i

root. here it is, root of relatives

ī

root. be

iðrilðē

feminine name. Iðrilðē

i̯ǝƀánna

feminine name. I̯ǝƀánna

i̯ǝƀánnakote

noun. I̯ǝƀánnakote

imi

root. in, into

in-ʒil

masculine name. In-ʒil

isifinde-

feminine name. Isifinde-

iþi

root. *(light) snow

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as √ISI² with derivatives having to do with “light snow” and Gnomish variants ith- and gith- indicating the true primitive form ✱(Ʒ)IÞI (QL/43). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

ili

root. shine oily

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “shine oily” with derivatives like ᴱQ. ilma/G. ilm “oil” and ᴱQ. ilin (ilim-) “milk” (QL/42; GL/50). The sense “oil” seems to have been transferred to a new primitive form ✶mḷgo in the 1920s (PE13/139). However, ᴱQ. ilin (ilim-) “milk” remains the only Elvish word for “milk”, and I think it is worthwhile to preserve this word by assuming the existence of a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√ILIM of this meaning. The root ᴱ√ILI might have reemerged in a 1968 note as √LIP “oil” as suggested by Wynne, Smith and Hostetter, but this new root had no derivatives given (VT44/15, 20 note #7).

iti

root. peck, bite (of flies), annoy

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “peck, bite (of flies), annoy” with derivatives like ᴱQ. itisya- “to itch, irritate” and ᴱQ. itse “small fly” (QL/43). The Gnomish word for “fly”, G. sitha, was probably related (GL/68). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, and the word for “fly” became Q. pupso/S. budhu (PE19/101). However, I think it is worth postulating a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√ITITH to salvage early Qenya words for itch and annoy.

iwi

root. *fish

ilu

root. ether, the slender airs among the stars

imi

root. same, alike

isi

root. *(light) snow

iði

root. dwell‽

A root in the Qenya and Gnomish Lexicons given as ᴱ√IŘI (QL/43) and iđ- (GL/50), the latter more representative of its true form. In the Qenya Lexicon it was glossed “dwell”, but Tolkien marked this gloss with a “?”. It had derivatives like ᴱQ. indo/G. ind “house”, ᴱQ. irmin/G. Idhru “world”, and ᴱQ. Indi/G. idhrin “men, earth dwellers”. Based on the last of these, a probable variant is the deleted root ᴱ√(I)LÐ(I)L, also in the Qenya Lexicon with the (rejected) derivative ᴱQ. ildi “men” (QL/42).

There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, and both “men” and “world” were generally derived from other roots, the latter from √MBAR “dwell”, the likeliest replacement for this root.

ini

root. small

isi

root. *know

ili

root. many

iqi

root. request, ask for

iři

root. dwell‽

giwi

root. *germinate, impregnate

A root in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with various derivatives having to do with pregnancy, such as G. gaiw “pregnant” and G. gioth “germ, foetus, embryon” (GL/37, 39). It also seems to have been the basis for the root ᴱ√QIMI “✱woman” in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/77) via G(I)WIMI > GWIM > KWIM; see that root for details. As the basis for female words it was almost certainly abandoned, but I think it may be worth retaining this root for Neo-Sindarin words for pregancy, for which we have no other attested alternatives in Tolkien’s later published writings.

liði

root. sing

niqi

root. white

tloiwe

noun. sling

ı̯aisa

noun. ı̯aisa

giþi

root. *(light) snow

liři

root. sing

gwini

root. sparkle

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variant forms ᴱ√GWIMI and ᴱ√GWINI and glossed “sparkle” (QL/104). They had derivatives in both Qenya and Gnomish such as ᴱQ. wimpele “a twinkling”, ᴱQ. wintil “a glint”, G. gwim “a spark, wink”, and G. gwinc “a spark, flash” (QL/104, GL/45). There are no signs of these roots in Tolkien’s later writing.

sivi

root. [unglossed]

Unglossed roots in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants ᴱ√SIVI and ᴱ√SIWI and a single unglossed derivative ᴱQ. sivilda (QL/84). It is difficult to guess what Tolkien intended for these forms to mean, though they conceivably reemerged as the later roots ᴹ√SIW “excite, egg on, urge” (Ety/SIW) or √SIB “rest, quiet” (VT44/35).

vōri

root. fur

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “fur” with derivatives like ᴱQ. vōre “fur” and ᴱQ. vōriva “like fur” (QL/102). In later writings “fur” words were derived from ᴹ√SKEL.

siði

root. flow

kili

root. edge

nindyā

adjective. blue

peia

noun. scorn

riŋi

root. *cold

sleiwa

adjective. pale

ti

pronoun. they; 3rd pl. fem. pronoun

tiq-

verb. to melt

u̯eniı̯ássa

adjective. *female

gisi

root. *know

siři

root. flow

iki Speculative

root. IKI

A hypothetical root to explain words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as G. ictha- “excite, agitate” and G. igin “excited, agitated” (GL/50). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, and it was likely replaced by later roots such as √GWAL.

iti Speculative

root. precious

A hypothetical root to explain words in the Gnomish Lexicon such as G. idra “dear, valued, precious” and G. idril “sweetheart”, the latter being the earliest etymology of the name G. Idril (GL/50). For the later etymologies of this name and the possible conceptual evolution of the root, see the entries for √IR “desire” and √IT “glitter, shine, shimmer, twinkle”.

iri Reconstructed

root. wish, intend

iƀi

root. to swarm

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “to swarm”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. imbe “hive” (QL/41). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

mī

root. in

firiŋi Reconstructed

root. necklace

A hypothetical early root to explain words such as ᴱQ. firinga and G. fring “carcanet, necklace” (GL/36). The latter reappeared in Early Noldorin word lists from the 1920s as ᴱN. fring “necklace” (PE13/143), but in versions of the Silmarillion later in Tolkien’s life the Sindarin word for “necklace” was S. sigil (WJ/258). I think it is worth positing a Neo-Root ᴺ√FIRING to salvage some of these early words.

kiniki Reconstructed

root. hang

hese

root. wither

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “wither”, with derivatives having to do with withered things and winter (QL/40). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon the root was given as heth², but it is not clear whether this was intended to be a variant root or a replacement (GL/49). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, but I think it is worth salvaging as a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KHES “wither” to salvage Gnomish and Early Qenya wither-words.

reðe

root. kinsman

The form reðe was a root added under ᴱ√RESE [REÞE] “aid, support” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with derivatives of ᴱ√RESE having to do with “kinship” reassigned to reðe, such as ᴱQ. renda “related, of the same kin or clan” and ᴱQ. resse “kinswoman, cousin” (QL/79). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien had a similar set of words likewise derived from distinct reth- vs. redh-, with the latter most likely being the basis for words like G. redhin “related” and G. ress “cousin (f.), relative” (GL/65). The root was given as RESE- “kinsman” in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/79), but the addition of reðe may be later than that document.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is worth positing a Neo-Root ᴺ√RE(N)D to preserve these early kinship and cousin words, for which we have no later alternatives. It might be considered a variant of later root √RED “scatter, sow” (Ety/RED; PE19/91) and thus applied only to more distant kin.

tuðu

root. kindle

The root ᴱ√TUŘU “kindle” [TUÐU] appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variant forms ᴱ√TUSO and ᴱ√TUSU as well as derivatives like ᴱQ. tunda- “kindle”, ᴱQ. turu “wood, properly firewood”, and ᴱQ. tusturin “match” (QL/96). The contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon had a similar primitive form tudh- with derivatives like G. tund “log for the fire”, G. tusta- “inflame, kindle, set light to, burn”, and G. tuthli “match” (GL/72). However, the Gnomish Lexicon also had words like G. drui “wood, forest” and G. duru “wood; a pole, beam, or log” (GL/31). Since initial d- > t- in Early Qenya, it seems likely that ᴱ√TUŘU “kindle” may also represent a blending with an unattested root ✱ᴱ√DURU “wood”.

Many years later Tolkien gave a hypothetical root √TUD in contrasted to √TUL to illustrate certain principles of etymological variations (VT48/25). It is not clear whether this √TUD is related to earlier ᴱ√TUÐU “kindle”. Nevertheless, I think it is worth positing a Neo-Root ᴺ√TUD “firewood, kindling” to salvage Early Qenya and Gnomish words of similar meaning.

yṇtṇ

root. *(en)large, increase

The unglossed root ᴱ√DẎṆTṆ appeared in the Qenya Lexicon with derivatives like ᴱQ. yanta “large” and ᴱQ. yanta- “enlarge, increase, add to”; Tolkien also wrote and then erased a note saying “or ẎṆTṆ” (QL/106). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien gave primitive yṇt as the basis for words like G. gant “larger, greater, more; (lit.) increased” and G. gantha “more” (GL/37). The superlative forms ᴱN. diant “most” and ᴱN. -iant from the Early Noldorin Grammar from the 1920s were probably related. I think it is worth positing a Neo-Root √GYANTA “(en)large, increase” to salvage some of these early words.

ḷtḷ

root. thrust in

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√ᴵLTᴵL and glossed “thrust in”, with derivatives ᴱQ. ilt “a dig or stab” and ᴱQ. iltin “I thrust home” (QL/42). It also had a derivative in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon: G. ilta- “to stick in, prod, prick” (GL/51). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

ṛtyṛ

root. peck, prick

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√ᴵRTYᴵR “peck, prick” with derivatives ᴱQ. irtin “I peck, prick” and ᴱQ. irt “a peck, pinprick” (QL/43); the vowel i is simply the usual result of the syllabification of ṛ before a palatal consonant in Early Qenya (PE12/10). The words G. irt⁽⁾ “beak (of small birds)” and G. irtha- “peck” are clearly related (GL/52). I think it’s worth positing a Neo-Root ᴺ√IRIT “peck, prick” to salvage these early words.

aka

root. *intensive, excessive

A root in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s whose derivatives have to with “extreme” and “excessive“ (GL/17). It’s probably related to the intensive prefix ᴱQ. aka- from the 1920s Early Qenya Grammar (PE14/81). Given the differences in later intensive prefixes and its clash with other roots like 1930s ᴹ√AK “narrow” and (Sindarin only) √AK “hostile return”, it is unlikely this root remained valid in Tolkien’s later conception of the languages.

do

root. *interrogative base

An interrogative root in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s that served as the basis for various Gnomish question words (GL/30). It was distinct from ᴱ√MA, which at this early stage was the basis for the indefinite marker, not interrogatives (GL/55). It seems that by the late 1920s, ᴱ√MA has become an interrogative, as seen in the ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya poem. There is no sign of interrogative ᴱ√DO past Tolkien’s earliest writings.

ene

root. *idea, invention, devise

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives having to do with ideas and devices (QL/35). It seems to have been replaced in the 1930s by ᴹ√GAWA “think out, devise, contrive” (Ety/GAWA).

hulu

root. strip

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “strip”, with derivatives in both Qenya and Gnomish such as ᴱQ. hulqa/G. hulc “naked” (QL/41; GL/49). It had a variant ᴱ√FULU which seems to have no derivatives (QL/38). There are quite a few later roots of similar meaning, so likely the root was abandoned.

kenye

root. prick

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “prick” (QL/46). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

kṇðṇ

root. shine

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√KṆŘṆ “shine” with derivatives in both Qenya and Gnomish, such as ᴱQ. kanda- “blaze”, G. cintha- “to light, set alight”, ᴱQ. kanwa “lurid”, and G. cantha “flame” (QL/47; GL/25-26). It may be a variant of ᴱ√KṚN “✱red” (QL/48). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

manga

root. lacking

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “lacking”, with derivatives ᴱQ. mange “lack, want, shortage” and ᴱQ. manka “few” (QL/59). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, and it may have been replaced by √PEN “lack” in the 1950s and 60s.

no(wo)

root. ahead, in front; after of time, tomorrow

A root given as ᴱ√NŌ in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with extended variants ᴱ√NOWO and ᴱ√NONO (both marked by Tolkien with a “?”) and glossed “ahead, in front; after of time, tomorrow” (QL/66). It was contrasted with ᴱ√DYE(NE) of the opposite meaning. It had derivatives like ᴱQ. nuo “tomorrow” and ᴱQ. nó “after (only of time)”. The latter appeared regularly in Tolkien’s later writings, but he kept vacillating on whether it meant “after” or “before”: see the entry on Q. nó for further discussion. For example, the word ✶nō “behind” appeared in a set of primitive monosyllabic forms from the late 1960s, but that list was marked through. As for the other branch of the Elvish languages, ᴱ√NŌ “after” had several derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/61) but no obviously related forms in later Noldorin or Sindarin.

teme

root. tie

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “tie” with no derivatives (QL/91), but ᴱQ. tendl “string” is derived from ᴱ√teme in The Qenya Phonology (PE12/25) and ᴱQ. Vorotemnar, name of the manacles binding Melko in the earliest Lost Tales, is probably related as pointed out by Christopher Tolkien (LT1/101, 273). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

tṃpṃ

root. build

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “build”, with derivatives ᴱQ. tump- “build”, ᴱQ. tumpo “shed”, and ᴱQ. tampo “well” (QL/93). It was likely related to ᴱ√TAMA “(beat) smelt, forge” (QL/88), as further evidenced by ᴱ✶tṃp- “beat” > ᴱQ. tump- in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (PE14/58). It thus may have reemerged in the later root √TAM “construct” from the late 1960s (PE17/107).

yere(ne)

root. *iron

This root appeared in two different forms in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s: as ᴱ√DYEÐE = ‘EÐE equivalent of ᴱQ. anga “iron” (QL/105), and as ERE(N) “iron or steel” = ᴱ√YEREN (QL/36). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien had related forms G. ger “ore, metal” and G. geth “ore of metals (esp. raw iron)” (GL/38); the second of these was deleted, which probably means Tolkien selected ᴱ√YEREN over ᴱ√DYEÐE. In any cases, none of these forms appear in later writings, where Tolkien largely used √ANGA for “iron”.

ðoro

root. sit

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “sit” with derivatives mean “sit” or “seat” (QL/85-86). In the Qenya Lexicon Tolkien gave the root as SORO with ÐORO in parenthesis, but Gnomish cognates like G. dorn “seat” and dortha- “to settle” (GL/30) make it clear ÐORO was the true form of the root. There were a variety of different roots for “sit” in later writings such ᴹ√KHAM or √KHAD.

ẏava

root. *fruit

keme

root. soil

qala

root. die

ŋu̯a

prefix. together, in one

eðe

root. *iron, steel

gwṛðṛ

root. die

lava

root. lick

m(b)ṇðṇ

root. bind

mapa-

verb. to seize

mẓđē

noun. mist

naka

root. bite

nele

root. point

nṝgwé

noun. pain

olo

root. *increase, more

pṣt-

verb. spit

saχ[a]

noun. fire

sḷp-

verb. to drink

taqa

root. fashion

tegna

adjective. straight

t’lépe

noun. silver

ukko

noun. rain

ŋuarenđā

noun. family

fulu

root. strip

hotho

root. bind

kṇřṇ

root. shine

rese

root. kinsman

pulu

root. swell

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as ᴱ√PULU “swell”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. pulko “body, trunk, bole of tree”, ᴱQ. pulu- “swell (intr.)”, and ᴱQ. pulwa “fat, bulky” (QL/75). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon it had derivatives like G. polc “thick, fat” (GL/64) and G. famfolc “fat-bellied” (GL/34), but also G. baul “body, trunk” was compared to ᴱQ. pulka (GL/22), hinting at a blending with ✱ᴱ√BULU. In the Gnomish Lexicon there is also a primitive form ᴱ✶lūpe with derivatives G. lub “fat, fat flesh” and G. lubi “corpulent” (GL/55), which might be an inversion of ᴱ√PULU. This inversion reappeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s as ᴱN. lhub “fat”.

Neo-Eldarin: In Tolkien’s later writings, “swell” and “fat” seems to have been transferred to the root ᴹ√TIW, but I think it is worth retaining ᴺ√PUL as a Neo-Eldarin root to serve as the basis for Elvish words for “trunk” and “torso”. Helge Fauskanger also used this root in connection to the rising of yeast in NQNT (Neo-Quenya New Testament).

sovo

root. wash

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants ᴱ√SOVO and ᴱ√SOW̯O glossed “wash”, having derivatives like ᴱQ. sovo- “wash” and ᴱQ. saune “bath” (QL/85), the latter a result of the Early Qenya sound change whereby [[eq|[ei], [ou] became [ai], [au]]] (in later Quenya phonology, these generally became [ī], [ū]). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, the primitive form was given as soƀ with derivatives like G. sô- “wash, clean, bathe” and G. sôn “pure, clean” from primitive ᴱ✶sou̯na (GL/68). This last primitive form reappeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s where it had derivatives like ᴱQ. sauna “clean” and ᴱN. hûn “polished, burnished, shining” (PE13/148).

Neo-Eldarin: I think it is worth positing an Neo-Root ᴺ√SOW “wash” and variant ᴺ√SAW “bath” to salvage some of these early words.

ḷqḷ

root. rend

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√(U)ḶQ(U)Ḷ and glossed “rend”, having what appears to be unglossed verb forms ᴱQ. ulqin “✱I rend” and alqe “✱rended [past]” as derivatives (QL/97). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

orotse

noun. impetus, speed, haste, rash courage

fese Speculative

root. *itch

A hypothetical early root to explain words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as G. fesc “itching, irritating” and G. fesca- “itch, irritate” (GL/34). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, but I think it is worth retaining as a (Sindarin-only) root ᴺ√PHES for purposes of Neo-Eldarin. In earlier versions of Eldamo, I used to recommend using the Neo-Root ᴺ√ITITH for both Neo-Quenya and Neo-Sindarin, but I later decided that if ᴱ√FESE and ᴱ√ITI could coexist in the Gnomish and Qenya of the 1910s, then ᴺ√PHES and ᴺ√ITITH can coexist in Neo-Eldarin as language-specific roots: not every word needs to date back to a shared Primitive Elvish root.

bapa Speculative

root. drink

A (hypothetical) early root to explain Gnomish words from the 1910s like bab- “to drink”. It was almost certainly replaced by later roots like √SOK and √YUL.

wasa Speculative

root. juice

maþa

root. dusk

This root was given as ᴱ√MASA¹ “dusk” in its main entry in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, but its Gnomish form math- indicates the true root was ᴱ√MAÞA (QL/59). This was clarified in a list of roots at the end of the M-section in the Qenya Lexicon (QL/63) and its representation as maþ- in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/59). Its most notable use in the Legendarium was in the name G. Umboth-muilin “Pools (muil-plural) of Twilight (umboth)”, where G. umboth or umbath “nightfall” was derived from a strengthened form of the root, ᴱ√mbaþ- (GL/75). However, in later writings this name was reconceived as Ilk. Umboth Muilin “Veiled (muilin) Pool (umboth)”, with the first element umboth meaning “large pool” (Ety/MBOTH, MUY). The name was ultimately replaced with S. Aelin-uial (S/114), by which point the early root ᴱ√MAÞA was long abandoned.

aha

root. know

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “know”, but most of its derivatives have to do with “mind” (QL/29). There are quite a few later roots filling this same semantic space, and this root was probably abandoned.

kaka

root. laugh

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “laugh” with derivatives like ᴱQ. kaka-/G. cacha- of the same meaning (QL/44; GL/24). It was likely made obsolete by later roots for “laugh” like √LAL.

laqa

root. catch

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “catch”, contrasted with ᴱ√LAPA “enfold” and ᴱ√LṆQṆ “catch, come on, light on, find, get” (QL/51, 55). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, and it may have been replaced by ᴹ√GAT of similar meaning (Ety/GAT).

lene

root. long

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√LENE “long”, with the added explanation that it “developed in opp. directions of slow, tedious, trailing, etc. and — stretch, thin, etc.”. Tolkien originally put the word ᴱQ. lenka “slow, left” under this root, but seems to have transfered this word to ᴱ√LEKE, perhaps at the same time he elaborated on the meaning of ᴱ√LENE “long”. Its remaining derivatives include ᴱQ. lenwa “long and thin, straight, narrow” and ᴱQ. lenu- “stretch”.

There are a number of words in the Gnomish Lexicon that seem to be derived from this root, including G. len “wherewith, far, long, away” and G. lenwi “length, distance”, but these were rejected, and Tolkien replaced them with G. lenc “far, distant” derived from ᴱ√leŋe (which was followed by other similar Gnomish derivatives), possibly representing a conceptual shift in this root (GL/53). In any case, there are no clear signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, unless perhaps it remanifested as ᴹ√LEN “way, (?road)” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/LEN).

moko

root. hate

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “hate” with derivatives like ᴱQ. mok-/G. mog- “hate” and ᴱQ. Kosomoko/G. Gothmog “Strife-and-hatred” (QL/62; GL/57). In Tolkien’s later writing, there are no signs of this root and Gothmog was given different etymologies (Ety/GOS, MBAW; LR/406).

nolo

root. dare

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “dare”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. nolme “audacity” and ᴱQ. nolwa “bold, brave” (QL/67). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

omo

root. all, every

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “all, every”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. oma “everywhere”, ᴱQ. ompa “each; all, every” and various words for omniscience, omnipotence and omnipresence (QL/70). In Tolkien’s later writing these senses were assigned to √IL.

saw̯a

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/82), which may have reemerged as √SAWA “disgusting, foul, vile” in notes from the 1950s (PE17/172, 183).

taþa

root. count

The root {ᴱ√TASA >>} ᴱ√TAÞA “count” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with derivatives ᴱQ. tanta “number” and ᴱQ. tasta- “reckon” (QL/90). It also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. {tant >>} tast “number” and {tath- >>} G. tathna- “number, count, reckon” (GL/69), the later the basis for {udathriol >>} G. udathnarol as in G. Nínin-Udathriol “[Battle of] Unnumbered Tears”, the earliest name for S. Nirnaeth Arnoediad of the same meaning. In Tolkien’s later writings, counting and number words were based on the root √NOT (Ety/NOT; PE17/62).

tołᵂo

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in The Qenya Phonology of the 1910s illustrating a hypothetical series of ancient lateral approximants, with derived roots like ᴱ√TOLO and ᴱ√TOẆO [with ẇ = ɣʷ] (PE12/16). The former appeared in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon as the basis for island words (QL/94), but the latter appeared nowhere else in Early Qenya writings.

tyaka

root. hew

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “hew” with derivative ᴱQ. tyakta- of the same meaning (QL/49). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

uluku

root. wolf

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “wolf”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. ulku and G. ulug of the same meaning (QL/97). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien first gave G. ulug “wolf”, but this word’s gloss was revised to “dragon” as a cognate to ᴱQ. lōke (GL/74), and Tolkien added a new word G. urc “wolf” as an equivalent to harw. None of the later Elvish “wolf” words resemble either √ULUK- or √URUK-.

vṛtyṛ

root. serve

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “serve”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. vartyane “service” and ᴱQ. virti- “serve” (QL/102). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

ðana

root. day

A primitive form in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives meaning “day” (GL/38). There were a variety of different roots for “day” in later writings such ᴹ√AR or √UR.

ƕawa Speculative

root. snow

A hypothetical root explaining words in the Gnomish Lexicon such as ᴱQ. fáwe/G. fô “snow” and ᴱQ. fauta-/G. fôtha- “to snow” (GL/35). Given the existence of ᴱ√FAWA “smell”, I theorize this root may be slightly different, perhaps ?ᴱ√ǶAWA, but that’s just a guess. There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

mḷkḷ

root. possess

vī

root. as

faka Speculative

root. cut

A hypothetical early root to explain words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as G. fag- “cut” and G. fanc “cut” (GL/33). It might be related to ᴱ√FḶKḶ “cleave, hew”. There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

fasa Speculative

root. wash

A hypothetical early root to explain words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as G. fas- “wash” and G. fôs “bath” (GL/34). It seems to have at least one Qenya derivative as well in the 1910s-name: ᴱQ. Faskala-númen “Bath of the Setting Sun” (LT1/187). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

gana Speculative

root. young

A hypothetical early root that would explain words appearing in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as ᴱQ. kana and G. gân “young” (GL/37). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writings.

kok Speculative

root. catch

A hypothetical root serving as the basis for early words like G. cog “claw, fist”, G. crog “hook” and G. croctha- “catch” (GL/27).

pṛtṛ Reconstructed

root. judge

A hypothetical root explaining words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such G. pridu- “decide” and G. pridwir “judge” (GL/64). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

kulu

root. gold

maka

root. slay

nene

root. flow

ŋolo

root. to know

-yǝ

suffix. [unglossed]

dak-

verb. to slay

daı̯al-

verb. play

dyele

root. *cold

ekta

noun. thorn

gu̯ara-

verb. to dwell

kantya

noun. edge

kar-

verb. to make

kasa

root. head

kulū

noun. gold

kupu

root. hump

kı̯-ā

adverb. now

lepse

?. [unglossed]

lopse

?. [unglossed]

lōtetarwa

noun. garden

m(b)ṛtṛ

root. chance

maha

root. grasp

mala

root. yellow

mat-

verb. to eat

mata

root. eat

mele

root. love

meχse

noun. gore

nḷdle

noun. dell

oho

root. cry

ornĕ

noun. tree

oto

root. knock

pana

root. arrange

pelesa

noun. fence

qṇtā́

adjective. full

skap-

verb. to jump

ske-ndá

noun. eye

snóra

noun. muscle

swandǝ

noun. dog

sōđā

noun. house

tala

root. support

taþ·

noun. bush

teled-

noun. [unglossed]

togō

noun. wool

tou̯

noun. wool

toẇo

root. [unglossed]

yn̄t

adjective. large

yḹta

noun. yoke

ı̯otta

noun. ı̯otta

ı̯ādh

noun. ı̯ādh

ū

root. not

ẇaða

root. dwell

ẏuru

root. run

nawa Speculative

root. dwarf

noto Reconstructed

root. count

pelek Reconstructed

root. axe

sana Speculative

root. *know

sata Speculative

root. value

vo(no) Reconstructed

root. son

þoro Reconstructed

root. eagle

lefe

root. half

lehe

root. half

tḷkḷ

root. [unglossed]

vala

root. VALA

þχe-ndǝ

noun. eye

dala Reconstructed

root. support