ras

root. horn, horn; [ᴹ√] stick up

This root first appeared as ᴹ√RAS “stick up (intr.)” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. rasse and N. rhas or rhasg “horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)” (Ety/RAS; EtyAC/RAS). It reappeared as ᴹ√RASA “stick up” on an rejected page of roots in the Quenya Verbal System from the 1940s (PE22/127). Finally, √RAS “horn” appeared in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure of the early 1950s, but that was merely the last appearance of the root in Tolkien’s published writings. Q. rassë and S. rass “horn” continued to appear regularly as an element in mountain names in the 1950s and 60s.

rass

noun. horn

lossē

noun. snow

sris

root. snow

An apparently verbal root as √SRIS “snow” appearing in etymological notes from around 1959 with derivatives like Q. hrisse “fall of snow” and Q. hríza “it is snowing”; it replaced a deleted root √SRITH “snow” (PE17/168).

srith

root. snow

ras

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10

ras-arphain

place name. Ras-Arphain

A Sindarin name for Q. Taniquetil, equivalent to Q. Arfanyarassë (WJ/403). It appears to be a combination of rass “horn”, ar(a)- “high” and fain “white and shining (thing)”.

Conceptual Development: The earliest precursor of this name was G. Danigwethil, the Gnomish cognate of ᴱQ. Taniqetil in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/29). This version of the name seems to be a combination of dâ “high” and nigweth “(snow) storm”, as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Taniquetil). This name had numerous variants, and evolved into ᴱN. Taingwethil in the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s (LB/49, 135). A similar name TainBethil appeared in Early Noldorin notes from the same period as a combination of ᴱN. tain “mountain” and ᴱN. pethil (PE13/152); the later word was unglossed but was probably equivalent to the -qetil in ᴱQ. Taniqetil.

Starting with Tolkien’s writings in the 1930s, the usual Noldorin/Sindarin name for this mountain was Amon Uilos, cognate to its other Quenya name Oiolossë. He gave a few other Noldorin/Sindarin names, but none were direct cognates of Q. Taniquetil. In The Etymologies from the 1930s, he gave N. Nimdildor “High White Horn” derived from ᴹ✶Ninkwitil(di) Tára, a combination of Nimdil “White Horn” and taur “high” (Ety/NIK-W, TĀ). In the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 he gave the Sindarin form Ras-Arphain noted above (WJ/403).

ras morthil

place name. Andrast

Apparently another name for Andrast (UT/175, 214 note #6). This name seems to be a combination of ras(t) “cape”, morn “black” and the nasal mutation of till “point” (as suggested by David Salo, GS/389).

rass

noun. horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]

A noun for “horn” appearing in notes on the name Caradhras “Redhorn” from the 1950s or 60s (PE17/36). This word was an element in other names as well, such as Methedras “Last Peak” and Nimras “White Horn”.

Conceptual Development: This word appeared as N. rhas “horn” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√RAS “stick up” (Ety/RAS). Christopher Tolkien gave it as rhaes in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road (LR/383), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne corrected this to rhas in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT46/10). In The Etymologies it appeared beside an alternate form N. rhasg, equivalent to ᴹQ. rasko (Ety/RAS; EtyAC/RAS).

Neo-Sindarin: Some Neo-Sindarin writers adapt its variant form as ᴺS. rasg, but I recommend sticking to attested S. rass for a “horn” of both animals and mountains.

ras(t)

noun. cape, shore

An element in several names appearing as either ras or rast and glossed as “cape” or “shore”. Its most notable use was in the names Nevrast and Haerast “Hither and Far Shore” (S/119; PE17/27), but it also appeared in Andras (WJ/189, note #56) and Andrast “Long Cape” (UT/214, note #6) as well as Ras Morthil, another name for Andrast. Since Nevrast juts out into the water, “cape” may be the best translation, especially since √RAS “horn” is the most likely basis for this word.

Conceptual Development: In The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from the late 1960s, Tolkien used the name Angast for “Long Cape” in several places, apparently with a final element ✱cast “cape, headland” derived from √KAS “head”, as suggested by Carl Hostetter (VT42/28 note #16). However, Andrast was the form that was ultimately used in Pauline Baynes’s official map of Middle-earth, so I think ras(t) is the preferable form.

ras mewrim

place name. *Cape of the Gulls

A variant name of Bar-in-Mŷl (WJ/190), apparently a combination of ras(t) “cape” and the class plural of maew “gull”.

Ras Arphain

noun. high snow peak

ras (“horn, mountain peak”), ar(a) (here: “high”) + phain (“white”) #The second element is an alternative spelling of fain.

rasmund

masculine name. Horned Bull

A name coined by Tolkien as a possible Elvish name for a bull (Let/423). The initial element of the name is rass “horn” and its final element is mund “bull”.

rass

horn

_ n. _horn. >> Caradhras

rasg

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

rasg

a drag or any large

pl1.#resg _n. _a drag or any large, flat vehicle on wheels or rollers for hauling stone or other weighty material. Q. raxa. >> Nan Gondresgion

rasg

noun. wain, *wagon, cart

avras

noun. precipice

A noun glossed “a precipice”, given as a derivative of the root √BARAS (PE17/22-23).

Ras Morthil

Ras Morthil

Ras is a Sindarin word for "horn" (cf. Caradhras); Morthil likely contains the element mor, "dark, black".

Ras Mewrim

Ras Mewrim

The Sindarin name Bar-in-Mŷl consists of bar ("home") and mŷl ("gulls").

rast

cape

(geographic) 1) rast (also shortened ras), pl. raist, idh raist, 2) (of land) bund (i mund, o mbund, construct mun) (snout, nose), pl. bynd (i mbynd), #cast (i gast, o chast) (headland), pl. caist (i chaist) (VT42:14; compare the name Angast)

rast

cape

(also shortened ras), pl. raist, idh raist

rass

horn

(mountain peak), pl. #rais (idh rais). The pl. is attested in the name Ered Nimrais. Side-form rasc, rasg.

Ras Mewrim

Gulls' home

The Sindarin name Bar-in-Mŷl consists of bar ("home") and mŷl ("gulls").

rasg

noun. horn

rhass

precipice

rhass (i rass for ”older” i** **chrass; construct rhas), pl. rais (?idh rais).

rhass

precipice

(i rass for ”older” i chrass; construct rhas), pl. rais (?idh rais).

rom

horn

1) rom (trumpet), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath. (Cf. also romloth ”horn-flower”, tobacco.) 2) rass (mountain peak), pl. #rais** (idh rais). The pl. is attested in the name Ered Nimrais. Side-form rasc, rasg. 3) rafn (wing, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn); 4) tarag (i darag, o tharag), pl. teraig (i theraig**). The word may be used of a ”steep mountain peak” (VT46:17; ”steep mountain path” in LR:391 is a misreading).

cast

noun. cape, headland

imp

cardinal. twelve

imp

cardinal. twelve

_ card. _twelve. Q. yunque. imp << iug. >> imp. This gloss was rejected.

inib

cardinal. twelve

los

noun. snow

loss

noun. snow

The usual Sindarin word for “snow” (Let/278; PE17/161; RGEO/62), especially fallen and long-lying snow (VT42/18), derived from primitive ✶lossē (PE17/161) based on the root √(G)LOS (PE17/26; RGEO/62). It sometimes appeared in a shorter form los (PE17/26, 161). See the entry on [s] for a discussion of these long vs. short variations; for purposes of Neo-Sindarin loss is probably preferable.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest iteration of this word was G. glui “snow” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, likely related to nearby words like G. gloss “white” (GL/40). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. gloss from the root ᴹ√GOLOS was both noun “snow” and adjective “snow-white” (Ety/GOLÓS), but in later writing Tolkien split these into S loss “snow” (see above) and S. gloss “(dazzling) white” (RGEO/62; VT42/18).

rach

noun. wain

Since this word is attested in a compound only, its unmutated form is uncertain. It could also be grach or rhach

rach

noun. wain

rom

noun. horn, trumpet

yneb

cardinal. twelve

yneg

cardinal. twelve

ýneg

cardinal. twelve

ýneg

cardinal. twelve

branna-

verb. to scorch

bund

cape

(i mund, o mbund, construct mun) (snout, nose), pl. bynd (i mbynd), #cast (i gast, o chast) (headland), pl. caist (i chaist) (VT42:14; compare the name Angast)

gloss

white as snow, dazzling white

(in compounds -los), lenited ’loss; pl. glyss.  

gorf

impetus

gorf (i **orf) (vigour), pl. gyrf (i ngyrf = i ñyrf), coll. pl. gorvath**

gorf

impetus

(i ’orf) (vigour), pl. gyrf (i ngyrf = i ñyrf), coll. pl. gorvath

loss

snow

(construct los; pl. lyss if there is a pl.) (RGEO:61-62, Letters:278, VT42:18) (Note: homophones mean ”flower” [more commonly loth] and ”wilderness”.).

lossen

snowy

(pl. lessin, for archaic lössin). Adj.

lossoth

snow-men

(a coll. pl.)

nínim

snowdrop

(”white tear”), no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. nínimmath. – The niphredil seems to be a flower similar to the snowdrop (no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. niphrediliath)

pechof

noun. squirrel

A neologism for “squirrel” based on Q. peccuvo. The word was originally given as ᴺS. pegof by Aleksandr Zapragajev in the VQP (VQP), but Lokyt pointed out the form should be ᴺS. pechof in a Discord chat in 2021-06-04, because kk became ch in Sindarin. Matt Dinse proposed this same variant pechof in VQP itself.

pegof

noun. squirrel

rach

wain

*rach (wagon), pl. #raich (idh raich) (UT:465). Isolated from the compounded plural form gondraich.

rach

wain

(wagon), pl. #raich (idh raich) (UT:465). Isolated from the compounded plural form gondraich.

rafn

horn

(wing, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn)

rom

horn

(trumpet), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath. (Cf. also romloth ”horn-flower”, tobacco.)

rû

sound of horns

pl. rui (idh rui), also romru, pl. remry (idh remry) for archaic römry

tarag

horn

(i darag, o tharag), pl. teraig (i theraig). The word may be used of a ”steep mountain peak” (VT46:17; ”steep mountain path” in LR:391 is a misreading).

till

sharp horn

(i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (tine, point, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild.

ýneg

cardinal. twelve

ýneg (VT47:41, VT48:6, 8, 12)

ýneg

twelve

(VT47:41, VT48:6, 8, 12)

rasco

rasco

rasco, see rassë

rassë

noun. horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]

A noun appearing as ᴹQ. rasse “horn” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√RAS “stick up” along with a variant form rasko (Ety/RAS). In that document Tolkien said it was used “especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains”. The word rasse “horn” reappeared on a (rejected) page of verb forms from 1948 (PE22/127 note #152), and again in notes from the 1950s or 60s discussing the mountain name S. Caradhras (PE17/36).

rassë

horn

rassë, also rasco, noun "horn" (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains) (RAS/VT46:10, PM:69)

rasta

cardinal. twelve

#rasta cardinal "twelve" (isolated from yurasta_ "24", two times 12; cf. the stem RÁSAT "twelve" listed in the Etymologies). See yunquë. (PE14:17)_

ras-

verb. to stick out

rasillo

noun. squirrel

A word for “squirrel” in notes from 1968-69 based on the root √RATH “climb” (NM/363).

rase

verb. sticks out

TQ. sticks out

Rása

the sea

Rása noun "the Sea" (LT2:347; rather ëar in Tolkien's later Quenya)

yurasta

cardinal. twelve

yurasta cardinal "24" (two times #rasta "twelve") (PE14:17)

rassulca

noun. carrot

A neologism for a “carrot” coined by Orondil in 2021 on the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination √RAS “horn” and [ᴹQ.] sulca “root”.

rassemunda

noun. rhinoceros, (lit.) horn-snout

A neologism for “rhinoceros” coined by Dírheron on Discord in 2019, a combination of rassë “horn” and [ᴹQ.] mundo “snout”.

rassëa

adjective. horned

A neologism for “horned” coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo as a replacement for ᴱQ. tarukka, it is simply an adjectival form of Q. rassë “horn”.

hriz-

to snow

#hriz- vb. "to snow", impersonal, given in the form hríza "it is snowing". Normally z would turn to r in Exilic Quenya, but since two r's close to one another were disliked, it may be that hriz- became *hris- instead (compare razë "sticks out" becoming rasë instead of **rarë, PE19:73) Past tense hrinsë (with s from the original root SRIS) and another form which the editor tentatively reads as hrissë (the development ns > ss is regular). (PE17:168)

róma

horn

róma (1) noun "horn" (WJ:368 - this refers to a "horn" as an instrument rather than as part of an animal; see rassë, tarca_)._Loose compound Oromë róma "an Oromë horn", sc. "one of Orome's horns (if he had more than one)" (WJ:368).

yunquë

cardinal. twelve

yunquë ("q") cardinal "twelve" (VT47:41, VT48:4, 6, 9; VT49:57; also compare the stem yunuk(w)-_ cited in VT42:24, 31). This word appears already in an early source (PE14:82)_. Some sources point to #rasta, q.v., as another word for "twelve". However, available post-LotR sources indicate that Tolkien intended yunquë as the regular Quenya word for "twelve".

raxa

noun. wain, *wagon

fauta-

to snow

fauta- vb. *"to snow" (actually glossed fauta = "it snows") (GL:35)

lunca

wain

lunca noun "wain" (VT43:19), "heavy transport wain" (PE17:28). #Ondolunca "stone-wain", see under ondo.

raze

verb. sticks out

PQ. sticks out

romba

horn, trumpet

romba noun "horn, trumpet" (ROM)

róma

noun. horn, horn; [ᴹQ.] loud sound, trumpet-sound, *blare

tarca

horn

tarca ("k")noun "horn" (TARÁK)

taru

horn

taru noun "horn" (LT2:337, 347; Tolkien's later Quenya has tarca)

tarucca

horned

tarucca ("k") adj. "horned" (LT2:347)

tilion

masculine name. Horned

Name of the Maia who guided the moon (S/99). This name was translated “Horned” or (Old English) “Hyrned” (MR/130, 136) and its initial element is derived from the root √TIL “point, horn” (SA/til, Ety/TIL). The meaning of the second element is unclear, but it could simply be the genitive plural ending, so that Tilion = “✱of the horns”.

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this character was named ᴱQ. Ilinsor (LT1/192), but the meaning of this early name is unclear. In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, his name changed to ᴹQ. Tilion “Hyrned” (SM/97, LR/240). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, this name was glossed “Horned” and was a derivative of ᴹ√TIL “point, horn” (Ety/TIL), which is the basis of the derivation given above (both the translation “Horned” and the root √TIL also appeared in later writings).

yuncë

cardinal. twelve

yuncë ("k") cardinal "twelve", before it was altered to yunquë under the influence of minquë "eleven" (according to VT48:7, 8). The form yuncë is asterisked by Tolkien. Compare encë under enquë.

yunquë

cardinal. twelve

ó

the sea

†Ó noun "the sea" (poetic word, hardly valid in Tolkien's later Quenya) (LT1:263, there spelt Ô)

aiquassë

noun. precipice

rhas

noun. horn [of both animals and mountains]

rhas

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10

rhass

noun. precipice

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s gloss “precipice”, derived from primitive ᴹ✶khrassē (Ety/KHARÁS). Tolkien listed two soft mutated forms: i-rass and (archaic) †i-chrass, the latter the proper historical development but the former reformed to match normal (Noldorin) patterns of mutation.

Neo-Sindarin: This word would remain rhass if adapted into Sindarin, as its ancient initial consonants khr- would still produce rh-. But its mutations would likely be different; see the discussion of the Sindarin soft mutation.

rhasg

noun. horn

rhasg

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

rhass

noun. precipice

gorf

noun. impetus, vigour

rhom

noun. horn, trumpet

tarag

noun. horn

tarag

noun. steep mountain peak

tild

noun. horn, point

tilion

masculine name. Horned

Noldorin equivalent of ᴹQ. Tilion appearing only in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/TIL), a combination of till “horn” and an adjective suffix -(i)on (assuming it is not simply a direct adaptation of his Quenya name).

till

noun. horn, point

till

noun. horn

hrassa

noun. precipice

Primitive form given as khrassê, derived from a stem KHARÁS (LR:363) that is not defined, but compared to a stem KARAK "sharp fang, spike, tooth" (LR:362). The form khrassê displays the loss of an unaccented stem-vowel often seen in primitive words (cf. for instance d'râk- "wolf" from DARÁK-); the ending -ê is found on a number of words denoting inanimates (though it is also a feminine ending). For the doubling of the final s, compare lassê "leaf" from LAS1 (LR:367).

This hr- is our only example of how primitive khr- comes out in Nandorin; hr is surely meant to denote an unvoiced r, as in Tolkien's later spelling of Quenya words (e.g. hroa "body"). For primitive -ê becoming Nandorin -a, compare cwenda (q.v.) from kwenedê.

inbar

noun. horn

yúnecë

cardinal. twelve