release

lhewig

noun. ear

lhimlug

noun. fish-dragon, sea-serpent

lhoeg

adjective. keen, sharp, acute

lhorn

noun. quiet water

lhum

noun. shade

lhîr

noun. row, range

lhîr

noun. song, poem, lay

lhôd

verb. (he) floats

lhûg

noun. snake, serpent

megli

noun. bear

meglin

adjective. honey-eater, bear-like

mell

adjective. dear

methen

adjective. end, final

mirion

noun. great jewel, Silmaril

muin

adjective. dear

mân

noun. departed spirit

mîl

noun. love, affection

mîr

noun. jewel, precious thing, treasure

mîw

adjective. small, tiny, frail

nen

noun. waterland

nothlir

noun. family line (esp. as family tree, genealogical tree)

oel

noun. lake, pool, mere

oer

noun. sea

orn

noun. (any large) tree

orod

noun. mountain

orodrim

noun. range of mountains

orthor

verb. (he) masters, conquers

othlon

noun. paved way

othlond

noun. paved way

pent

noun. tale

per-

prefix. half, divided in middle

perin

adjective. half, divided in middle

puig

adjective. clean, tidy, neat

rhess

noun. ravine

rhim

noun. crowd, host, great number

rhim

noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)

rhimb

noun. crowd, host, great number

rhimb

noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)

rhis

noun. ravine

rhond

noun. cave roof

rhonn

noun. cave roof

rhufen

noun. east

rhî

noun. crown, wreath, garland

rhûn

noun. east

rîdh

noun. sown field, acre

sell

noun. daughter

sell

noun. girl, maid (child)

sirion

noun. great river

sûth

noun. draught

teith

noun. mark

tele

noun. end, rear, hindmost part

thîr

noun. look, face, expression, countenance

tinc

noun. metal

tindu

noun. dusk, twilight, early night (without Moon)

tindu

noun. starry twilight

tinnu

noun. dusk, twilight, early night (without Moon)

tinnu

noun. starry twilight

tint

noun. spark

tinw

noun. spark, small star

tir-

verb. to watch, to gaze, look at

tirith

noun. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance

tond

adjective. tall

tonn

adjective. tall

torech

noun. hole, excavation, lair

tuilin

noun. swallow (bird)

tuilind

noun. swallow (bird)

tuilinn

noun. swallow (bird)

tulus

noun. poplar-tree

tum

noun. deep valley, under or among hills

tôg

verb. (he) leads, brings

uireb

adjective. eternal

ulun

noun. monster, deformed and hideous creature

ulund

noun. monster, deformed and hideous creature

în

noun. year

îr

noun. sexual desire

ôl

noun. dream

ûn

noun. creature

ûr

noun. fire, heat

ionn

noun. son

For the second meaning, cf. Hadorion, a Húrin's epithet in WJ/294, Hurinionath referring to the house of Húrin the Steward in PM/202-3,218, and Gil-Galad's epithet Ereinion, cf. also the gloss of the old Qenya cognate yondo "descendant of" in PE/12:106, or the use of the same suffix in later Quenya names such as Isildurioni and Anárioni "Heirs of Isildur (resp. Anárion)" in PM/192,196

megil

noun. sword

The word was struck out in the Etymologies, but is well attested in late compounds such as Mormegil or Arvegil (with regular mutation). It is conceivably the Sindarinized form of Quenya makil, coexisting with magol (see tegil and tegol for a similar case)

nedh-

prefix. in, inside, mid-

See also the preposition ned , and the noun ened for a discussion of this form

tôl

verb. (he) comes

According to WJ/301, the expression tôl acharn "vengeance comes" was later changed to tûl acharn by Tolkien

borth

?. [unglossed]

ceir

noun. ship

celon

noun. river

men

pronoun. us

tâl

noun. foot

belt

adjective. strong in body

bess

noun. wife

bregol

adjective. violent, sudden, fierce

celeb

noun. silver

celebren

adjective. like silver (in hue or worth)

celefn

adjective. of silver

celevon

adjective. of silver

celw

noun. spring, source

cen-

verb. to see

cened

gerund noun. seeing, sight

clei

?. [unglossed]

coen

?. [unglossed]

coll

adjective. (golden) red

corn

adjective. round, globed

cuil

noun. life

cû

noun. bow

dineth

noun. bride

dîs

noun. bride

dûn

noun. west

edhel

noun. Elf

edro

verb. open!

emil

noun. mother

erch

noun. prickle

fein

noun/adjective. white

fein

noun/adjective. cloud

fend

noun. door, threshold

fenn

noun. door, threshold

fliw

noun. sickness

forodrim

noun. Northmen

forodweith

noun. Northmen

gell

noun. joy, triumph

gem

adjective. sickly

gemb

adjective. sickly

glî

noun. honey

goer

adjective. red, copper-coloured, ruddy

goll

adjective. wise

golodh

noun. "Deep Elf" or "Gnome", one of the Wise Folk

golodhrim

noun. Deep Elves, Gnomes

gorn

adjective. impetuous

goroth

noun. horror

gwedh

noun. bond

gweith

noun. region, wilderness

gwend

noun. bond, friendship

gwilwileth

noun. butterfly

gwî

noun. net, web

hith

noun. mist, fog

ho

pronoun. he

hon

pronoun. he

hono

pronoun. he

host

noun. gross (144)

hû

noun. dog

i

definite article. the

i

definite article. who

iest

noun. wish

ist

noun. lore, knowledge

iâr

noun. blood

lhein

adjective. free, freed

lhothod

noun. (single) flower

lhâf

verb. (he) licks

lhîn

noun. pool

lothod

noun. (single) flower

mel-

verb. to love

meldir

noun. friend

meldis

noun. friend

meleth

noun. love

mellon

noun. friend

ment

noun. point

meth

noun. end

milui

adjective. friendly, loving, kind

mindon

noun. tower

minei

adjective. single, distinct, unique

moe

adjective. soft

muinthel

noun. sister

noen

adjective. wise, sensible

nûr

adjective. deep

peich

noun. juice, syrup

pel

noun. fenced field (= Old English tún)

peng

noun. bow (for shooting)

peth

noun. word

rhedh-

verb. to sow

rhest

noun. cut

rhind

noun. circle

rhingorn

noun. circle

rhinn

noun. circle

rhom

noun. horn, trumpet

rhomru

noun. sound of horns

rhû

noun. loud-sound, trumpet-sound

sein

adjective. new

sog-

verb. to drink

sîr

noun. river

sôg

verb. (he) drinks

ters

noun. (fine pierced) hole

tess

noun. (fine pierced) hole

thlind

adjective. fine, slender

thlinn

adjective. fine, slender

thliw

noun. sickness

thloew

adjective. sickly, sick, ill

thost

noun. smell

thurin

adjective. secret, hidden

thêl

noun. sister

thîn

noun. evening

thû

noun. stench

tild

noun. horn, point

till

noun. horn, point

tithen

adjective. little, tiny

tol-

verb. to come

trîw

adjective. fine, slender

tulu

noun. support, prop

tund

noun. hill, mound

tunn

noun. hill, mound

tâd

cardinal. two

uir

noun. eternity

êg

noun. thorn

ûr

noun. wide