ambona

noun. hill

amun

hill

amun (amund-) noun "hill" (LT2:335; in Tolkien's later Quenya ambo)

halla

naked

[halla (2) adj. "naked" (VT46:14), changed by Tolkien to helda]

Túna

hill, mound

Túna (also Tún) place-name, used of the hill on which Tirion was built (Silm, TUN, KOR), derived from a stem (TUN) apparently meaning simply *"hill, mound".

tundo

hill, mound

tundo noun "hill, mound" (TUN)

helda

naked, stripped bare

helda (1) adj. "naked, stripped bare" (SKEL, SKAL1)

Mindolluin

blue tower

Mindolluin noun *"Blue Tower" (mindon + luin), name of a mountain. (Christopher Tolkien translates the name as "Towering Blue-head" in the Silmarillion Index, but this seems to be based on the questionable assumption that it includes the Sindarin element dol "head, hill". Unless this translation is given in his father's papers, the name is better explained as a Quenya compound.)

ambo

hill, rising ground

ambo noun "hill, rising ground" (Markirya, PE17:92), "mount" (PE17:157), allative pl. ambonnar "upon hills" in Markirya (ruxal' ambonnar "upon crumbling hills") According to VT45:5, ambo was added to the Etymologies as a marginal note.

oro

noun. mount, mountain, hill

An element meaning “mountain” or “hill” given as a derivative of √ORO/RŌ (PE17/64, 83) and appearing in various Quenya compounds in the 1950s and 60s: Q. Orocarni “Red Mountains” (MR/77), Q. Orofarnë “Mountain Ash” (PE17/83), Q. oromandi “mountain dweller[s]” (PE16/96), and Q. Pelóri “Mountain Wall” (PE17/26). It also appeared as ᴱQ. oro “hill” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√ORO (QL/70).

See the discussion in the entry for Q. oron “mountain” for more details on the conceptual developments of this and related words.

Derivations

• √RŌ/ORO “up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount, up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount; [ᴹ√] high, [ᴱ√] steepness, rising” ✧ PE17/063

Element in

• Q. Orocarni “Red Mountains”
• Q. Orofarnë “Mountain Ash; Mountain-dwelling” ✧ PE17/083
• Q. oroman “mountain dweller”
• Q. Oromet “?Hill at the End”
• Q. Pelóri “Mountain Wall, Fencing Heights”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√OR/ORO > oro	[oro]	✧ PE17/063

orto

noun. mount, mountain, hill, [ᴹQ.] mountain-top; [Q.] mount, mountain

A word meaning “mount, mountain” given as a derivative of √ORO/RŌ in Notes on Galadriel’s Song (NGS) from the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/64). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, ᴹQ. orto “mountain-top” appeared as a derivative of the root ᴹ√OROT (Ety/ÓROT).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I think it is best to use orto with its 1930s sense “mountain-top”, and use Q. oron for “mountain”; see that entry for more details on the conceptual developments of this and related words.

Cognates

• S. orod “mountain” ✧ PE17/064

Derivations

• ᴹ√OROT “height, mountain”
• √RŌ/ORO “up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount, up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount; [ᴹ√] high, [ᴱ√] steepness, rising” ✧ PE17/063

Element in

• Q. orotinga “mountain-top”
• ᴺQ. ortosta “mountain range”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√OR/ORO > orto	[orto]	✧ PE17/063

umbo

hill, lump, clump, mass

umbo, umbon noun "hill, lump, clump, mass" (PE17:93)

umbo(n)

noun. hill, lump, clump, mass, lump, clump, mass, hill

A noun from 1967 notes on the comparative, apparently meaning “hill, lump, clump, mass” and derived from the root √MBŎNO (PE17/93), where the um- developed from syllabic initial ṃ-. Tolkien introduced the root √MBŎNO to serve as a new basis for S. amon “hill”, motivated by his decision to give the root √AM “up” a new meaning: √AMA “addition, increase, plus”, so that it could serve as the basis for the intensive prefix am- (PE17/91).

Neo-Eldarin: I prefer Q. an- as the basis for intensives, but I think the word umbo(n) might be worth retaining in the more limited sense “lump, clump, mass”. For “hill”, however, I’d use the better attested Q. ambo.

Cognates

• S. amon “hill, mountain with steep sides; lump, clump, mass, hill, (isolated) mountain; lump, clump, mass; [G.] steep slope” ✧ PE17/093

Derivations

• ✶ṃbono “hill, lump, clump, mass” ✧ PE17/093
  • √MBON “*lump, mass” ✧ PE17/093

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ṃbono > umbo(n)	[ṃbono] > [ṃbon] > [umbon]	✧ PE17/093

ambo

noun. hill, rising ground, mount

The basis word for “hill” in Quenya (MC/222; PE17/90), also referring to “rising ground” in general (PE17/92).

Conceptual Development: The earliest precursor of this word was ᴱQ. †amun (amund-) “hill” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, a derivative of ᴱ√AM(U) “up(wards)”, though this word was marked as poetic (QL/30); amund- “hill” was also mentioned in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/30). The form ᴱQ. ambo “hill” first appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s as a cognate of ᴱN. amon (PE13/137, 159), and it (mostly) retained this form thereafter.

ᴹQ. ambo “hill” reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of ᴹ√AM “up” (Ety/AM²). In notes on the comparative from early in 1967, Tolkien coined some different roots as the basis for this word, first √MAB “lump, mass” (PE17/90) and then √MBON, the latter producing Q. umbo(n) “hill, lump, clump, mass” (PE17/90-93), his motivation being that he wanted √AMA to have a new meaning “addition, increase, plus” to serve as the basis for the intensive. But in other notes from 1967 he derived Q. ambo from √AM “go up”, though in that note he glossed the word as “mount” (PE17/157). In the Q. Markirya poem from late 1960s, ambo was used for “hill” (MC/222).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume Q. ambo was derived from √AM “up”, and would limit its used to hills, ignoring its 1967 “mount” gloss.

Cognates

• S. amon “hill, mountain with steep sides; lump, clump, mass, hill, (isolated) mountain; lump, clump, mass; [G.] steep slope” ✧ PE17/093

Derivations

• ✶ambō “hill” ✧ PE17/092
  • √AM “go up, go up, [ᴹ√] up”
• √MAB “lump, mass” ✧ PE17/090
• √AM “go up, go up, [ᴹ√] up” ✧ PE17/157

Element in

• Q. ruxal’ ambonnar “upon crumbling hills” ✧ MC/222

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√MAB > ambo	[ambo]	✧ PE17/090
✶ambō > ambo	[ambo]	✧ PE17/092
√AM > ambo	[ambo]	✧ PE17/157

Variations

• ambŏna ✧ PE17/090

cas

head

cas ("k")"head" (VT49:17), cf. also deleted [cas] ("k")noun "top, summit" (VT45:19). This noun should evidently have the stem-form car-. See cár.

cas

noun. head, head, [ᴱQ.] top, summit

This is the Quenya word for “head”, with a stem form of car- because medial s generally became z and then r, but the s was preserved when final. This word can refer to the head of people and animals, as well as the metaphorical “head” (or top) of other things, in much the same way that Q. tál “foot” can refer to their base.

Conceptual Development: This word was established very early in Tolkien’s writing, being derived from the root ᴱ√KASA “head” all the way back in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/45), but its exact form varied as Tolkien changed his mind on the phonetic development of s in Quenya. Its form in the Qenya Lexicon was in fact ᴱQ. kar (kas-), since in Early Qenya period medial s survived and it was final s that became r (PE12/26). This kar (kas-) was the usual word for head in the 1910s and 20s, but in the typescript version of the Early Qenya Grammar Tolkien instead revised it to ᴱQ. kas (kast-) “head” (PE14/72 and note #5).

In noun declensions from the late 1920s and early 1930s, Tolkien instead had cas (car-), reflecting a conceptual shift in the phonologic development of s (PE13/112-113; PE21/22). However, for reasons unclear, the form ᴹQ. kár (kas-) was restored in The Etymologies written around 1937 under the root ᴹ√KAS “head” (Ety/KEM), despite s > z > r being the normal medial phonetic development in this period (PE19/33). This abnormal form slipped into The Lord of the Rings itself as part of the name Q. Eldacar “Elfhelm” (LotR/1038).

Tolkien generally used the form cas for “head” in his later writings (PE19/103; VT49/17), but in his notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien was forced to contrive another explanation for Eldacar:

> What is -kar in names. How could it stand for helm? E.g. as stem ✱kāsā (√KAS, head) would give kāra, but in compound forms -kāsă > -kas. Would not an ă be lost before voicing of s or at least before z > r (PE17/114).

In this note Tolkien considered having Q. carma “helm” < kas-mā, but discarded the idea since he felt karma “tool or weapon” < KAR “do, make” + mā was the more likely meaning. He then said “Eldă|kāzā in compounds to -kār(ă) > -kar” despite its phonological implausibility, and indeed kāza/kára appeared in a discussion of helms within 1964 notes on Dalath Dirnen (DD: PE17/188).

As for the sense “top”, there is better evidence for it among Tolkien’s earlier writings, such as the glosses “head, top” in Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (PE14/79) and the early-1930s allative form kasta “up (to the top)” (PE21/22). I see no reason to assume this alternate meaning did not survive in Tolkien’s later conception of the language.

Derivations

• ✶kas “head” ✧ PE17/188
  • √KAS “head”

Element in

• ᴺQ. candóla “crown of head”
• Q. carma “helm”
• ᴺQ. caraxo “skull, *(lit.) head-bone”
• ᴺQ. quaccas “tadpole, (lit.) frog head”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶kāza > kára	[kāsa] > [kāza] > [kāra]	✧ PE17/188

Variations

• kára ✧ PE17/188
• kas ✧ PE19/103; VT49/17

cár

head

cár (cas-) ("k")noun "head" (KAS).The given stem-form appears doubtful within the phonological framework of LotR-style Quenya. Probably we should read cas with stem car- (PE14:69 indeed reads "kas head, pl. kari", and VT49:17 quotes the sg. "kas" from a post-LotR source). Compare other forms found in late sources: hlas "ear" with stem hlar- (PE17:62) and olos "dream", pl. olori (UT:396). In Tolkiens early "Qenya", post-vocalic -s became -r at the end of words but was preserved when another vowel followed. His later scheme either lets -r appear in both positions, or reverses the scenario altogether (hence olos, olor-). It would seem that the forms cár, cas- were distractedly carried over into the Etymologies from the Qenya Lexicon (kar, kas-, QL:45) even though they presuppose an earlier version of the phonology. An apparent variant form in late material, cára from earlier cáza ("k"), however fits the later phonology since intervocalic s would become z > r (PE17:188).

cára

noun. head

aiqua

steep

aiqua("q")adj. "steep" (AYAK). Not to be confused with the pronoun *aiqua "if anything, whatever" that post-Tolkien writers have extrapolated from aiquen (q.v.) on the basis of such pairs as ilquen vs. ilqua (q.v.)

tarminas

noun. great towering building (fort/city/castle), tower

Elements

Word	Gloss
tar-	“high, high; [ᴹQ.] king or queen (in compounds)”
minassë	“fort, city (with a citadel and central watch tower)”

oro

mount, mountain

oro (1) noun "mount, mountain" (PE17:64), cf. Qenya oro noun "hill" (LT1:256; rather ambo in LotR-style Quenya, though #oro "mountain, hill" appears in Orocarni and orofarnë, q.v. [PE17:83], also with the meaning "high" in oromar, q.v.) Cf. oro- element "up, aloft" (PE17:64).

taras

noun. a great towering building (fort/city/castle), tower, great towering building (fort/city/castle), tower; [ᴹQ.] mount, hill

Element in

• Q. Taras Lúna “*Dark Tower” ✧ PE17/022

Elements

Word	Gloss
tára	“lofty, tall, high”

oronta

steep

oronta adj. "steep" (LT1:256)

parca

naked

parca (2) ("k")adj. "naked", of persons (PE17:86)

amon

hill

pl1. emyn n. hill, lump, clump, mass, often applied to (esp. isolated) mountains. Q. umbo(n). FAmon Amarth

dol(l)

noun. head, hill

This is the normal Sindarin word for “head” (PE17/32, 173; RC/268), which also “often applied to hills or mountains that had not a sharp apex” (PE17/36). Based on the epithet Glórindol “Goldenhead” for Hador (S/147, WJ/234), the word also applied to the head of people (and presumably also animals). In compounds and names it took the form dol, -dol or (mutated) -dhol, as in Dol Guldur, Nardol, or Fanuidhol. Tolkien also represented this word as doll, which is likely its form as an independent word (PE17/32, 36).

Conceptual Development: The earliest precursor to this word was G. nôl “head” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/61), cognate of ᴱQ. nóla “head, hill” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√NOHO “extended” (QL/67). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s Tolkien had ᴱN. {naul >>} nod “head” (PE13/150-151), while in The Etymologies of the 1930s he had N. dôl “head” under the root ᴹ√NDOL (Ety/NDOL).

The last of these indicates the noun began with the ancient cluster nd-, which is important because it would affect mutated forms. However, later Sindarin Fanuidhol “Cloudy Head” requires derivation from unstrengthened ✱dol (RGEO/66). In the 1940s, the plural of this word was duil (SM/225; TI/268) which is consistent with a noun ending in a single l (dôl), but Tolkien later represented it as ending in two ll (PE17/32, 36).

Neo-Sindarin: In keeping with Fanuidhol, I think it is best to assume the ancient form of the word began with unstrengthened d-, so that its independent mutated form would be dholl as in ✱i dholl “the head”. As for its plural, it is possible that the cluster ll would resist i-intrusion so that the plural form would ✱dyll “heads”; compare gyrth plural of gorth. However, I prefer to assume that final ss, nn, ll clusters were especially weak and still allowed for i-intrusion: compare lais plural of lass and periain plural of perian, versus class-plural periannath. Hence, I would use its 1940s plural form duil, which gives doll “a head”, i dholl “the head”, duil “heads” and i nuil “the heads”.

Derivations

• ᴹ√NDOL “*head”

Element in

• S. Cardolan “?Red Hill Land”
• S. Dol Amroth “*Hill of Amroth”
• S. Dol Baran “*Bare Hill” ✧ PE17/036; RC/433
• S. Dol Guldur “Hill of Sorcery” ✧ PE17/032; PE17/036; SA/dol
• S. Dolmed “Wet Head” ✧ SA/dol
• S. Dol Tarlang “Tarlang’s Head” ✧ RC/536
• S. Fanuidhol “Cloudyhead” ✧ PE17/036; PE17/173; RC/268; RGEO/66; SA/dol
• S. Glórindol “Goldenhead” ✧ SA/dol
• S. Mindolluin “Towering Blue-head” ✧ SA/dol
• S. Nardol “Fire-hilltop” ✧ SA/dol

Variations

• dol ✧ PE17/032; PE17/036; PE17/173; RC/268; SA/dol
• doll ✧ PE17/032; PE17/036
• Dol ✧ RC/433; RC/536

doll

head

_ n. _head (often applied to hills or mountains that had _not _a sharp apex). >> -dhol, dol, Dol-fanui, Fanuidhol

-dhol

head

_ suff. _head (often applied to hills or mountains that had _not _a sharp apex). >> Fanuidhol

dol

noun. hill or mountain

amon

noun. hill, steep-sided mount

dol

noun. head

dol

head

_ n. _head (often applied to hills or mountains that had _not _a sharp apex). >> -dhol, doll, Dol-fanui, Fanuidhol

lanc

noun. naked

lanc

adjective. naked

A word for “naked” in the name Amon Lanc “Naked Hill” (UT/280).

Element in

• S. Amon Lanc “Naked Hill” ✧ UT/280

Variations

• Lanc ✧ UT/280

parch

adjective. naked

_ adj. _naked, of persons. Q. parka.

amon

noun. hill, mountain with steep sides; lump, clump, mass, hill, (isolated) mountain; lump, clump, mass; [G.] steep slope

The basis Sindarin word for “hill”. In one set of notes from around 1967, Tolkien said it could be applied also to any “lump, clump, mass” (PE17/93). In this same note Tolkien said it was “often applied to (especially isolated) mountains”, the most notable example being S. Amon Amarth “Mount Doom”. Its plural form emyn “hills” also appears in many names.

Conceptual Development: This word had a long history in Tolkien’s Elvish languages. It first appeared as G. amon “hill, mount, steep slope” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/19), where it was probably a derivative of the early root ᴱ√AM(U) “up(wards)”. ᴱN. amon “hill” also appears in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s again connected to am- “up” (PE13/137, 159), and was given as N. amon “hill” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√AM “up” (Ety/AM²).

Its Quenya cognate Q. ambo was given as derivative of √AM “go up” in notes from 1967, but in other 1967 notes on the comparative, Tolkien coined some different roots as the basis for this S. amon “hill”, first √MAB “lump, mass” (PE17/90) and then √MBON, the latter being the basis for the alternate meanings “lump, clump, mass” mentioned above (PE17/90-93). Tolkien’s motivation for this change was that he wanted √AMA to have a new meaning “addition, increase, plus” to serve as the basis for the intensive.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume S. amon was derived from √AM “up”, since I prefer Q. an- for intensives, but it may have been influenced by √MBON and this was the reason for its alternate meanings “lump, clump, mass”.

Cognates

• Q. ambo “hill, rising ground, mount” ✧ PE17/093
• Q. umbo(n) “hill, lump, clump, mass, lump, clump, mass, hill” ✧ PE17/093

Derivations

• ✶ambu(na) “*hilly” ✧ PE17/092
  • √AM “go up, go up, [ᴹ√] up”
• ✶ṃbono “hill, lump, clump, mass” ✧ PE17/093
  • √MBON “*lump, mass” ✧ PE17/093

Element in

• S. Amon Amarth “Mount Doom, (lit.) Hill of Doom” ✧ PE17/093
• S. Amon Anwar “Hill of Awe” ✧ UT/301
• S. Amon Darthir
• S. Amon Dîn “Silent Hill”
• S. Amon Ereb “Lonely Hill” ✧ SA/er
• S. Amon Ethir “Hill of Spies” ✧ S/217
• S. Amon Gwareth
• S. Amon Hen “Hill of Sight, (lit.) Hill of the Eye”
• S. Amon Lanc “Naked Hill” ✧ UT/280
• S. Amon Lhaw “Hill of Hearing, *(lit.) Hill of Ears”
• S. Amon Obel
• S. Amon Rûdh “Bald Hill” ✧ S/204
• N. Amon Carab “Hill of the Hat” ✧ WJ/187
• S. Amon Sûl “Weathertop, (lit.) Hill of the Wind”
• S. Amon Tirith “Hill of Guard” ✧ RC/772
• S. Amon Uilos “Hill of Ever-snow”
• S. Emyn Arnen “Hills of Arnen” ✧ VT42/17
• S. Emyn Beraid “Tower Hills” ✧ LotR/1097
• S. Emyn Hen Dúnadan “Hills of the Eye of the Dúnadan” ✧ PM/186 (Emyn Hen Dúnadan*)
• S. Emyn Gwahaedir “*Hills of the Palantír”
• S. Emyn Duir “Dark Mountains” ✧ UT/280
• S. Emyn Muil “Drear Hills” ✧ RC/334
• S. Emyn-nu-Fuin “Mountains of Mirkwood, (lit.) Mountains under Night” ✧ UTI/Emyn-nu-Fuin
• S. Emyn Uial “Hills of Evendim” ✧ LotRI/Emyn Uial

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ambuna > amon	[ambuna] > [ambona] > [ambon] > [ammon] > [amon]	✧ PE17/092
✶ṃbono > amon	[ṃbono] > [ambono] > [ambon] > [ammon] > [amon]	✧ PE17/093

Variations

• Amon ✧ PE17/033; RC/772; S/204; S/217; SA/er; UT/280; UT/301; VT42/17; WJ/187

orod

mount

pl1. ered or eryd** ** n. mount, mountain. Q. oro, orto.

paran

adjective. naked

_ adj. _naked, bald, bare. Q. parne. >> baran, Dol Baran

amon

hill

1) amon (pl. emyn) (steep-sided mount), 2) dôl (i dhôl, construct dol) (head), pl. dŷl (i nŷl). Note: In the Etymologies, this word was derived from a root with initial nd- (NDOL), which would make the mutations different (i nôl, pl. i ndŷl). However, the later name Fanuidhol "Cloudyhead" apparently indicates that the lenited form of this d was later to be dh (whereas it would be n if the former derivation had been maintained). 3) tund (i dund, o thund, construct tun) (mound), pl. tynd (i thynd), coll. pl. tunnath.

amon

hill

(pl. emyn) (steep-sided mount)

dôl

hill

(i** dhôl, construct **dol) (head), pl. dŷl (i** nŷl). Note: In the Etymologies, this word was derived from a root with initial nd- (NDOL), which would make the mutations different (i** nôl, pl. i** ndŷl). However, the later name Fanuidhol "Cloudyhead" apparently indicates that the lenited form of this d was later to be dh (whereas it would be n** if the former derivation had been maintained).

tund

hill

(i** dund, o thund, construct tun) (mound), pl. tynd (i** thynd), coll. pl. tunnath.

hell

naked

1) hell (lenited chell; pl. hill), 2) lanc (pl. lainc). Note: homophones means ”neck, throat” and also ”sharp edge, sudden end, brink”.

hell

naked

(lenited chell; pl. hill)

tund

noun. mound, hill

cîl

pass between hills

(i gîl, o chîl) (cleft, gorge), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. . A homophone means ”renewal”.

dôl

head

dôl (i dhôl, construct dol) (hill), pl. dŷl (i nŷl). Note: In the Etymologies, this word was derived from a root with initial nd- (NDOL), which would make the mutations different (i nôl, pl. i ndŷl). However, the later name Fanuidhol "Cloudyhead" apparently indicates that the lenited form of this d was later to be dh (whereas it would be n if the former derivation had been maintained).

dôl

head

(i dhôl, construct dol) (hill), pl. dŷl (i nŷl). Note: In the Etymologies, this word was derived from a root with initial nd- (NDOL), which would make the mutations different (i nôl, pl. i ndŷl). However, the later name Fanuidhol "Cloudyhead" apparently indicates that the lenited form of this d was later to be dh (whereas it would be n if the former derivation had been maintained).****

lanc

naked

(pl. lainc). Note: homophones means ”neck, throat” and also ”sharp edge, sudden end, brink”.

baradh

steep

baradh (pl. beraidh, lenited varadh).

baradh

steep

(pl. beraidh, lenited varadh).

bund

noun. head

Element in

• Kh. bund “head” ✧ PE17/036
• Kh. Bundushathûr “Cloudy-head” ✧ PE17/036; TI/174

Variations

• Bundu ✧ PE17/036
• Bund(u) ✧ PE17/036

ambō

noun. hill

Derivations

• √AM “go up, go up, [ᴹ√] up”

Derivatives

• Q. ambo “hill, rising ground, mount” ✧ PE17/092

ṃbono

noun. hill, lump, clump, mass

Derivations

• √MBON “*lump, mass” ✧ PE17/093

Derivatives

• Q. umbo(n) “hill, lump, clump, mass, lump, clump, mass, hill” ✧ PE17/093
• S. amon “hill, mountain with steep sides; lump, clump, mass, hill, (isolated) mountain; lump, clump, mass; [G.] steep slope” ✧ PE17/093

kas

root. head

The root for “head” was established very early in Tolkien’s Elvish languages, appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as ᴱ√KASA “head” (QL/45), though in this period its Qenya derivative was ᴱQ. kar (kas-) because [[eq|final [s] became [r]]] in Early Quenya (PE12/26). It had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. cas “head, skull” (GL/25), a word that reappeared in Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s as ᴱN. cas “skull” (PE13/140).

The root ᴹ√KAS “head” reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, still with the form ᴹQ. kár (kas-) “head” (Ety/KAS), but Tolkien eventually abandoned the Early Qenya phonology and the Quenya form became Q. kas after some vacillation (PE19/103). The root √KAS “head” continued to appear frequently in Tolkien’s later writing (PE17/114; PE21/70; VT42/12).

Derivatives

• ✶kas “head”
  • Q. cas “head, head, [ᴱQ.] top, summit” ✧ PE17/188
• ✶kasd(a) “to the head”
  • Q. cas(ta) “to(wards) the top, upwards” ✧ PE21/76; PE21/76
• ✶kasma “?helm” ✧ PE17/114
  • Q. carma “helm” ✧ PE17/114; PE17/114; PE17/114
• S. cast “cape, headland”

Element in

• ✶kasraya “a tressure” ✧ VT42/12

Variations

• kas ✧ PE21/70
• cas ✧ VT42/12

kas

noun. head

Derivations

• √KAS “head”

Derivatives

• Q. cas “head, head, [ᴱQ.] top, summit” ✧ PE17/188

Element in

• Q. castol(o) “helmet” ✧ PE17/188
• S. castol “helmet” ✧ PE17/188

Variations

• kāza ✧ PE17/188

amon

noun. hill

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ambo “hill” ✧ Ety/AM²

Derivations

• ᴹ√AM “up” ✧ Ety/AM²

Element in

• N. Amon Thorn
• N. Amon Ereb “Lonely Hill”
• N. Amon Gwareth “Hill of Watch”
• N. Amon Hen
• N. Amon Lhaw
• N. Amon Uilos
• N. Emyn Arnen
• N. Haramon
• N. Emyn Rhain “Border Hills” ✧ TI/313
• N. Amon Dengin “Hill of Slain”
• N. Methen Amon

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AM² > amon	[ambon] > [ambon] > [ammon] > [amon]	✧ Ety/AM²
ᴹ√AM² > emuin > emyn	[amboni] > [ambuni] > [embyni] > [embyn] > [embyn] > [emmyn] > [emyn]	✧ Ety/AM²

hell

adjective. naked

hell

adjective. naked, naked, *stripped

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “naked” and derived from primitive ᴹ✶skelnā under the root ᴹ√SKEL (Ety/SKEL). This word was originally hall “naked” under an earlier but deleted form of the root ᴹ√SKAL (EtyAC/SKEL). The root ᴹ√SKEL was also the basis for the verb N. heltha- “to strip”, and its Quenya derivative ᴹQ. helda was at one point was glossed “stripped bare” (Ety/SKAL¹), so the word hell seems to mean “naked” in the sense “✱stripped (of clothing or other covering)”.

Conceptual Development: There are a couple of earlier “naked” words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s that seems to be similarly derived. G. dautha “naked, stripped” was related to daf- “to strip, flay” (GL/29) and G. hulc “naked” (GL/49) is like the cognate of ᴱQ. hulqa “naked” under the early root ᴱ√HULU “strip” (QL/41). In later writings, some “naked” words were derived from √PAR “peel” instead (PE17/86, 171).

Changes

• hall → hell “naked” ✧ Ety/SKEL

Cognates

• ᴹQ. helda “naked, stripped bare” ✧ Ety/SKEL
• ᴹQ. halla “naked” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL

Derivations

• On. skhella “naked” ✧ Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL
  • ᴹ✶skelnā “naked” ✧ Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL
  • ᴹ√SKEL “*strip” ✧ Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. skhella > hell	[sxella] > [xella] > [xell] > [hell]	✧ Ety/SKEL
On. skhalla > hall	[sxalla] > [xalla] > [xall] > [hall]	✧ EtyAC/SKEL

Variations

• hell ✧ Ety/SKEL
• hall ✧ EtyAC/SKEL (hall)

dôl

noun. head, hill

Cognates

• Ilk. dol “head, *hill”
• ᴹQ. nóla “round head, knoll, round hilltop; summit, round head, knoll, round hilltop; summit, [ᴱQ.] top (only used of mountains etc.); crown of head” ✧ Ety/NDOL

Derivations

• On. ndolo “head” ✧ Ety/NDOL
  • ᴹ√NDOL “*head” ✧ Ety/NDOL

Element in

• N. Dolamarth “Mount Doom”
• N. Celebrindol
• N. Dolad ✧ Ety/NDOL
• N. Dol Amroth
• N. Dolbaran ✧ Ety/BARÁN
• N. Duil Rain “Border Hills” ✧ TI/268 (Duil Rain)
• N. Dolereb “Lonely Mt.”
• N. Fanuidol
• N. Methendol
• N. Nardol
• N. Duil Rewinion “Hills of the Hunters” ✧ SM/225

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. ndolo > dôl	[ndolo] > [dolo] > [dol] > [dōl]	✧ Ety/NDOL

Variations

• Dol ✧ Ety/BARÁN (Dol)

tund

noun. hill, mound

tunn

noun. hill, mound

tunn

noun. hill, mound

N. tunn “hill, mound” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√TUN (Ety/TUN). Tolkien’s continued use of Q. Túna for the name of a hill in Valinor implies the ongoing validity of its root, so perhaps this word remained valid as well.

Conceptual Development: The word ᴱN. tûn “mound, bare hill” appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/154). G. tûn also appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, but there it was unglossed and had no obvious cognates, so it is not clear what Tolkien intended it to mean (GL/72).

Neo-Sindarin: In keeping with the rule whereby nd was retained “at the end of fully accented monosyllables” (LotR/1115), I’d represent this form as ᴺS. tund in Neo-Sindarin.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. tundo “hill, mound, hill, mound [isolated]” ✧ Ety/TUN

Derivations

• ᴹ√TUN “*tall; mound” ✧ Ety/MINI
• ᴹ✶tundu “hill, mound” ✧ Ety/TUN
  • ᴹ√TUN “*tall; mound” ✧ Ety/TUN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶tundu > tund > tunn	[tundu] > [tundo] > [tundo] > [tund] > [tunn]	✧ Ety/TUN

dôl

noun. hill or mountain

amon

noun. hill, steep-sided mount

dôl

noun. head

baradh

adjective. steep

baradh

adjective. steep

Derivations

• On. barada “steep” ✧ Ety/BARÁD
  • ᴹ✶Baradā “lofty, sublime” ✧ Ety/BARÁD
  • ᴹ√BARAD “*lofty, noble” ✧ Ety/BARÁD; Ety/BARATH
    • ᴹ√BAR “raise; uplift, save, rescue(?)” ✧ Ety/BAR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. barada > baradh	[barada] > [baraða] > [barað]	✧ Ety/BARÁD

mindon

noun. isolated hill, especially a hill with a watch tower

mindon

noun. tower