na

preposition. to

prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2

na

preposition. at

prep. at (a point of time or place). Ai na vedui Dúnadan. Mae g'ovannen. 'Ah! At last, Dúnadan ! Well met !'.

na

used with subject

poss. art. used with subject, e.g. roch na-heryna 'the horse of (the) lady'.  >> an, roch na-heryna

na

'with'

d prep. 'with', possessing, provided with, esp. of characteristic feature. nan before vowels. Orod na Thôn 'Mount of the Pines Tree(s)'. >> nan 2

na

to

e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2

na

preposition. like French à

_ prep. _like French à, provided with, marked by, with, etc.. >> nan 2

na

preposition. to, towards, at

Derivations

• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146

Element in

• S. ai na vedui Dúnadan “Ah! at last, Dúnadan!” ✧ LotR/0209; PE17/016
• S. man agorech? “*and said Rían to Tuor: what have we done?” ✧ VT50/21
• ᴺS. nabant “almost, (lit.) towards full”
• S. na-chaered palan-díriel “to lands remote I have looked afar” ✧ LotR/0238; PE17/025; PE17/147; RGEO/63; RGEO/64
• ᴺS. naden “until, up to, as far as”
• ᴺS. navan “where, whither, to where, (lit.) at/to what”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ANA/NĀ > nā > na	[na]	✧ PE17/146

Variations

• na ✧ LotR/0209; PE17/016; PE17/025; PE17/025; PE17/147; PE17/147; PE17/147 (na)
• Na ✧ LotR/0238; RGEO/63; RGEO/64
• -na ✧ VT50/21

na

preposition. with, by (also used as a genitive sign)

na

preposition. to, towards, at

na

preposition. of; with, along with, accompanied by, provided with or by, associated with, marked with, of; with, along with, accompanied by, provided with or by, associated with, marked with; [N.] by

nan

'with'

prep. 'with', possessing, provided with, esp. of characteristic feature. Form of na before vowels. >> na 2b/c/d/e

na(n)

preposition. of; with, along with, accompanied by, provided with or by, associated with, marked with, of; provided with or by, associated with, marked with, with, along with, accompanied by; [N.] by

Cognates

• Ad. an- “of; genitive/adjectival prefix”

Derivations

• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/082
• ✶ān(a) “subjective genitive” ✧ PE17/097

Element in

• S. aran na chîr lim “*king of swift ships” ✧ PE17/147
• S. Arthor na Challonnas “Realm of the South-harbourage” ✧ PE17/028
• S. Arthor na Forlonnas “Realm of the North-harbourage” ✧ PE17/028
• S. Dor-na-Daerachas “Land of Great Dread”
• S. i arben na megil and “Knight of the Long Sword” ✧ PE17/147
• S. Mîr n’Ardhon “Jewel of the World” ✧ PM/348
• ᴺS. naman “how, (lit.) with what”
• S. Glaer nia Chîn Húrin “Tale of the Children of Húrin” ✧ WJ/160
• S. Orod-na-Thôn “Mount of the Pine Tree(s)” ✧ LotR/0469; PE17/082; PE17/147
• S. roch na-heryna “the horse of (the) Lady” ✧ PE17/097
• S. Sarch nia Chîn Húrin “Grave of the Children of Húrin” ✧ UT/140
• S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23
• S. Taur-na-Chardhîn “Forest of Southern Silence” ✧ WJI/Taur-na-Chardhîn
• S. Taur-na-Foen “Forest of the Foen” ✧ PE21/79; WJ/187
• S. Taur-na-Neldor “Beech-forest” ✧ LotR/0469

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ANA/NĀ > na	[na]	✧ PE17/082
✶ān/-āna > na	[na]	✧ PE17/097

Variations

• na ✧ LotR/0469; LotR/0469; PE17/028; PE17/028; PE17/082; PE17/097; PE17/097; PE17/147; PE17/147; PE17/147; PE17/147; PE21/79 (Bel. na); VT50/23 (na); WJ/187; WJI/Taur-na-Chardhîn
• nan ✧ PE17/147; PE17/147

na-

verb. to be

Changes

• dôd → dád ✧ VT44/22
• dád → hae ✧ VT44/22
• hae → no ✧ VT44/24

Cognates

• Q. ná- “to be, to be, [ᴱQ.] exist”

Derivations

• √NĀ “be (the same as another), exist”

Element in

• S. no aer i eneth lín “hallowed be thy name” ✧ VT44/24
• ᴺS. novaer “goodbye, farewell, (lit.) be well”
• ᴺS. navaer “farewell, (lit.) be well”
• S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23

Variations

• dôd ✧ VT44/22 (dôd)
• dád ✧ VT44/22 (dád)
• hae ✧ VT44/22 (hae)

na-

verb. to be

nan

preposition. of

na

near

(as preposition, = ”at, by”) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

near

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

with

(in instrumental sense?) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

by

(near) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

be

: The verb ”to be” is poorly attested. Apparently the root is na-. The imperative is attested as no, and nad (used = ”thing”) may be seen as an original gerund *”a being”. It seems that the copula ”is, are” (and ”was, were”?) can be omitted altogether, as in the ”Noldorin” sentence lheben teil brann i annon ”five feet high [is] the door” (AI:92), in Sindarin perhaps *leben tail brand i annon.

na

at

na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

to, toward

1) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 2)

na

with

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

by

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

be

. The imperative is attested as no, and nad (used = ”thing”) may be seen as an original gerund ✱”a being”. It seems that the copula ”is, are” (and ”was, were”?) can be omitted altogether, as in the ”Noldorin” sentence lheben teil brann i annon ”five feet high [is] the door” (AI:92), in Sindarin perhaps ✱leben tail brand i annon.

na

at

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

to, toward

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

nev

near

(adj. pref.) nev- (hither, on this side). Also used as a preposition nef ”on this side of”.

nev

near

(hither, on this side). Also used as a preposition nef ”on this side of”.

an

preposition. to, towards, for

With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath

an

to

_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath  'glory to all the Halflings'.

o

from

(od), followed by hard mutation; with article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by mixed mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366) Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning” (q.v. for this meaning of ”of”). 2) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 3)

ach

conjunction. but

[it] appears that ach is the contrastive coordinating conjunction 'but'.

ach

conjunction. but

[it] appears that ach is the contrastive coordinating conjunction 'but'.

an

for

(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni ”for the” (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

for

(+ nasal mutation), with article ’ni ”for the” (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

to

(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

to

(+ nasal mutation), with article ’ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).

-eb

suffix. adjective suffix

Cognates

• Q. -inqua “-ful, complete” ✧ WJ/412

Derivations

• ✶-ikwā “-ful, adjectival suffix” ✧ WJ/412
  • √KWA “complete, full, whole, all, every, complete, full, whole, all, every; [ᴹ√] something” ✧ WJ/412; WJ/415

Element in

• S. aglareb “glorious, brilliant, glorious, brilliant, *radiant” ✧ WJ/412
• ᴺS. eitheb “thorny, *(orig.) full of points; sharp”
• S. ereb “single, alone, lonely, single, alone, lonely, [N.] isolated”
• S. fíreb “mortal”
• ᴺS. glidheb “like honey”
• S. gorthob “horrible”
• S. maecheneb “sharp-eye[d]” ✧ WJ/337
• ᴺS. maeligeb “wealthy, rich”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ikwā > -ipā > -eb	[-ikwā] > [-ipā] > [-ipa] > [-epa] > [-ep] > [-eb]	✧ WJ/412

-en

suffix. adjective suffix

Derivations

• ✶-inā “adjective; passive participle”

Element in

• S. aewen “of birds” ✧ SA/lin¹
• ᴺS. anóren “sunny”
• S. dínen “silent” ✧ PE17/098
• S. firin “mortal, dying, dying, mortal; [N.] human”
• S. glórin “*golden, golden, [G.] of gold”
• S. lossen “snowy” ✧ RGEO/62
• ᴺS. mirwelthen “vintage, *(lit.) wine pressing”
• S. rhúnen “eastern”
• S. thurin “secret, hidden”
• S. tolothen “eighth” ✧ SD/129

Variations

• -en ✧ PE17/098 (-en); RGEO/62 (-en); SA/lin¹ (-en); SD/129

-iel

suffix. adjective suffix

Element in

• S. glóriel “golden” ✧ S/235

Variations

• -iel ✧ S/235 (-iel)

-ren

suffix. adjective suffix

@@@ perhaps a later, S-only, innovation

Cognates

• Q. -rin “-ian, racial-adjective, language”

Element in

• S. angren “of iron” ✧ SA/anga
• S. celebrin “like silver (in hue or worth), like silver (in hue or worth), [G.] of silver”
• ᴺS. cothren “hostile”
• S. edhellen “elvish”
• S. Falathren “Shore-language”
• ᴺS. fathren “tasselled”
• ᴺS. gwaeren “windy”
• S. gwaeren “windy”
• S. gwathren “shadowy, dim”
• ᴺS. mabren “handed, having hands, dextrous”
• S. mithren “grey”
• S. silivren “(white) glittering, crystalline”
• ᴺS. singren “salt, *salty”

di

preposition. with

Changes

• di → di “with” ✧ PE17/095

Cognates

• Q. lé “with, with, [ᴹQ.] by, [ᴱQ.] with (accompaniment)” ✧ PE17/095

Derivations

• ✶dē “with” ✧ PE17/095

Element in

• S. le nallon sí di’nguruthos “here overwhelmed in dread of Death I cry” ✧ PE17/095

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶dē > di	[dē] > [dī] > [di]	✧ PE17/095

Variations

• di ✧ PE17/095 (di)

-in

suffix. adjective suffix

di

preposition. with

_ prep. _with. Q. lé.

no

verb. be!

uin

preposition. of the

ad

again

(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

ad

again

also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

ammen

for us

(to us).

ammen

to us

(for us)

an

for

(adverbial prefix) an-

an

for the

(for) + i (the).

an

to

(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)

an

to the

(for) + i (the).

eden

begun again

(new), pl. edin

en

of the

e- (sg. genitival article)