ras

root. horn, horn; [ᴹ√] stick up

This root first appeared as ᴹ√RAS “stick up (intr.)” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. rasse and N. rhas or rhasg “horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)” (Ety/RAS; EtyAC/RAS). It reappeared as ᴹ√RASA “stick up” on an rejected page of roots in the Quenya Verbal System from the 1940s (PE22/127). Finally, √RAS “horn” appeared in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure of the early 1950s, but that was merely the last appearance of the root in Tolkien’s published writings. Q. rassë and S. rass “horn” continued to appear regularly as an element in mountain names in the 1950s and 60s.

rass

noun. horn

ras

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10

ras-arphain

place name. Ras-Arphain

A Sindarin name for Q. Taniquetil, equivalent to Q. Arfanyarassë (WJ/403). It appears to be a combination of ras(s) “horn”, ar(a)- “high” and fain “white and shining (thing)”.

Conceptual Development: The earliest precursor of this name was G. Danigwethil, the Gnomish cognate of ᴱQ. Taniqetil in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/29). This version of the name seems to be a combination of dâ “high” and nigweth “(snow) storm”, as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Taniquetil). This name had numerous variants, and evolved into ᴱN. Taingwethil in the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s (LB/49, 135). A similar name TainBethil appeared in Early Noldorin notes from the same period as a combination of ᴱN. tain “mountain” and ᴱN. pethil (PE13/152); the later word was unglossed but was probably equivalent to the -qetil in ᴱQ. Taniqetil.

Starting with Tolkien’s writings in the 1930s, the usual Noldorin/Sindarin name for this mountain was Amon Uilos, cognate to its other Quenya name Oiolossë. He gave a few other Noldorin/Sindarin names, but none were direct cognates of Q. Taniquetil. In The Etymologies from the 1930s, he gave N. Nimdildor “High White Horn” derived from ᴹ✶Ninkwitil(di) Tára, a combination of Nimdil “White Horn” and taur “high” (Ety/NIK-W, TĀ). In the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 he gave the Sindarin form Ras-Arphain noted above (WJ/403).

ras morthil

place name. Andrast

Apparently another name for Andrast (UT/175, 214 note #6). This name seems to be a combination of ras(t) “cape”, morn “black” and the nasal mutation of till “point” (as suggested by David Salo, GS/389).

ras(s)

noun. horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]

A noun for “horn” appearing in notes on the name Caradhras “Redhorn” from the 1950s or 60s (PE17/36). This word was an element in other names as well, such as Methedras “Last Peak” and Nimras “White Horn”.

Conceptual Development: This word appeared as N. rhas “horn” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√RAS “stick up” (Ety/RAS). Christopher Tolkien gave it as rhaes in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road (LR/383), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne corrected this to rhas in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT46/10). In The Etymologies it appeared beside an alternate form N. rhasg, equivalent to ᴹQ. rasko (Ety/RAS; EtyAC/RAS).

Neo-Sindarin: Some Neo-Sindarin writers adapt its variant form as ᴺS. rasg, but I recommend sticking to attested S. ras(s) for a “horn” of both animals and mountains.

ras(t)

noun. cape, shore

An element in several names appearing as either ras or rast and glossed as “cape” or “shore”. Its most notable use was in the names Nevrast and Haerast “Hither and Far Shore” (S/119; PE17/27), but it also appeared in Andras (WJ/189, note #56) and Andrast “Long Cape” (UT/214, note #6) as well as Ras Morthil, another name for Andrast. Since Nevrast juts out into the water, “cape” may be the best translation, especially since √RAS “horn” is the most likely basis for this word.

Conceptual Development: In The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from 1967-69, Tolkien used the name Angast for “Long Cape” in several places, apparently with a final element ✱cast “cape, headland” derived from √KAS “head”, as suggested by Carl Hostetter (VT42/28 note #16). However, Andrast was the form that was ultimately used in Pauline Baynes’s official map of Middle-earth, so I think ras(t) is the preferable form.

ras mewrim

place name. *Cape of the Gulls

A variant name of Bar-in-Mŷl (WJ/190), apparently a combination of ras(t) “cape” and the class plural of maew “gull”.

Ras Arphain

noun. high snow peak

ras (“horn, mountain peak”), ar(a) (here: “high”) + phain (“white”) #The second element is an alternative spelling of fain.

rass

horn

_ n. _horn. >> Caradhras

rasg

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

Ras Morthil

Ras Morthil

Ras is a Sindarin word for "horn" (cf. Caradhras); Morthil likely contains the element mor, "dark, black".

Ras Mewrim

Ras Mewrim

The Sindarin name Bar-in-Mŷl consists of bar ("home") and mŷl ("gulls").

rast

cape

(geographic) 1) rast (also shortened ras), pl. raist, idh raist, 2) (of land) bund (i mund, o mbund, construct mun) (snout, nose), pl. bynd (i mbynd), #cast (i gast, o chast) (headland), pl. caist (i chaist) (VT42:14; compare the name Angast)

rast

cape

(also shortened ras), pl. raist, idh raist

rass

horn

(mountain peak), pl. #rais (idh rais). The pl. is attested in the name Ered Nimrais. Side-form rasc, rasg.

Ras Mewrim

Gulls' home

The Sindarin name Bar-in-Mŷl consists of bar ("home") and mŷl ("gulls").

rasg

noun. horn

rom

horn

1) rom (trumpet), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath. (Cf. also romloth ”horn-flower”, tobacco.) 2) rass (mountain peak), pl. #rais** (idh rais). The pl. is attested in the name Ered Nimrais. Side-form rasc, rasg. 3) rafn (wing, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn); 4) tarag (i darag, o tharag), pl. teraig (i theraig**). The word may be used of a ”steep mountain peak” (VT46:17; ”steep mountain path” in LR:391 is a misreading).

cast

noun. cape, headland

rom

noun. horn, trumpet

branna-

verb. to scorch

bund

cape

(i mund, o mbund, construct mun) (snout, nose), pl. bynd (i mbynd), #cast (i gast, o chast) (headland), pl. caist (i chaist) (VT42:14; compare the name Angast)

rafn

horn

(wing, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn)

rom

horn

(trumpet), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath. (Cf. also romloth ”horn-flower”, tobacco.)

rû

sound of horns

pl. rui (idh rui), also romru, pl. remry (idh remry) for archaic römry

tarag

horn

(i darag, o tharag), pl. teraig (i theraig). The word may be used of a ”steep mountain peak” (VT46:17; ”steep mountain path” in LR:391 is a misreading).

till

sharp horn

(i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (tine, point, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild.

rhas

noun. horn [of both animals and mountains]

rhas

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10

rhasg

noun. horn

rhasg

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

rhom

noun. horn, trumpet

tarag

noun. horn

tarag

noun. steep mountain peak

tild

noun. horn, point

till

noun. horn, point

till

noun. horn

ras-

verb. to stick out

A verb mentioned in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the 1950s as an example of how z dissimilates back to s after r (PE19/73). It is clearly a verbal derivation of √RAS, which was translated as “stick up” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/RAS).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon had ᴱQ. nohto- “stick out” under the early root ᴱ√NOHO “extended” (QL/67).

rassë

noun. horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]

A noun appearing as ᴹQ. rasse “horn” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√RAS “stick up” along with a variant form rasko (Ety/RAS). In that document Tolkien said it was used “especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains”. The word rasse “horn” reappeared on a (rejected) page of verb forms from 1948 (PE22/127 note #152), and again in notes from the 1950s or 60s discussing the mountain name S. Caradhras (PE17/36).

rassë

horn

rassë, also rasco, noun "horn" (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains) (RAS/VT46:10, PM:69)

róma

horn

róma (1) noun "horn" (WJ:368 - this refers to a "horn" as an instrument rather than as part of an animal; see rassë, tarca_)._Loose compound Oromë róma "an Oromë horn", sc. "one of Orome's horns (if he had more than one)" (WJ:368).

róma

noun. horn, [ᴹQ.] loud sound, trumpet-sound, *blare; [Q.] horn

A word glossed “horn” in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 in phrases like Q. róma Oroméva “Orome’s horn” (WJ/368), clearly a reference to Q. Valaróma (S/29). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, ᴹQ. róma was glossed “loud sound, trumpet-sound” under the root ᴹ√ROM “loud noise, horn blast” (Ety/ROM). In The Etymologies the word for “horn” was ᴹQ. romba, a word that also appeared as Q. romba “horn, trumpet” later in the Quendi and Eldar essay (WJ/400).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would use róma mainly for horn blasts and trumpet sounds. I would only use it for “horn” metaphorically in words like Valaróma, and for the ordinary word for “horn” I would use romba.

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. likinne and [lik]inde “blowing of horns”, both elaborations of ᴱQ. likin “(curled) horn” (QL/54).

romba

horn, trumpet

romba noun "horn, trumpet" (ROM)

tarca

horn

tarca ("k")noun "horn" (TARÁK)

taru

horn

taru noun "horn" (LT2:337, 347; Tolkien's later Quenya has tarca)

inbar

noun. horn