_ pref. _owing to approach of GUR to other stems (as ÑGUR 'death', ÑGOR 'terror, dread') Sindarin tended to use gor- in a very strong sense of things very painful and horrible to do. It used dír- 'tough' for lesser efforts. Q. uru-. >> dirbedui, gorbedui, gornod
Sindarin
gor
ñor
gor
noun. horror, dread, fear
gor-
prefix. owing to approach of GUR to other stems Sindarin tended to use gor- in a very strong sense of things very painful and horrible to do
goro[...]thress
place name. Goro[...]thress
An rejected and partially illegible name, possibly referring to Ered Gorgoroth, appearing in Silmarillion map revisions from the 1950s-60s (WJ/183, 188).
Gorgoroth
Gorgoroth
topon.
gornodui
gornodui
adj. . This gloss was rejected.
gorgoroth
place name. Valley of Terror
A region in Mordor glossed “valley of terror” (LotR/401) as well as the short name of Ered Gorgoroth in Beleriand (S/164). It is a combination of gor “fear” and its augmented form goroth “horror” (SA/gor).
Conceptual Development: The name ᴱN. Gorgoroth first appeared in rough notes associated with the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s, apparently referring to the mountains in Beleriand (LB/272). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, N. Gorgoroth was derived from ᴹ✶gor-ngoroth (Ety/ÑGOROTH), which is probably the source Christopher Tolkien used for the derivation given above from The Silmarillion appendix. The name was first applied to the region of Mordor in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/104) where it sometimes appeared as Gorgor (WR/137, SD/22). In a few placed is appeared as Gorgorath with an a as a name of the mountains (LB/350, WJ/188).
gorthaur
masculine name. ?Mist of Fear
Sindarin name of Q. Sauron, glossed “the Cruel” in The Silmarillion (S/32), but it is unclear whether this is an accurate translation. According to Christopher Tolkien, it is a combination of gor “horror” and thaur “abominable” (SA/gor, thaur).
Conceptual Development: The earliest precursor of this name was ᴱN. Thû from the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s (LB/16), appearing in its extended form N. Gorthû as a late revision to the Lays (LB/232) and in the Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/333). The name was revised to Gorthaur in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (WJ/240).
The meaning of this name is unclear. In Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959, Tolkien indicated that Gorthu was the proper form, derived from primitive ✶ñgor(o)-thūsō “Mist of Fear”, and apparently Gorthaur was a later variation (PE17/183). The source of the etymology that Christopher Tolkien used in The Silmarillion appendix (given above) remains unpublished.
gorthol
masculine name. Dread Helm
Gorthaur
noun. abominable fear
gor (“fear, dread”) + thaur (“abominable, abhorrent”) In [Etym. THUS-] the last element is given thû “stench”, as the proper name of the chief servant of Morgoth.
Gorthol
noun. terror-helm
gor (from gorgor “extreme terror”) + thôl (“helm”)
gorbedui
adjective. lamentable to tell
gorth
noun/adjective. dead; dead (person)
A noun for a “dead [person]” appearing its plural form in the phrase Dor Gyrth i Chuinar “Land of the Dead that Live” (Let/417) and its mutated class-plural form in the phrase Fui ’Ngorthrim “Paths of the Dead” (RC/526). It is clearly based on the root √ÑGUR “death”. In a Discord conversation from 2022-10-14, Lokyt suggested that this form is likely a nominalized adjective, from primitive ✱ngurtā “dead”. As such, it can probably be used as both an adjective for “dead” and a noun for a “dead (person)”.
gorthad
noun. wraith, spirit of Dead
gordh
difficult
{ð}_ adj. _difficult, laborious. Q. urda hard, difficult, arduous. >> gornod
gorn
hard
adj. hard, thrawn. Also used for Dwarves, esp. in pl2. gornhoth (hostile implication). >> dern
gorn
hard
gorn
Dwarf
pl2. gornhoth** ** n. Dwarf (hostile implication). >> dern
gorn
dread
(-ngorn-) 2b n. dread, used in sense of reverence, majesty. >> Aragorn
gorthad
noun. wraith
n. wraith, spirit of Dead. >> Tyrn Gorthad
Gorthu
'Mist of Fear'
'Mist of Fear'. Q. ñorthus, ñorsus. >> saur
goroth
noun. horror, dread
gor-
verb. to warn, urge
gordh
noun. deep thought
gor-
prefix. hard, difficult
gordh
adjective. difficult, laborious
gorgor
noun. extreme horror, terror, haunting fear
gorn
adjective. revered
gornodui
adjective. hard to count
gorog
noun. horror
gorthob
adjective. horrible
gorn
adjective. hard, stiff, thrawn
gorn
noun. valor
gorth
noun. a dead person
gorthrim
noun. the dead
gorog
noun. horror
gorth
noun. horror
gortheb
adjective. horrible
Gorthaur
noun. ancient S
_prop. n. _ancient S. name of Sauron. >> Sauron
gorbedui
adjective. only to be said with horror or grief, lamentable to tell
gorgor
noun. extreme horror, terror, haunting fear
gornod
adjective. hard to count
_ adj. _hard to count.
gorth
noun. horror
gorthad
noun. barrow
gor
counsel
(verb) gor- (i **ôr, i ngerir** = i ñerir) (warn) (VT41:11)
gor
warn
gor- (i **ôr, i ngerir** = i ñerir) (counsel) (VT41:11)
gor
counsel
(i ’ôr, i ngerir = i ñerir) (warn) (VT41:11)
gor
warn
(i ’ôr, i ngerir = i ñerir) (counsel) (VT41:11)
gorn
vigorous
gorn (hasty, impetuous); lenited orn; pl. gyrn. Note: a homophone means ”valour”. or
gorn
vigorous
(hasty, impetuous); lenited ’orn; pl. gyrn. Note: a homophone means ”valour”.
gôr
vigour
1) gôr (i **ôr, construct gor), pl. gŷr (i ngŷr** = i ñŷr). Note: a homophone means ”horror, fear, dread” but has different mutations.
gôr
vigour
(i ’ôr, construct gor), pl. gŷr (i ngŷr = i ñŷr). Note: a homophone means ”horror, fear, dread” but has different mutations.
Gorgoroth
deadly fear
gorgoroth (i ngorgoroth = i ñorgoroth, o n**gorgoroth = o ngorgoroth) (terror), pl. gergeryth (in gergeryth = i ñgergeryth). Archaic pl. görgöryth. Also in shorter form gorgor (i ngorgor = i ñorgor, o n**gorgor = o ñgorgor) (extreme horror), pl. gergyr (in gergyr = i ñgergyr), coll. pl. gorgorath (WJ:415). Archaic pl. *görgyr. (verb), see FEEL TERROR.
gorf
impetus
gorf (i **orf) (vigour), pl. gyrf (i ngyrf = i ñyrf), coll. pl. gorvath**
gorf
impetus
(i ’orf) (vigour), pl. gyrf (i ngyrf = i ñyrf), coll. pl. gorvath
gorgor
deadly fear
(i ngorgor = i ñorgor, o n’gorgor = o ñgorgor) (extreme horror), pl. gergyr (in gergyr = i ñgergyr), coll. pl. *gorgorath*** (WJ:415). Archaic pl. görgyr. Also in longer form gorgoroth (i ngorgoroth = i ñorgoroth, o n’gorgoroth = o ñgorgoroth) (terror), pl. gergeryth (in gergeryth = i ñgergeryth). Archaic pl. ✱görgöryth**.
gorgor
deadly fear
gorgor (i ngorgor = i ñorgor, o n**gorgor = o ñgorgor) (extreme horror), pl. gergyr (in gergyr = i ñgergyr), coll. pl. gorgorath (WJ:415). Archaic pl. görgyr. Also in longer form gorgoroth (i ngorgoroth = i ñorgoroth, o n**gorgoroth = o ñgorgoroth) (terror), pl. gergeryth (in gergeryth = i ñgergeryth). Archaic pl. *görgöryth.
gorgor
extreme horror
gorgor (i ngorgor = i ñorgor, o n**gorgor = o ñgorgor) (deadly fear), pl. gergyr (in gergyr = i ñgergyr), coll. pl. gorgorath (WJ:415). Archaic pl. görgyr**.
gorgor
extreme horror
gorgor (i ngorgor = i ñorgor, o n**gorgor = o ñgorgor) (deadly fear), pl. gergyr (in gergyr = i ñgergyr), coll. pl. gorgorath** (WJ:415). Archaic pl. *görgyr.
gorgor
extreme horror
(i ngorgor = i ñorgor, o n’gorgor = o ñgorgor) (deadly fear), pl. gergyr (in gergyr = i ñgergyr), coll. pl. *gorgorath*** (WJ:415). Archaic pl. görgyr**.
gorgoroth
deadly fear
(i ngorgoroth = i ñorgoroth, o n’gorgoroth = o ngorgoroth) (terror), pl. gergeryth (in gergeryth = i ñgergeryth). Archaic pl. görgöryth. Also in shorter form gorgor (i ngorgor = i ñorgor, o n’gorgor = o ñgorgor) (extreme horror), pl. gergyr (in gergyr = i ñgergyr), coll. pl. *gorgorath*** (WJ:415). Archaic pl. ✱görgyr**.
gorgoroth
terror
(i ngorgoroth = i ñorgoroth, o n’gorgoroth) (deadly fear), pl. gergeryth (in gergeryth = i ñgergeryth). Archaic pl. ✱görgöryth.
gorn
valour
1) #gorn (i **orn), pl. gyrn (i ngyrn = i ñyrn). Isolated from the name Aragorn, ”Kingly Valour” (PM:xii). Note: a homophone is the adjective ”hasty, vigorous, impetuous”. 2) caun (i gaun, o chaun), pl. coen (i choen) if there is a pl. Note: a homophone of caun** means "clamour, outcry, cry, shout".
gorn
valour
(i ’orn), pl. gyrn (i ngyrn = i ñyrn). Isolated from the name Aragorn, ”Kingly Valour” (PM:xii). Note: a homophone is the adjective ”hasty, vigorous, impetuous”.
gorn
hasty
gorn (vigorous, impetuous); lenited orn; pl. gyrn. Note: a homophone means ”valour”.
gorn
hasty
(vigorous, impetuous); lenited ’orn; pl. gyrn. Note: a homophone means ”valour”.
gorn
impetuous
(vigorous, hasty); lenited ’orn; pl. gyrn. Note: a homophone means ”valour”.
gorog
horror
(i ngorog = i ñorog, o n’gorog = o ñgorog), pl. geryg (in geryg = i ñgeryg) (WJ:415). Archaic pl. göryg.
goroth
dread
(i ngoroth = i ñoroth, o n’goroth = o ñgoroth) (horror), pl. geryg (in geryg = i ñgeryg) (WJ:415). Archaic pl. ✱göryth.
goroth
horror
(i ngoroth = i ñoroth, o n’goroth = o ñgoroth) (dread), pl. geryg (in geryg = i ñgeryg) (WJ:415). Archaic pl. göryth.
gorth
dead
(adj.) 1) gorth (lenited ngorth; pl. gyrth), also fern, pl. firn. These adjectives may also be used as nouns ”dead person(s)”. According to LR:381 s.v. _
gorth
dread
(i ngorth = i ñorth, o n’gorth = o ñgorth) (horror), pl. gyrth (in gyrth = i ñgyrth). (WJ:415) Note: a homophone means ”dead; dead person”.
gorth
horror
(i ngorth = i ñorth, o n’gorth = o ñgorth) (dread), pl. gyrth (in gyrth = i ñgyrth). (WJ:415) Note: a homophone means ”dead; dead person”
gorth
dead person
gorth (i ngorth = i ñorth, o n**gorth = o ñgorth), pl. gyrth (in gyrth = i ñgyrth), coll. pl. Gorthrim**, the dead as a group (RC:526). Note: a homophone means ”dread, horror”.
gorthad
barrow
1) gorthad (i ngorthad = i ñorthad, o n**gorthad = o ñgorthad), pl. gerthaid (in gerthaid = i ñgerthaid). The literal meaning may be ”place of the dead”: gorth ”dead” + sâd, -had ”place”. Archaic pl. ”goerthaid” = görthaid (PM:194), 2) haudh (i chaudh, o chaudh) (burial mound, grave, tomb), pl. hoedh (i choedh), coll. pl. hodhath**
gorthad
barrow
(i ngorthad = i ñorthad, o n’gorthad = o ñgorthad), pl. gerthaid (in gerthaid = i ñgerthaid). The literal meaning may be ”place of the dead”: gorth ”dead” + sâd, -had ”place”. Archaic pl. ”goerthaid” = görthaid (PM:194)
gortheb
horrible
(lenited ngortheb; pl. gerthib; archaic pl. ✱görthib).
goras
noun. advice
gorchanui
adjective. complicated, enigmatic, cryptic, hard to understand
goredhin
adjective. sib, akin, [closely] related
gôr
dread
(i ngôr = i ñôr, o n’gôr = o ñgôr, construct gor) (fear, horror), pl. gŷr (in gŷr = i ñgŷr). Note: a homophone means ”vigour”, but has different mutations.
gôr
fear
(i ngôr = i ñor, o n’gôr = o ñgôr, construct gor) (dread, horror), pl. gŷr (i ngŷr = i ñŷr). Note: a homophone means ”vigour” but has different mutations.
gôr
horror
(i ngôr = i ñôr, o n’gôr = o ñgôr, construct gor) (fear, dread), pl. gŷr (in gŷr = i ñgŷr). Note: a homophone means ”vigour” but has different mutations.
naith
place name. Gore, Triangle
Wedge of land in Lórien between the rivers Celebrant and Anduin, translated “Gore” (LotR/347) or “Triangle” (RC/307). It is simply naith “angle” used as a name (PE17/55). The part of this region where Elves dwelled was called Egladil of similar meaning (LotR/347).
Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as N. Narthas “The Gore” (TI/288), a form that also appeared in a deleted entry in The Etymologies (EtyAC/NARTA). It was soon revised to N. Naith (TI/244), though at this stage the name was generally translated as “Angle” (TI/268, 280).
basgorn
round bread
(loaf) (i masgorn), pl. besgyrn (i mbesgyrn).
tharan
adjective. vigorous
tharan
adjective. vigorous
adj. vigorous. >> tharanduil, thranduil
naith
noun. spearhead, gore, wedge, narrow prominitory; angle
cabed
gerund noun. deep gorge
Emended by Tolkien from earlier cabad. This is our sole late example that basic verbs should perhaps form their gerund in -ed, whereas derived verbs are well attested to use -ad (cf. aderthad )
naith
noun. any formation or projection tapering to a point: a spearhead, triangle gore, wedge, narrow promontory
aeglos
gorse
aeglos (pl. aeglys). The relevant plant is said (in UT:148) to be similar to gorse, but larger and with white flowers. Note: the word aeglos is also used for "icicle".
aeglos
gorse
(pl. aeglys). The relevant plant is said (in UT:148) to be similar to gorse, but larger and with white flowers. Note: the word aeglos is also used for "icicle".
mechor
noun. gore
cên
gore
(i gên, o chên, construct cen) (wedge), pl. cîn (i chîn). Alternative sg. form cîn (i gîn, o chîn, construct cin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîn) (VT45:20)
cîl
gorge
cîl (i gîl, o chîl) (pass between hills, cleft), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. A homophone means ”renewal”.
cîl
gorge
(i gîl, o chîl) (pass between hills, cleft), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. A homophone means ”renewal”.
naith
gore
1) naith (spearhead, wedge, point, promontory); no distinct pl. form; 2) cên (i gên, o chên, construct cen) (wedge), pl. cîn (i chîn). Alternative sg. form cîn (i gîn, o chîn, construct cin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîn) (VT45:20)
naith
gore
(spearhead, wedge, point, promontory); no distinct pl. form
dern
hard
adj. hard, thrawn. Also used for Dwarves, esp. in pl2. dernlir. >> gorn
dern
Dwarf
pl2. dernlir n. Dwarf. >> gorn
achas
fear
(noun) 1) achas (dread), pl. echais. It is possible that the word is lenited in the source, and that it should have an initial g-; if so read gachas (i **achas), pl. gechais (i ngechais = i ñechais), 2) dêl (i dhêl, construct del) (disgust, loathing, horror), pl. dîl (i nîl), 3) delos (i dhelos) (horror, abhorrence, dread, detestation, loathing), pl. delys (i nelys), coll. pl. delossath. Note: a side-form ends in -oth (pl. -yth) instead of -os (-ys). 4) gôr (i ngôr = i ñor, o n**gôr = o ñgôr, construct gor) (dread, horror), pl. gŷr (i ngŷr = i ñŷr). Note: a homophone means ”vigour” but has different mutations. 5) niphred (pallor); pl. niphrid.
angos
horror
1) angos (pl. engys) (VT45:15), 2) dêl (i dhêl, construct del) (disgust, fear, loathing), pl. dîl (i nîl), 3) delos (i dhelos) (fear, abhorrence, dread, detestation, loathing), pl. delys (i nelys), coll. pl. delossath. A side-form ends in -oth (pl. -yth) instead of -os (-ys). 4) girith (i **irith) (shuddering), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngirith = i ñirith), 5) gôr (i ngôr = i ñôr, o n**gôr = o ñgôr, construct gor) (fear, dread), pl. gŷr (in gŷr = i ñgŷr). Note: a homophone means ”vigour” but has different mutations. 6) gorog (i ngorog = i ñorog, o n**gorog = o ñgorog), pl. geryg (in geryg = i ñgeryg) (WJ:415). Archaic pl. göryg. 7) goroth (i ngoroth = i ñoroth, o n**goroth = o ñgoroth) (dread), pl. geryg (in geryg = i ñgeryg) (WJ:415). Archaic pl. göryth. 8) gorth (i ngorth = i ñorth, o n**gorth = o ñgorth) (dread), pl. gyrth (in gyrth = i ñgyrth). _(WJ:415) _Note: a homophone means ”dead; dead person”, 9) goss (i **oss, construct gos) (dread), pl. gyss (i ngyss = i ñyss).
delos
dread
(noun) 1) delos (i dhelos) (fear, horror, abhorrence, detestation, loathing), pl. delys (i nelys), coll. pl. delossath. A side-form ends in -oth (pl. -yth) instead of -os (-ys). 2) gae (i **ae), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngae = i ñae), 3) gôr (i ngôr = i ñôr, o n**gôr = o ñgôr, construct gor) (fear, horror), pl. gŷr (in gŷr = i ñgŷr). Note: a homophone means ”vigour”, but has different mutations. 4) goroth (i ngoroth = i ñoroth, o n**goroth = o ñgoroth) (horror), pl. geryg (in geryg** = i ñgeryg) (WJ:415). Archaic pl. *göryth. 5) gorth (i ngorth = i ñorth, o n**gorth = o ñgorth) (horror), pl. gyrth (in gyrth = i ñgyrth). _(WJ:415) _Note: a homophone means ”dead; dead person”. 6) goss (i **oss, constuct gos) (horror), pl. gyss (i ngyss = i ñyss). 7) gost (i ngost = i ñost, o n**gost = o ñgost) (terror), pl. gyst (in gyst = i ñgyst). 8) achas (fear), pl. echais. It is possible that the word is lenited in the source, and that it should have an initial g-; if so read gachas (i **achas), pl. gechais (i ngechais = i ñechais), coll. pl. achassath.
gurgof
noun. traitor
alag
impetuous
1) alag (rushing), pl. elaig; 2) ascar (rushing, violent), pl. escair. Also spelt asgar (pl. esgair), 3) gorn (vigorous, hasty); lenited orn; pl. gyrn. Note: a homophone means ”valour”.
corn
round
corn (circular, globed), lenited gorn, pl. cyrn. The word is also used as a noun "circle".
corn
round
(circular, globed), lenited gorn, pl. cyrn. The word is also used as a noun "circle".
cên
wedge
(i gên) (gore), pl. cîn (i chîn). Alternative form cîn (i gîn, o chîn), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîn) (VT45:20)
cîl
cleft
(i gîl, o chîl) (pass between hills, gorge), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. A homophone means ”renewal”.
deleb
horrible
1) deleb (abominable, loathsome), lenited dheleb; pl. delib. 2) gortheb (lenited ngortheb; pl. gerthib; archaic pl. *görthib).
goe
terror
1) goe (i **oe) (great fear), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngoe = i ñoe), 2) gorgoroth (i ngorgoroth = i ñorgoroth, o n**gorgoroth) (deadly fear), pl. gergeryth (in gergeryth = i ñgergeryth). Archaic pl. *görgöryth. 3) gost (i ngost = i ñost, o n**gost) (dread), pl. gyst (in gyst** = i ñgyst).
mûg
noun. dung
naith
spearhead
naith (gore, wedge, point, promontory); no distinct pl. form;
naith
wedge
1) naith (spearhead, gore, point, promontory); no distinct pl. form; 2) cên (i gên) (gore), pl. cîn (i chîn). Alternative form cîn (i gîn, o chîn), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîn) (VT45:20) WEDGE-FORMATION, see MAN-SPEARHEAD: No general word for ”weed” is known, but cf.
naith
wedge
(spearhead, gore, point, promontory); no distinct pl. form
rist
cleft
(noun) 1) rist (-ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleaver, cutter”, 2) cirith (i girith, o chirith) (cutting, pass), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chirith), 3) cîl (i gîl, o chîl) (pass between hills, gorge), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. A homophone means ”renewal”. 4) criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss), 4) iaw (gulf, ravine), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”, 5) rest (ravine, cut), pl. rist (idh rist), 6) (deep cleft) falch (ravine[?]), pl. felch
redhin
adjective. related
fern
noun/adjective. dead, dead person; [N.] dead (of mortals)
An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “dead (of mortals)” under the root ᴹ√PHIR “die of natural causes”, used as a plural noun in the name Dor Firn i Guinar “Land of the Dead that Live” (Ety/PHIR). Christopher Tolkien choose to include the name Dor Firn-i-Guinar in the published version of The Silmarillion (S/188), and most Sindarin writers accept its ongoing validity.
del
noun. horror
dornhoth
noun. the Dwarves, lit. "the Thrawn Folk"
goe
noun. terror, great fear
goeol
adjective. dreadful, terrifying
graw
noun. bear
A Sindarin word for “bear” in notes from the late 1960s, derived from primitive ✶grā (VT47/12).
Neo-Sindarin: Its Quenya cognate Q. roa had the revised meaning {“bear” >>} “dog”, so for purposes of Neo-Sindarin it is probably best to stick with [N.] brôg and ᴺS. medli [N. megli] as words for “bear”.
groga-
verb. to feel terror
hadhodrim
noun. the Dwarves (as a race)
naugrim
noun. Dwarves
nogotheg
noun. lit. "dwarflet", a name of the Petty-Dwarves
Nûrnen
place name. Death
_ topon. _Death, dead water. >> guru
achas
noun. dread, fear
This might also be *gachas, mutated in composition
cab-
verb. to leap
cabed
gerund noun. leap
Emended by Tolkien from earlier cabad. This is our sole late example that basic verbs should perhaps form their gerund in -ed, whereas derived verbs are well attested to use -ad (cf. aderthad )
cirith
noun. cleft, high climbing pass, narrow passage cut through earth or rock, ravine, defile
criss
noun. cleft, cleft, [N.] cut, slash, [G.] gash; [N.] pass, [G.] gully, ravine
A word for a “cleft, cut, slash” (PE21/81; Ety/KIRIS) derived from √KIRIS, a blend of the roots √KIR and √RIS (PE17/87).
Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to G. criss “cleft, gash, gully” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s where it was probably already a derivative of the early root ᴱ√KIRISI as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (GL/27; LT2A/Cris Ilbranteloth). In the Name-list to The Fall of Gondolin Tolkien gave cris with the definition “a cleft, ravine, or narrow way of waters with high walls” (PE15/21), and in this period it typically appeared in this shorter form within names like G. Cris Ilbranteloth or G. Cris Thorn.
N. criss appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “cleft, cut, slash” under the root ᴹ√KIRIS “cut” (Ety/KIRIS). It also appeared under the root ᴹ√KIR with the gloss “cleft, pass”, but this instance was deleted (EtyAC/KIR). S. criss “cleft” was mentioned in passing in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s as derived from primitive ✶kirissi (PE21/80-81), and it was mentioned as a blending of roots in notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s as described above (PE17/87). Its use in names diminished over time, however, the only remnant in the final version of The Silmarillion being S. Crissaegrim (S/121).
Neo-Sindarin: In The Etymologies of the 1930s it seems this word was principally used as for a “cleft, cut, slash” independent of geography. I would assume the same is true for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, since criss is used only in a single geographic name in Tolkien’s later writings; S. cirith was use more broadly in geographic features. I would also assume it was a larger and more violent cut (a “gash” or “slash”) compared to S. rest for simple cuts.
dael
noun. horror
_ n. _horror.
dael
noun. horror
daer
adjective. dreadful
_ adj. _dreadful, horrible, ghastly.
dîr
adjective. hard
_ adj. _hard, difficult. dērā << dīrā. >> dír-
dîr
adjective. hard, difficult
falch
noun. deep cleft, ravine
feleg
noun. cave
n. cave, mine, underground dwelling. Q. felco. Q.
graw
noun. bear
groth
noun. cave, tunnel, large excavation
groth
noun. delving, underground dwelling
gurgof
noun. traitor
gurth
noun. death
gurth
noun. death
The usual Sindarin word for “death”, derived from the root √ÑGUR of similar meaning (UT/39; Ety/ÑGUR).
Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/43), anchored by well established names like Gurthang or Gurtholf(in), the name of Túrin’s sword. Tolkien experimented with various alternate forms over the years, such as G. urthu (GG/14), G. gurthu (GL/43), ᴱN. gurdh (PE13/146) and N. guruth (Ety/ÑGUR), but kept coming back to gurth as the basic form.
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would use this word for death in general and especially violent death, as opposed to the more euphemistic [N.] gwanath or gwanu “death”, more literally “departure”.
guru
noun. death
_ n. _death. guru << gûru.
guru
noun. death, death (abstract)
A Sindarin word for “death” derived from primitive ✶ñgurū (PE17/87), unusual in that its primitive ancient vowel u did not vanish. In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien had variant forms [N.] gûr and gurw “death” marked with a “?”, both derived from Old Noldorin nguru and indicating some uncertainty on the exact phonetic developments (EtyAC/ÑGUR). Elsewhere in The Etymologies Tolkien said that [N.] guru was “Death as state or abstract”, as opposed to [N.] gwanw or gwanath for the “act of dying” (Ety/GWAN).
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume guru was for death as an abstraction or principle, and for the death of individuals I would use either gurth or gwanu/gwanath; see those entries for discussion.
gwanu
noun. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract)
hadhod
noun. Dwarf
iâ
chasm
_ n. _chasm, pit. >> Moria
medli
noun. bear
medlin
adjective. honey-eater, bear-like
naer
adjective. dreadful
_ adj. _dreadful, horrible, unendurable. Q. naira.
naith
angle
_ n. _angle. Q. nehte. >> neith
naug
noun. dwarf
neith
angle
_ n. _angle. Q. nehte. >> naith
nogon
dwarf
nogoth
noun. Dwarf, lit. "the Stunted Folk"
nogothrim
noun. Dwarf-folk
nordh
oak
nordh
noun. oak
A word for “oak” in notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/25). See the entry N. doron for earlier forms of the word.
nornwaith
noun. the Dwarves
pân
adjective. all, in totality
As no other word beginning in ph- is attested, it is assumed that a nasal mutation is triggered by the pronoun în.1 , hence the form observed in the "King's Letter"
pân
adjective. all, all, *complete, entire, full, the whole
@@@ extended meaning suggested on Discord 2022-03-11
riss
adjective. cleft
_ adj. _cleft, cloven, separate. Q. rista, risse, rinse. >> Imladris
rond
noun. cave roof
rond
noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed
roth
noun. cave
n. cave. Q. rondo.
thanc
adjective. cleft, split, forked
thos
noun. fear
_ n. _fear. O.Q. þosse. >> di'nguruthos
thoss
noun. fear
achas
dread
(fear), pl. echais. It is possible that the word is lenited in the source, and that it should have an initial g-; if so read gachas (i ’achas), pl. gechais (i ngechais = i ñechais), coll. pl. achassath.
achas
fear
(dread), pl. echais. It is possible that the word is lenited in the source, and that it should have an initial g-; if so read gachas (i ’achas), pl. gechais (i ngechais = i ñechais)
alag
impetuous
(rushing), pl. elaig
angos
horror
(pl. engys) (VT45:15)
ascar
impetuous
(rushing, violent), pl. escair. Also spelt asgar (pl. esgair)
bennas
angle
1) bennas (i vennas), pl. bennais (i mennais), coll. pl. bennassath, 2) nass (sharp end, point, corner), construct nas, pl. nais
bennas
angle
(i vennas), pl. bennais (i mennais), coll. pl. bennassath
breged
violence
breged (i vreged) (suddenness), pl. bregid (i mregid) if there is a pl. Note: the word is also used as adv. "suddenly".
breged
violence
(i vreged) (suddenness), pl. bregid (i mregid) if there is a pl. Note: the word is also used as adv. "suddenly".
brôg
bear
(i vrôg, construct brog), pl. brŷg (i mrŷg)
cab
leap
(vb.) cab- (i gâb, i chebir), pa.t. camp;
cabed
leap
(noun) cabed (i gabed, o chabed), pl. cebid (i chebid)
caun
valour
(i gaun, o chaun), pl. coen (i choen) if there is a pl. Note: a homophone of caun means "clamour, outcry, cry, shout".
cirith
cleft
(i girith, o chirith) (cutting, pass), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chirith)
codhon
noun. idol
criss
cleft
(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss), 4) iaw (gulf, ravine), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”
daedhelos
great dread
(i naedhelos, o ndaedhelos), pl. daedhelys (i ndaedhelys). Coll. pl. daedhelossath. A side-form ends in -oth instead of -os. The word appears in the mutated form "ndaedelos" in LotR Appendix F, but since the second element must be delos "abhorrence" and it would surely be lenited following a vowel, this would seem to be one of the cases where Tolkien wrote d even though dh would be technically correct.
daedhelos
great fear
(i naedhelos, o ndaedhelos), pl. daedhelys (i ndaedhelys). Coll. pl. daedhelossath. A side-form ends in -oth instead of -os. The word appears in the mutated form "ndaedelos" in LotR Appendix F, but since the second element must be delos "abhorrence" and it would surely be lenited following a vowel, this would seem to be one of the cases where Tolkien wrote d even though dh would be technically correct. Another term for
deleb
horrible
(abominable, loathsome), lenited dheleb; pl. delib.
delos
dread
(i dhelos) (fear, horror, abhorrence, detestation, loathing), pl. delys (i nelys), coll. pl. delossath. A side-form ends in -oth (pl. -yth) instead of -os (-ys).
delos
fear
(i dhelos) (horror, abhorrence, dread, detestation, loathing), pl. delys (i nelys), coll. pl. delossath. Note: a side-form ends in -oth (pl. -yth) instead of -os (-ys).
delos
horror
(i dhelos) (fear, abhorrence, dread, detestation, loathing), pl. delys (i nelys), coll. pl. delossath. A side-form ends in -oth (pl. -yth) instead of -os (-ys).
delu
deadly
delu (hateful, fell), lenited dhelu; analogical pl. dely. Archaic delw (the only attested form);
delu
deadly
(hateful, fell), lenited dhelu; analogical pl. dely. Archaic delw (the only attested form);
dolt
round knob
(i dholt) (boss), pl. dylt
dêl
fear
(i dhêl, construct del) (disgust, loathing, horror), pl. dîl (i nîl)
dêl
horror
(i dhêl, construct del) (disgust, fear, loathing), pl. dîl (i nîl)
ecthel
spear point
1) ecthel (pl. ecthil), literally "thorn point”, 2) thela (-thel), pl. ?thili, 3) aith; no distinct pl. form.
falch
cleft
(ravine[?]), pl. felch
fela
cave
(pl. fili). In the Etymologies (LR:381 s.v. PHÉLEG) the name Felagund is said to include this word, but since Tolkien later re-explained this name as a borrowing from Dwarvish, some would consider fela as a word for ”cave” conceptually obsolete.
gae
dread
(i ’ae), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngae = i ñae)
gaer
dreadful
1) gaer (awful, fearful; holy); lenited aear; no distinct pl. form. Note: homophones mean "reddish, copper-coloured, ruddy" and also "sea". 2) naer (lamentable, woeful, sad); no distinct pl. form.
gaer
dreadful
(awful, fearful; holy); lenited ’aear; no distinct pl. form. Note: homophones mean "reddish, copper-coloured, ruddy" and also "sea".
girith
horror
(i ’irith) (shuddering), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngirith = i ñirith)
glî
honey
glî (i **lî**);
glî
honey
(i ’lî);
goe
great fear
(i ’oe) (terror), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngoe = i ñoe).
goe
terror
(i ’oe) (great fear), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngoe = i ñoe)
goss
dread
(i ’oss, constuct gos) (horror), pl. gyss (i ngyss = i ñyss).
goss
horror
(i ’oss, construct gos) (dread), pl. gyss (i ngyss = i ñyss).
gost
dread
(i ngost = i ñost, o n’gost = o ñgost) (terror), pl. gyst (in gyst = i ñgyst).
gost
terror
(i ngost = i ñost, o n’gost) (dread), pl. gyst (in gyst = i ñgyst).
gosta
fear exceedingly
(i ’osta, i ngostar = i ñostar)
graw
bear
(noun) 1) graw (i **raw), pl. groe (in groe), coll. pl. ?grawath or ?groath (VT47:12). 2) brôg (i vrôg, construct brog), pl. brŷg (i mrŷg**), 3) *medli (i vedli), no distinct pl. form except with article (i medli). The word literally means ”honey-eater”. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” megli.
graw
bear
(i ’raw), pl. groe (in groe), coll. pl. ?grawath or ?groath (VT47:12).
groga
feel terror
(i ’roga, in grogar) (WJ:415)
groth
cave
(i ’roth) (delving, large excavation), pl. gryth (in gryth) (VT46:12)
grôd
cave
1) grôd (i **rôd, construct grod) (delving, excavation, underground dwelling), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414), 2) groth (i **roth) (delving, large excavation), pl. gryth (in gryth) (VT46:12), 3) rond (construct ron) (cavern, vault, vaulted ceiling, hall with vaulted roof), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath, 4) roth (delving, large excavation), pl. ryth, 4) gathrod (i **athrod), pl. gethryd (i ngethryd = i ñethryd), 5) fela (pl. fili). In the Etymologies (LR:381 s.v. PHÉLEG) the name Felagund is said to include this word, but since Tolkien later re-explained this name as a borrowing from Dwarvish, some would consider fela** as a word for ”cave” conceptually obsolete.
grôd
cave
(i ’rôd, construct grod) (delving, excavation, underground dwelling), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414)
gurth
death
(i ngurth = i ñurth, o n’gurth = o ñgurth), pl. gyrth (in gyrth = i ñgyrth)
guruth
death
(i nguruth = i ñuruth, o n’guruth = o ñguruth), pl. gyryth (in gyryth = i ñgyryth)
guruthos
dread of death
(i nguruthos = i ñuruthos, o n’guruthos = o ñguruthos) (death-horror), pl. (if there is a pl.) either guruthys (in guruthys = i ñguruthys) or gyrythys (in gyrythys = i ñgyrythys) with umlaut throughtout the word. Coll. pl. guruthossath.
gwanath
death
1) (act of dying) gwanath (i **wanath), pl. gwenaith (in gwenaith), 2) (act of dying, especially the ”death” of Elves by fading or weariness) gwanu (i **wanu), analogical pl. gweny (in gweny). Archaic gwanw (LR:397 s.v. WAN), hence coll. pl. ?gwanwath. Other words (rather referring to Death as a state or abstract): 3) gûr (i ngûr = i ñûr, o n**gûr = o ñgûr, construct gur), pl. guir (in guir = i ñguir), 4) gurth (i ngurth = i ñurth, o n**gurth = o ñgurth), pl. gyrth (in gyrth = i ñgyrth), 5) guruth (i nguruth = i ñuruth, o n**guruth = o ñguruth), pl. gyryth (in gyryth** = i ñgyryth)
gwanath
death
(i ’wanath), pl. gwenaith (in gwenaith)
gwanu
death
(i ’wanu), analogical pl. gweny (in gweny). Archaic gwanw (LR:397 s.v. WAN), hence coll. pl. ?gwanwath. Other words (rather referring to Death as a state or abstract):
gûr
death
(i ngûr = i ñûr, o n’gûr = o ñgûr, construct gur), pl. guir (in guir = i ñguir)
hadhod
dwarf
1) hadhod (i chadhod, o chadhod), pl. hedhyd (i chedhyd), coll. pl. hadhodrim (WJ:388). This was a word borrowed from Dwarvish Khazâd. 2) naug (in compounds -nog), pl. #noeg, coll. pl. naugrim, nogrim. (WJ:388, 408, 413; VT45:13). In ”Noldorin” the pl. was nuig, but the Sindarin pl. form noeg is attested in Nibin-noeg ”Petty-dwarves” (WJ:187, 420). Note: naug is also used as an adj. ”dwarfed, stunted”. This word for ”dwarf” also appears in a diminutive form: naugol (in compounds naugla-), coll. pl. nauglath. 2)
haudh
barrow
(i chaudh, o chaudh) (burial mound, grave, tomb), pl. hoedh (i choedh), coll. pl. hodhath
iaun
fane
iaun (holy place, sanctuary), pl. ioen, coll. pl. ionath
iaun
fane
(holy place, sanctuary), pl. ioen, coll. pl. ionath
iâ
chasm
iâ (gulf, void, abyss), pl. iai (LR:400, RS:437, Letters:383)
iâ
chasm
(gulf, void, abyss), pl. iai (LR:400, RS:437, Letters:383)
main
chief
(adj.) main (lenited vain; pl. mîn) (prime, prominent) (VT45:15)
main
chief
(lenited vain; pl. mîn) (prime, prominent) (VT45:15)
medli
bear
(i vedli), no distinct pl. form except with article (i medli). The word literally means ”honey-eater”. – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” megli.
medlin
bearish, of bears
(adjective derived from medli ”bear”), lenited vedlin, no distinct pl. form. – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” meglin.
naer
dreadful
(lamentable, woeful, sad); no distinct pl. form.
nass
angle
(sharp end, point, corner), construct nas, pl. nais
niphred
fear
(pallor); pl. niphrid.
nogoth
dwarf
nogoth (pl. negyth; coll. pl. nogothrim). Archaic pl. ”noegyth” = nögyth (WJ:388, 408) 3) norn (pl. nyrn, coll. pl. nornwaith). From the adj. norn ”twisted, knotted, crabbed, hard”. (MR:93, WJ:205) 4) #Gonhir (i **Onhir), literally ”Master of Stone”, no distinct pl. form except with article (i Ngonhir = i Ñonhir, maybe primarily used as a coll. pl. Gonhirrim _(WJ:205, there spelt ”Gonnhirrim”) _The coll. pl. Dornhoth** ("Thrawn folk") (WJ:388, 408) also refers to the Dwarves.
norn
hard
norn (twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted), pl. nyrn. Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)
norn
hard
(twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted), pl. nyrn. Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)
nîdh
honeycomb
(construct nidh; no distinct pl. form) (VT45:38).
othronn
fortress in a cave/caves
(pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (underground stronghold). Cited in archaic form othrond in the source (WJ:414).
pân
all
(adj.) *pân, pl. pain (only attested in mutated pl. form phain, SD:128-31). Not to be confused with the noun pân ”plank”.
pân
all
pl. pain (only attested in mutated pl. form phain, SD:128-31). Not to be confused with the noun pân ”plank”.
rest
cleft
(ravine, cut), pl. rist (idh rist)
rhûd
artificial cave
(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, rockhewn hall, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365)*
rist
cleft
(-ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleaver, cutter”
rond
cave
(construct ron) (cavern, vault, vaulted ceiling, hall with vaulted roof), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath
roth
cave
(delving, large excavation), pl. ryth, 4) gathrod (i ’athrod), pl. gethryd (i ngethryd = i ñethryd)
thanc
cleft
(adj.) thanc (forked, split), pl. thainc
thanc
cleft
(forked, split), pl. thainc
Q. ñor. . This gloss was rejected.