Quenya 

almaren

place name. Almaren

An island in a lake at the center of Arda where the Valar dwelled when they first came to the world (S/35). The mean of this name is unclear, but it is similar in form and perhaps in meaning to [ᴹQ.] almare “blessedness”. It could be derived from the roots √AL(A) “blessed” or √GAL “thrive”.

Conceptual Development: Tolkien considered several other names for the island, Eccuilë >> Eremar >> Almar, but quickly settled on Almaren (MR/22-23).

Quenya [LT1I/Almaren; MR/022; MR/023; MRI/Almaren; RSI/Almaren; SI/Almaren; SMI/Almaren] Group: Eldamo. Published by

almarian

feminine name. Almarian

The daughter of Vëantur and wife of Tar-Meneldur (UT/173). Her name might contain [ᴹQ.] almare “blessedness”.

Quenya [UT/210; UTI/Almarian] Group: Eldamo. Published by

almiel

feminine name. ?Blessed Daughter

Youngest child of Tar-Meneldur (UT/173). Her name might be a compound of almë “blessing” and -iel “-daughter”.

Quenya [UT/210; UTI/Almiel] Group: Eldamo. Published by

alma

noun. flower

A word for “flower” derived from primitive ✶galmā in notes on flowers in the same bundle containing Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 (PE17/153). Initially Tolkien said alma meant both “a blessed thing and a flower”, then said that Q. almë was “a blessed thing” and alba was “flower” (< √GAL-AB), before saying that alma was “flower”. Tolkien implied that alma was a usual or general word for “flower” in Quenya. These same notes also said the word alda < ✶galadā was used mainly of flowering trees. It seems in this instance Tolkien connected the root √GAL (normally just “grow, flourish”) specifically to flowers, giving it the gloss “bloom” along with other glosses like “grow, flourish, be vigorous”.

Neo-Quenya: Elsewhere alda was the general word for a “tree” and √GAL had no special connection to flowers. I think alma as a “flower” word was a transient idea. I would use lótë “flower” instead for purposes of Neo-Quenya, since it is much better established.

Almáriel

blessedness

Almáriel fem. name, apparently containing almarë "blessedness" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)

almárëa

blessed

almárëa adj. "blessed". In a deleted entry in Etym, the gloss provided was "bless", but this would seem to be a mistake, since the word does not look like a verb. Another deleted entry agrees with the retained entry GALA that almárëa means "blessed" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)

almë

good thing, a blessing, a piece of good fortune

almë noun "a good thing, a blessing, a piece of good fortune" (PE17:146). Cf. alma, almië.

Almaren

blessedness

Almaren place-name, the first abode of the Valar in Arda, apparently related to almarë "blessedness" (Silm, LR:357)

Almiel

daughter of blessedness

Almiel fem. name, perhaps *"daughter of blessedness": almië + -iel with contraction / haplology.

alma

flower

alma (2) "flower" (PE17:153), said to be the "usual Quenya word" or "general Quenya word" (i.e. for flower), but its coexistence with #1 is problematic. Compare lós, lótë, lotsë, indil.

alma

good fortune, weal, wealth

alma (1) noun "good fortune, weal, wealth". In a deleted entry in Etym, the glosses were "riches, (good) fortune, blessedness"; in another deleted entry, Tolkien provided the glosses "growth" and maybe "increase" (reading uncertain), also "good fortune, riches" (GALA [ALAM], VT45:5, 13, 14)

almarë

blessedness, 'blessings', good fortune, bliss

almarë noun "blessedness, 'blessings', good fortune, bliss". In deleted entries in Etym, the glosses provided were "blessedness, prosperity, bliss" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)

almië

blessedness, 'blessings', good fortune, bliss

almië noun "blessedness, 'blessings', good fortune, bliss". In deleted entries in Etym, the glosses were "blessedness, prosperity, bliss" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)

almë

noun. good (or blessed) thing, blessing, piece of good fortune

Quenya [PE17/146; PE17/153] Group: Eldamo. Published by

alalmë

noun. inflorescence

A word appearing as {alalbe >>} alalme “inflorescence” in notes from around 1959, derived from √GAL (PE17/153). Compare this to [ᴹQ./ᴱQ.] alalme “elm” from The Etymologies of the 1930s and the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (Ety/ÁLAM; QL/29); in the 1959 notes Tolkien decided “elm” was albe.

Neo-Quenya: In these 1959 notes, the root √GAL had a connection to flowers seen nowhere else; see alma “flower” for discussion. As such, I think this “inflorescence” word was a transient idea, and I would use other words like lós and olos “inflorescence” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

alalmë

inflorescence

alalmë (1) noun "inflorescence" (PE17:153), cf. alma #2.

lalmë

elm-tree

lalmë noun "elm-tree" (ÁLAM). Cf. alvë in a post-LotR source.

almien

interjection. cheers, (lit.) to good fortune

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

almo

noun. shoulder, back

amna

adverb. almost

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

aman

blessed, free from evil

aman adj. "blessed, free from evil". Adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:399), though in other versions Tolkien cited an Elvish etymology (cf. VT49:26-27). Place-name Aman the Blessed Realm, from the stem mān- "good, blessed, unmarred" (SA:mān), translated "Unmarred State" (VT49:26). Allative Amanna (VT49:26). Adj. amanya "of Aman, Amanian" (WJ:411), nominal pl. Amanyar "those of Aman", Elves dwelling there (with negations Úamanyar, Alamanyar "those not of Aman"). Also fuller Amaneldi noun "Aman-elves" (WJ:373).Masc. name Amandil *"Aman-friend" (Appendix A, SA:mān), the father of Elendil; also name of the Númenorean king Tar-Amandil (UT:210).

ausië

wealth

ausië noun "wealth" (LT2:336; rather lar or alma in Tolkiens later Quenya)

autë

prosperity, wealth

autë noun "prosperity, wealth", also adj. "rich" (LT2:336; rather alma, and as adj. alya or lárëa, in Tolkiens later Quenya)

cendelë

noun. face, face, *visage

A word for “face” in the Ambidexters Sentence of the late 1960s (VT49/8). Patrick Wynne suggested it is likely an abstract noun formation from the verb cenda- “watch, observe”, and hence similar in origin to English/French “visage” which likewise originated from a Latin verb meaning “to see” (VT49/21). Earlier “face” words ᴱQ. alma and ᴱQ. yéma have similar derivations, as pointed out by Patrick Wynne.

-stir

suffix. face

An element meaning “face” in the name Carnistir “Red-Face” (S. Caranthir), derived from primitive ✶stīrē (PM/353; VT41/10). Its form as an independent word would mostly likely be ✱síre (Classical Quenya þíre), but that would conflict with sírë “river” in spoken Quenya (Tarquesta). There are a number of other Quenya “face” words attested, such as cendelë, so it is probably safer to use one of these for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

ainima

blessed, holy (of things)

ainima adj. "blessed, holy (of things)" (PE17:149)

alalbë

noun. inflorescence

alba

noun. flower

amanya

blessed

amanya adj. "blessed" (VT49:39, 41)

ambalotsë

uprising-flower

*ambalotsë noun "uprising-flower", referring to "the flower or floreate device used as a crest fixed to point of a tall [illegible word: ?archaic] helmet". Curiously, the word is asterisked as unattested (WJ:319)

ambalotsë

noun. uprising-flower

Quenya cognate for S. amloth “uprising flower” in the name Ægamloth (archaic for Egamloth) “Pointed Helm-crest” (WJ/318). It is a combination of amba “up” and lotsë “flower”. Tolkien said this word is “referring to the flower or floreate device used as a crest fixed to point of a tall helmet”, and thus only refers to a type of “helm-crest”, not any kind of flower.

anta

face

anta (2) noun "face" (ANA1, VT45:5). Cf. cendelë.

canwa

face

#canwa (2) noun "face", isolated from canwarya ("k") *"his face", evidently an ephemeral form Tolkien abandoned in favour of cendelë, q.v. (VT49:21; see VT49:34 regarding uncertainties as to the manuscript reading)

canwa

noun. face

A word appearing as kanwarya in one of the drafts of the Ambidexters Sentence, apparently a 3rd-sg possessive form meaning “✱his face” (VT49/6, 21). Patrick Wynne suggested it might be derived from √KAT “shape” as in katmā > kanwa, patterned after Latin “faciēs” which also originally meant “shape”. It seems the n in this word was revised, but what the change was intended to be is unclear. Tolkien eventually revised this word to cendelë, so canwa was probably abandoned.

cendelë

face

cendelë noun "face" (VT49:21)

insil

noun. flower

TQ. flower, lily

Quenya [PE 19:99] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

lára

blessed

[lára (3) adj. "blessed", also lárëa (VT45:26)]

lós

flower

lós (þ?) noun "flower" (PE17:26). If this is to be the cognate of Sindarin loth, as the source suggests, the older Quenya form would be *lóþ.

lóte

noun. flower

Quenya [PE 22:124] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

lótë

flower

lótë noun "flower", mostly applied to larger single flowers (LOT(H), LT1:259, VT42:18). (The shorter form -lot occurs in compounds, e.g. fúmellot, q.v.) In the names Ninquelóte *"White-flower" (= Nimloth), Vingilótë "Foam-flower", the name of Eärendil's ship (SA:loth), also in Lótessë fifth month of the year, "May" (Appendix D). See also olótë, lotsë.

manaitë

blessed

manaitë adj. "blessed" (VT49:41, 42)

manaquenta

blessed

manaquenta adj. "blessed" (VT44:10; see manquë, manquenta)

manna

blessed

manna adj. "blessed" (also mána, q.v.) (VT43:30, VT45:32, VT49:41)

manquë

blessed

manquë, manquenta adj. "blessed" (VT44:10-11; it cannot be ruled out that manquë spelt manque in the source is simply an uncompleted form of manquenta. Whatever the case, Tolkien decided to use the form manaquenta instead, q.v.)

málos

forest

málos noun "forest" (LT2:342 rather taurë in Tolkien's later Quenya)

mána

blessed

mána 1) adj. "blessed" (FS); also manna, q.v. 2) noun "any good thing or fortunate thing; a boon or blessing, a grace, being esp. used of some thing/person/event that helps or amends an evil or difficulty. (Cf. frequent ejaculation on receiving aid in trouble: yé mána (ma) = what a blessing, what a good thing!)" (VT49:41)

tauno

forest

tauno noun "forest" (LT1:267; in Tolkien's later Quenya taurë)

taure

noun. forest

Quenya [PE 22:116] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

vald-

blessedness, happiness

vald- noun "blessedness, happiness" (LT1:272 a final vowel would seem to be required). See valin regarding the dubious conceptual validity of this and related words.

nívë

noun. face

A neologism for “face” coined by Petri Tikka in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, derived from the root ᴹ√NIB “face, front”, but I see no reason not to use attested [ᴹQ.] anta or cendelë “face” for that purpose for that purpose.

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

Primitive elvish

galmā

noun. flower

Primitive elvish [PE17/153] Group: Eldamo. Published by

galab

root. flower

Primitive elvish [PE17/153] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lot(h)

root. flower

This root and ones like it were connected to flowers for all of Tolkien’s life. The earliest manifestation of this root was ᴱ√LOHO or ᴱ√LO’O from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s; the entry for ᴱ√LOHO appears immediately below ᴱ√LO’O, and Tolkien indicates they are related roots, both extended from ᴱ√OLO “tip” (QL/55). These roots include derivatives like ᴱQ. lōte “flower”, ᴱQ. lotōrea “flourishing” and ᴱQ. lokta- “sprout, bud, put forth leaves or flowers”. There are also derivatives of these roots in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon: G. lost “blossom, bloom”, G. lothli “floret”, G. luitha- “to bloom” (GL/54-55), though G. lôs “flower” was said to be unrelated, connected to G. lass “leaf” instead (GL/55). ᴱQ. losse “rose” probably had a similar derivation (QL/56).

This confusion of √LOT(H) and √LOS carried forward into Tolkien’s later writings. In The Etymologies of the 1930s ᴹ√LOT(H) was given as the root for “flower” (Ety/LOT(H)), but this entry originally included a variant ᴹ√LOS (EtyAC/LOT(H)). Tolkien then said ᴹQ. losse “blossom” (< ᴹ√LOT(H)) was “usually, owing to association with olosse snow, only used of white blossom” (Ety/LOT(H)), where ᴹQ. olosse was derived from ᴹ√GOLOS “✱snow, white” (Ety/GOLÓS). This intermingling carried forward into etymological notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s, where Tolkien said (PE17/26):

> The stems √LŎS, √LOTH, √LOT are much entangled both for formal reasons, and because of actual associations of meaning (probably from beginning of Primitive Quendian and explaining the approach of the forms). Quenya word for “flower, a single bloom” is lóte, but S loth (< lotho/a), but Quenya also has lōs. Q. for snow is losse (S los).

These associations were also mentioned in etymological notes on roots for flowers from this same period, where Tolkien clarified that √LOT, √LOTH were the roots for “flower” and √LOS for “snow” (PE17/160-161). These roots were mentioned again in notes associated with The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from the late 1960s (VT42/18):

> S. loss is a derivative of (G)LOS “white”; but loth is from LOT. Sindarin used loss as a noun, but the strengthened form gloss as an adjective “(dazzling) white”. loth was the only derivative of LOT that it retained, probably because other forms of the stem assumed a phonetic shape that seemed inappropriate, or were confusible with other stems (such as LUT “float”), e.g. ✱lod, ✱lûd. loth is from a diminutive lotse and probably also from derivative lotta-.

In this last note, Tolkien seems to have abandoned √LOTH, explaining S. loth “flower” as derived from √LOT via ✱lotse. In any case, starting in the 1930s Tolkien was consistent that the roots for “flower” and “snow” were distinct but often confused, and that snow-words were derived from roots like √(G)LOS and flower words from roots like √LOT(H), though he waffled a bit on the exact details.

Primitive elvish [PE17/026; PE17/160; PE17/161; VT42/18] Group: Eldamo. Published by

loth

noun. inflorescence

Primitive elvish [PE17/160] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lotho/a

noun. flower

Primitive elvish [PE17/026] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lotse

noun. flower

Primitive elvish [VT42/18] Group: Eldamo. Published by

stīrē

noun. face

Primitive elvish [VT41/10] Group: Eldamo. Published by

taurē

noun. forest

Primitive elvish [PE17/115; PE21/76; PE21/80] Group: Eldamo. Published by

stir Reconstructed

root. face

The root ✱√STIR is implied by the names Elestirnë “Star-brow” (UT/184) and Carnistir “Red-face” (PM/353), as well as the primitive word ✶stīrē “face” (VT41/10). It is probably an s-fortification of the root TIR “watch”. It likely replaces the root ᴹ√THĒ “look (see or seem)” from The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like N. thio “to seem” and N. thîr “look, face, expression, countenance”, the latter providing an earlier etymology for N. Cranthir “Ruddy-face” (Ety/THĒ). The original gloss of this 1930s root was “perceive, see” (EtyAC/THĒ). This deleted gloss in turn indicates that 1930s ᴹ√THĒ was itself a later iteration of 1910s ᴱ√SEHE [þeχe] from the Qenya Lexicon, which was mostly connected to eye-words but also had derivatives like ᴱQ. sehta-/G. thê- “see” (PE12/21; QL/82; GL/72); see the entry √KHEN for the later derivation of eye-words.

Nandorin 

alm

noun. elm-tree

Notice that Quenya alalme and Sindarin lalf clearly descend from different, if related forms) Based on other Nandorin forms we might have expected ealm or elm instead.

Nandorin probably from *almâ < ÁLAM. Published by

Telerin 

ubrie

adverb. nearly, almost

Sindarin 

nabant

adverb. almost, (lit.) towards full

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

saelon

masculine name. Saelon

A young man of Gondor appearing in Tolkien’s aborted sequel to The Lord of the Rings: The New Shadow (PM/409). His name appears to be a combination of sael “wise” and the masculine suffix -on.

Conceptual Development: In drafts of the story he was first named Almoth >> Egalmoth >> Arthael >> Saelon (PM/409, 419 note #2).

Sindarin [PMI/Saelon] Group: Eldamo. Published by

amloth

uprising-flower

R” (crest of a helmet) amloth (pl. emlyth). The source also mentions a dialectal form almoth.

amloth

uprising-flower

(pl. emlyth). The source also mentions a dialectal form almoth.

amloth

crest of a helmet

amloth (pl. emlyth). Literally "uprising-flower". The source also mentions a dialectal form almoth.

amloth

crest of a helmet

amloth (pl. emlyth). Literally "uprising-flower". The source also mentions a dialectal form almoth.

amloth

crest of a helmet

(pl. emlyth). Literally "uprising-flower". The source also mentions a dialectal form almoth.

alf

noun. flower

Sindarin [PE17/153] Group: Eldamo. Published by

elanor

noun. a flower, a kind of enlarged pimpernel bearing golden and silver flowers

Sindarin [LotR/VI:IX, UT/432, Letters/402] êl+anor "star-sun". Group: SINDICT. Published by

elloth

noun. (single) flower

Sindarin [VT/42:18] er- + loth. Group: SINDICT. Published by

eryn

forest

_n. _forest, wood of trees.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:33:119] < pl. _oronī_ trees ?. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

goloth

noun. inflorescence, a head of small flowers

Sindarin [VT/42:18] Group: SINDICT. Published by

loth

noun. flower, inflorescence, a head of small flowers

The noun is collective, a single flower being lotheg

Sindarin [Ety/370, LB/354, VT/42:18, X/LH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

loth

noun. flower

_n._flower, a single bloom. Q. lóte, lōs.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:26] < _lotho/a_. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

lotheg

noun. (single) flower

Sindarin [VT/42:18] loth + -eg. Group: SINDICT. Published by

mallos

noun. a golden flower

Sindarin [UT/451, Letters/248] malt+los "flower of gold". Group: SINDICT. Published by

ninglor

noun. golden water-flower, gladden

Sindarin [UT/280-81, UT/450] nîn+glaur "water gold". Group: SINDICT. Published by

niphredil

noun. a pale winter flower, snowdrop

Sindarin [Ety/376, Ety/378, LotR/II:VI, Letters/402, X/PH] niphred+-il "little pallor". Group: SINDICT. Published by

taur

noun. forest

_ n. _forest. Q. taure. >> taw

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:82:115] < _tau-rē _forest < TAW wood. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

tawar

noun. forest, forest; [N.] wood (material)

A word for “forest” in a few Sindarin names, notably Tawar-in-Drúedain “Drúadan Forest” (UT/319) and Tawarwaith “Forest People” (UT/256).

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s N. tawar meant “wood (material)” but was often used with the same sense as N. taur “forest”; it was derived from the root ᴹ√TÁWAR (Ety/TÁWAR). In Sindarin, awa often became au (and then > o), and cases where it was preserved seem to have to do with patterns of stress; see the entry on that phonetic rule for further details.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, it is probably better to stick with the better known S. taur for “forest”.

thîr

noun. face, face, [N.] look, expression, countenance

A word appearing as an element in the name Caranthir “Red-face”, derived from primitive ✶stīrē (VT41/10), which was likely tied to the root √TIR “watch”.

Conceptual Development: The same noun N. thîr appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the glosses “look, face, expression, countenance”, but there it was derived from the root ᴹ√THĒ “look (see or seem)” (Ety/THĒ). Earlier “face” words include G. gwint from the 1910s (GL/46) and ᴱN. ant from the 1920s with more elaborate form ᴱN. annas (PE13/137, 160).

edlothia

flower

(verb) #edlothia- (i edlothia, in edlothiar) (to blossom);

edlothia

flower

(i edlothia, in edlothiar) (to blossom);

edlothiad

flowering

(blossoming), pl. edlothiaid if there is a pl.**

elias

noun. blessedness

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

glâd

forest

(i ’lâd, construct glad) (wood), pl. glaid (in glaid)

gwaloth

collection of flowers

(i ’waloth) (blossom), pl. gwelyth (in gwelyth). Also goloth (i ’oloth) (blossom), pl. gelyth (i ngelyth = i ñelyth). Archaic pl. gölyth. (VT42:18). Specific flowers, see

lalorn

noun. elm-tree

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

loth

flower

loth, pl. lyth (but loth is also glossed ”blossom” and may itself function as a collective term: all the flowers of a plant. For individual flowers cf. the following:)

loth

flower

pl. lyth (but loth is also glossed ”blossom” and may itself function as a collective term: all the flowers of a plant. For individual flowers cf. the following:)

lotheg

single flower

lothod (”singulars” derived from the more collective term loth; it is unclear whether lotheg, lothod can themselves have ”plural” forms. If so it would be lethig, lethyd, for archaic löthig, löthyd.) (VT42:18, VT45:29) Another word for a single flower is elloth (pl. ellyth) (VT42:18). An alternative to loth is loss (construct los; pl. lyss), but the form loth seems to be more common (and loss also means ”fallen snow” and ”wilderness”).

nevui

adjective. nearly

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

nîf

face

1) nîf (construct nif) (front). No distinct pl. form. 2) thîr (look, expression, countenance) (VT41:10)

nîf

face

(construct nif) (front). No distinct pl. form.

taur

forest

1) taur (i daur, o thaur) (great wood), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also (as adj.) ”lofty, high, sublime, noble” etc. 2) tawar (i dawar, o thawar) (wood [as material]), pl. tewair (i thewair). (

taur

forest

(i daur, o thaur) (great wood), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also (as adj.) ”lofty, high, sublime, noble” etc.

tawar

forest

(i dawar, o thawar) (wood [as material]), pl. tewair (i thewair). (SMALL)

thîr

face

(look, expression, countenance) (VT41:10)

Noldorin 

lalf

noun. elm-tree

Noldorin [Ety/ÁLAM] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lhalorn

noun. elm-tree

Noldorin [Ety/LÁLAM] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lalven

noun. elm-tree

Noldorin [Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/LÁLAM] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lhalwen

noun. elm-tree

lhoth

noun. flower, inflorescence, a head of small flowers

The noun is collective, a single flower being lotheg

Noldorin [Ety/370, LB/354, VT/42:18, X/LH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

lhothod

noun. (single) flower

Noldorin [VT/45:29, X/LH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

lothod

noun. (single) flower

Noldorin [VT/45:29, X/LH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

nifredil

noun. a pale winter flower, snowdrop

Noldorin [Ety/376, Ety/378, LotR/II:VI, Letters/402, X/PH] niphred+-il "little pallor". Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Ossriandric

alm

noun. elm-tree

A noun for “elm-tree” derived from the root ᴹ√(L)ALAM (Ety/ÁLAM). It does not seem to be a direct cognate with either ᴹQ. alalme or N. lalf. Helge Fauskanger suggested it might be derived from a primitive form ✱✶almā (AL-Nandorin/alm), but I think it may instead be derived from ✱✶alamā.

My rationale is that this word did not go through the [[dan|vowel-breaking before a cluster starting with liquid [l] or [r]]] seen in other words like ealc. This can be explained if, at the time of vowel-breaking, this word had the form alamā̆, and thus had no applicable cluster of consonants. The middle [a] would then be lost later through the Danian syncope.

Ossriandric [Ety/ÁLAM] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Noldorin

alm

noun. back (from shoulder [to shoulder]), back (from shoulder to shoulder), [G.] shoulders

The noun G. alm appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with the glosses “the broad of back from shoulder to shoulder, the back, shoulders” along with a deleted variant {aldum} (GL/19). In this document it was derived from primitive ᴱ✶alđam-, and was clearly related to ᴱQ. al(da)mo “broad of the back” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√ALA “spread‽” (QL/29).

The forms alf, alaf appeared in Gnomish Lexicon Slips glossed “the broad of the back from shoulder to shoulder” and with the primitive form ᴱ✶aldǝmā (PE13/109). ᴱN. alm appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s with the incomplete gloss “back (from shoulder ...” (PE13/136). This 1920s document elsewhere had deleted forms {alf, alw} with the full gloss “the back from shoulder to shoulder” (PE13/136).

The deleted forms alf, alw are likely to be later than alm reflecting the Early Noldorin sound change of non-initial m to v (spelt f finally), a sound change that was not a feature of Gnomish as it appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon. These two deleted forms were revised to ᴱN. bost “back from shoulder to shoulder” (suffixal form -mmost), which in turn was related to ᴱN. amoth “shoulder” from primitive ᴱ✶a-mbod-t’ (PE13/137, 139); bost seems to be the last of the “back” words in these Early Noldorin Word-lists.

Neo-Quenya: The early root ᴱ√ALA “spread‽” was the basis for ᴱQ. alda “tree”, which in later writings was derived from ✶galadā. Since it seems the early root ᴱ√ALA² >> √GAL, Gnomish alm and Early Noldorin alf might adapted as ᴺS. galf “back, shoulders” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, with an original sense of “spread (of the body)” referring to just the shoulders but later the entire back. The sense of the later root √GAL was “grow (like plants), flourish” rather than “spread”, so this is a bit of a reach semantically, though not impossible since ✶galadā referred to broad, spreading trees as opposed to ✶ornē for tall trees (NM/349). I would use ᴺS. galf for the “back” of a body and the back of the shoulders collectively. I would use ᴺS. amoth for an individual shoulder.

Strictly speaking, ᴱN. bost is a later word for “back” than alm >> alf, but I can’t figure out a way to incorporate it into the etymological framework of later versions of Tolkien’s languages, which is why I recommend ᴺS. galf “back” instead.

Early Noldorin [PE13/136] Group: Eldamo. Published by

neibio

adverb. nearly, almost

Early Noldorin [PE13/164] Group: Eldamo. Published by

aulos

noun. forest

Early Noldorin [PE13/137] Group: Eldamo. Published by

taur

noun. forest

Early Noldorin [PE13/153; SM/026] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

alm

noun. back (from shoulder to shoulder), shoulders

Gnomish [GL/19; LT2A/Egalmoth; PE13/109] Group: Eldamo. Published by

alm(oth)

noun. forest

alos

noun. forest

A noun for “forest” the Gnomish Lexicon with an archaic variant †aloth, apparently an elaboration of G. âl “wood” (GL/19). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s it appeared as ᴱN. aulos “forest”, but this word was deleted (PE13/137).

Gnomish [GL/19; GL/62; LT2A/Golosbrindi] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gawlas

noun. forest

goloth

noun. forest

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “forest”, derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋgua-aloþ- (GL/41). This is likely a combination of ᴱ✶ŋu̯a “together” and some elaboration of the root ᴱ√ALA “spread”, the basis of “tree” words, so probably originally “✱together spread(ing)”. In The Gnomish Grammar it had the form gôloth (GG/8) and in Gnomish Lexicon Slips the form gawlas derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋgwa-alassa (PE13/114).

Gnomish [GG/08; GL/19; GL/41; LT2A/Golosbrindi; PE13/114] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gwint

noun. face

A noun for “face” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, related to the verb G. gwinta- “to see” (GL/46); see that entry for possible etymologies.

Gnomish [GL/46; GL/65; LT1A/Ilwë] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lôs

noun. flower

Gnomish [GL/40; GL/52; GL/55; LT1A/Gar Lossion; LT1A/Minethlos; LT2A/Duilin; LT2A/Lôs; PE13/104; PE15/28] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Qenya 

almáriel

feminine name. Almáriel

Name of a Númenórean girl from Tolkien’s unfinished story “The Lost Road” (LR/59). In The Etymologies, the name was given as a compound of almare “blessedness” and (perhaps) -iel “daughter” (Ety/GALA, EtyAC/AL).

Qenya [Ety/GALA; EtyAC/AL; LRI/Almáriel] Group: Eldamo. Published by

almare

noun. blessedness, blessings, good fortune, bliss

@@@ probably better reconceived as a derivative of √AL(A)

Qenya [Ety/GALA; EtyAC/AL; EtyAC/GAL(AS)] Group: Eldamo. Published by

alma

noun. good fortune, weal, wealth, *well-being

Qenya [Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/GALA; EtyAC/AL; EtyAC/GAL²; EtyAC/GAL(AS); PE22/017; PE22/046] Group: Eldamo. Published by

almie

noun. blessedness, blessings, good fortune, bliss

almárea

adjective. blessed

Qenya [Ety/GALA; EtyAC/AL; EtyAC/GAL(AS)] Group: Eldamo. Published by

alalme

noun. elm-tree

Qenya [Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/LÁLAM] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lalme

noun. elm-tree

sanavaldo

masculine name. Almighty

A name of Ilúvatar in tales of the fall of Númenor from the 1940s, glossed “Almighty” (SD/401). Etymologically, its middle element is probably derived from the root ᴹ√BAL.

anta

noun. face

Qenya [Ety/ANA¹; EtyAC/ANA¹; PE22/021; PE22/022; PE22/050] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mána

adjective. blessed

Qenya [EtyAC/MAN; LR/072] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

almo

noun. shoulder(s), back

The word ᴱQ. almo or aldamo “back, shoulders” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√ALA “spread”, and the longer form was an element in the name ᴱQ. Aikaldamor “Broad Back” (QL/29). This pair of words (along with deleted {alma}) reappeared in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, but there they had the gloss “shoulder” (PE16/144).

Neo-Quenya: The early root ᴱ√ALA “spread‽” was the basis for ᴱQ. alda “tree”, which in later writings was derived from ✶galadā. Thus ᴺQ. almo “shoulder” might be retained as a derivative of the later form of the root: √GAL. The sense of the later root was “grow (like plants), flourish” rather than “spread”, so this is a bit of a reach semantically, though not impossible since ✶galadā referred to broad, spreading trees as opposed to ✶ornē for tall trees (NM/349). I would use ᴺQ. almo only for “shoulder”; for “back” I recommend the neologism ᴺQ. catta.

Early Quenya [PE16/144; QL/029] Group: Eldamo. Published by

alma

noun. face

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with the gloss “face, visage”, derived from the early root ᴱ√ALA “gaze”, but this word was deleted (QL/39). It also appeared with the gloss “face” in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa, where it was not deleted (PM/39).

Early Quenya [PME/029; QL/029] Group: Eldamo. Published by

enu

noun. God Almighty, Almighty Creator

Early Quenya [LT2A/Ilúvatar; PE13/103; PE15/20; PE15/23; PME/035; PME/043; QL/035] Group: Eldamo. Published by

omohére

noun/adjective. omnipotence; almighty

Early Quenya [PME/070; QL/070] Group: Eldamo. Published by

omotúre

noun. omnipotence; almighty

ontúre

noun. omnipotence; almighty

aldamo

noun. shoulder(s), back

ausie

noun. wealth

Early Quenya [LT2A/Ausir; QL/033] Group: Eldamo. Published by

auvar

masculine name. Wealth

A Qenya name for G. Ausir in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s (QL/33), also appearing as Autar and replacing rejected Avar/Avas.

Early Quenya [QL/033] Group: Eldamo. Published by

meril

noun. flower

A word for a “flower(s)” in the name ᴱQ. Meril-i-Turinqi “Queen of Flowers” (LT1/16; GL/46).

Conceptual Development: In Tolkien’s later writing, S./N. {Beril >>} Meril was used for the name “Rose”.

Early Quenya [GL/45; GL/46; LT1A/Meril-i-Turinqi; LT2I/Meril-i-Turinqi] Group: Eldamo. Published by

milkin

noun. wealth

Early Quenya [QL/062] Group: Eldamo. Published by

málos

noun. forest

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s given as the cognate of G. goloth “forest”, derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋgua-aloþ- (GL/41). This is likely a combination of ᴱ✶ŋu̯a “together” and some elaboration of the root ᴱ√ALA “spread”, the basis of “tree” words, so probably originally “✱together spread(ing)” or something to that effect.

Early Quenya [GL/41; LT2A/Golosbrindi] Group: Eldamo. Published by

salistina

adjective. blessed

Early Quenya [QL/055; QL/081] Group: Eldamo. Published by

taure

noun. forest

Early Quenya [LT2/089; MC/213; MC/220; PE16/062; PE16/072; PE16/074; PE16/075; PE16/077; PE16/080; PE16/139] Group: Eldamo. Published by

taurie

noun. forest

yéma

noun. face

A word for “face” appearing in Early Qenya Word-lists from the 1920s (PE16/136) along with a list of body parts from the same period (PE14/117). It is likely derived from the early root ᴱ√DYĒ whose derivatives have to do with “gaze” or “look at” (QL/105), as suggested by Patrick Wynne (VT49/21).

Early Quenya [PE14/117; PE16/136] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Doriathrin

lalm

noun. elm-tree

A noun meaning “elm-tree” developed from the root ᴹ√(L)ALAM (Ety/ÁLAM). An identical form appeared elsewhere in The Etymologies with its language marked “D”, perhaps for Doriathrin (Ety/LÁLAM). This word is unusual in that its [[ilk|final [m] did not become syllabic after a consonant]], although it did for other similar words such as talum.

Doriathrin [Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/LÁLAM] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nef

noun. face

A Doriathrin noun meaning “face” derived from the root ᴹ√NIB (Ety/NIB). The vowel change suggests a primitive form ✱✶niba, where the [i] became [e] because of Ilkorin a-affection. If this is the case, it is not a direct cognate of N. nîf “front, face”.

Doriathrin [Ety/NIB] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Westron

ba(n)-

prefix. half-, almost

Westron [PM/051; PM/060] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

(l)alam

root. elm-tree

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/LÁLAM] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lot(h)

root. flower

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/GOLÓS; Ety/LOT(H); Ety/WIG; EtyAC/LOT(H)] Group: Eldamo. Published by