ana

to

ana (1) prep. "to" (VT49:35), "as preposition _ana _is used when purely _dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that the preposition ana can be used instead of the dative ending -n (#1, q.v.) Also as prefix: ana- "to, towards" (NĀ1); an (q.v.) is used with this meaning in one source (PE17:127)_

ana

give!

ana (2) vb., apparently the imperative "give!", but Tolkien rewrote the text in question (VT44:13). See anta #1.

ana

to (of movement that reached its object)

ana-

prefix. to, towards

Derivations

• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• Q. arcandë “petition” ✧ VT44/08 (anarcandemman*)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√AN/NĀ > ana-	[ana-]	✧ PE17/147

Variations

• ana- ✧ PE17/147 (ana-)
• an- ✧ VT44/08 (an-)

ana-

prefix. plu-

an

for

an (1) _conj. and prep. _"for" (Nam, RGEO:66), an cé mo quernë… "for if one turned…" (VT49:8), also used adverbially in the formula an + a noun to express "one more" (of the thing concerned: an quetta "a word more", PE17:91). The an of the phrase es sorni heruion an! "the Eagles of the Lords are at hand" (SD:290) however seems to denote motion towards (the speaker): the Eagles are coming. Etym has an, ana "to, towards" (NĀ1). The phrase an i falmalī _(PE17:127) is not clearly translated but seems to be a paraphrase of the word falmalinnar "upon the foaming waves" (Nam)_, suggesting that an can be used as a paraphrase of the allative ending (and if falmalī is seen as a Book Quenya accusative form because of the long final vowel, this is evidence that an governs the accusative case). In the "Arctic" sentence, an is translated "until". Regarding an as used in Namárië, various sources indicate that it means an "moreover, further(more), to proceed" (VT49:18-19) or ("properly") "further, plus, in addition" (PE17:69, 90). According to one late source (ca. 1966 or later), an "is very frequently used after a full stop, when an account or description is confirmed after a pause. So in Galadriels Elvish lament […]: An sí Tintallë, etc. [= For now the Kindler, etc…] This is translated by me for, side an is (as here) often in fact used when the additional matter provides an explanation of or reason for what has already been said". Related is the use of an + noun to express "one more"; here an is presumably accented, something the word would not normally be when used as a conjunction or preposition.

na

to, towards

na (2) prep. "to, towards", possibly obsoleted by #1 above; for clarity writers may use the synonym ana instead (NĀ1). Originally, Tolkien glossed na as "at, by, near"; the new meaning entered together with the synonyms an, ana (VT45:36).

na

preposition. to, towards

@@@ fix weird cognate bug

an(a)

preposition. to, towards, to a point near, alongside, to, towards, to a point near, alongside; [ᴱQ.] until

Derivations

• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146; PE21/79

Element in

• Q. an i falmalī “*on the foaming waves” ✧ PE17/127

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ANA/NĀ > ana	[ana]	✧ PE17/146
√ANA/NA > na	[ana]	✧ PE21/79

Variations

• an ✧ PE17/127
• ana ✧ PE17/147; VT49/35
• na ✧ PE21/79

anta-

give

anta- (1) vb. "give" (ANA1, MC:215, 221), pa.t. antanë (antanen "I gave", VT49:14) or †ánë, perfect ánië (PE17:147, cf. QL:31). According to VT49:14, Tolkien noted that anta- was sometimes often with an "ironic tone" to refer to missiles, so that antanen hatal sena "I gave him a spear (as a present)" was often used with the real sense of "I cast a spear at him". Usually the recipient of the thing given is mentioned in the dative or allative case (like sena in this example), but there is also a construction similar to English "present someone with something" in which the recipient is the object and the gift appears in the instrumental case: antanenyes parmanen, "I presented him with a book" (PE17:91). The verb occurs several times in FS: antalto"they gave"; strangely, no past tense marker seems to be present (see -lto for the ending); antar a pl. verb translated "they gave", though in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the present tense "give" (pl.); antaróta "he gave it" (anta-ró-ta "gave-he-it"), another verb occurring in Fíriel's Song, once again with no past tense marker. Also antáva "will give", future tense of anta- "give"; read perhaps *antuva in LotR-style Quenya; similarly antaváro* "he will give" (LR:63) might later have appeared as antuvas (with the ending -s rather than "Qenya" -ro for "he"). Antalë imperative "give thou" (VT43:17), sc. anta "give" + the element le "thou", but this was a form Tolkien abandoned. Apparently ana** was at one point considered as another imperative "give", but Tolkien rewrote the text in question (VT44:13), and the normal patterns would suggest *á anta with an independent imperative particle.

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Changes

• an- → an ✧ PE17/090

Cognates

• S. an- “intensive prefix”

Derivations

• ✶andā “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
  • √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/090
• ✶am- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092
  • √AMA “addition, increase, plus”
• √AMA “addition, increase, plus” ✧ PE17/091
• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146; PE21/79

Element in

• ᴺQ. amyára “elder”
• Q. Anairë “*Holiest”
• Q. Ancalimë “*Brightest (f.)”
• Q. Ancalimon “*Brightest (m.)”
• ᴺQ. anyára “elder, *senior”
• Q. unqualë “death agony, death agony, torment, [ᴹQ.] agony, death” ✧ PE19/078

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶and(a) > an-	[an-]	✧ PE17/090
✶and(a) > anda-	[anda-]	✧ PE17/090
✶am > an	[am-]	✧ PE17/090
√AMA > ama	[ama-]	✧ PE17/091
✶am > an	[am-]	✧ PE17/092
√ANA/NĀ > an-	[an-]	✧ PE17/146
√ANA/NA > an-	[an-]	✧ PE21/79

Variations

• an ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057; PE17/090; PE17/092; PE17/092
• ana ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057
• ana- ✧ PE17/056
• añ- ✧ PE17/090
• am ✧ PE17/090; PE17/091 (am)
• anda- ✧ PE17/090
• ama ✧ PE17/091 (ama)
• ama- ✧ PE17/092

na-

prefix. plu-

Derivations

• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146

Element in

• ᴺQ. namoia- “to work (hard) for; to earn”
• Q. napan- “to add” ✧ PE17/146

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ANA/NĀ > na-	[na-]	✧ PE17/146

Variations

• ana ✧ PE17/146
• na- ✧ PE17/146

-nna

to

-n (1) dative ending, originating as a reduced form of -nă "to", related to the allative ending -nna (VT49:14). Attested in nin, men, ten, enyalien, Erun, airefëan, tárin, yondon (q.v.) and also added to the English name Elaine (Elainen) in a book dedication to Elaine Griffiths (VT49:40). The longer dative ending -na is also attested in connection with some pronouns, such as sena, téna, véna (q.v.), also in the noun mariéna from márië "goodness" (PE17:59). Pl. -in (as in hínin, see hína), partitive pl. -lin, dual -nt (Plotz). The preposition ana (#1) is said to be used "when purely dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that it can replace the dative ending, e.g. *ana Eru instead of Erun for "to God". In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the ending -n (or -en) expressed genitive rather than dative, but he later decided that the genitive ending was to be -o (cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren becoming Yénië Valinórëo, MR:200).

-nna

to, at, upon

-nna "to, at, upon", allative ending, originating from -na "to" with fortified n, VT49:14. Attested in cilyanna, coraryanna, Endorenna, Elendilenna, númenórenna, parma-restalyanna, rénna, senna, tielyanna, q.v. If a noun ends in -n already, the ending -nna merges with it, as in Amanna, formenna, Elenna, númenna, rómenna as the allative forms of Aman, formen, elen, númen, rómen (q.v.). Plural -nnar in mannar, valannar, q.v.

am(a)-

prefix. intensive prefix

ea

verb. be

be

ten

for

ten (2) conj. "for", in Fíriel's Song; apparently replaced by an in LotR-style Quenya.

ana-

prefix. to, towards

Derivations

• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus”

Element in

• ᴺQ. analelya- “to approach”
• ᴺQ. anasirë “tributary”

candóla

noun. crown of head

Elements

Word	Gloss
cas	“head, head, [ᴱQ.] top, summit”
nóla	“round head, knoll, round hilltop; summit, round head, knoll, round hilltop; summit, [ᴱQ.] top (only used of mountains etc.); crown of head”

an

preposition. to, towards, for

With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath

an

to

_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath  'glory to all the Halflings'.

na

to

e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2

na

preposition. to

prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Cognates

• Q. an- “intensive prefix”

Element in

• S. Anfauglith “Gasping Dust” ✧ SA/faug
• S. einior “elder”

na-

verb. to be

aned

give

anno

verb. give!

no

verb. be!

anna

give

anna- (i anna, in annar), pa.t. ?aun (with endings one-)

anna

give

(i anna, in annar), pa.t. ?aun (with endings one-)

an

for

(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni ”for the” (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

for

(adverbial prefix) an-

an

for

(+ nasal mutation), with article ’ni ”for the” (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

for the

(for) + i (the).

an

to

(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

to

(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)

na

be

: The verb ”to be” is poorly attested. Apparently the root is na-. The imperative is attested as no, and nad (used = ”thing”) may be seen as an original gerund *”a being”. It seems that the copula ”is, are” (and ”was, were”?) can be omitted altogether, as in the ”Noldorin” sentence lheben teil brann i annon ”five feet high [is] the door” (AI:92), in Sindarin perhaps *leben tail brand i annon.

na

be

. The imperative is attested as no, and nad (used = ”thing”) may be seen as an original gerund ✱”a being”. It seems that the copula ”is, are” (and ”was, were”?) can be omitted altogether, as in the ”Noldorin” sentence lheben teil brann i annon ”five feet high [is] the door” (AI:92), in Sindarin perhaps ✱leben tail brand i annon.

ammen

for us

(to us).

u

preposition. to

Element in

• Bs. Uglúk u bagronk sha pushdug Saruman-glob búbhosh skai “Uglúk to the cesspool, sha! the dungfilth, the great Saruman-fool, skai; Uglúk to torture chamber with stinking Saruman-filth, dung-heap, skai” ✧ LotR/0445; PE17/078; PM/083

anâ

noun. human being

A noun translated “human being” (SD/426) given as an example of a noun ending in a long vowel that (archaically) uses the declension for a strong-noun (SD/437), an example of the extremely rare class of Strong-IIb nouns. By the time of Classical Adûnaic, it could be declined as an ordinary weak-noun instead. It also had masculine and feminine variants anû “(human) man” and anî “(human) woman” (SD/434) but in ordinary speech it seems likely that more specific words would be used: narû “man, male”, zinî “female”, kali “woman”.

Variations

• anā ✧ SD/426; SD/434; SD/437; SD/438

ana

root. ANA

na/ana

root. to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus

The root √ANA was connected to “giving” and “movement toward” for much of Tolkien’s life. The root first appeared as ᴱ√ANA “give, send towards” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, and in this period was the basis for words like ᴱQ. anta-/G. antha- “give” and ᴱQ. ana “to(wards)” (QL/31; GL/19). The root reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√ANA with an inverted variant ᴹ√NĀ¹ “to, towards”; the most notable derivative of this inverted form was N. na “with, by” (Ety/ANA¹, NĀ¹). In the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa from the 1930s (TQ1), √AN was given as one of the primary examples of the inversion of roots, where √AN(A) was originally a “biconsontal root” (²√) with a vocalic beginning, and the inverted form √NA was an abnormal vocalization of the basic root (PE18/38).

This same example of inversion was used in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa from around 1950 (TQ2: PE18/88), and this invertible root appeared regularly in Tolkien’s later writings almost always with glosses like “to, towards, motion to”. There were a few instances in which Tolkien explored some alternate meanings for the root, however. In Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s Tolkien said that:

> It is true that in Q. na appears with sense “to”, but this at nearest means “towards, to a position near, alongside” ... The original sense of Eldarin ana was plainly “at side of, alongside, besides”, hence also “moreover, in addition, plus” (seen in use of an- as an intensive prefix), and so an or na in some languages has the sense “along with, with, accompanied by, provided with, associated with” and the like (PE21/79).

Likewise in Quenya Notes from 1957 (QN) Tolkien said:

> √ANA/NĀ, to, towards — added to, plu-. Quenya verbal prefix ana, na-, as in napan-, add. an­ “plu-”, intensive prefix, arcalima, preeminently bright, ancalima, very bright ... S an, dative chiefly with pronouns or persons. < ana, hence vocalic mutation, but takes form m before m, b. ✱ to, for (PE17/146-7).

In this note Tolkien went on to explore various non-allative meanings associated with the root such as the conjugation/adverb Q. an “for, then, or, but” and prepositions S. na(n) “with” vs. S. na “to, towards”, differing mainly in the mutations they cause (nasal versus soft). It seems the association of this root with both the intensive an- and words like Q. an “for; moreover” and S. na(n) “with” motivated Tolkien to find a more nuanced meaning for the root. This likewise probably motivated Tolkien to explore an alternate basis for the intensive prefix in the mid-1960s, deriving it from √AMA rather than √AN (PE17/90-94).

Neo-Eldarin: For Neo-Eldarin, I prefer to retain an- as the basis for intensives in both Quenya and Sindarin, and thus I think it is best to retain the extended meanings of √AN from the 1950s to include senses like “add to, more” and “up to the side of”, hence by extension “alongside” becoming (in S.) “with, accompanying, possessing, having the trait of” as in S. na(n) “of, with”.

Derivatives

• ✶annā “gift”
  • Q. anna “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, *present” ✧ SA/anna
  • S. ann “gift” ✧ PE17/090
• ✶antā- “to give, cause a thing/person to go to an object, send, to give, cause a thing/person to go to an object, send, [ᴹ✶] present” ✧ PE17/091; PE22/163
  • Q. anta- “to give, present; †to add to” ✧ PE17/091; PE22/163
  • Q. anna “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, *present” ✧ PE22/163
  • S. anna- “to give, †add to” ✧ PE17/093
• ✶-na “to; allative”
  • Q. -n “dative” ✧ VT49/14
  • Q. -nna “(movement) to, towards, onto, at (arriving at a point); allative suffix” ✧ PE21/79; VT49/14
• Q. an “for, but, then, or; moreover, furthermore” ✧ PE17/146
• Q. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/146; PE21/79
• Q. an(a) “to, towards, to a point near, alongside, to, towards, to a point near, alongside; [ᴱQ.] until” ✧ PE17/146; PE21/79
• ᴺQ. ana- “to, towards”
• Q. ana- “to, towards” ✧ PE17/147
• Q. ando “gate, [great] door; †entrances, approaches” ✧ PE17/040
• Q. anna “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, *present” ✧ PE17/091; PE17/146
• Q. anta- “to give, present; †to add to” ✧ PE17/146
  • Q. anna “gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, gift, (orig.) thing handed, brought or sent to a person, *present” ✧ PE22/163
• Q. anya- “to reach, go to, arrive at” ✧ PE22/157; PE22/163
• Q. na- “plu-” ✧ PE17/146
• Q. -nna “(movement) to, towards, onto, at (arriving at a point); allative suffix” ✧ PE17/146; PE17/147
• S. an “to, for, to, for; [N. and G.] of” ✧ PE17/146
• S. anna- “to give, †add to” ✧ PE17/091; PE17/146
• S. annon “(great) gate, door” ✧ PE17/040
• S. na “to, towards, at” ✧ PE17/146
• S. na(n) “of; with, along with, accompanied by, provided with or by, associated with, marked with, of; provided with or by, associated with, marked with, with, along with, accompanied by; [N.] by” ✧ PE17/082

Element in

• Q. am(be)na “nearer to” ✧ PE17/091
• Q. anta- “to give, present; †to add to”
• ᴺQ. nalanta- “to attack, (lit.) fall upon”

Variations

• ANA ✧ PE17/040; PE17/091; PE17/147
• ANA/NĀ ✧ PE17/082; PE17/145; PE17/146; PE17/147
• ANA/NA ✧ PE17/091; PE17/147; PE21/79
• AN/NĀ ✧ PE17/147 (AN/NĀ)
• NA ✧ PE17/166; PE18/085 (NA)
• NĀ ✧ PE17/166
• AN(A) ✧ PE18/085 (AN(A))
• an/na ✧ PE18/088; VT48/25
• nā̆ ✧ PE18/088
• an ✧ PE22/157
• ana/na ✧ PE22/163
• a|na ✧ PE22/168

am-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

• √AMA “addition, increase, plus”

Derivatives

• Q. amba “more” ✧ PE17/090
• Q. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092

Variations

• am ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092; PE17/092
• an- ✧ PE17/092
• añ ✧ PE17/092

eñ

root. be, exist

Throughout much of its conceptual development, Quenya had two distinct roots for the verb to be: the root √NĀ functioning mainly as a copula in “to be” expressions like Elrondo Elda ná “Elrond is an Elf” or Aracorno halla ná “Aragorn is tall”, versus a distinct root used mainly for existential statements such as Eru ëa “God exists”. The copula-root was established very early as √NĀ, but the existential-root varied considerably.

The earliest version of the existential root was ᴱ√Ō “be, exist” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/69). By the 1920s it seems this root has changed to ᴱ√Ī as it appeared in Early Qenya words lists from that period (PE16/140), and the verb for “to be” in the contemporaneous Early Qenya Grammar was ᴱQ. e- or i (PE14/51, 57).

A similar root ᴹ√YĒ or ᴹ√I appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, albeit with no derivatives (EtyAC/YE). It was most likely the basis for the so-called “stative” suffix ᴹQ. -ie seen in the contemporaneous Fíriel’s Song (LR/72). The root ᴹ√YE was also mentioned in both the first and second versions of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa from 1937 (TQ1: PE18/60) and around 1950 (TQ2: PE18/84), though in the latter it was rejected (PE18/84 note #69). This root is reflected in the use of ᴹQ. ye- in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 (PE22/107, 115, 117, 119-120), but this verb was rejected and replaced towards the end of that document by a new verb ᴹQ. ea- (PE22/122-124 and PE22/123 note #130). The rejection of ye- “to be” may be due to the introduction of Q. yén for the Elvish long year, as suggested by Christopher Gilson (PE22/86).

In QVS, the new verb ea- was derived from a primitive ✱eʒe or ✱eñe (PE22/122); the root ᴹ√EƷ “be” had already been mentioned in Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the late 1930s, indicating Tolkien had been considering this form for some time. In 1948 QVS, Tolkien said:

> The primary sense of this verb was “to exist, to have being, to be found, extant, in the real world”. But it was often weakened to the copula, in statements of identity or predication. This however in classical Quenya was limited mainly to the past and future (PE22/123).

Thus in 1948 Tolkien started the process of establishing ea- as primarily an existential verb. A few years later, Tolkien mentioned the root √EÑ “be” in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s (PE19/96) and he described √EÑ more fully in verbal notes from 1969 where he said:

> Stem of verb “exist” (have being in primary world of history) was √EŊE, distinct from √NA joining adjs./nouns/pronouns in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have a certain quality, or to be the same as another (PE22/147).

Thus the conceptual development of this root seems to have roughly been √Ō (1910s) >> √YĒ/Ī (1920s) >> √EƷ (late 1940s) >> √EÑ (early 1950s). This is an oversimplification however, in that √EƷ appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s and Tolkien may have been considering it much earlier. Furthermore, the role of √EÑ as primarily as existential root (vs. copula √NĀ) was only firmly established in Tolkien’s later writings. When the root was √YĒ/Ī in the 1920s through 1940s, it seems the verbs ᴱQ. e- and ᴹQ. ye- were used for both existential statements and as a copula, and in this period √NĀ (though mentioned) was rarely used and may have been out of favor.

Derivatives

• ✶eñ- “to exist”
  • Q. ëa- “to be, exist, to be, exist, [ᴹQ.] have being, be found extant in the real world” ✧ PE22/166; VT49/29; VT49/29
• ✶eñna
  • Q. éna “[unglossed]” ✧ PE19/097
• Q. Eä “Creation, the (Material) Universe, Cosmos, World; it is, let it be, Creation, the (Material) Universe, Cosmos, †World; it is, let it be, [ᴹQ.] all that is” ✧ PE22/147; VT49/28
• Q. ëa- “to be, exist, to be, exist, [ᴹQ.] have being, be found extant in the real world” ✧ PE22/147; VT49/28
• Q. engë “ago, in the past, ago, in the past, [ᴹQ.] once (in past), †it was” ✧ PE19/096
• Q. engwë “thing”

Variations

• EŊE ✧ PE22/147
• eŋe ✧ PE22/147; VT49/28

anna-

verb. to give

a-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

• ᴹ✶a- ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹ√A “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/N

Element in

• N. afarch “arid, very dry” ✧ EtyAC/N
• N. ongol “stench” ✧ EtyAC/N

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶a- > a	[a]	✧ EtyAC/N

Variations

• a ✧ EtyAC/N

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14