i

root. intensive prefix

i

root. that (deictic particle); [ᴱ√] here it is, root of relatives

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “that (deictic particle)” (Ety/I¹). A similar root appeared in the Qenya and Gnomish Lexicons of the 1910s glossed “here it is” (QL/41) and “root of relatives” (GL/50). Given Tolkien’s long standing use of i for both “the” and the relative pronoun “that” in all his Elvish languages, this root was established very early and remained more or less fixed throughout Tolkien’s life.

ī

article. the

ī

root. to be

ilpirin

adjective. immortal

ingwege

masculine name. Ingwe

indo-klār

masculine name. Indo-klār

imi

root. in

ini

root. INI

inik

root. *idea

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s given as ᴹ√INK and ᴹ√INIK, the latter marked with a “?” but probably representing the actual form of the root (Ety/INK). The root was unglossed, but its derivatives all seem to be related to the sense “idea” such as ᴹQ. inka “idea”, ᴹQ. intya [< inkya] “guess, supposition, idea, notion” and N. inc “guess, idea, notion” (Ety/INK; EtyAC/INK). It might be connected to the later root √IN(ID) “mind” from 1957 (PE17/155).

indise

feminine name. bride

id

root. *desire, ?thought

ing

adjective. *first

ing

root. first, foremost

ir

root. desirable, beautiful

iw

root. [unglossed], [ᴱ√] *fish

ithil

noun. moon

idrē

noun. thoughtfulness

il

root. all

imbe

root. dell, deep vale

indo

noun. mood, heart

indo-ʒlaurē

masculine name. *Heart of Gold

is

root. *know

istāyā

adjective. learned

ista-

verb. to know

ni

pronoun. I

ni-ndakubākyē, uklaina ndere

I will slay thee, wicked man

kabinjē antāsa

I can give it

ni mati-te mati-the

I eat it and that

ni mati-te

I eat it (him/her)

ni matite yu the

I eat it and that

(n)di

root. in

minitunda

noun. isolated hill, tower

mī/imi

root. in, inside

pith

root. spit

A root appearing in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s glossed “spit” with the derived verb ᴹQ. pis- of the same meaning (PE22/103). It may be a later iteration of the early primitive verb ᴱ✶pṣt- “spit”, first mentioned (unglossed) in The Qenya Phonology of the 1910s and again in Early Quenya Grammar of the 1920s as well as several Early Noldorin Word-lists from this same period (PE13/147, 163). Other earlier roots for spit include ᴱ√RETYE from Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/79), ᴱ√KEREKE from Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/27), and ᴹ√PIW from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/PIW).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would stick with the better-known root ᴹ√PIW from The Etymologies of the 1930s for verbs meaning “spit”, as it has derivatives in both Quenya and Noldorin. For nouns meaning “spit”, I personally adapt the early root ᴱ√KEREKE as a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√K(E)REK to salvage early Quenya and Gnomish words for spittle; see those entries for details.

liw

root. *fish

An unglossed root in The Etymologies of the 1930s whose derivatives had to do with fish, such as ᴹQ. lingwe and N. lhim “fish” (Ety/LIW). Q. lingwi “fish” appeared in some 1965 notes (NM/336), indicating the ongoing validity of √LIW. √LIW is probably a later iteration of ᴱ√IWI from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s that likewise was the basis for fish-words from this period, such as ᴱQ. ingwe and G. ing (QL/43; GL/51). The root ᴹ√IW also appeared in The Etymologies (EtyAC/IW), but was unglossed and had no derivatives, so it isn’t clear what Tolkien intended this root to mean in the 1930s, and it may well have been abandoned.

piw

root. spit

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “spit” with derivatives like ᴹQ. piuta- and N. puia- of the same meaning (Ety/PIW). See the entry ᴹ√PITH for a discussion of other roots of similar meaning.

sliw

root. sickly

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “sickly”, with derivatives like ᴹQ. laiwa/N. flaew “sickly, sick, ill” and ᴹQ. líve/N. fliw “sickness” (Ety/SLIW). The root was first written as ᴹ√LIW (EtyAC/LIW). It is probably a later iteration of the unglossed root ᴱ√LEẆE from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives ᴱQ. leuke “sick, ill; pallid, wan” and ᴱQ. leume “sickness” (QL/53).

winyē

noun. evening

-(i)yē

suffix. perfect suffix

lin

root. sing

liñwi

noun. fish

nid

root. hurt, injure

ril

root. glitter

slaiwā

adjective. sickly, sick, ill

wis

root. air

-b(iy)ē

suffix. -ing

-ina

suffix. adjective

-iyē

suffix. gerund, -ing

-m(iy)ē

suffix. -ing

ai

adverb. possibility

kiryā

noun. ship

vaianer

noun. sailor

tinkō

root. metal

The “root” ᴹ√TINKŌ (more likely just a primitive word) appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the gloss “metal” and derivatives like ᴹQ. tinko/N. tinc of the same meaning (Ety/TINKŌ). The reappearance of Q. tinco “metal” in The Lord of the Rings appendices (LotR/1122) strongly indicates its ongoing validity.

ᴹ√TINKŌ may have replaced the root ᴱ√SINI “pale blue” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. sink “mineral, gem, metal” and G. sinc “metal” (QL/83; GL/67); these early mineral words were originally attributed to ᴱ√SṆT͡YṆ “twinkle” before they were transferred to ᴱ√SINI, leaving only derivatives like ᴱQ. sintl “crystal” and ᴱQ. sinty- “sparkle” under ᴱ√SṆT͡YṆ (QL/85). However, in notes from the late 1960s Tolkien had primitive ✶sinki as an element ✶sinkitamo, the basis for Q. sintamo “smith” (PE17/108). Likewise there is evidence of the earlier root in Q. sinca “flint” as in Q. sincahonda “flint-hearted” (LotR/979), initially given as ᴹQ. tingahondo in Lord of the Rings drafts (SD/68).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would definitely use ✶tink- = “metal”, but I think it is worth keeping ✶sinki = “✱mineral = any inorganic solid including both stone and metal” as a variant.

(g)lingi

root. hang

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “hang” and acting as an alternate explanation of ᴹQ. Laurelin, usually interpreted as “Song of Gold” but also meaning “Hanging Flame” as reflected in its Noldorin name Glingal (Ety/GLING, LIN², LING). The continued appearance of S. Glingal in later versions of The Silmarillion indicates this root likely remained valid (S/126).

A pair of forms ᴱQ. kinka- “to hang (intr.)” and ᴱQ. kinkata- “hang (tr.)” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s imply the existence of a root ᴱ√KINIKI, which may be a precursor to ᴹ√(G)LINGI.

glindi

root. pale blue

A rejected root in The Etymologies of the 1930s for “pale blue” used in an abandoned explanation of N. Eredlindon as “Blue Mountains” (Ety/GLINDI; EtyAC/GLINDI). Later this name was S. Ered Lindon “Mountains of Lindon” (Ety/LIN²; S/123).

mit

root. small

A deleted root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “small” with various Quenya and Noldorin derivatives of similar meaning (Ety/MIT).

srip

root. scratch

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “scratch” with a single derivative N. thribi “to scratch” (Ety/SRIP).

win(i)d

root. pale blue

A rejected with roots with derivatives having to do with “blue-grey” and “fading” (Ety/WIN), perhaps replacing another rejected root ᴹ√GWINDI (EtyAC/GWINDI).

maiga

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root appearing in the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa from the 1930s (TQ1) to illustrate certain patterns of root formation (PE18/66). It may have serving as the basis for ᴹQ. Maia, though this word was given different derivations later.

skil

root. [unglossed]

A root mentioned in passing in as a variant of ᴹ√KIL “divide” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, but it had no derivatives and appeared nowhere else (Ety/KIL).

khlip

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in a rejected paragraph from the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s (PE22/112 note #78).

nis

root. woman

nī/ini

root. female

windı̯ā

adjective. pale blue

gilya

noun. star

glisi

noun. honey

khil

root. follow

khithme

noun. fog

kir

root. cleave

kiris

root. cut

k’rikta-

verb. reap

libda

noun. soap

lin

root. pool

lis

root. honey

mitra

adjective. small

neñwi

noun. nose

ringi

root. cold

rista-

verb. cut

sir

root. flow

stintā

root. short

ari

noun. day

geigolosse

place name. ever-snow

geiā

adverb. ever

kaima

noun. bed

lugni

adjective. blue

mori

adjective. black

smalinā

adjective. yellow

tainā

adjective. long

vaiā

noun. sea

waiwa

root. blow

yenrinde

noun. year

stin

root. [unglossed]

lingi

root. hang

kab-

verb. can, I can

ndak-

verb. will slay thee, I will slay, I will slay thee

a

root. intensive prefix

An “intensive” root addition described by Tolkien in The Etymologies from the 1930s (EtyAC/A). It was one of two basic intensive mechanisms, along with the (syllabic) prefixed N- (EtyAC/N). The prefixed vowel a- seems to have been used originally in Primitive Elvish when the base vowel was a, and similarly with E and I (EtyAC/E; Ety/I²); whether this was also true of the vowels o, u is unclear, as Tolkien didn’t mention them. These various vocalic intensifications were frequently accompanied by dynamic lengthening (doubling), with the example given by Tolkien being: ᴹ✶parkā “dry” → ᴹ✶apparkā “very dry, arid” (> N. afarch).

In the case of e- and i-, the examples were dero, dise → ᴹ✶Endero, ᴹ✶Indise “groom, bride”; these examples indicate that other kinds of consonant fortifications were possible, in this case nasalization of stops, which often replaced consonant-doubling for voiced stops in Primitive Elvish.

Specifically in the case of a-, however, it seems it could be used as a general intensive that “was distinct in origin, though similar in function, to the prefixed basic vowel”. Why this was true of a- alone is not clear, but there seems to have been some complex interplay between the vocalic intensives and the intensives derived from syllabic initial ṇ-, with the net result that the intensive prefix in Q. became an-, am-, añ-, depending on the initial consonant.

See the entry on the Quenya comparative for a more detailed discussion of the conceptual development of intensives in Eldarin.

es

root. indicate, name

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “indicate, name” with Quenya derivatives likes ᴹQ. esta- “to name” and ᴹQ. esse “name” (Ety/ES). Both these Quenya words appeared in Tolkien’s later writings (PE22/124; VT42/17; VT43/14; WJ/359). In addition, the verb form estathar “should be called” appeared in the King’s Letter from the late 1940s, indicated this root was used in the Noldorin/Sindarin branch of the languages as well. However, in Sindarin prayers from the 1950s, Tolkien used the word S. eneth for “name” (VT44/24), perhaps indicating the continued validity of another root for “name” in the Sindarin branch of the languages; see ᴱ√ENE for discussion.

pheg

root. inner part, pith, core; of person, (?inner spirit)

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “inner part, pith, core; of person, (?inner spirit)” with a single derivative ᴹ✶Pheganir, written below the entry for ᴹ√PHAY and probably giving an alternate etymology for the name N. Feanor (EtyAC/PHEG). The vowel in the root and the primitive form might be a instead of e. In any case, it doesn’t seem like Tolkien adopted this alternate.

ē

root. indeed

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “indeed” with a single derivative ᴹQ. é of the same meaning (EtyAC/Ē).

khelek

root. ice

-mē̆n

suffix. instrumental, with (which)

anga

root. iron

e

root. intensive prefix

erekwa

adjective. isolated

ga

pronoun. indefinite subject

n-

root. intensive

nauthe

noun. imagination

ndē̆-

prefix. in, inside

ta

pronoun. impersonal 3rd pl.; pronominal stem

tollo

noun. island

ulyā-

verb. it is raining

ñōn-

noun. idea, thought

sel(d)

root. child, child; *daughter

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s, initially glossed “daughter” but later “child” with derivatives ᴹQ. selde, ᴹQ. seldo, ᴹQ. selda = female, male and neuter “child” (Ety/SEL-D). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 Tolkien gave sel-de “daughter” (PE17/170), while S. sel(l) = “daughter” appeared in both the King’s Letter from the late 1940s (SD/129) as well as the Túrin Wrapper from the 1950s (VT50/5). The diminutive form for “daughter” appeared as Q. selyë in notes from the late 1960s (VT47/10).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I prefer √YEL for “daughter” as a variant of ᴹ√SEL(D) under the influence of √YON “son”, mostly so I can still use the 1930s “child” words for other genders, at least in the Quenya branch. I would still use Q. seldë and S. sell for “daughter”, however, with a bit of semantic drift, with “girl” words becoming Q. nettë and S. neth.

gengwa

root. sick

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “sick” with derivatives ᴹQ. engwa/N. gem “sickly” (Ety/GENG-WĀ). It was given as ᴹ√GENG-WĀ, and thus represented an extension of an otherwise unattested root ᴹ√GENG. In the entry for ᴹ√YEN from The Etymologies it appeared as ᴹ√GEM in the discussion of N. ingem “old, (lit.) year-sick” (EtyAC/YEN), but I believe this represents the Noldorin phonetic developments of the true primitive form rather than a conceptual variation. The continued appearance of Q. Engwar in The Silmarillion narratives of the 1950s and 60s hints that this root may have remained valid as well.

lop

root. horse, horse; [ᴱ√] *run (of animals), gallop, lope

This root was the basis for horse words starting with the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where it appeared unglossed as ᴱ√LOPO (QL/56). It was compared to the root ᴱ√LOQO, and these roots include the verbs ᴱQ. lopo- “gallop, run (of animals)” and ᴱQ. loqo- “run (of human beings)”, so I think it is likely those were the meanings of the roots as well (QL/56). In the Qenya Lexicon, ᴱ√LOPO had the derivatives ᴱQ. lōpa “horse or mare” and ᴱQ. lopsi “mare” (QL/56), but elsewhere in that document there was the word ᴱQ. lapatte “rabbit” < ᴱ✶lopatte, so I think that word is related as well, though Tolkien did mark the primitive form with a “?” (QL/51). The probably-related word ᴹQ. lopo “rabbit” appeared in a discussion of nouns from the early 1930s (PE21/31).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root ᴹ√LOP was glossed “horse”, and its derivatives ᴹQ. olombo and N. lobor had only that sense (EtyAC/LOP), but horse words were usually derived from ᴹ√ROK from the 1930s and later. The word Q. lopoldi “rabbits” appeared in some 1965 notes on Númenor, so It seems likely √LOP remained valid in some form. Another possibly related late word is S. ✱laba- “hop” as in S. Labadal “Hopafoot” (UT/60).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is worth retaining ᴹ√LOP with a verbal sense “✱gallop, lope”. In this way, it can remain the basis for rabbit words based on their loping run. The horse words from this root might be specialized for heavier loping horses like destriers, since ᴹQ. rokko was said to refer more specifically to a “swift horse” (EtyAC/ROK).

ne

root. *in

A rejected root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with a strengthened form ✱ndē̆ serving as the basis for the prefix in N. nestag- “insert”, possibly related to ᴹ√NED “middle” (EtyAC/NĒ̆). The strengthened form may have been replaced by the root ᴹ√(N)DI “in” (EtyAC/NDI), but in later writing ✶ndī was given the meaning “beneath, not touching, under” (PE17/95). Despite the rejection of the root, the verb N. nestag- “insert” remained unmodified under the root ᴹ√STAK (Ety/STAK), and there is further evidence for the ne- prefix in the verb N. neledh- “enter” appearing on the 1936 draft of Thror’s Map from this same time period (TAI/150).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is worth retaining this (Noldorin and Sindarin-only?) prefix ne- “in”.

sab

root. juice

This root was one of a surprisingly large number of roots Tolkien used for “juice”, appearing as ᴹ√SAB in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives ᴹQ. sáva/N. saw “juice” (Ety/SAB). It might be a variant of (hypothetical) early root ✱ᴱ√WASA needed to explain the forms G. gwâs and ᴱQ. vasa “juice” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/44). The primitive form ᴹ✶sāba also appeared in a rough 1940 note with the word N. iofog “fruit drink”, though Tolkien ultimately decided the second element was derived from ᴹ√SUK “drink” (TMME/53).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume this root refers mainly fruit juice and pulp, as opposed to syrup and tree sap which would be derived from ᴹ√PIS.

yab

root. fruit

The first appearance of this root was as unglossed ᴱ√Ẏ̯AVA in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with a Gnomish form gav- and derivatives like ᴱQ. yausta “crop” and ᴱQ. yáva “fruit, produce” (QL/105). The Gnomish form appeared as the verb G. gav- “produce, yield, bear fruit” in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon along with other derivatives like G. gaust “corn, crop (espec. of cereal)” and G. gôf “fruit” (GL/38). In the Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien specified the primitive form as √ı̯aƀa and said “note not gı̯aƀ, for cp. Ivon < ı̯ǝƀánna, Q Yavanna” (GL/38).

The root appeared as ᴹ√YAB “fruit” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. yáve “fruit” and N. iau “corn” (Ety/YAB). Tolkien’s continued use of Q. yávë for “fruit” (VT43/31) and the names Q. Yavanna/S. Ivann “Fruit-giver” (S/27; LotR/1110) indicate the ongoing validity of this root.

doʒ

root. night

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “night” that (along with ᴹ√DOM) was the basis for the ᴹQ. lóme/N. dû “night” (Ety/DOƷ). It replaced some rejected variants ᴹ√LOƷ and ᴹ√DAW (EtyAC/LOƷ). Many of the derivatives of ᴹ√DOƷ were later assigned to other roots: N. dûr “dark” became S. dûr “dark” < √NDU “under, down” in notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/152) and ᴹQ. lóna “dark” became Q. lúna (PE17/22). There are no signs of ᴹQ. ló “night” and N. daw “night-time, gloom” in Tolkien’s later writing. Future derivations of Q. lómë/S. dû only mention the root √DOM (PE17/152; PE22/153) and thus ᴹ√DOƷ may have been abandoned.

In a message to the Elfling mailing list from July 2012 (Elfling/362.96), David Salo suggested there might be a later root ✱√DU serving as the basis for Q. lúna “dark” and Q. lúmë “darkness”, though the latter might instead be from √LUM. Such a root ✱√DU is not attested in Tolkien writings, but if it existed, it could be a later iteration of ᴹ√DOƷ. Another possible example of the root ✱√DU is primitive ✶durnŭ “dark of hue”.

kap

root. leap, leap, [ᴱ√] spring

This root appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “leap” (Ety/KAP), and was simply a later iteration of ᴱ√KAPA “leap, spring” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/45). The root appeared in various other places in the 1920s (PE14/66), 30s (PE19/42) and 40s (PE22/102), always with the same meaning. The root itself did not appear in Tolkien’s later writing, but his continued use of derivatives like S. cabed “leap” (S/224) and S. cáfru “✱flea” < ✶kamprū (PE17/131) indicate its continued validity.

kum

root. void

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “void”, with derivatives like ᴹQ. kúma “void” and N. caun “empty” (Ety/KUM). It was probably also the basis of ᴹQ. kumba in ᴹQ. saurikumba in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, unglossed but probably “✱foul-bellied” (SD/86).

narta

root. kindle

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “kindle”, with derivatives ᴹQ. narta- and N. nartha- of the same meaning (EtyAC/NARTA). There is a mark above the final A that might be a partially formed macron (NARTĀ), so this “root” may just be an ordinary causative verb “✱make fire” = ᴹ√NAR + ᴹ✶-tā. The root was originally glossed “spear point, gore, triangle” with a derivative [N.] Narthas “gore”, a name that appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts but was eventually replaced by N./S. Naith “angle” (TI/244 note #50).

ndar

root. sign

A rejected root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with a single derivative: ᴹQ. narwe “sign, token”, along with an unglossed (and probably incomplete) form nar... (EtyAC/NDAR).

now

root. think, form idea, imagine

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s given as ᴹ√NOWO “think, form idea, imagine”, with derivatives like ᴹQ. nó “conception” and N. nauth “thought” (Ety/NOWO). It replaced deleted roots ᴹ√ÑŌ¹ and ᴹ√NAWA (EtyAC/ÑŌ¹, NOWO). The latter is a strong indication that its original precursor was the root ᴱ√NAVA [NAɃA] “suspect, guess, have an inkling of” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. nauma “hint, clue” and ᴱQ. nauta- “guess” (QL/64-65), as well as G. naf- “suspect, have inkling of” and G. naus “keen-witted, observant” from the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/59).

pot

root. animal’s foot

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s given as ᴹ√POTŌ “animal’s foot” with derivatives ON. poto > N. pôd of the same meaning (Ety/POTŌ).

rap

root. bind

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “bind” but without derivatives (EtyAC/RAP). The element S. raph (“?rope”) in S. Udalraph “Stirrupless” (“?without (U-) foot-rope”) might be related (UT/313).

slus

root. whisper

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with variants ᴹ√SLUS and ᴹ√SRUS; it was glossed “whisper” with derivatives like ᴹQ. lussa- “to whisper” and ᴹQ. lusse/N. thloss/floss “whispering sound” (Ety/SLUS). The only sign of ᴹ√SRUS was the variant form N. thross of N. thloss/floss.

snar

root. tie

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “tie” with derivatives ᴹQ. narda/N. nardh “knot” (Ety/SNAR).

snur

root. twist

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “twist” with derivatives N. norð “cord” and N. norn ““twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted” (Ety/SNUR).

stak

root. split, insert

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “split, insert” with derivatives like ᴹQ. sanka/N. thanc “cleft, split” and N. nestegi “insert, stick in” (Ety/STAK). S. thanc remained an element in S. Orthanc “Forked Height” (LotR/555; UT/400), indicating the ongoing validity of this root.

stan

root. fix, indicate, decide

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “fix, indicate, decide” with derivatives like ᴹQ. sanda/N. thann “firm, true, abiding” and ᴹQ. sanye “rule, law” (Ety/STAN; EtyAC/STAN).

wed

root. bind

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “bind” with derivatives like ᴹQ. vére/N. gwaedh “bond, troth, compact, oath” and ᴹQ. vesta-/N. gwesta- “swear”, though Tolkien deleted Quenya derivatives of this root beginning with ves- saying they fell out of use due to conflict with ᴹ√BES “wed” (Ety/WED). This root might be a later iteration of the hypothetical early root ✱ᴱ√FEDE indicated by words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s like G. fedhin “bound by agreement; ally, friend” and G. fedhra- “unite in a band” (GL/34), but the 1910s and 1930s forms are rather dissimilar so it is hard to say.

yel

root. friend

A new gloss for the root ᴹ√YEL “daughter”, with a new set of derivatives like ᴹQ. -iel “-friend” and ᴹQ. yelda “friendly” (Ety/YEL), but it was rejected in turn and probably replaced by ᴹ√MEL.

yes

root. desire

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “desire” with derivatives like ᴹQ. yesta- “desire” and N. iest “wish” (Ety/YES; EtyAC/YES).

ñel

root. friendship

A rejected root for “friendship” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/ÑEL), apparently replaced by ᴹ√N(D)IL.

ñgyo(n)

root. grandchild, descendant

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “grandchild, descendant” with derivatives in Quenya, Telerin and Old Noldorin of similar meaning (Ety/ÑGYŌ); it is clearly an elaboration of ᴹ√YO(N) “son”.

ndīse

noun. bride

mbar

root. dwell, inhabit

slīwē

noun. sickness

star

root. stiff

telep

root. silver

īdē

noun. heart, desire, wish

-nā

suffix. adjective

-stā

suffix. -ing

bessē

noun. wife

dagdā

noun. pit

e

pronoun. he, she, it

edenā

adjective. first

ektele

noun. spring, issue of water

et-kelē

noun. spring, issue of water

gal

root. shine

galan

root. bright

glā

noun. radiance

gor

root. violence, impetus, haste

gor

noun. vigour

gālæ

noun. light

gāsa

noun. void

hamwa

noun. chair

kal

root. shine

kalat

noun. light

kelun

noun. river

khrassē

noun. precipice

kundu

root. prince

kyelep

root. silver

k’lā

noun. light

lab

root. lick

las

root. listen

lepet

root. finger

lon

root. *island

mel

root. love (as friend)

mālō

noun. friend

nak

root. bite

nayak

root. pain

ndorē

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

ndḗro

noun. bridegroom

ndǣr

noun. bridegroom

nut-

verb. to tie, to tie, *bind

patnā

adjective. wide

peltakse

noun. pivot

rāmā

noun. wing

rāu

noun. lion

sagmā

noun. poison

sak

root. ?hurt, injury

settā

adjective. first

skala

noun. fish

span

root. white

tad

adverb. thither

talat

root. to slip or slide down, incline, slope, lean, tip, topple over

tanka

adjective. firm

tār(ō)

noun. king

wahsē

noun. stain

wen(ed)

root. maiden

wen-

noun. girl

yagwē

noun. ravine, cleft, gulf

yāba

noun. fruit

yābā-sūka

noun. fruit drink, cider

ñgolda

adjective. wise

ñgolod

root. one of the wise folk, Gnome

nyol

root. ring

sok

root. drink

srus

root. whisper

sug

root. drink

tul-

verb. come, am coming, have come, am arrived, am here

yur

root. run

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “run” with derivatives like ON. yur- “run” and N. iôr “course” (Ety/YUR). It was a later iteration of ᴱ√ẎURU “run” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. yuro “a run, race” and ᴱQ. yuru- “run” (QL/106). For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, it is probably better to stick to the better attested root √NOR.

ku(ʒ)

root. bow

The root ᴹ√KU(Ʒ) “bow” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KUƷ), most likely a later version of ᴱ√KUVU “bend, bow” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/49). One notable derivative in both periods was G. cû “bow, crescent” and N. cû “arch, crescent”, which regularly appeared as S. cû “bow” in later writings, for example in S. Laer Cú Beleg “Song of the Great Bow” (GL/27; Ety/KUƷ; S/209).

The probably-related root ᴹ√KUB “bow” appeared in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s (PE22/102); ᴹQ. nukumna “humbled (?under-bowed)” from this period may also be related (SD/246). In notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s Tolkien gave ✶kūma, Q. cúma and S. cû(f) next to Q. lúva “bow, bight (not for shooting)” < √LUB “bend”, so presumably cúma/cû was “bow (for shooting)” (PE17/122). Finally Q. cúna “bent, curved” appeared in notes associated with the version of the Q. Markirya poem from the late 1960s, along with a verb form cúna- “to bend” (MC/222-223).

These variations make it difficult to determine what Tolkien intended the root to mean, but for purposes of Neo-Eldarin I would assume a base root of √KU(Ʒ) or √KU(H) with perhaps a verbal variant √KUB based on its use in the 1940s, and with the primitive sense “bow, bend”.

rauta

root. metal

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s, first glossed “copper” and then “metal”, with derivatives ᴹQ. rauta/N. rhaud “metal” and serving mainly to explain names like N. Angrod and N. Finrod (Ety/RAUTĀ). It might have reappeared in the name S. Rodëol “metal of Eöl” from later Silmarillion drafts (WJ/322), but by 1957 Tolkien was explaining the final element of S. Finrod as S. raud “noble” (PE17/49, 118), so I think it is likely that ᴹ√RAUTA “metal” was abandoned.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I’d use Q. tinco (LotR/1122) and its cognate [N.] tinc (Ety/TINKŌ) for “metal” words. For “copper” I'd use derivatives of √(U)RUS (VT41/10).

korka

root. crow

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “crow”, with derivatives ᴹQ. korko and N. corch of the same meaning; it replaced a root ᴹ√KARKA with derivatives ᴹQ. karka and N. carach (Ety/KARKA). The deleted form conflicted with contemporaneous ᴹ√KARAK “sharp fang, spike, tooth” (Ety/KARAK). This deleted form nevertheless may be connected to S. crebain from The Lord of the Rings (LotR/285), whose singular craban “bird of crow-kind” (PE17/37) might be derived from ✱k(a)rak-wan.

There is another primitive form ✶k(a)wāk used as the basis for “crow” in the Quendi and Eldar of 1959-60 (WJ/395), but even later this primitive form was the basis for Q. quácë “frog” (VT47/36); see the entry on √KAWAK for discussion. As a result, I think earlier ᴹ√KORKA is probably the best choice for “crow” words for the purpose of Neo-Eldarin.

lak

root. swallow

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “swallow” with variant ᴹ√LANK and derivatives ᴹQ. lanko/N. lhanc “throat” (Ety/LAK¹, LANK), the latter an element in N. tarlanc “stiff-necked, obstinate” (Ety/TÁRAG). This last word was changed to S. tarlang in Tolkien’s later writings (PE17/92; RC/536), consistent with an earlier but rejected form ᴹ√LANG for ᴹ√LANK in The Etymologies (Ety/LANK).

In later writings, Q. lango/S. lang meant “neck” rather than “throat”, so it is tempting to retain ᴹ√LAK for “throat” and other swallow-words. But it would be very confusing to have such similar but unrelated words for “neck” and “throat”, so I recommend using the root ᴹ√SLUK for “swallow” instead, and Q. lango, S. lang for both “neck” and “throat”.

tor

root. brother

Tolkien gave this root in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√TOR “brother” with derivatives like ᴹQ. toron and N. tôr of the same meaning (Ety/TOR). Hints of the roots continued use appear in the 1959 term Q. melotorni “love-brothers” for close male friends (NM/20). In notes from the late 1960s, Tolkien gave Q. háno and S. hanar as the words for “brother”, both from the root √KHAN. Nevertheless, I think it is worth retaining ᴹ√TOR to represent more abstract notions of “brotherhood” for the purposes of Neo-Eldarin, for “metaphorical” brothers as opposed to Q. háno/S. hanar for brothers by blood.

tyal

root. play

This root first appeared as ᴱ√TYALA “play” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with the derivative ᴱQ. tyalie “play, game” (QL/49). Forms in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon like G. dairtha- “play” < ᴱ✶daı̯al- hint that the actual primitive form might have been ✱ᴱ√DYALA or ✱ᴱ√DAYALA (GL/29). In a table of vowel mutations added as a revision to the Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien instead had forms like ᴱ✶táliı̯èndǝ > G. teilian indicating a primitive initial t- (PE13/116); similar forms appeared in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s (PE13/165).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave ᴹ√TYAL “play” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tyal-/N. telia- “to play” and ᴹQ. tyalie/N. telien “sport, play, game” (Ety/TYAL). Tolkien continued to use Q. tyalië “mirth” in later writings (PE21/80; PE17/64), but at some point in the 1950s decided that initial palatalized dentals were no longer a feature of Primitive Elvish (PE18/93-94), making the ongoing validity of √TYAL as a CE root doubtful: see the entry on how [[at|[j] was lost after initial dentals]] in the Welsh-like branch of the Elvish languages for further details. For example, in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) from around 1950, Tolkien indicated √TYAL was a Quenya-only root, an elaboration of √TAL:

> In Quenya initial groups ty, ny, ps, ks appeared as developments of ky, ñy, sp, sk. But being established they were used in new formations. Thus Q tyal- “play” as a variation on tal- (not kal!) (PE18/84).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is best to ignore Tolkien’s decision to remove initial palatalized dentals from Primitive Elvish in order to retain roots like √TYAL for both Quenya and (Neo) Sindarin.

ʒel

root. sky

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “sky”, with derivatives like ᴹQ. helle/N. ell “sky” and ᴹQ. helwa/N. elw “(pale) blue” (Ety/ƷEL). It was the basis for the initial elements of the names N. Elrond, N. Elwing and ᴹQ. Elwe, but elsewhere Tolkien connected these names to √EL “star”. It was also an element in the word N. eilian(w) “rainbow, (lit.) sky-bridge”, later given as S. ninniach. On the basis of these changes, I think it is likely Tolkien abandoned ᴹ√ƷEL, but some of its derived words are still popular in Neo-Eldarin.

yan

root. give

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “give” with derivatives ON. yanta- “give” and ᴹQ. Ariante “Day-bringer” (EtyAC/YAN²). Tolkien marked this entry with a “?”, and elsewhere in The Etymologies he derived ᴹQ. anta-/N. anna- “give” from ᴹ√ANA (Ety/ANA¹), so I suspect this root was a transient idea.

bor(on)

root. endure

The root ᴹ√BOR “endure” along with its extended form ᴹ√BORON appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s along with various derivatives having to do with endurance, faithfulness and everlastingness (Ety/BOR, BORÓN). It was simply a later version of the root ᴱ√VORO from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, unglossed but clearly of a similar meaning based on its Qenya and Gnomish derivatives like ᴱQ. voronda “faithful”, ᴱQ. vorima “everlasting” and G. bron(n) “steadfast, firm” (QL/102; GL/23-24).

Similar forms like Q. voronda or vórima “faithful” continued to appear in Tolkien’s later writing (UT/317). The well established names Q. Voronwë or S. Bronwe(g) “Steadfast, Faithful” retained the same basic form and meaning throughout Tolkien’s life, testifying to the enduring nature of the Elvish root for “endurance”.

yen

root. year

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “year” with derivatives like ᴹQ. yén/N. în “year” (Ety/YEN). Tolkien’s ongoing use of words like Q. yén and S. ínias “annals” indicate its ongoing validity (LotR/377; MR/200), but in Quenya at least the meaning shifted to that of an “Elvish long year”, equal to 144 solar years (LotR/1107; MR/471; NM/84).

ar

root. day

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “day” with various derivatives like ᴹQ. are, N. aur “day” and ᴹQ. arin “morning” (Ety/AR¹). In Tolkien’s later writings, the Quenya word for “day” became aurë (RC/727; S/190), and in 1957 Quenya Notes he devised a new etymology for these day-words from the root √UR “heat” as in ✶auri “heat, period of sun” (PE17/148). That opens the question whether the various 1930s Quenya “morning” words from ᴹ√AR remain valid, but many Neo-Quenya writers (including me) retain them since there aren’t really any good alternatives. They might be salvageable as derivatives of the later root √AS “warmth” (so that “day” = “hot” and “morning” = “warm”).

bereth

root. beech

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s serving principally as the basis for N. brethil “beech” (Ety/BERÉTH). In the notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s Tolkien instead connected brethil to the root √BARATH and S. bereth “queen”, where it had the true meaning of “princess” (PE17/23). But that could be a later association rather that a genuine etymology, and doesn’t necessarily invalidate ᴹ√BERETH (especially given the other phonological issues with S. bereth < √BARATH).

ed(er)

root. open

A deleted root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the gloss “open” and the forms √ED and extended √EDÉR, but it had no derivatives (EtyAC/ED).

galad

root. tree

The basis for Elvish “tree” words, this root first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as an extension of ᴹ√GALA “thrive” (Ety/GALAD). This replaced the earliest derivation of “tree” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where the Qenya word for “tree” ᴱQ. alda was derived from ᴱ√ALA “spread” (QL/29). In The Etymologies, the Quenya form of this word remained the same, but the 1910s Gnomish words G. âl “wood” and †alwen “tree” (GL/19) became the 1930s Noldorin word N. galadh “tree” (Ety/GALA). Quenya and Sindarin retained these words for “tree” thereafter, and while Tolkien did not mention the root √GALAD again, his continued use of primitive ✶galadā “tree” (Let/426; PE17/153; PE21/74; UT/266) made it clear this root remained valid.

gayas

root. fear

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “fear” (Ety/GÁYAS). One of its derivatives, N. gaer “dreadful” (< ᴹ✶gaisrā), was given a new etymology in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, where S. gaer “awful, fearful” was derived from ✶gairā (WJ/400). However, it is conceivable that √GAYAS could have survived as an extension of the later root √GAY “astound, make aghast”.

gonod

root. stone

The Elvish words for “stone” were established very early as Q. ondo and S. gond. In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s Tolkien gave the root of these words as ᴱ√ONO “hard” with derivatives like ᴱQ. ondo “stone, rock” and ᴱQ. onin “anvil” (QL/70). But its Gnomish derivatives like G. gonn “stone” and G. gontha “pillar” (GL/41) indicate the actual root was ✱ᴱ√ƷONO, since initial ʒ &gt; g in Gnomish.

In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave the root as ᴹ√GONOD or √GONDO “stone” with essentially the same Elvish forms: ᴹQ. ondo and N. gonn (Ety/GOND). The root itself did not appear in later writings, but Tolkien continued to state, with great frequency, that the primitive form of the word was ✶gondō (Let/410; PE17/28; PE18/106; PE21/81; PM/374; RC/347).

gos

root. dread

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “dread” with two variations: ᴹ√GOS and ᴹ√GOTH (Ety/GOS). It was an element in quite a few names in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, such as ᴹQ. Mandos “Dread Imprisoner” (Ety/MBAD), ᴹQ. Osse (Ety/GOS), N. Gothmog (Ety/MBAW), N. Tauros “Forest-Dread” (Ety/TÁWAR), and N. Dor-Daideloth “Land of the Shadow of Dread” (LR/405), the last of these containing N. deloth “abhorrence, detestation, loathing” = ᴹ√DYEL + ᴹ√GOTH (Ety/DYEL).

In Tolkien’s later writings, many of these names were given new forms or etymologies: Q. Mandos “Castle of Custody” = mando + osto (MR/350); Q. Ossë as an adaptation of his Valarin name Oš(o)šai (WJ/400); S. Tauron “Forester” (PM/358). This calls into question whether ᴹ√GOS or ᴹ√GOTH survived as a root. It does have a few useful derivatives for the purposes of Neo-Eldarin, however, such as N. gosta- “fear exceedingly”.

khar

root. helmet

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “helmet” with extended forms √KHÁRAP and √KHÁRAN (EtyAC/KHAR); one of its derivatives ᴹQ. Eldahar seems to be a precursor to Q. Eldacar “Elfhelm”. There are many other words for “helmet” in Tolkien’s later writing, and this root was probably abandoned.

khes

root. command

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “command”, with derivatives ᴹQ. hesto “captain” and a word hest of the same meaning but whose language designation is unclear, perhaps Bel[eriandic] as suggested by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne (EtyAC/KHES).

khyar

root. left hand

A root given as {ᴹ√KHAR >>} ᴹ√KHYAR “left hand” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, associated with ᴹQ. hyarmen/N. harad “south” (Ety/KHYAR). These words for “south” reappeared in The Lord of the Rings (LotR/1115), and the connection between “south” and “left” was reaffirmed in Tolkien’s discussion of the Ambidexters Sentence from the late 1960s, since the Elves aligned the cardinal directions by facing west towards Aman (VT49/6-8).

khyel(es)

root. glass

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “glass” with derivatives in both Quenya and Noldorin with the same meaning: ᴹQ. hyelle and N. hele (Ety/KHYEL(ES)). After Tolkien changed Noldorin to Sindarin, he decided that “There was no common Eldarin word for glass”, and that the Sindarin word S. heledh was derived from Khuzdul kheled (PE17/37). Thus the root ᴹ√KHYEL(ES) was abandoned.

mbakh

root. exchange

This root was the basis for words having to do with trade. It first appeared as unglossed ᴱ√VAKA in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with derivatives like ᴱQ. vakse “sale” and ᴱQ. vaktele “trade” (QL/99). It also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon like G. bag- “sell, trade” (GL/21); a similar set of derivatives appeared in Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s (PE13/138). The root appeared as ᴹ√MBAKH “exchange” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. manka-/N. banga- “trade”, N. bachor “pedlar”, and ᴹQ. makar “tradesman” (Ety/MBAKH). An earlier version of this entry instead had ᴹ√MBAƷ, but this was deleted (EtyAC/MBAƷ, MBAKH). The word ᴹQ. makar as well as a deleted variants māka- of ᴹQ. manka- and bagor of N. bachor (EtyAC/MBAKH) imply Tolkien also considered a variant form ᴹ√MBAK.

nur

root. deep

A root mentioned in The Etymologies as an extension of ᴹ√NU with the gloss “deep” and derivatives ᴹQ. núra and N. nûr of the same meaning (Ety/NU). Possibly related is the later word Q. nurtalë “hiding” as in Q. Nurtalë Valinóreva “Hiding of Valinor” (S/102).

rasat

root. twelve

The root ᴹ√RÁSAT “twelve” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, and students of Elvish long supposed that its unattested derivative ✱rasta was the Quenya word for “twelve”. In later publications, however, the Quenya word for “twelve” was given as yunquë (VT47/41), derived from primitive ✶yūnekē.

This word yunquë dates back to Early Quenya, first appearing as ᴱQ. yunqe in the Early Qenya Grammar from the 1920s (PE14/82), so it is likely that the √RASAT “twelve” co-existed with ✶yūnekē when that root was introduced in the 1930s. In currently published materials, rasta only appears as a suffix in yurasta “twenty four” (twice-twelve) in a discussion of the Elvish duodecimal (base twelve) counting system, also probably from the 1930s (PE14/17). It may be that ✶yūnekē was used for the general word for “twelve”, while √RASAT was used for “groups of twelve” as part of this duodecimal system. If so, it may have only been used as a suffix in grouping words in this counting system.

sluk

root. swallow

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with no derivatives (Ety/SLUK).

snew

root. entangle

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “entangle” with derivatives ᴹQ. neuma “snare” and {nû >>} N. hniof/hnuif “noose, snare” (Ety/SNEW).

stal

root. steep

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “steep” with derivatives like Ilk. thall “steep, falling steeply (of river)” and Ilk. thalos “torrent”, the latter used for the river name Ilk. Thalos (Ety/STAL). Tolkien continued to use the name S. Thalos in later versions of The Silmarillion, but the name was translated nowhere else, making its continued connection to the 1930s root uncertain.

stā

root. [unglossed]

A deleted root reference in The Etymologies apparently serving as the basis for the verbal action suffix ᴹ✶-stā “-ing” in ᴹ✶khau̯-stā “rest-ing” (Ety/KHAW; EtyAC/KHAW). See the entry on ✶-stā for further discussion.

tap

root. stop

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “stop” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tampa “stopper” and ᴹQ. tape “he stops, blocks” (Ety/TAP; EtyAC/TAP). The word Q. tapta “impeded” from notes associated with the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 was probably related (VT39/17), indicating the root’s ongoing validity.

tumpu

root. hump

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “hump”, with Quenya and Noldorin derivatives of the same meaning (Ety/TUMPU). It might be a later iteration of the root ᴱ√KUPU “hump” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s which had derivatives like ᴱQ. kumpo “pile” and ᴱG. cub “hollow” (QL/49; GL/27). Alternately, it could be a later interation of ᴱ√TUMU “swell (with idea of hollowness)” (gloss marked with “?”) from the same document, but the one clear derivative of ᴱ√TUMU was ᴱQ. tumbe “trumpet, large horn” (QL/95), which seems unrelated to 1930s ᴹ√TUMPU.

yal

root. to cry, cry, *call

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “to cry” with variants ᴹ√YAM and ᴹ√YAL with derivatives like N. ialla- “to call” (EtyAC/YAL). It is likely a later iteration of unglossed ᴱ√Y̯AMA from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. yāma/G. gam “shout” and ᴱQ. yama-/G. gama- “shout, call” (QL/105; GL/37). It seems that ᴹ√YAM was unused in the 1930s and thereafter, but ᴹ√YAL is probably the basis for Q. yal- “summon” and its elaborations like Q. enyalië “memory, recalling” (UT/317).

phan

root. [unglossed]

A deleted root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with no glosses or derivatives and no clear function (EtyAC/PHAN).

uruk

root. [unglossed]

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with no glosses or derivatives and no clear function (EtyAC/URUK).

us

root. [unglossed]

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with no glosses or derivatives and no clear function (EtyAC/US).

wínda-

verb. fade

(n)dak

root. slay

dēr

noun. man

mat-

verb. to eat

yar

root. blood

yē

root. to be

ay(ar)

root. sea

bed

root. BED

kan

root. dare

kor

root. round

kur

root. craft

lot(h)

root. flower

lī

noun. number

mat

root. eat

mbarat

root. fate

neth

root. young

nā/ana

root. to, towards

nī

noun. woman

rīgē

noun. crown

tussā

noun. bush

a-

prefix. complete

akrā

adjective. narrow

ala-

prefix. very

am

root. mother

amī̆l

noun. mother

amƀus

noun. breast

andā

adjective. long

angosse

noun. horror

arʒā

noun/adjective. dread

ata

root. father

atar

noun. father

atū

noun. father

auluta-

verb. [unglossed]

aı̯an-

adjective. holy

bad-

verb. to judge

battā

verb. trample

bay

root. [unglossed]

belē

noun. strength

besnō

noun. husband

b’rekta

verb. break out suddenly

b’rássē

noun. heat

dal

root. flat

danta-

verb. fall

day

root. shadow

epe

preposition. after

ettul-

verb. to come out

ezdē

noun. rest

eʒ

root. be

eʒ-

verb. to be

galadā

noun. tree

galā-

verb. to grow

gattā

noun. cavern

golā-

verb. to grow

gū

root. no, not

gū̆-

interjection. no, not

hō

noun. shout

kalrondō

noun. hero

kaltwa

?. [unglossed]

kanat

root. four

karpa

root. ?

kas

root. head

kas

noun. head

kayan

root. ten

khe

pronoun. they

khotsē

noun. assembly

khyelesē

noun. glass

khōn

noun. heart

kott-

noun. quarrel

kukūwā

noun. dove

kuu̯

noun. bow

kwelett-

noun. corpse

kwen(ed)

root. Elf

kwenedē

noun. Elf

kwentā

noun. tale

kwet

root. say

kwetta

noun. word

kyab

root. taste

kōmā

noun. [unglossed]

lassē

noun. leaf

lassē

noun. ear

lungā

adjective. heavy

lāda

adjective. flat

magā

noun. hand

makla

noun. sword

mapā

noun. hand

mardasē

adverb. at home

matna

noun. food

mazgē

noun. dough

maʒ

root. hand

mbar-

verb. to dwell

melā-

verb. to love

met

root. end

metta

noun. end

morókō

noun. bear

mā

noun. land

māʒ

noun. hand

nakma

noun. jaw

nakse

noun. tooth

ndulna

adjective. secret

ndūne

noun. west

nelek

root. tooth

nem-

verb. to seem

nethrā

adjective. young

nē̆n

noun. water

nī̆s

noun. woman

nō/ono

root. beget

nūrā

adjective. deep

ol

root. grow

olro-

verb. to dream

olsa-

verb. to dream

pal

root. beat

pantā

adjective. open

parmā

noun. book

pathnā

adjective. smooth

phal

root. foam

pheleg

root. cave

pher(en)

root. beech

rambā

noun. wall

ranku

noun. arm

ranā

proper name. Moon

raph

root. snatch

ruk

root. demon

rǭda

noun. cave

sed

root. rest

skarwē

noun. wound

smal

root. yellow

smaldā

noun. gold (as metal)

suglu

noun. goblet

sī̆/sē̆

pronoun. she

ta

root. that

tal

root. foot

tam

root. knock

tekla

noun. pen

telumēhtǝ

noun. canopy

tha

root. forward

torōmā

noun. [unglossed]

tubnā

adjective. deep

tundu

noun. hole

tupsē

noun. thatch

tyalyā-

verb. to play

télesā

noun. rear

tāl

noun. foot

tārī

noun. queen

tū

adjective. strength

ub

root. abound

ubrā

adjective. abundant

ungwē

noun. gloom

wanwē

noun. death

wath

root. shade

wedtā

noun/verb. contract

wedā

noun. bond

wegtē

noun. manhood

wo

root. together

wā

root. blow

wān

noun. goose

wō̆-

prefix. together

wǣdē

noun. bond, troth, compact, oath

yagō

noun. gulf

yakta-

noun. neck

yantā

noun. yoke

yatta

preposition. across

yel

root. daughter

yen

root. daughter

yend

noun. daughter

yo(n)

root. son

yondō

noun. son

yē

preposition. at

ñgaw

root. howl

ñgolodō

noun. gnome

ñgoroth

root. horror

ŋgolóndē

proper name. Gnome-realm

kwantā Reconstructed

adjective. full

dak

root. slay

kharan

root. helmet

kharap

root. helmet

kub

root. bow

lank

root. swallow

sangā

noun. throng

waw

root. blow

yam

root. to cry, cry, [ᴱ√] *call, shout

ē

root. to be