ya (1) relative pronoun "which, what" (attested in VT43:28, 34 and in the Arctic sentence), with locative suffix in Namárië: see #yassë. According to VT47:21, ya is impersonal, "which" rather than "who(m)" (compare the personal form ye). The dative form yan (q.v.) is however used for "to whom" (rather than "to which") in one text, indicating that Tolkien did not always distinguish between personal and impersonal forms. In the phrase lúmessë ya [variant: yá**] firuvammë, "in [the] hour that we shall die", the relative pronoun is not explicitly marked for case and is evidently understood to share the case of the preceding noun (hence not lúmessë yassë**... "in [the] hour in which"...) (VT43:27-28) Presumably, ya has the plural form *yar* (e.g. i nati yar hirnen** "the things that/which I found").
Quenya
ya
as
ya
which, what
ya
pronoun. which, that (relative pronoun)
yaht-
verb. yaht-
yaht- seeyat (YAK)
yavannamírë
yavanna-jewel
yavannamírë noun "Yavanna-jewel", name of a tree with globed and scarlet fruits (UT:167)
yavannamírë
noun. Jewel of Yavanna
yavannildi
collective name. Maidens of Yavanna
Elvish women who were devotees of Yavanna and learned the secret of crafting lembas (PM/404). The initial element of this name is Yavanna and the second element may be a feminized form of the suffix -(n)dil “friend”, as in [ᴹQ.] nilde “female friend”, or perhaps the plural of the feminine agental suffix -ldë.
Yavannildi
followers of yavanna
Yavannildi pl. noun "Followers of Yavanna" (sg. #Yavannildë?), Elvish women who knew and kept the secret of the making of coimas (lembas) (PM:404). Apparently Yavanna + hildi.
yanga-
to yawn
yanga- vb. "to yawn" (YAG)
yavannië
noun. September, *Yavanna-ness
yalúmessë
once upon a time
yalúmessë noun in locative "once upon a time" (locative form of yalúmë) (YA)
yalúmë
former times
yalúmë noun "former times" (but the Quenya word is singular)_ (YA). _Cf. yalúmessë.
yalúmëa
olden
yalúmëa adj. "olden" (YA)
yan
for/to which
yan relative pronoun in dative "for/to which" or "for/to whom" (PE16:90, 92, 96). Used for "to whom" in the poem Nieninque; according to the system described elsewhere, which distinguishes personal ye "who" from impersonal ya "which", "to whom" would be *yen instead. A wholly distinct ya(n) seems to appear as an ephemeral word for "as" in one version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer; see ya #2 (VT43:16, VT49:18)
yana
that
yana demonstrative "that" (the former) (YA)
yar
to whom
yar inflected relative pronoun "to whom" (MC:215; this may be "Qenya", but on the other hand both the relative pronoun ya and an allativic ending -r are still valid in Tolkien's later Quenya, cf. mir "into". Later versions of the text in question however use yan [q.v.], with the common dative ending -n.) Likely, yar could also be the plural form of the relative pronoun ya, q.v.
yassë
once upon a time
yassë (2) adv. "once upon a time" (YA); writers may rather use yalúmessë or yáressë of similar meaning to avoid confusion with # 1 above.
yassë
in which
#yassë (1) relative pronoun in locative "in which", pl. yassen referring back to a plural noun (relative pronoun ya + locative ending) (Nam, RGEO:66)
yá
formerly
yá (1) adv.? "formerly", also postposition (?) "ago" (YA). The form yá also appears as a variant of the relative pronoun ya, q.v.
yassen tintilar i eleni
in which twinkle the stars
The 6th phrase of the prose Namárië, essentially unaltered from its poetic form:
> yassen tintilar i eleni (“in which twinkle the stars”)
It seems that Tolkien left this phrase in the “poetic” word order despite its inclusion in the “prose” version of the poem. In normal Quenya word order, the subject precedes the verb:
> yassen tintilar i eleni »»» ✱yassen i eleni tintilar (“in which the stars twinkle”)
This (hypothetical) word order is consistent with the English translation of the poetic version: “wherein the stars tremble”.
Alternately, this example may indicate that even in ordinary Quenya speech, the subject could be displayed to after the verb in a subordinate clause. It seems unlikely this was a universal rule, since there are attested examples where this did not happen:
yá hríve menë, ringa ná “when winter comes, it is cold” (VT49/24)
náner ataformaitë ve fírimor quetir “✱they were ambidextrous as mortals say”
yavanna
feminine name. Giver of Fruits, (lit.) Fruit-gift
Valië of the earth, spouse of Aulë, whose name was translated “Giver of Fruits” (S/27). This name is a compound of yávë “fruit” and the noun anna “gift” (SA/yávë, anna), so literally meant “fruit-gift” (PE17/93).
Conceptual Development: This name dates back to the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/66), and ᴱQ. Yavanna appeared in the Qenya Lexicon as a derivative of the root ᴱ√ẎAVA along with other words having to do with “fruit” (LTA1/Yavanna, QL/105). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, ᴹQ. Yavanna appeared with the etymology given above (Ety/ANA¹, YAB). This etymology appeared in later writings as well (PE17/93).
Yavanna
fruit-gift
Yavanna, fem. name: Yav-anna, "Fruit-gift" (PE17:93) or "Fruit-giver", name of a Valië, spouse of Aulë, associated especially with plants (YAB, ANA1; cf. yávë)
Yavannië
september
Yavannië noun, name of the ninth month of the year, "September" (Appendix D, SA:yávë)
yaima
implement
yaima noun "implement" (GL:37)
yaimë
wailing
yaimë noun "wailing", from which is derived the adjective yaimëa "wailing", pl. yaimië in Markirya
yaimëa
wailing
yaimëa adj. "wailing", pl. yaimië in Markirya
yaisa
steel
yaisa noun "steel" (GL:37)
yaiwë
mocking, scorn
yaiwë noun "mocking, scorn" (YAY)
yal-
summon
yal- vb. "summon". In enyalië "to recall" (Notes on CO, UT:317)
yallumë
at last
yallumë adv.? "at last" (FS)
yalmë
clamour
yalmë noun "clamour" (ÑGAL/ÑGALAM)
yaltë
bridge
yaltë noun "bridge" (GL:37); rather yanta in Tolkien's later Quenya
yam-
shout
yam- or yama- vb. "shout" (PE16:134, yamin, *"I shout", QL:105), pa.t. yámë (QL:105)
yanda
wide
yanda adj. "wide" (PE17:115); variant of yána #1, q.v.
yando
also
yando adv. "also" (QL:104)
yanta
bridge
yanta noun "bridge", also name of tengwa #35 (Appendix E); in the Etymologies, yanta is defined as "yoke" (YAT)
yantya-
add, augment
yantya- vb. "add, augment" (PE15:68)
yanwë
bridge, joining, isthmus
yanwë noun "bridge, joining, isthmus" (YAT, "joining", VT49:45, 46), changed by Tolkien from yanwa (VT46:22, VT49:34)
yarra-
growl, snarl
yarra- noun "growl, snarl" (stem used as participle in Markirya, translated "snarling")
yaru
gloom, blight
yaru noun "gloom, blight" (GL:37)
yat
neck
yat (yaht-) noun "neck" (YAK)
yatta
narrow neck, isthmus
yatta noun "narrow neck, isthmus" (YAK). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, yatta was also the name of tengwa #35, which letter Tolkien would later call yanta instead.
yaulë
cat
yaulë noun "cat" (PE16:132). Compare mëoi.
yav-
bear fruit
yav- vb. "bear fruit" (LT1:273, given in the form yavin and glossed "bears fruit"; this would have to mean "I bear fruit" in Tolkien's later Quenya: 1st pers. sg. aorist)
yaxë
milch cow
yaxë noun "milch cow", also yaxi "cow" (in Tolkien's later Quenya, the latter would probably be a plural) (GL:36)
yá
when
yá (2) conj. "when" in the sentence yá hrívë tenë, ringa ná "when winter comes, it is cold" (VT49:23). Compare írë #2.
yallë
adverb. as, in the same way as, like
yan
adverb/conjunction. *as
@@@ possibly modal adverb
yassen tintilar i eleni
wherein the stars tremble
Last part of the sixth line @@@
yá
conjunction. when
yaimë
noun. wailing
yaimëa
adjective. wailing
yal-
verb. to summon, to summon, *call (out to)
yanta
noun. bridge
yanwë
noun. joining, joining, [ᴹQ.] isthmus, bridge
yarra-
verb. to growl, snarl
yanda
adjective. wide
yan i wilyar antar miquelis
*to whom the air gives kisses
atya
daddy
atya (2) noun "daddy", supposedly a word in "actual 'family' use" (VT47:26, PE17:170), also used in children's play for "thumb" and "big toe" (VT47:10, 26, VT48:4, 6); reduction of at(an)ya "my father" (or, as explained in VT48:19, reduction of at-nya of similar meaning). Compare atto.
ciryando
sailor
ciryando ("k")noun "sailor" (PE17:58).
indyalmë
clamour
indyalmë noun "clamour" (VT46:3)
tanya
that
tanya demonstrative "that" (MC:215; this is "Qenya", perhaps corresponding to later tana)
ciryando
noun. sailor
Yavanna
Yavanna
Yavanna means "Giver of Fruits" in Quenya. The name is a compound of yáve and anna. Her epithet Kementári means "Queen of the Earth". Her Sindarin name appears to be Ivon, only attested in the compound Ivonwin ("Maidens of Yavanna").[note 1] Another form is Ivann, also seen in the Sindarin month-name Ivanneth (Quenya: Yavannië).
yalta
noun. yoke
@@@ used in NQNT along with yanta
yanta-
verb. to add to, enlarge, increase, augment
@@@ possibly lyanta- if you accepted gy- > dy- > ly-
Yavanna
Giver of Fruits
yallo
adverb. whence
yanen
adverb. whereby
yanna
adverb. whither, whereto
yava
adjective. whose, of which
yac-
verb. to offer, sacrifice
@@@ probably based on ᴱ✶dı̯ag- as suggested by Röandil in a discord chat from 2023-01-20
yacië
noun. offering, [act of] sacrificing
yanca
noun. sacrifice
yangwa
noun. altar
yanta-
verb. to join
@@@ NQNT uses erta- “unite” with a reflexive
yantaina
adjective. joined
yarra
noun. ️growl, snarl
yausta
noun. crop
yava-
verb. to bear (fruit), *yield, bring forth, produce
yaxë
noun. cow
yaiya-
verb. to wail, cry in pain, cry grievously
yarië
noun. antiquity
hácala
adjective. yawning
An adjective for “yawning” appearing in the Markirya poem of the 1960s, probably an active participle of an otherwise unattested verb hac- or háca- “yawn” (MC/222).
Conceptual Development: In the version of the Markirya poem from around 1930, Tolkien used ᴱQ. yáme “yawning” (MC/214), replacing yape from the drafts of the poem (PE16/81).
hácala
yawning
hácala _("k") _participle "yawning" occurring in the Markirya poem, derived from an (otherwise unattested) verb #hac- "yawn". Compare yanga-.
ranga
yard, full pace
ranga (pl. rangar is attested) noun "yard, full pace". This Númenórean linar measure was "slightly longer than our yard, approximately 38 inches [= 96.5 cm]". (UT:285, 461)
yámë
yawning
yámë adj.? "yawning" _(MC:214; cf. the stem YAG in the Etymologies)_. Not to be confused with the past tense of yam-.
ranga
noun. yard, full pace
hac-
verb. to yawn
A verb implied by the active participle hákala “yawning” from the Markirya poem of the 1960s (MC/222). The verb form is often assumed to be háca-, but if this adjective is in fact a present active participle (= “is currently yawning”), then the verb may be hac- instead.
i eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa
(the one/they) who; (that) which
i (2) relative pronoun "(the one/they) who; (that) which" (both article and relative pronoun in CO: i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa: the One who is above all thrones", i hárar "(they) who are sitting"); cf. also the phrase i hamil mára "(that) which you deem good" (VT42:33). Notice that before a verb, i means "the one who", or, in the case of a plural verb, "those who"; e.g. i carir quettar ómainen "those who form words with voices" (WJ:391). According to VT47:21, i as a relative pronoun is the personal plural form (corresponding to the personal sg. ye and the impersonal sg. ya). This agrees with the example i carir..., but as is evident from the other examples listed above, Tolkien in certain texts also used i as a singular relative pronoun, both personal (Eru i...) and impersonal (i hamil). In the sense of a plural personal relative pronoun, i is also attested in the genitive (ion) and ablative (illon) cases, demonstrating that unlike the indeclinable article i, the relative pronoun i can receive case endings. Both are translated "from whom": ion / illon camnelyes "from whom you received it" (referring to several persons) (VT47:21).
nëa
to be
nëa (2) an optative form of the verb na- "to be"? (nëa = LotR-style Quenya nai?): ya rato nëa "which soon may (it) be" = "which I hope will be soon" (Arct)
san
so
san (2) adv. ephemeral word for "so" (ya(n)...san "as...so"; san na "thus be" = let it be so, "amen"); this form was apparently quickly abandoned by Tolkien (VT43:16, 24, VT49.18)
ye
who
ye (1) singular personal relative pronoun "who", maybe also object "whom" (plural form i). Compare the impersonal form ya. Also attested in the genitive and the ablative cases: yëo and yello, both translated "from whom" (though the former would also mean *"whose, of whom"). (VT47:21)
yára
ancient, belonging to or descending from former times
yára adj. "ancient, belonging to or descending from former times" (YA); evidently it can also simply mean "old", since Tolkien used the intensive/superlative form #anyára to describe Elaine Griffiths as his "oldest" or "very old" friend in a book dedication (see an-).
yáressë
once upon a time
yáressë noun in locative "once upon a time" (locative form of yárë) (YA)
yárë
former days
yárë noun "former days" (YA)
yárëa
olden
yárëa adj. "olden" (YA)
yó
yô
yó ("yô"), yond- see yondo. The genitive form of the relative pronoun ya "which" would likely also appear as yó "of which, from which" (for ya-o, cf. tó "thence" from ta-o).
santa
noun. garden, field, yard; apportioned/designated space
@@@ Discord 2023-02-24; Idiom: santa-[personal possessive X]-sse “for [X]’s part; as far as [X] is concerned; from [X]’s point of view; as comes from/is done by [X]” (lit. “in [X]’s garden”)
lango
noun. neck, neck, [ᴹQ.] throat
A word for “neck” appearing in notes written around 1967, derived from primitive ✶langō < √LAƷA “cross, pass over, go beyond” (PE17/92). Its primitive form meant “a passage (physical), originally applied to any route or connecting link between two places or large objects, especially such as enabled one to cross or surmount an obstacle: such as a mountain-pass, a ridge of higher land across fen-land, an isthmus etc.” (PE17/91-92). This word was then “later applied to narrower parts of a structure serving to join larger parts, especially the ‘neck’ of men and animals”. The word lango “neck” also appeared in notes from 1965, but there it was derived from √LAG, as opposed to the then-distinct root for “beyond”: √LAŊ (PE17/65).
Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to 1920s, where ᴱQ. lango “neck” appeared in Early Qenya Word-lists (PE16/136). It was glossed “neck” in drafts of the ᴱQ. Earendel poem (PE16/100), and as “throat” in the poem itself (MC/216). ᴹQ. lango “throat” appeared in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s (PE21/8), but in The Etymologies of the 1930s it was {lango >>} ᴹQ. lanko “throat” from the root ᴹ√LAK “swallow” (Ety/LANK). In later writings, Q. lango “neck” was restored (see above).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I think lango can refer to both “neck” and “throat”, since its later derivation was from a word meaning “passage”, and hence could refer the passage from the mouth to the stomach and lungs. For the actual interior mechanism of the throat, however, I’d recommend the neologism ᴺQ. hlunco “pharynx, gullet” < ᴹ√SLUK “swallow”.
sív’ emmë apsenet tien i úcarir emmen
as we forgive those who trespass against us
The eighth line of Átaremma, Tolkien’s Quenya translation of the Lord’s Prayer. The first word sív’ is an elided form of sívë “as”. It is followed by the emphatic second person plural subject pronoun emmë “us” and apsenet “forgive [them]”, the aorist form of the verb apsen- “forgive” with a plural direct object suffix -t. The fourth word tien “those” is a dative (indirect object) form of tie, apparently a variant of the third person plural pronoun te.
The second half of this phrase is the subordinate clause i úcarir emmen “who trespass against us”, composed of i “who”, úcarir “trespass” (aorist plural of úcar- “to do wrong, to sin”) and emmen “against us” (dative of emmë). The last of these is unusual in that it has an emphatic pronoun used as an object rather than the subject.
Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:
> sív(e) emmë apsene-t tie-n i úcari-r emme-n = “✱as we forgive-them those-for who trespass-(plural) us-against”
Taken together, the first half of the phrase has a subject (emmë), verb (apsene), a direct object suffix (-t) and an indirect object (tien). The sense of the phrase is probably something like “✱as we forgive them [the trespasses] for those [the trespassers] who trespass against us”.
Conceptual Development: Earlier versions of the prayer (I-IV) used a different verb avatyar- for “forgive”, as well as different prepositions for “so”: ier (I-IIa) and yan (III-IV). They also lacked any Quenya equivalent of “those who” (tien i in versions V-VI). The literal meaning of this phrase in versions I-IV of the prayer seems to be “✱as we forgive our trespassers”.
Tolkien considered a variety of ways to express “trespassers”. In version I-III, he used a (?verbal) element meaning “trespass” with the agental suffix -ndo: lucando (I), lucindo (IIa-IIb) and rocindë (III), all meaning “trespasser” and all in the plural. In version IV, he used rohtalië “trespass-people”, a compound of the noun rohta “trespass” and lië “people”.
These he combined with either the independent pronoun menya “our” (I-IIb, IV) or the possessive suffix -mma “our” (I deletion, III). Finally, he used an ablative element meaning “from”, either the preposition va (I-IIb) or the ablative suffix -llo (I deletion, III-IV). There was a similar construction for the verb avatyar- in line 6.
In version V of the prayer, Tolkien corrected úcarer to úcarir. This second form is more consistent with the rules Tolkien followed elsewhere in forming the aorist tense of a (basic) verb: it ends in an -e if unsuffixed but has an -i- between it and any suffix (-r in this case). However, Tolkien still used the form úcarer in version IV of the prayer, for reasons unknown.
| | I |IIa|IIb|III|IV|V|VI| |ier|yan|sív’| |emme| |{avatyarirat >>}|avatyarir ta|avatyarilta|apsenet| | |tien i| |{lucandollommar >>}|va menya lucandor|va menya lucindor|rocindillomman|menya rohtaliello|úcarer emmen|
For better consistency with Tolkien’s other writings, I have used the more typical aorist form úcarir for the entry of this phrase. As Helge Fauskanger points out (LP-AM), there is a similar issue with apsenet, which might be expected to be ✱✱apsenit, though in this case the variation may be due to the fact that object suffixes are appended directly to the verb instead of to a subject suffix.
yávië
noun. autumn, harvest [time or act]
A word translated “autumn, harvest” in The Lord of the Rings appendices (LotR/1111), clearly based on yávë “fruit”. This word referred to the third out of six “official” Elvish seasons in the Calendar of Imladris (LotR/1107), but could also be used more causally for the autumn time of the year (LotR/1111). Given its second gloss “harvest”, I think it can also refer to the time or act of harvesting of crops. However, for the harvest itself (the produce) I would instead use [ᴺQ.] salcessë.
Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. Yāvan “(Autumn), Harvest” based on ᴱQ. yāva “fruit, produce” (QL/105). The English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s also had ᴱQ. yávan “autumn, harvest”, but in that document the word was deleted (QL/69).
yávë
noun. fruit
The Quenya word for “fruit”, most notably as an element in the name Yavanna “Giver of Fruits, (lit.) fruit-gift” (S/27; SA/yávë; PE17/93) and derived from the root ᴹ√YAB of similar meaning (Ety/YAB).
Conceptual Development: This word dates back to ᴱQ. yáva “fruit, produce” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√ẎAVA, already an element of Yavanna’s name (QL/105). The word reappeared as ᴹQ. yáve “fruit” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√YAB of the same meaning (Ety/YAB). In Quenya Prayers of the 1950s, the word appeared as yáva, yávë and yave (VT43/26-28).
-ssë
at
-ssë (1) locative ending (compare the preposition se, sé "at", q.v.); in Lóriendessë, lúmessë, máriessë, yalúmessë (q.v. for reference); pl. -ssen in yassen, lúmissen, mahalmassen, símaryassen, tarmenissen, q.v. Pronouns take the simple ending -ssë, even if the pronoun is plural by its meaning (messë "on us", VT44:12). The part. pl. (-lissë or -lissen) and dual (-tsë) locative endings are known from the Plotz letter only.
-yë
conjunction. and
-yë (4) conj. "and" as a suffix added to the second of a pair, as Menel Cemenyë "Heaven and Earth" (VT47:30, 31, VT49:25). Other "pairs" are mentioned as examples but not actually translated into Quenya by Tolkien: Sun and Moon (*Anar Isilyë), Land and Sea (*Nór Eäryë), fire and water (*nárë nenyë, or *úr nenyë).
Hesin
winter
Hesin noun "winter" (LT1:255; LotR-style Quenya has hrívë instead)
Valatári
vala-queen
Valatári noun "Vala-queen" (BAL; this entry of the Etymologies states that Vala has no feminine form except this compound, but Silm gives Valië as a feminine form). The word Valatári is apparently also the unchanged plural form, so used in this quote: "The Valatári were Varda, Yavanna, Nienna, Vana, Vaire, Este, Nessa, Uinen" (BAL; Tolkien later reclassified Uinen as a Maia, not a Valatári/Valië). Notice that the plural form of Valatar would apparently also be *Valatári.
Yelin
winter
Yelin noun "winter" (LT1:260; LotR-style Quenya has hrívë, and Yelin was probably obsoleted together with the adjective yelwa_ "cold", that appears with a different meaning in the Etymologies)._
aira
old
aira (3) adj. "old" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")
and
and
a (2) conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song (that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna "and northwards" in a late text, VT49:26). According to PE17:41, "Old Quenya" could have the conjunction a (as a variant of ar) before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw (f is not mentioned), PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r, þ, s. See ar #1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen "he ran with his speed" (i.e. as quickly as he could) is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is "he ran and [did so] with his speed" (PE17:58).
anta-
give
anta- (1) vb. "give" (ANA1, MC:215, 221), pa.t. antanë (antanen "I gave", VT49:14) or †ánë, perfect ánië (PE17:147, cf. QL:31). According to VT49:14, Tolkien noted that anta- was sometimes often with an "ironic tone" to refer to missiles, so that antanen hatal sena "I gave him a spear (as a present)" was often used with the real sense of "I cast a spear at him". Usually the recipient of the thing given is mentioned in the dative or allative case (like sena in this example), but there is also a construction similar to English "present someone with something" in which the recipient is the object and the gift appears in the instrumental case: antanenyes parmanen, "I presented him with a book" (PE17:91). The verb occurs several times in FS: antalto"they gave"; strangely, no past tense marker seems to be present (see -lto for the ending); antar a pl. verb translated "they gave", though in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the present tense "give" (pl.); antaróta "he gave it" (anta-ró-ta "gave-he-it"), another verb occurring in Fíriel's Song, once again with no past tense marker. Also antáva "will give", future tense of anta- "give"; read perhaps *antuva in LotR-style Quenya; similarly antaváro* "he will give" (LR:63) might later have appeared as antuvas (with the ending -s rather than "Qenya" -ro for "he"). Antalë imperative "give thou" (VT43:17), sc. anta "give" + the element le "thou", but this was a form Tolkien abandoned. Apparently ana** was at one point considered as another imperative "give", but Tolkien rewrote the text in question (VT44:13), and the normal patterns would suggest *á anta with an independent imperative particle.
ar
and
ar (1) conj. "and" (AR2, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40). The older form of the conjunction was az (PE17:41). Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s (PE17:41, 71), but "in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases" (PE17:71). In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar "and raiments" to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation(PE17:175). More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in "Old Quenya", the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant (PE17:41, 71). An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" (VT43:31, cf. VT48:14). In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ar(a) (VT45:6). In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar "as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and" (PE17:145); compare ara.
arta
across, athwart
arta (4) prep. "across, athwart" (LT2:335), perhaps rather olla in Tolkiens later Quenya.
ataryo
daddy
ataryo, also taryo (cited as (a)taryo), noun "daddy", also used as a name for the thumb in children's play, but Tolkien emended it to atto/atya (VT48:4). Compare atar "father".
atta
across, over, lying from side to side
atta (ata-) (4) prep. "across, over, lying from side to side" (VT49:32; it is not quite clear whether this is a Quenya word or not)
corma
ring
#corma noun "ring", isolated from #cormacolindo "Ring-bearer", pl. cormacolindor (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308); Cormarë "Ringday", a festival held on Yavannië 30 in honour of Frodo Baggins (Appendix D)
enwina
old
enwina adj. "old" (Markirya)
erë
iron
erë, eren noun "iron" or "steel"; Eremandu variant of Angamandu (Angband) (LT1:252; "iron" should be anga in LotR-style Quenya, but erë, eren may still be used for "steel". See also yaisa.)
ier
as
ier prep. "as" (VT43:16, probably rejected in favour of sívë, q.v.). In an abandoned version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien used ier...ter for "as...so" (VT43:17).
lúna
dark
lúna adj. *"dark" in Lúnaturco and Taras Lúna, Quenya names of Barad-dûr (Dark Tower). (PE17:22). In the Etymologies, lúnë "blue" was changed by Tolkien from lúna (VT45:29).
man
who
man pron. "who" (Nam, RGEO:67, FS, LR:59, Markirya, MC:213, 214); cf. PM:357 note 18, where a reference is made to the Eldarin interrogative element ma, man). However, man is translated "what" in LR:59: man-ië? "what is it?" (LR:59; the stative-verb suffix -ië_ is hardly valid in LotR-style Quenya) _Either Tolkien later adjusted the meaning of the word, or man covers both "who" and "what". Cf. also mana, manen.
men
who
men (3) pron. "who", evidently a misreading or miswriting for man (MC:221, in Markirya)
mori-
dark, black
mori- "dark, black" in a number of compounds (independent form morë, q.v.):Morimando "Dark Mando" = Mandos (MBAD, VT45:33), morimaitë "black-handed" (LotR3:VI ch. 6, VT49:42). Moriquendi "Dark Elves" (SA:mor, WJ:361, 373), Moringotto "Black Foe", Sindarin Morgoth, later name of Melkor. The oldest form is said to have been Moriñgotho (MR:194). In late material, Tolkien is seen to consider both Moringotto and Moricotto _("k") _as the Quenya form of the name Morgoth (VT49:24-25; Moricotto also appears in the ablative, Moricottollo). Morion "the dark one", a title of Morgoth (FS). Morifinwë "dark Finwë", masc. name; he was called Caranthir in Sindarin (short Quenya name Moryo). (PM:353) In the name Morinehtar, translated "Darkness-slayer", the initial element is defined would thus seem to signify "darkness" rather than "dark" as an adjective (see mórë). (PM:384, 385)
morna
dark, black
morna adj. "dark, black" (Letters:282, LT1:261; also used of black hair, PE17:154), or "gloomy, sombre" (MOR). Used as noun in the phrase mi…morna of someone clad "in…black" (PE17:71). In tumbalemorna (Letters:282), q.v. Pl. mornë in Markirya**(the first version of this poem had "green rocks", MC:215, changed to ondolisse mornë** "upon dark rocks" in the final version; see MC:220, note 8).
mëoi
cat
mëoi noun "cat", a somewhat strange word by the standards of Tolkien's later Quenya (there are no other instances of final -oi in the singular). Some would read *mëo, if the word is to be used in LotR-style Quenya. Vardo Mëoita "Prince of Cats"; mëoita here seems to be a kind of adjective rather than a genitive (LT2:348). Tolkiens later, less problematic word yaulë may be preferred by writers (PE16:132)
móri
dark
móri adj. "dark" (MC:221; this is "Qenya"; in Tolkien's later Quenya mórë, morë)
na
to be
na (1) form of the verb "to be", evidently the imperative (or subjunctive): Tolkien stated that na airë would mean "be holy" (VT43:14), and san na (q.v.) must mean "thus be" = "let it be so"; see ná #1 Cf. also the sentence alcar mi tarmenel na Erun "glory in high heaven be to God" (VT44:32/34). Inserted in front of a verb, na expresses a wish: aranielya na tuluva "may thy kingdom come" (ibid).
ne
that
ne (2) conj. "that" (as in "I know that you are here") (PE14:54), evidently replaced by i in Tolkiens later Quenya (see i #3).
pol
large, big (strong)
pol (2) adj. "large, big (strong)". Since this would be the sole example of a monosyllabic Quenya adjective, it may be that Tolkien is here citing the root POL rather than a complete word. Cf. polda.
ringa
cold
ringa adj. "cold" (Markirya); the Etymologies gives ringë (RINGI), but it seems that ringa is to be preferred (cf. Ringarë below). Yá hrívë tenë, ringa ná "when winter comes, it is cold" (VT49:23). According to VT46:11, Tolkien originally used the form ringa in Etym as well; later he would restore it. - In early "Qenya", ringa is glossed "damp, cold, chilly" (LT1:265)
se
at, in
se (2), also long sé, preposition "at, in" (VT43:30; compare the "locative prefix" se- possibly occurring in an early "Qenya" text, VT27:25)
sercë
blood
sercë ("k")noun "blood" _(SA:sereg, PE17:184; the Etymologies gives _yár as the Quenya word for "blood")
ta
there
ta (5) adv. "there" (VT49:33; this may be an Elvish root or "element" rather than a Quenya word; see tanomë; see however also tar, tara, tanna under ta #1).
taracu-
ox
taracu- ("k") noun "ox" (LT2:347, GL:69). Tolkien apparently invented the word mundo for his later form of Quenya.
ve
as, like
ve (1) prep. "as, like" (Nam, RGEO:66, Markirya, MC:213, 214, VT27:20, 27, VT49:22); in Narqelion ve may mean either "in" or "as". Ve fírimor quetir *"as mortals say" (VT49:10), ve senwa (or senya) "as usual" (VT49:10). Followed by genitive, ve apparently expresses "after the manner of": ve quenderinwë coaron ("k") "after the manner of bodies of Elven-kind" (PE17:174). Tolkien variously derived Quenya ve from older wē, bē or vai(VT49:10, 32, PE17:189)
velicë
great
velicë ("k") adj. "great" _(LT1:254; probably not valid in Tolkien's later Quenya; in the context of the Etymologies it would have to be derived from _BEL, but it is stated that this stem was "not found in Q". Perhaps Tolkien rejected velicë because it was too similar to the Russian word that clearly inspired it.)
yelwa
cold
yelwa (2) adj. "cold" (LT1:260 this "Qenya" word is apparently obsoleted by # 1 above. In LotR-style Quenya, the regular term for "cold" seems to be ringa.)
yo
and
yo conj. "and", "often used between _two _items (of any part of speech) that were by nature or custom clearly associated, like the names of spouses (Manwë yo Varda), or "sword and sheath" (*macil yo vainë*), "bow and arrows" (quinga yo pilindi), or groups like "Elves and Men" (Eldar yo Fírimor but contrast eldain a fírimoin [dative forms] in FS, where Tolkien joins the words with a, seemingly simply a variant of the common conjunction ar). In one source, yo is apparently a preposition "with" (yo hildinyar* = "with my heirs", SD:56).
yána
vast, huge; wide
yána (1) adj. "vast, huge; wide" (PE17:99, 115); also yanda, q.v.
yána
holy place, fane, sanctuary
yána (2) noun "holy place, fane, sanctuary" (YAN). Compare ainas in a post-LotR source.
yár
blood
yár (yar-, as in dat.sg. yaren) noun "blood"_ (YAR; the Silmarillion appendix gives _sercë instead. According to VT46:22, Tolkien introduced yór_ as a replacement form in the Etymologies itself.)_
yáva
yáva
yáva, yava see yávë
yávan
harvest, autumn
yávan noun "harvest, autumn" (LT1:273; in LotR-style Quenya yávië)
yávië
autumn
yávië noun "autumn" (SA:yávë); "autumn, harvest", in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 54 days, but also used without any exact definition (Appendix D). Noun yáviérë *"Autumn-day", a day outside the months in the Steward's Reckoning, inserted between Yavannië and Narquelië (September and October) (Appendix D)
yávë
fruit
yávë noun "fruit" (YAB), cf. Yavanna. Early "Qenya" has yáva (LT1:273); the form yava turns up even in later material (VT43:31)
yáwë
ravine, cleft, gulf
yáwë noun "ravine, cleft, gulf" (YAG; according to VT46:22, the last gloss should perhaps be read as "gully" instead)
írë
when
írë (2) conj. "when" (subordinate conjunction, not question-word: írë Anarinya queluva, "when my sun faileth") (FS). Compare yá #2.
corma
noun. ring
A word for “ring” appearing as an element in Q. Cormacolindor “Ring-bearers” (LotR/953), clearly derived from the root √KOR “round”. It also appeared in a translation of the title of The Lord of the Rings that Tolkien included in a 1973 letter to Phillip Brown: i Túrin i Cormaron.
Conceptual Development: Another translation of “Lord of the Rings” is known from an exhibit of Tolkien manuscripts: Heru imillion, where presumably the element millë means “ring” (DTS/54). In a deleted entry from The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien had ᴹQ. kolma “ring ([?on] finger)” [or possibly “or finger”] derived from a deleted root ᴹ√KOL (EtyAC/KOL).
hen
noun. eye
The Quenya word for “eye”, derived from the root √KHEN for eye-words (PE17/187; Ety/KHEN-D-E) and with stem-form hend- given its dual hendu (WJ/337).
Conceptual Development: This word first appeared as ᴱQ. hen in The Qenya Phonology of the 1910s, derived from primitive ᴱ✶þχe-ndǝ and appearing beside ᴱQ. sé “eye, pupil” < ᴱ✶þeχē (PE12/21). Hen (hend-) “eye” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon though it was marked “†” for archaic (QL/40), and ᴱQ. hend- also appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon as the cognate of G. hen “eye” (GL/48). ᴱQ. hen appeared regularly in documents from the 1920s (PE13/147; PE14/43, 76; PE16/136), although in the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s ᴱQ. sinda was given as the cognate of ᴱN. hen(n) “eye” (PE13/122). The form ᴱQ. sinda seems to have been a transient idea.
A lengthy declension of ᴹQ. hen “eye” appeared in documents from the early 1930s (PE21/52) and in The Etymologies of the 1930s it was based on a new the root ᴹ√KHEN-D-E “eye” (Ety/KHEN-D-E). In both these documents, inflected forms indicate a stem form of hend-. Thus this word and its stem were quite stable in Tolkien’s mind, though he did alter its root from early ᴱ√SEHE [ÞEHE] to later √KHEN.
röa
noun. dog
A word for “dog” appearing in 1968 notes on monosyllabic primitive Elvish nouns (VT47/35). Of the primitive forms, Tolkien first gave ✶wā(w) “dog” and ✶grā “bear”, but ✶wā(w) was struck through and the gloss of ✶grā was changed to “dog”, after which Tolkien wrote Q. roa “dog” (VT47/36). He seems to have been disatisfied with this derivation, however, going on to write a number of primitive animal roots in the upper margin, including ✶yarr- “dog”.
Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. roa “a wild beast” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from primitive ᴱ✶raw̯a under the early root ᴱ√RAVA or ᴱ√RAẆA (QL/79).
Neo-Quenya: Giving Tolkien’s vacillations on these 1968 forms, I’d stick to the better known ᴹQ. huo as the common word for “dog” in (Neo) Quenya, which is the word used in Helge Fauskanger’s NQNT (NQNT).
seldë
noun. daughter, daughter; [ᴹQ.] child [f.], *girl
This seems to be the word that Tolkien favored for “daughter” in his later writings (PE17/170; VT47/10; PE19/73), though it had competition from other forms like Q. yeldë.
Conceptual Development: The earliest word resembling this form was ᴱQ. sui “daughter” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SUẈU (QL/87), a word also mentioned in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/87). This became ᴱQ. silde “daughter” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/135).
In The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien experimented with several different forms. He had ᴹQ. yelde “daughter” under the root ᴹ√YEL, but this entry was deleted (Ety/YEL). Tolkien also had a root ᴹ√SEL(D) “daughter” with a derivative ᴹQ. selde, but the meaning of this root was changed to “child”, and masculine and neuter forms ᴹQ. seldo and ᴹQ. selda were added to the entry (Ety/SEL-D). Finally, under the entry for ᴹ√YŌ or YON “son”, Tolkien added a primitive feminine variant ᴹ✶yēn or yend “daughter”, producing ᴹQ. yende and (suffixal?) yen (Ety/YŌ).
These vacillations continued in later writings, where at one point Tolkien wrote “Q[uenya] Wanted: Son, Daughter” (PE17/170). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 Tolkien wrote Q. sel-de for “daughter”, but above it he wrote a variant form anel. In rough notes from around 1959 Tolkien explored a large number of masculine and feminine suffixes, and on the page he had yeldë “daughter”, though at the end of the sentence he wrote “also yen” (PE17/190). In notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s, Tolkien wrote selyë as a diminutive/affectionate word for “daughter”, with seltil as a play name for the fourth finger representing a daughter (VT47/10, 27).
Also of note is Tolkien’s Quenya name for S. Tinúviel “Daughter of Twilight”, which he generally represented as something like Q. Tindómerel < ✶Tindōmiselde. Tolkien was fairly consistent in this Quenya form starting in the 1930s (Ety/SEL-D; PE19/33), with examples in the 1950s (PE19/73) and 1960s (VT47/37) as well. Indeed, in a couple cases he used this name to illustrate how medial s generally became z and eventually r in Quenya (PE19/33, 73), so it seems that for this name Tolkien consistently imagined the primitive form for “daughter” as ✶selde.
Neo-Quenya: I’d assume selde is the main word for “daughter” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, but I’d assume a variant form yeldë, especially since -iel was the most common suffix for “daughter of”. This variant probably arose very early under the influence of √YON “son”.
sercë
noun. blood
yeldë
noun. daughter
A less common Quenya word for “daughter”, an analog of Q. yondo “son”.
Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien had ᴹQ. yelde “daughter” under the root ᴹ√YEL of the same meaning, but the meaning of the root was first changed to “friend”, and then the root was then deleted (Ety/YEL). Meanwhile, under the root ᴹ√YŌ or YON, Tolkien introduced a feminine variant ᴹQ. yende “daughter” along with (suffixal?) yen, derived from primitive ᴹ√yēn or yend (Ety/YŌ). Previously this yende/yendi form was a feminine agent, but Tolkien rejected that meaning (EtyAC/ƷAN).
In between yelde >> yende for “daughter” in The Etymologies, Tolkien considered using the form ᴹQ. selde, and in later writings this seems to be his preferred Quenya word for “daughter”. However, yeldë “daughter” was mentioned again briefly in rough notes from around 1959 (PE17/190), and -iel remained Tolkien’s preferred suffix for “daughter of”.
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I recommend seldë as the more common word for “daughter”, but assume yeldë also exists as variant due to the influence of yondo “son”; see the entries on seldë and the root √YE(L) for further discussion.
yáranoldorin
proper name. Ancient Noldorin
yávien
feminine name. Yávien
-ien
daughter
-ien fem. ending in certain names like Yávien, Silmarien (q.v.) At one point -ien implied "daughter", see -iel above.
Yávien
fruit
Yávien fem. name, apparently yávë "fruit" + the feminine ending -ien.
ainas
hallow, a fane
ainas noun "a hallow, a fane", perhaps with stem ainass- (PE17:149). Compare yána #2.
anyára
anyára
#anyára (attested with dative ending: anyáran), see an-, yára
enderi
middle-days
enderi noun "middle-days" (sg. *enderë), in the calendar of Imladris three days inserted between the months (or seasons) yávië and quellë (Appendix D)
hrívë
winter
hrívë noun "winter", in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 72 days, but also used without any exact definition (Appendix D). Yá hrívë tenë, ringa ná "when winter comes (arrives, is with us), it is cold" (VT49:23; Tolkien changed tenë to menë, p. 24). The word Hrívion, heading a section of the poem The Trees of Kortirion that has to do with the "fading time", would seem to be related (LT1:42)
yór
blood
yór noun "blood"; see yár (VT46:22)
ar
conjunction. and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but
ye
pronoun. who
yára
adjective. old, ancient, old, ancient, [ᴹQ.] belonging to or descending from former times
Yávien
Yávien
Her name means "She of the Autumn" in Quenya (from yávië = "autumn" and -ien = feminine suffix).
cermië
noun. harvest
yávelóra
adjective. fruitless
yávinqua
adjective. fruitful
aista
adjective. *holy
hrívë
noun. winter
man
pronoun. who, who; [ᴹQ.] what
ringa
adjective. cold, cold, [ᴱQ.] chilly; damp
tul-
verb. to come, to come, [ᴱQ.] move (intr.); to bring, carry, fetch; to produce, bear fruit
yána
adjective. wide, vast, huge
naico
noun. goat
yácina
adjective. sacrificed
-iel
daughter
-iel patronymic/matronymic ending -"daughter" (YEL, VT46:22-23) In the Etymologies, Tolkien struck out this ending and the corresponding independent word yeldë "daughter", changing them to -ien, yendë. However, the ending -iel later turns up in later forms: Uinéniel "Daughter of Uinen" in UT:182 and Elerondiel "daughter of Elrond" (Elerondo) in PE17:56. Hence it would seem that Tolkien changed his mind again and restored this ending, and perhaps the noun yeldë along with it. The form Elerondiel (from Elerondo) demonstrates that a final vowel is omitted before -iel.
-vë
as, like
-vë, (3) apparently an ending used to derive adverbs from adjectives (see andavë under anda and oiavë under oia). May be related to the preposition ve "as, like".
-úmë
large
-úmë (3) suffix "large" (of quantity)", as in liyúmë "host" (VT48:32)
Endien
autumn
Endien noun, alternative term for "autumn" (PM:135). In the Etymologies, the word Endien was assigned a quite different meaning: "Midyear, Midyear week", in the calendar of Valinor a week outside the months, between the sixth and seventh months, dedicated to the Trees; also called Aldalemnar (YEN, LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK)
Naira
vast, wide, empty
naira (2) adj. "vast, wide, empty" (PE17:27)
acas
neck
acas ("k") noun "neck" (the bony part of the neck, not including throat), pl. axi ("ks") (and so perhaps general stem-form ax-). Also sg. axë (said to be a "later" form apparently replacing acas). The word is also used geographically of rock ridges. (PE17:92)
airita-
hallow
#airita- vb. "hallow" (only pa.t. airitánë is attested) (VT32:7)
alat-
large, great in size
alat- prefix "large, great in size". (ÁLAT, cf. VT45:5). In Alatairë.
alta
large, great in size
alta (1) adj. *"large, great in size" (root meaning)(ÁLAT). Alat- in Alatairë, q.v.
anel
daughter
anel noun "daughter" (PE17:170), possibly intended by Tolkien as a replacement for seldë (q.v.). Compare anon.
anga
iron
anga noun "iron", also name of tengwa #7 (ANGĀ, Appendix E, SA, PM:347, LT1:249, 268). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, anga was the name of letter #19, which tengwa Tolkien would later call noldo instead (VT45:6). Masc. names Angamaitë "Iron-handed" (Letters:347), Angaráto "Iron-champion", Sindarin Angrod(SA:ar(a) ). See also Angamando, tornanga and cf. Angainor as the name of the chain with which Melkor was bound (Silm)
ar
and
o (1) conj. "and", occurring solely in SD:246; all other sources give ar.
arë
and
arë conj. "and", longer form of ar, q.v. (VT43:31)
au
away
au (2) adv. "away", of position rather than movement (compare oa). PE17:148
axë
neck
axë ("ks")noun "neck" (the bony part of the neck, not including throat), pl. axi given. Also sg. acas (the alternative form axë is said to be "later" and seems to be an analogical back-formation from the pl. axi). The word is also used geographically of rock ridges. (PE17:92)
az
and
az, archaic form of the conjunction ar "and"; see ar #1.
en
there, look! yon (yonder)
en (1) interjection "there, look! yon (yonder)" (EN, VT45:12)
fásë
gap, gulf
fásë noun "gap, gulf" (GL:36)
helcë
ice
helcë ("k") noun "ice" (KHELEK, LT1:254)
hen
eye
hen (hend-, as in pl. hendi) noun "eye" (KHEN-D-E); possibly dual #hendu in hendumaica, q.v. Noun henfanwa "eye-screen, veil upon eyes" (PE17:176), adj. henulca "evileyed" (SD:68; cf. ulca).
hróva
dark, dark brown
hróva adj. "dark, dark brown", used to refer to hair (PE17:154)
huo
dog
huo noun "dog" (KHUG, see KHUGAN; cf. hú, huan). Also roa.
hó-
away, from, from among
hó- verbal prefix; "away, from, from among", the point of view being outside the thing, place, or group in thought (WJ:368)
landa
wide
landa (2) adj. "wide" (LAD). Maybe in landatavárë = *"wide-wood"? (TI:415)
linyenwa
old, having many years
linyenwa adj. "old, having many years" (YEN)
lumbë
gloom, shadow
lumbë noun "gloom, shadow" (LUM)
lóna
dark
?lóna (4) adj. "dark" (DO3/DŌ). If this is to be the cognate of "Noldorin"/Sindarin dûr, as the context seems to indicate, lóna is likely a misreading for *lóra in Tolkien's manuscript.
lúrëa
dark, overcast
lúrëa adj. "dark, overcast" (LT1:259)
nalmë
clamour
[nalmë] (2) ("ñ")noun "clamour" (ÑGAL/ÑGALAM)
napan-
add
napan- vb. "add" (PE17:146)
nerdo
large, strong man
nerdo noun "large, strong man" (compare nér) (VT47:33)
nulla
dark, dusky, obscure
nulla adj. "dark, dusky, obscure" (NDUL), "secret" (DUL). See also VT45:11.
núla
dark, occult, mysterious
núla ("ñ")adj. "dark, occult, mysterious" (PE17:125)
palla
wide, expansive
palla adj. "wide, expansive" (PAL)
panda
enclosure
panda noun "enclosure" (PAD)
rama-
to shout
rama- vb. "to shout" (LT1:259)
rambë
shout
rambë noun "a shout" (LT1:259)
ringë
cold
ringë adj. "cold", also ringa (which form is to be preferred; cf. Ringarë in LotR). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, ringë is also given as a noun "cold pool or lake (in mountains)", but according to VT46:11 this noun should read ringwë. (RINGI)
risil
ring
*risil (þ) noun "ring" (on the ground) in Rithil-Anamo, q.v.
roa
dog
roa noun "dog" (VT47:35). Also huo.
sanomë
there
sanomë adv. "there" (PE17:71). Cf. sinomë, tanomë.
savin elessar ar <u>i</u> nánë aran ondórëo
that
i (3) conj. "that". Savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo "I believe that Elessar really existed and that [he] was a king of Gondor" (VT49:27), savin…i E[lesarno] quetië naitë *"I believe that Elessars speaking [is] true" (VT49:28) Also cf. nai, nái "be it that" (see nai #1), which may seem to incorporate this conjunction.
selyë
daughter
[selyë noun "daughter", used in children's play for "fourth finger" or "fourth toe" _(VT47:10, 15, VT48:4) _It is unclear whether it was the word selyë "daughter" itself that was rejected, or just its use as a play-name of a digit. Compare yeldë, yendë.]
sívë
as
sívë (1) prep. "as", apparently ve of similar meaning with the prefix sí- "this, here, now"; sívë therefore makes a comparison with something close, whereas tambë (q.v.) refers to something remote. Sívë...tambë "as...so" (VT43:17). Elided sív' in VT43:12, since the next word begins in the vowel e-.
ta
that, it
ta (1) pron. "that, it" (TA); compare antaróta** "he gave it" (FS); see anta-. The forms tar/tara/tanna "thither", talo/tó "thence" and tás/tassë* "there" are originally inflected forms of this pronoun: "to that", "from that" and "in that" (place), respectively. Compare "there" as one gloss of ta (see #4).
ta
so, like that, also
ta (2) adv. "so, like that, also", e.g. ta mára "so good" (VT49:12)
tambë
so
tambë prep. (1) "so" or "as" (referring to something remote; contrast sívë). Sívë...tambë "as...so" (VT43:17).
tana
that
tana (1) demonstrative "that" (said to be "anaphoric") (TA). According to VT49:11, tana is the adjective corresponding to ta, "that" as a pronoun.
tarwa
garden, enclosure
tarwa noun "garden, enclosure" (QL:87)
tassë
there
tassë adv. "there" (VT49:11), short form tás. These seem to be properly locative forms of ta "that, it", hence "in that [place]". Compare allative tanna "thither" and ablative talo "thence".
ter
so
ter (2), also tér, prep. (?) ephemeral word for "so" (see ier), abandoned by Tolkien in favour of tambë (VT43:17)
tás
there
tás adv. "there" (VT49:11); also tassë, q.v.
ván
goose
ván noun "goose"; pl. váni given (WA-N). Older wán.
wán
goose
wán > ván noun "goose" (WA-N).
ye
as
[ye (3), also yé, prep. "as" (VT43:16, struck out; in the text in question Tolkien finally settled on sívë, q.v.)]
yeldë
daughter
yeldë noun "daughter" (YEL) This word was struck out in Etym, but it may have been restored together with the ending -iel, q.v.
yen
daughter
yen, yendë noun "daughter" (YŌ/YON). This word replaced another form, but this form may have been restored; see yeldë. In VT45:16, yendë is said to refer to a female "agent", a word changed by Tolkien from yendi, but Tolkien deleted all of this.
yerna
old, worn
yerna adj. "old, worn" (GYER)
yonda
wide, roomy, extensive
yonda adj."wide, roomy, extensive" (PE17:43), also (as alternative form of yonna) glossed "enclosed", with the latter meaning perhaps intended as the passive participle of the verb yor-
úra
large
úra (2) adj. "large" (UR), probably obsoleted by #1 above
(a)taryo
noun. daddy
Yára-noldorin
noun. Old Noldorin
Old Noldorin
Yára-telerin
noun. Old Telerin
Old Telerin (of the days of Bliss)
Yáranoldorin
noun. Ancient Noldorin
Ancient Noldorin
acas
noun. neck
anel
noun. daughter
A transient word for “daughter” in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957, written of above the more common sel-de (PE17/170).
anga
noun. iron
axo
noun. neck
ea-
verb. be, exist
enderi
collective name. middle-days
The name used for leap-days added to the various calendar systems of Middle-earth (LotR/1108, 1112). It is a compound of endë “middle” and the suffixal form -re of ré “day”: ✱enderë “middle-day” pluralized to enderi.
Conceptual Development: In the 1st edition of The Lord of the Rings, a similar term atendëa was used.
enwina
adjective. old
hríve
noun. winter
i
pronoun. that
i, antevokaliskt in
conjunction. that
ier
preposition. *as
lenna-
verb. to come, to come; [ᴹQ.] to go, depart
mallo
interrogative. whence
mondo
noun. ox
morĭ
adjective. dark
PQ. dark
niquë
noun. cold, cold; [ᴹQ.] snow
sa
conjunction. that
sana
that
sanomë
adverb. there
sívë
preposition. *as
tana
that
tasse
there
tassë
adverb. there
tás
adverb. there
ulca
adjective. dark
dark, gloomy, sinister
yá hríve menë, ringa ná
when winter comes/arrives/is with us, it is cold
yáva
noun. *fruit
yáviérë
noun. *autumn-day
í(qua), illume, iquallume
conjunction. when, whenever
axë
noun. steel
hollë
noun. shout
malumë
adverb. when
manwa
adjective. whose
mava
adverb. whose
miura
noun. cat
miuro
noun. cat
miurë
noun. cat
yáraquetta
noun. archaism, archaic word
@@@ from Discord discussion 02/25/2022
ya (2) or yan, prep. "as" (VT43:16, probably abandoned in favour of sívë)