est

pronoun. he, she, it, 3rd sg. pronoun

est

maybe ( 3rd sg

_pron. _maybe ( 3rd sg. ?) emphatic or reflexive pronoun. >> ech, im

est

pronoun. they, 3rd pl. pronoun

estel

masculine name. Hope

A name for Aragorn (LotR/1061), it is simply the noun estel “hope” used as a name (PE17/117).

Conceptual Development: In drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices, this name first appeared as S. Amin (PM/269).

estolad

place name. Encampment

The region where the Bëorians settled, it is simply the noun estolad “encampment” used as a name (S/142).

Conceptual Development: In Tolkien edit’s to the Silmarillion map from the 1950s, this name appeared as Estoland with an n, but this form appeared nowhere else (WJ/189).

esta-

verb. to call, *name

A verb appearing in a future-passive form estathar “should be called” in the King’s Letter from the early 1950s. It also appeared (unglossed) as a present-passive estar “✱is called” in the Túrin Wrapper from the 1950s. Its gloss “be called” is because it is being used with passive voice; in active voice it would be “to call” or (more accurately) “✱to name”, as with its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. esta- “to name” (Ety/ES).

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s Tolkien gave G. enu- or enwa- “am called, am named” (GL/32), clearly derived from the early root ᴱ√ENE having to do with names (QL/35). A few lines below he wrote but deleted {en(1) “am called”}.

estolad

noun. encampment

A noun for “encampment” used as the name for the region where the Bëorians settled (S/142). This word superficially resembles the verbal noun of a (hypothetical) a-verb ✱estola- “to encamp”. Such a verb might be a combination of √ET “out” + √TOL “stick up” referring to the erection of tents, where ancient t + t became st as it often did with suffixion. This is all rather speculative, however.

estel

noun. hope

n. hope. ónen i·Estel Edain 'I gave the "Hope" (to) Men'.

estent

adjective. (very?) short

The slash sign in minlamad thent/estent might indicate either variant forms of an adjective, or a sequence of two short verse units, possibly of alliterating half-lines, see Tolkien's Legendarium p. 122

estel

noun. hope, trust, hope, trust, *faith [in]

esten(t)

adjective. short

esta-

verb. to name

estel

noun. hope, trust, a temper of mind, steady fixed in purpose, and difficult to dissuade and unlikely to fall into despair or abandon its purpose

esten

adjective. thenna

adj. Q. thenna, senna. >> thenn

estent

thenta

Q. thenta, senta.

estolad

noun. encampment

îdh

feminine name. Estë, (lit.) Rest, Repose, Peace

Sindarin name for Q. Estë, it is simply îdh “rest” used as a name, a derivative of primitive ✶ezdē (PE19/92).

Conceptual Development: The name N. Îdh appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s, with the same derivation (Ety/EZDĒ). It was first written as (rejected) Ēdh, perhaps representing some uncertainty on the [[on|vocalization of [z] before voiced stops]] in Noldorin.

estolad

encampment

estolad (pl. estelaid, archaic estölaid)

estolad

encampment

(pl. estelaid, archaic estölaid)

estola- Speculative

verb. to encamp, *erect tents

A rather speculative verb for “to encamp, ✱erect tents”, assuming estolad “encampment” is verbal noun; see that entry for discussion.

esta

name

(verb.) esta- (call) (i esta, in estar)

esta

name

(call) (i esta, in estar)

esta

call

1) (vb.) esta- (to name) (i esta, in estar), 2) (call out) ialla- (VT46:22), also can- (i gân, i chenir) (shout, cry out). See also CRY (OUT).

esta

call

(to name) (i esta, in estar)

estel

trust

(noun) estel (hope, steady purpose), pl. estil

estel

trust

(hope, steady purpose), pl. estil

estel

hope

(trust, steady purpose), pl. estil

estel

faith

: The noun estel "hope, trust, steady purpose" seems to approach the meaning of "faith" (in the religious sense) (MR:320)

estel

steady purpose

(hope, trust), pl. estil

estel

purpose

(noun, ”steady purpose”) estel (hope, trust), pl. estil

estel

purpose

(hope, trust), pl. estil

estel

steady purpose

(noun) estel (hope, trust), pl. estil

estannen

adjective. named, called

estel

faith

"hope, trust, steady purpose" seems to approach the meaning of "faith" (in the religious sense) (MR:320)

Ēd

noun. Rest

Dor. Rest

ethir

noun. mouth (of a river), estuary

send

noun. (?) rest

senn

noun. (?) rest

îdh

noun. rest, repose

Îdh

est

Ë Îdh

îdh

estë

tangada

establish

tangada- (confirm, make firm) (i dangada, i thangadar). LONG ESTABLISHED, see brûn under OLD

ethir

estuary

ethir (mouth or outflow of a river), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means "spy".

ethir

estuary

(mouth or outflow of a river), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means "spy".

tangada

establish

(confirm, make firm) (i dangada, i thangadar).

mirtha-

verb. to value, esteem, treasure, cherish

@@@ Discord 2023-03-06

adaba-

verb. to build, establish, erect

brûn

long established

under

îdh

rest

_(noun) _1) îdh (repose), no distinct pl. form even if there could be a pl. 2) post (i bost, o phost) (pause, halt, cessation, respite), pl. pyst (i physt),

îdh

rest

(repose), no distinct pl. form even if there could be a pl. 2) post (i bost, o phost) (pause, halt, cessation, respite), pl. pyst (i physt)

amin

masculine name. Hope

A rejected name for Aragorn, changed to Estel (PM/269). It is probably a variant of amdir (MR/320).

nallan

noun. call

A word appearing in the 1st edition of The Lord of the Rings from 1954 in the phrase le nallan sí di’nguruthos. In Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien translated {nallon >>} nallon as “a call”, followed by another form nalla, with alternates nalla, nalloth, nallar in the upper margin. Christopher Gilson suggested that the gloss might instead be “to call” or “my call”; if the latter is correct, then nallan might be the 1st sg. possessive form of nalla.

In the 2nd edition of The Lord of the Rings from 1965 Tolkien changed nallan to nallon. In The Road Goes Ever On (RGEO) from 1967 he confirmed that this new form was a verb form meaning “I cry” (RGEO/64).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I think we can retain nallan as a noun for “a call”. While it is tempting to use the form nalla instead, I have no idea how the a might have survived at the end of this word, so I think nallan is better.

ned

noun. first, *one more; first; *during

This word replaced the preposition uin “of the” in the third version of the King’s Letter, appearing in the phrase nelchaenen ned Echuir “the thirty-first day of Stirring”. Both Carl Hostetter (VT31/30) and David Salo (SG/229) theorized that this replacement has a similar prepositional function, from either √NOT “count” or √NED “middle”. Fiona Jallings suggested it might be a temporal preposition, with sense “during” (FJNS/349).

On VT47/40, note 67, Patrick Wynne suggested that this word might be a cognate of the newly published Quenya word net(ë) “one more”. This theory is supported by the most likely interpretation of nelchaenen. This word seems to mean “thirtieth” rather than “thirty-first”, and Patrick Wynne suggested that nelchaenen ned means “thirtieth and one more” = “thirty-first”. I find this theory the most compelling, and use it here.

thenn

thenna

adj. Q. thenna, senna. >> esten

ent

pronoun. they, 3rd pl. pronoun

amdir

hope

1) (based on reason) amdir (no distinct pl. form). Literally an "up-looking". 2) (closer in meaning to ”faith”) estel (trust, steady purpose), pl. estil, 3) (noun) harthad (i charthad, o charthad), pl. herthaid (i cherthaid)

tangada

make firm

(confirm, establish) (i dangada, i thangadar)

tangada

make firm

tangada- (confirm, establish) (i dangada, i thangadar)

tangada

make firm

tangada- (confirm, establish) (i dangada, i thangadar)

thent

short

thent (pl. thint), also ?estent (pl. estint).

thent

short

(pl. thint), also ?estent (pl. estint).

îdh

repose

îdh (rest), no distinct pl. form even if there could be a pl.

îdh

repose

(rest), no distinct pl. form even if there could be a pl.

e

pronoun. he

amdir

noun. hope based on reason

astor

noun. faith

_n. _faith, loyalty (not belief). Q. astar.

e

pronoun. he

The meaning "he" is deduced from the apparent function of this word in the so-called "King's Letter", but it also seems possible to interpret it as "indeed" (as in Q. e, LR/63, VT/45:11), used here in a way of formal address expressing the wishes or the will of the King

echad

noun. camp

echad

noun. camp

A noun for “camp” appearing as an element in the name Echad i Sedryn “Camp of the Faithful” (UT/153). It might be a combination of √ET “out” and √KHAD “sit”, though if it were it should be ✱✱echadh.

eneth

noun. name

eth

pronoun. he, she, it, 3rd sg. pronoun

hartha-

verb. to hope

harthad

gerund noun. hope

idi(r)

pronoun. they, 3rd pl. pronoun

inn

noun. purpose, intention

is

pronoun. he, she, it, 3rd sg. pronoun

ith

pronoun. they, 3rd pl. pronoun

main

ordinal. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent

mein

ordinal. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent

mein

ordinal. first

minui

ordinal. first

minui

ordinal. first

nalla

noun. call

nallar

noun. call

nalloth

noun. call

taug

adjective. firm

adj. firm, strong, ?withstand. Q. tauka stiff, wooden.

then

adjective. short

thenn

adjective. short

thent

adjective. short

thent

adjective. short

thent

thenta

Q. thenta, senta.

îdh

noun. peace

peace, tranquillity

amdir

hope

(no distinct pl. form). Literally an "up-looking".

car

build

car- (i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (make, do) (WJ:415)

car

build

(i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (make, do) (WJ:415)

dortha

dwell

dortha- (i northa, i ndorthar) (stay)

dortha

dwell

(i northa, i ndorthar) (stay)

e

he

1) e (SD:128-31), 2) ho, hon, hono. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)

e

he

(SD:128-31)

eneth

name

(noun) eneth (pl. enith)

eneth

name

(pl. enith)

ennen

adjective. named

erui

first

(single, alone). No distinct pl. form. Some would argue that Tolkien abandoned erui as a word for ”first”.

ess

noun. name

gobem

noun. mouth

hartha

hope

(verb) #hartha- (i chartha, i charthar). Verbal stem isolated from the apparent gerund harthad, ”hope” as noun.

hartha

hope

(i chartha, i charthar). Verbal stem isolated from the apparent gerund harthad, ”hope” as noun.

harthad

hope

(i charthad, o charthad), pl. herthaid (i cherthaid)

hendelu

noun. brow

A neologism for “brow” coined by Tamas Ferencz in the VQP (VQP), a combination of hen “eye” and [N.] telu “roof”.

ho

he

hon, hono. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)*

hîn

they

(of women) hîn. It is unclear whether Tolkien maintained this ”Noldorin” pronoun in Sindarin.

hîn

they

. It is unclear whether Tolkien maintained this ”Noldorin” pronoun in Sindarin.

ialla-

call

(VT46:22), also can- (i gân, i chenir) (shout, cry out). See also

mair

adjective. precious

minui

first

1) minui (lenited vinui; no distinct pl. form), 2) mîn (lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (isolated, towering). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the number ”one”; 3) erui (single, alone). No distinct pl. form. Some would argue that Tolkien abandoned erui as a word for ”first”.

minui

first

(lenited vinui; no distinct pl. form)

mîn

first

(lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (isolated, towering). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the number ”one”

nuitha

stop short

(i nuitha, in nuithar) (prevent from coming to completion; stunt; not allow to continue) (WJ:413)

penia

fix

penia- (i benia, i pheniar) (set);

penia

fix

(i benia, i pheniar) (set);

pân

fixed board in a floor

(i bân, o phân, construct pan) (plank), pl. pain (i phain). Not to be confused with the adj. ✱pân ”all”.

sîdh

peace

sîdh (i hîdh), no distinct pl. form except with article (i sîdh) if there is any pl. form. 1) aeg (point, thorn). No distinct pl. form. (but aeglir can be used for a range of mountain peaks). Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". 2) mîn (i vîn), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mîn), coll. pl. míniath. Note: homophones include the numeral ”one” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 3) egnas (sharp point; literally "thorn-point"), pl. egnais, coll. pl. egnassath.

sîdh

peace

(i hîdh), no distinct pl. form except with article (i sîdh) if there is any pl. form.

tanc

firm

(adj.) tanc (lenited danc; pl. tainc)

tanc

firm

(lenited danc; pl. tainc)

thala

firm

1) thala (steady, stalwart), pl. ?theili, 2) thand (true, abiding), pl. thaind (VT46:16; notice that the forms “thenid” and “thenin” in LR:388 s.v. STAN represent misreadings of Tolkiens manuscript).

thala

firm

(steady, stalwart), pl. ?theili

thala

steady

thala (stalwart, firm), pl. ?theili;

thala

steady

(stalwart, firm), pl. ?theili;

thand

firm

(true, abiding), pl. thaind (VT46:16; notice that the forms “thenid” and “thenin” in LR:388 s.v. STAN represent misreadings of Tolkien’s manuscript).

thel

purpose

(verb) ?thel- (intend, mean, resolve, will);

thel

purpose

(intend, mean, resolve, will);

thelion

one who purposes

(pl. thelyn, coll. pl. thelionnath)

thinnas

shortness

(also used for a “breve”, a mark indicating that a vowel is short). Verb

tîr

straight

tîr (lenited dîr, no distinct pl. form) (right). Note: a homophone means ”looking, view, glance” (noun).

tîr

straight

(lenited dîr, no distinct pl. form) (right). Note: a homophone means ”looking, view, glance” (noun).

estat-

verb. estat-

estat-, see etsat-

estë

feminine name. Rest, Repose, Peace

The Valië of peace and healing (S/28), spouse of Irmo (Lórien). Her name is variously translated as “Rest” (SI/Estë, Ety/EZDĒ), “Repose” (WJ/403) and “Peace” (PE19/91). In Quenya, the word Estë is only used for the name of this Valië (WJ/404). A more ordinary word for “rest, repose, peace” is sérë (VT44/35, Ety/SED). Both the name and the word are derived from the same root √SED (Ety/SED, WJ/403). The name is derived from the primitive form ✶ezdē (PE19/091-2, WJ/403).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, Lórien had no wife (LT1/66). ᴹQ. Este first appeared in the initial drafts of the Annals of Beleriand (SM/263), and the derivation of her name first appeared in The Etymologies (Ety/SED).

Estë

repose, rest

Estë fem. name "Repose, Rest" _(WJ:403, EZDĒ, SED), only used as name of a Valië (WJ:404)_

Este

noun. Rest

Rest

estelmo

masculine name. *Hope-person

The squire of Elendur (UT/276). His name seems to be a compound of estel “hope” and the agental suffix -mo.

esta

first

esta (2) adj. "first" (ESE/ESET); this entry was marked with a query. The word Yestarë (q.v.) "Beginning-day" in LotR suggests that Tolkien decided to change the stem in question to _YESE/YESET_. We could then read *yesta for esta (but later this became a noun "beginning" rather than an adj. "first", PE17:120) and also prefix a y to the other words derived from ESE/ESET (essë* > yessë, essëa > yessëa). Estanossë noun "the firstborn", read likewise Yestanossë** (*Yestanessi?) but in a later text, Tolkien used Minnónar (q.v.) for "the Firstborn" as a name of the Elves, and this form may be preferred. _(In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the word _Estanossë is cited as "Estanesse", but according to VT45:12, the second-to-last vowel is actually o in Tolkien's manuscript.)

esta-

to name

esta- (1) vb. "to name" (ES, VT45:12). In an earlier form of the relevant entry in the Etymologies, Tolkien let esta- mean "to place, set, plant" (VT45:12); a deleted entry SET also had esta- "precede" (VT46:13)

estel

trust, hope

estel noun "trust, hope" (WJ:318-319, MR:320)

esto

even the two of them

esto emphatic pronoun (?), apparently 3rd person dual, "even the two of them" (VT49:48). The word comes from a conceptual phase where Tolkien let dual pronouns end in the vowel -o, an idea that was apparently abandoned; also, -st- is associated with the second rather than the third person dual in later sources (see -stë). The ending may have been conceived as -sto at an earlier stage (VT49:49).

estat-

verb. to distribute in even portions, to distribute (in even portions), *partition

estel

noun. hope, trust, *faith

Este

noun. Peace

Peace, name of wife of Lórien

esta-

verb. name

esto

pronoun. they (dual emphatic)

yesta

noun. beginning, beginning, *start

@@@ gloss “start” suggested by Robert Reynolds

yesta

beginning

yesta (2) noun "beginning" (PE17:120). Also attested in the compound yestarë (see below), but cf. esta #2.

Este

Estë

Estë is a Quenya name meaning "rest". The same Root, EZDE, also yielded her Sindarin name, Îdh (pron. [iːð]) and the Nandorin Eord.

Estë

Rest

Estë is a Quenya name meaning "rest". The same Root, EZDE, also yielded her Sindarin name, Îdh (pron. ) and the Nandorin Eord.

estirnë Reconstructed

noun. brow

This word is attested only in the name Elestirnë “Star-brow” (UT/184), and is probably related to the primitive word ✶stīrē “face” (VT41/10). From the name alone, it is difficult to discern what the independent word for “brow” would be. In Quenya, an initial primitive ✶[st-] first reduced to [θ-] and then later to [s-], as in sundo < ᴹ√STUD (Ety/SUD) and selma < √STEL (WJ/319). Thus, ✱sirnë “brow” < ✱þirne < ✱✶stirnē is a possibility.

A primitive initial ✶[st] could be preserved, however, if there was some kind of vocal augmentation, as in estel < √STEL (WJ/318) and astalda < √STAL (PE17/115). Therefore, it is possible that ✱estirnë is the independent form of the word, exactly as it appears within Elestirnë. Usually, though, such vocal augments are the same as the root’s base-vowel (as in the above examples), so ✱istirnë would be a more typical form.

Absent further evidence, this entry uses ✱estirnë for the form of this word, as it appears within the name.

estolië

noun. camp

A neologism for “camp” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT), inspired by S. estolad “encampment”.

estatina

adjective. divided, shared, distributed

estatië

noun. portion, share

estelenca

adjective. hopeless, despairing, desperate

@@@ from Discord challenges Feb 2022

estelya-

verb. to hope

esta

adverb. outwards

yestië

noun. beginning

ser-

rest

ser- vb. "rest" (1st pers. aorist serin "I rest"); pa.t. probably *sendë since the R of ser- was originally D (cf. stem SED; compare rer- pa.t. rendë from RED concerning the past tense)

sérë

rest, repose, peace

sérë noun "rest, repose, peace" (SED, VT44:35); see under úyë concerning the sentence úyë sérë indo-ninya símen in Fíriel's Song

tulca-

fix, set up, establish

tulca- (2) ("k") vb. "fix, set up, establish" (LT1:270)

ser-

verb. rest,repose;stay, tarry, be at the moment

sintë

noun. esteem; estimate, computation

herulatsë

noun. estate, domain

A neologism coined by Arael in the “Neologism of the Day” (NotD) series on the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server posted at 2023-06-08, a combination of √KHER “possess, rule” and [ᴺQ.] latsë “area”.

marya-

verb. to found, establish, settle (as dwelling)

A neologism for “to found, establish, settle (as dwelling)” coined by Röandil on the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) on 2022-03-05 from √MBAR “establish, settle”, a transitive verb as opposed to intransitive mar- “abide, dwell”.

mirta-

verb. to value, esteem, treasure, cherish

@@@ Discord 2023-03-06

tulca-

verb. to set up, establish, *found; to fix, stick in,

-ntë

they

-ntë "they", pronomimal ending, inflexion of 3rd person plural when no subject is previously mentioned (CO; see also VT49:49). This ending competes with -ltë (q.v.) in Tolkiens conception (VT49:57; for "they do", both carintë and cariltë are attested, VT49:16 vs. 17). The corresponding pronominal possessive suffix appears as -ntya or -nta in various sources.

-on

name

-on gen.pl. ending (3O), in aldaron, aranion, elenion, Eldaron, #esseron, Ingweron, Istarion, Númevalion, Quendion, Silmarillion, Sindaron, tasarion (see Nan-Tasarion), Valion, wenderon, yénion. Normally the ending -on is added to the nominative plural, whether it ends in -i or -r, but some nouns in -ë that would have nominative plurals in -i seem to prefer the ending -ron in the genitive (hence #esseron as the gen. pl. of essë "name", though the nominative pl. is attested as essi and we might have expected the gen. pl. *ession; similarly wenderon, Ingweron).

Valatári

vala-queen

Valatári noun "Vala-queen" (BAL; this entry of the Etymologies states that Vala has no feminine form except this compound, but Silm gives Valië as a feminine form). The word Valatári is apparently also the unchanged plural form, so used in this quote: "The Valatári were Varda, Yavanna, Nienna, Vana, Vaire, Este, Nessa, Uinen" (BAL; Tolkien later reclassified Uinen as a Maia, not a Valatári/Valië). Notice that the plural form of Valatar would apparently also be *Valatári.

essë

he

essë (2) pron? "he" (and also "she, it"?), possible emphatic 3rd sg. emphatic pronoun, attested in the sentence essë úpa nas "he is dumb" (PE17:126)

essë

beginning

essë (3) noun "beginning" (ESE/ESET). This entry was marked by a query in Etym, and a word in the appendices to LotR suggests that it was emended to *YESE/YESET; we may therefore read *yessë for essë. (See esta #2.) However, for the purposes of writing the form yesta "beginning" from PE17:120 may be preferred.

essëa

primary

essëa adj. ?"primary" (gloss not certainly legible); read probably *yessëa in LotR-style Quenya; see esta #2 below (ESE/ESET). The meaning Tolkien originally assigned to the word essëa in the Etymologies was "in place, local" (VT45:12).

etsat-

distribute in even portions

etsat- vb. "distribute in even portions" (apparently et- "out" + the base sat "divide, apportion"). Not cited with a final hyphen in the source (VT48:11), but some ending would obviously be required in Quenya; the verb should probably be treated as a consonant stem (primary verb). Alternative form estat-, but as pointed out in VT48:12, the transposition ts > st is not regular in Quenya.

se

he, she, it

se (1) pron. "he, she, it" also object "him, her, it", 3rd person sg. Used "of living things including plants" (VT49:37; the corresponding inaimate pronoun is sa). The pronoun comes directly from se as the original stem-form (VT49:50). Stressed form sé, VT49:51, attested in object position in melin sé "I love him" (VT49:21). Ósë "with him/her", VT43:29; see ó-. Long dative/allative sena "[to/for] him" or "at him", VT49:14, allative senna "to him/her" (VT49:45, 46). Compare the reflexive pronoun insë *"himself, herself".

ta

they, them

ta (3) pron. "they, them", an "impersonal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring "only to 'abstracts' or to things (such as inanimates) not by the Eldar regarded as persons" (VT43:20, cf. ta as an inanimate Common Eldarin plural pronoun, VT49:52). Compare te, q.v. The word ta occurring in some versions of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer may exemplify this use of ta as an "impersonal" plural pronoun: emmë avatyarir ta** "we forgive them" (VT43:8, 9; this refers to trespasses, not the trespassers). However, since Tolkien also wanted ta to mean "that" (see #1 above), he may seem to be somewhat dissatisfied with ta "they, them", introducing variant forms like tai (VT49:32) to free up ta as a sg. pronoun. In one document, tai was in turn altered to te (VT49:33), which could suggest that the distinction between animate and inanimate "they, them" was abandoned and the form te (q.v.) could be used for both. In some documents, Tolkien seems to use tar as the plural form (VT49:56 mentions this as an uncertain reading in a source where the word was struck out; compare ótar under ó**-).

sívë

noun. peace

-lto

they

-lto, "Qenya" pronominal ending "they"; see -ltë

-ltë

they

-ltë, 3rd person pl. pronominal suffix, "they" (VT49:51; cariltë "they do", VT49:16, 17). It alternates with -ntë in Tolkiens manuscripts (VT49:17, 57). In his early material, the ending also appears as -lto, occurring in Fíriel's Song (meldielto "they are beloved" and cárielto "they made"), also in LT1:114: tulielto "they have come" (cf. VT49:57). Compare -lta, -ltya as the ending for "their".

-ltë

suffix. they

-ntë

suffix. they

-ro

he

-ro pronominal ending "he", in antaváro, q.v. In Tolkiens later Quenya, the ending -s covers both "he", "she" and "it".

-ttë

they

-ttë (1) "they", dual 3rd person pronominal ending ("the two of them") (VT49:51), replacing (also within the legendarium) the older ending -stë (which was later used for the second person only). This older ending -stë corresponds to a possessive ending -sta "their" (VT49:16), but this was presumably likewise altered to *-tta as the new ending for dual "their" = "of the two of them".

ampan-

verb. build

ampanóta-

verb. build, erect a building, construct

anto

mouth

anto (1) noun "mouth", also name of tengwa #13 (Appendix E)

anto

noun. mouth, mouth [as a thing for eating]; [ᴱQ.] jaw

The basic Quenya word for “mouth”, appearing as the name of tengwa #13 (4) in The Lord of the Rings Appendix E (LotR/1123). It is likely derived from the root √MAT “eat” from primitive ✱amtō, and hence refers to the mouth as a thing for eating. Quenya has a number of other more specialized words for the mouth, however, such as Q. pé for the closed mouth, Q. ópa for the mouth opening, Q. songa for the interior of the mouth and Q. náva for the entire mouth apparatus (tongue, lips and teeth) used for speech.

Conceptual Development: ᴹQ. anto “mouth” first appeared in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1940s, where it replaced ᴹQ. anta “jaws” (PE22/50 note #50). In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. anto (antu-) was itself glossed “jaw” and was based on the early root ᴱ√MATA “eat” (QL/31, 59).

astar

faith, loyalty (not belief)

astar noun "faith, loyalty (not belief)" (PE17:183). Not to be confused with the pl. form of asta #1.

carasta-

build

carasta- vb. "build" (PE17:84)

carasta-

verb. to build, to build, construct

carpa

mouth

carpa ("k") (1) noun "mouth", including lips, teeth, tongue etc. (PE17:126); also used for "language", in particular the phonetic system.Cf. náva and páva.

ello

call, shout of triumph

[ello] noun "call, shout of triumph" (GYEL (< GEL) )

enna

first

[enna adj. "first" (VT45:12)]

erdë

repose

erdë (3) noun "repose" (marked by Tolkien with an "X", perhaps indicating that he considered dropping this form to eliminate homophones)(VT46:12). Compare sérë.

esse

noun. name

essë

name

essë (1) noun "name", also later name of Tengwa #31, originally (MET) called árë (ázë). (Appendix E). With a pronominal ending esselya "thy name" (VT43:14). Pl. #essi in PM:339 and MR:470, gen.pl. #esseron "of names" in the compound Nómesseron (q.v.); we would rather have expected *ession, given the nom.pl. essi; perhaps #esser is a valid alternative plural form. Essecarmë noun "name-making" (MR:214, 470), Eldarin ceremony where the father announces the name of his child. Essecenta *("k") noun "Name-essay" (see centa) (MR:415); Essecilmë noun "name-choosing", an Eldarin ceremony where a child named him- or herself according to personal lámatyávë (q.v.) (MR:214, 471). The meaning Tolkien originally assigned to the word essë** in the Etymologies was "place" rather than "name" (VT45:12).

essë

noun. name

etsat-

verb. to distribute in even portions

har-

verb. dwell, abide, reside permanently

induinen

noun. purpose

induinen

noun. purpose

inga

first

inga (2) adj. "first" (ING)

mer-

verb. to hope, to hope, [ᴹQ.] wish, desire, want

minya

first

minya adj. "first" (MINI) (cf. Minyatur, Minyon); "eminent, prominent" (VT42:24, 25). Minyar "Firsts", the original name of the Vanyar (or rather the direct Quenya descendant of the original Primitive Quendian name) (WJ:380)

mirwa

precious, valuable

mirwa adj. "precious, valuable" (PE17:37)

náva

mouth

náva ("ñ")noun "mouth", apparently not only the lips but also the inside of the mouth (VT39:13 cf. 8). Possibly, but probably not, the same element that is translated "hollow" in Návarot, q.v.

panya-

fix, set

panya- vb. "fix, set" (PAN). The verb napan- (q.v.), "add" or literally *"to-set", may argue the existence of a shorter stem #pan- as well.

páva

mouth

páva noun "mouth" (including tongue, lips and teeth). Apparently changed by Tolkien to náva, q.v. (VT39:19)

páva

noun. mouth

rainë

peace

rainë noun "peace" (VT44:34-35)

sanda

name

[sanda, sandë] (þ) (2) noun "name" (VT46:16)

sanda

firm, true, abiding

sanda (þ) (1) adj. "firm, true, abiding" (STAN)

sanya

name

[sanya] (þ) (2) noun ?"name" (reading of gloss uncertain, VT46:16)

senna

short

senna (þ, cf. older form thenna) adj. "short" (PE17:185). This is a later (TLT) variant of sinta.

senna

adjective. short

setta

first

[setta, setya adj. "first" (possibly also "primary", but Tolkien's gloss was not certainly legible) (VT46:13)]

sinta

short

sinta (þ) (1) adj. "short" (STINTĀ). Cf. senna #2.

songa

mouth

songa noun "mouth", in the sense of "interior cavity behind the teeth, containing tongue" (PE17:126)

sívë

peace

sívë (2) noun "peace" (VT44:35)

tai

they, them

tai (2) pron. "they, them", 3rd person pl., used with reference to inanimates rather than persons or living things (VT49:32, see ta #3 above). Perhaps to avoid the clash with tai "that which", the pronoun tai "they, them" was altered to te in at least one manuscript (VT49:33), so that it would merge with the pronoun used of living beings and the distinction between animate and inanimate would be abandoned (see te).

tanca

firm, fixed, sure

tanca ("k")adj. "firm, fixed, sure" (TAK)

tancata

verb. to make firm, fix

te

they, them

te pron. "they, them", 3rd person pl. (VT49:51, LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308). The pronoun te represents an original stem-form (VT49:50). Dative ten, téna or tien "for them, to them" (q.v.) Stressed té (VT49:51). Ótë "with them", q.v. VT43:20 connects te "them" with a discussion of Common Eldarin pronominal stems (ca. 1940s), where te is the "personal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring to persons rather than abstracts or inanimates (which are denoted by ta instead; see, however, the entry ta #3 regarding the problems with this form, and the hints that te may possibly be used with reference to inanimates as well)). Also consider the reflexive pronoun intë "themselves", the final element of which is apparently this pronoun te; see also tú for the dual form.

thenna

thenna

†thenna, see senna #2

toi

they

toi pron. "they" (FS; replaced by te in LotR-style Quenya?)

tulca

firm, strong, immovable, steadfast

tulca (1) ("k") adj. "firm, strong, immovable, steadfast" (TULUK)

tulunca

steady, firm

tulunca ("k") adj. "steady, firm" (LT1:270; in Tolkien's later Quenya tulca)

téna

straight, right

téna (1) adj. "straight, right" (SD:310; see téra)

téra

straight, right

téra adj. "straight, right" (TEÑ, see TE3; LR:47; in one text Tolkien changed it to téna, SD:310)

tú

they, them

tú pron. "they, them", 3rd person dual ("the two of them"), both "personal and neuter" (the pronoun can be used of persons and things alike). (VT49:51) Tolkien also considered tet for the same meaning, listing it alongside tú in one source (VT49:56), but this form was apparently abandoned.

umpano

build

umpano noun "build" (read: building), alternative form of ampano, which form is probably to be preferred (VT45:36, compare PAN; VT46:8 records how Tolkien in one case altered umpano to ampano)

yello

call, shout of triumph

yello (2) noun "call, shout of triumph" (GYEL); changed by Tolkien from ello.

ópa

mouth

ópa noun "mouth", in the sense of mouth-opening with lips as the edges (PE17:126)

amatírë

noun. hope

yessë

noun. beginning

yeset Reconstructed

root. beginning

The root ᴹ√ESE(T) “precede” and ᴹ√SET “precede forward” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. esse “beginning”, ᴹQ. esta “first”, and N. seth {“first” >>} “forth”, but the ᴹ√SET forms were rejected and the ᴹ√ESE(T) forms marked with a “?”, being in conflict with ᴹ√ES “indicate, name” (Ety/ESE; EtyAC/SET). The appearance of Q. yesta “beginning” and Q. Yestarë “first day of the year” in later writings (LotR/1108-1109; PE17/120) indicate the root was probably revised to ✱√YESET.

sed

root. rest

This root first appeared as ᴹ√SED “rest” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. sére “rest, repose, peace” and N. sîdh “peace”, along with the name of the Valië ᴹQ. Este < ᴹ✶ezdē (Ety/SED). The root √SED “rest” along with the etymology of Este reappeared in both the Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the 1930s (PE19/45) and the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s (PE19/92), and again in revisions to the OP2 page annotated in green ink and thus probably from 1970 (PE19/91 and note #110).

The root √SED “rest” was mentioned a couple times in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s as the basis for the verb ᴹQ. ser- “rest, repose” (PE22/102, 125) and again (unglossed) in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 as the basis for Este (WJ/403). In the sense “peace” this root had some competition, however. In the first version of the Gloria in Excelsis Deo prayer from the mid-1960s, Tolkien used Q. sívë for “peace”, revised to Q. sérë in the second version and then Q. rainë (VT44/32). The word Q. sívë “peace” reappeared in unpublished etymological notes from 1969 derived from the root √SIB “rest, quiet” (VT44/35).

Neo-Eldarin: For purpose of Neo-Eldarin, I would use √SED for the act of resting and so Q. sérë “peace” = “restfulness (personal peace)”, and would use √SIB = “quiet, ✱stillness, absence of activity” and so Q. sívë “peace” = “absence of activity or violence (environmental peace)”. I would use Q. rainë as “good will” in connection to √RAY “smile”.

mbar

root. settle, dwell; establish, fix, decide, determine, make a decision, settle; establish, fix, decide, determine, make a decision; dwell, [ᴹ√] inhabit, [ᴱ√] live

This root was connected to the sense “dwell” for all of Tolkien’s life. In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s it appeared as ᴱ√MBARA “dwell, live”, though in Qenya it was blended with ᴱ√ŊWAÐA “tarry, linger” since [[eq|initial [ŋʷ] became [m]]] (QL/60). In Gnomish the two roots remained distinct: G. bar “home” (GL/21) vs. G. gwadh- “dwell” (GL/46). However, other Gnomish derivatives hint at an unstrengthened variant ᴱ√MARA: G. mar “Earth, ground, soil” and G. Môr “The Earth”, of which Tolkien said “mar and môr probably conceal two roots and a confusion; mbara” (GL/56). The source of this confusion might be ᴱ√MARA “ripe” (QL/59, 63).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root appeared as ᴹ√MBAR “dwell, inhabit” (Ety/MBAR); an earlier version of this entry had the extra gloss “build” (EtyAC/MBAR). In The Etymologies, it seems this root was a strengthened form of ᴹ√BAR “raise” (Ety/BAR), but the root ᴹ√MBARAT “fate” seems to be unrelated at this point (Ety/MBARAT). The root mbar- was mentioned in the Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the 1930s (PE19/36) and again as √MBAR “{house >>} dwell” in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) from around 1950 (PE18/92).

The root √MBAR still had the basic sense “dwell” in Notes on Galadriel’s Song (NGS) from the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/64); in those notes it seems it was distinct from both √BAR “raise” and √MAR(AT) or √MBART “doom, fate” (PE17/66). But in notes on Fate from 1968 (NM/226-231; PE17/104-109), Tolkien shifted the meaning of the root:

> English “settle” in its various branches of meaning closely resembles the development of the meanings of √MBAR: thus settlement can mean the act of colonizing or taking up an abode, or the area or place so occupied (by a family or community); or (the terms of) an agreement fixed after debate. The development was not, however, the same: the senses of settle proceed from a sense “place in or take up” a firm position, especially in a place that seems suitable; from which the sense of settling affairs that were in confusion or doubt arose. √MBAR meant basically to make a decision, and the meanings relating to dwelling or occupying land proceeded from that (PE17/105).

This new definition for √MBAR was to support a more direct connection between this root and words like Q. umbar “fate”, hence establishing an etymological relationship to extended √MBARAT for the first time, for example with √MBAR > ✶mbartā- “to define, decree, destine” (PE17/104).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think this late 1960s meaning “settle, decide, establish; (by extension) dwell” is probably the best.

mir

root. precious; esteem, value

The first appearance of this root was as ᴱ√MIRI “smile”, along with variant ᴱ√MṚT͡YṚ and derivatives like ᴱQ. mire “smile” and ᴱQ. mirmile “ripple of laughter” (QL/61). However, in The Etymologies of the 1930s unglossed ᴹ√MIR had derivatives like ᴹQ. míre/N. mîr “jewel, precious thing, treasure” (Ety/MIR), senses these words retained thereafter. The root √MIR appeared several times in Tolkien’s later writings with glosses like “esteem, value” (PE17/37) or “precious” (PE17/165).

ezdē

noun. rest

ambar(a)

noun. the settlement, establishment, the world

sinit

root. esteem

stenna

adjective. short

minya

ordinal. first

te

pronoun. they

en

root. name

Ídh

noun. Rest

Rest

îdh

feminine name. Rest

tangada-

verb. to make firm, confirm, establish

ethir

noun. mouth (of a river), estuary

tangad(a)-

verb. to make firm, confirm, establish, to make firm, confirm, establish, [ᴱN.] fix

tîr

adjective. straight, right, straight, right; [G.] upright, honest; esteem, regard, honour

Eord

noun. Rest

sîdh

noun. peace

ho

pronoun. he

thent

adjective. short

dortha-

verb. to dwell, stay

penia-

verb. to fix, to set

sîdh

noun. peace

tanc

adjective. firm

tanc

adjective. firm, firm; [ᴱN.] steady, steadfast; [G.] settled

tîr

adjective. straight, right

edhen

adjective. first

ereg

place name. First

Earlier name for the river S. Erui from Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, apparently a Noldorin word meaning ereg “first” (TI/312, WR/436).

ereg

adjective. first

hartha-

verb. to hope

harthad

noun. hope

ho

pronoun. he

hon

pronoun. he

hon(o)

pronoun. he

hono

pronoun. he

ial

noun. (?) a call, (?) a cry

ialla-

verb. to call

taer

adjective. straight

Written tær (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies, rectified here according to VT/46:18 (which also lists the ligature)

taer

adjective. straight

thand

adjective. firm, true, abiding

Misreading thenid, thenin rectified according to VT/46:16

thann

adjective. firm, true, abiding

Misreading thenid, thenin rectified according to VT/46:16

thent

adjective. short

Erde

noun. Rest

Rest

éde

feminine name. Repose

minya

ordinal. first

u

pronoun. he

A well-attested pronominal prefix, the masculine singular pronoun “he” (SD/433). See the entry on pronominal-prefixes for more discussion. Tolkien said that it had another variant hu- (SD/433), but this variant was only appears in the early and rejected hunekkū, which was changed to unekkū (see nakh-). Tolkien further indicated that the form u- primitively had an initial consonant [ɣ] or [ʔ] that was lost (SD/433).

mag- Speculative

verb. to build

A hypothetical verb from which the agental-formation magân “wright, ✱builder” is derived, itself attested only as an element in the name Balkumagân “Shipwright”. It may be related to the Elvish root ᴹ√MAG “use, handle”, as suggested by Andreas Moehn (EotAL/MAG).