ech

noun. spine, *spiny quill or bristle

A noun for “spine” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√EK (Ety/EK; EtyAC/EK). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road it was given the gloss “spear” (LR/355), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne corrected this to “spine” in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT45/12). Given the root’s association with pointed things, this word likely means “spine” in the sense of “✱spiny quill or bristle” in a plant or animal, and not “spine” as in “vertebrae”.

ech

noun. spine

The Etymologies as published gloss this word as "spear", but the correct reading is provided in VT/45

echad-

verb. to fashion, shape; make

echain

adjective. new, built again

@@@ Roman Rausch speculated on possible derivations (EE/2.67).

echui(w)

noun. awakening

echuir

noun. early Spring, (lit.) stirring

echad-

verb. to fashion, make

echui

noun. awakening

echuiw

noun. awakening

eredlemrin

place name. Echoing Mountains

A “pure Noldorin” name for Eredlómin appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s as a combination of the plural of orod “mountain” and the lenited plural of glamren “echoing” (Ety/GLAM, LOM, ÓROT).

Conceptual Development: In the entry for the root ᴹ√LAM it first appeared as (rejected) Eredlamrin (EtyAC/LAM).

eredlómin

place name. Echoing Mountains

glamor

noun. echo

glamren

adjective. echoing

glambr

noun. echo

glamor

noun. echo

glamren

adjective. echoing

beor

noun. follower, vassal

bior

noun. follower, vassal

eden

adjective. new, begun again

lhasbelin

noun. season of autumn

nella-

verb. to sound (of bells)

rhind

noun. circle

rhingorn

noun. circle

rhingorn

noun. circle

rhinn

noun. circle

rhinn

noun. circle

rhomru

noun. sound of horns

rhû

noun. loud-sound, trumpet-sound

sein

adjective. new

sein

adjective. new

êg

noun. thorn

êg

noun. thorn

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “thorn” under the root ᴹ√EK (Ety/EK). In The Etymologies this root was glossed “spear”, but I think this gloss applied only to the extended form of the root √EKTE, because elsewhere √EK had other glosses like “sharp, (sharp) point, thorn” (WJ/365; VT48/25; PE22/127).

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, G. eg merely meant “point” (GL/32) while G. aith was “thorn” (GL/18), both from the early root ᴱ√EKE or ᴱ√EHE having to do with points (GL/31; QL/35). In Gnomish Lexicon Slips this became G. aithr “thorn” which also had an archaic sense “†sword” (PE13/108), a word that also appeared as ᴱN. aithr “thorn, [archaic] †sword” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/136).

ech

maybe ( 2nd sg

_pron. _maybe ( 2nd sg. ?) emphatic or reflexive pronoun. >> est, im

ech

pronoun. ?you, yourself (singular)

echant

verb. Im Narvi hain ~echant~ 'I Narvi ~made~ them'

v. pa.t. of echad- 'shaped out', shaped and made. Im Narvi hain echant 'I Narvi made them'. edagant was originally a S. pa.t. form which was deleted (together with pa.t. edagad). >> echad-

echoriath

place name. Encircling Mountains, (lit.) Encircling Fence

The mountains around Gondolin, translated “Encircling Mountains” (S/138). This name is a compound of echor “encircling” (SA/echor) and iath “fence”, hence its literal meaning is “Encircling Fence”.

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, these mountains were called G. Heborodin “Encircling Hills” (LT2/166). In the tale “The Wanderings of Húrin” from the late 1950s, Tolkien changed the name to Echoriad (meaning unclear), but Christopher Tolkien retained the earlier but more common form Echoriath in the published version of The Silmarillion (WJ/271, 302 note 27).

echad

noun. camp

A noun for “camp” appearing as an element in the name Echad i Sedryn “Camp of the Faithful” (UT/153). It might be a combination of √ET “out” and √KHAD “sit”, though if it were it should be ✱✱echadh.

echui

noun. awakening

A noun for “awakening”, most notably in Nen Echui “Water of Awakening” (SA/cuivië, LR/406). It appeared as N. echui(w) “awakening” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶et-kuiwē under the root ᴹ√KUY “come to life, awake” (Ety/KUY).

Conceptual Development: The earliest name for the “Waters of Awakening” was G. Nenin a Gwivros from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, and in that document G. cwivros “awakening” appeared as a noun form of G. cwivra- “awaken (intr.)” (GL/29). ᴱN. {cuibros >>} cuivros “awakening” appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/141) before the word became echui(w) in The Etymologies of the 1930s, as noted above.

echad i sedryn

place name. Camp of the Faithful

Túrin’s camp on Amon Rûdh, translated “Camp of the Faithful” (UT/153). This name is a compound of echad “camp”, the elided plural form of i “the” and the plural sedryn of sadron “trusty follower, loyal companion”.

echad-

verb. Deleted pa

v. -. Deletedpa.t. forms after this verb : edagant, edagad. >> echant

echil

collective name. Followers

Sindarin equivalent of Q. Hildor “Followers” as a name for Men (WJ/219). It is clearly derived from the same root √KHIL, but otherwise its etymology is unclear. Another Sindarin term with a similar meaning is Aphadon.

echor

noun/adjective. outer circle; encircling

echad-

verb. to form, make, shape, cut out; (lit.) to shape out, to form, make, shape, cut out, [N.] fashion; [S.] (lit.) to shape out

echil

noun. follower

echuir

noun. early Spring, (lit.) stirring

Echad i Sedryn

noun. camp of the faithful

achad (“camp”) + in (pl. genitive article) + sedryn (pl. of sadron “faithful one”)

echad

noun. camp

echil

noun. follower

echil

noun. human being

echor

noun. outer circle, encircling, outer ring

echui

noun. awakening

echuir

noun. a season, the beginning of spring

eryd echor

place name. Encircling Mountains

A variant name for Echoriath appearing in Tolkien’s “Unfinished Index” of The Lord of the Rings (RC/621), a combination of the plural form of orod “mountain” and echor “encircling”.

ech

spine

(= pricle or thorn) ech (pl. ich) (VT45:12)

ech

spine

(pl. ich) (VT45:12)

Echoriad

place name. Echoriad (name)

Echoriath is Sindarin. It means "encircling fence", from echor "encircling" and iâth "fence".

Christopher Tolkien mentioned that his father's intent was to rename the Echoriath as Echoriad, but perhaps this knowledge eluded him while publishing The Silmarillion.

Echoriad

Echoriad

Echoriath is Sindarin. It means "encircling fence", from echor "encircling" and iâth "fence". Christopher Tolkien mentioned that his father's intent was to rename the Echoriath as Echoriad, but perhaps this knowledge eluded him while publishing The Silmarillion. In his Unfinished index of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien gave an alternate name for the Encircling Mountains: Eryd Echor, using the plural eryd of the Sindarin word orod "mountain".

echad

shape

(verb) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

echad

shape

(i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

echad

make

(i echad, in echedir) (fashion, shape), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

echad

fashion

(verb) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (make, shape), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

echad

fashion

(i echad, in echedir) (make, shape), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

echor

ring

(outer ring or circle) echor (pl. echyr). It is unclear what the Sindarin word for an ornamental ring is; the cognate of Quenya corma would be *corf (i gorf, o chorf; pl. cyrf, i chyrf, coll. pl. corvath).

echor

ring

(pl. echyr). It is unclear what the Sindarin word for an ornamental ring is; the cognate of Quenya corma would be ✱corf (i gorf, o chorf; pl. cyrf, i chyrf, coll. pl. corvath).

echor

circle

(pl. echyr)

echor

outer ring/circle

echor (pl. echyr)

echor

outer ring/circle

(pl. echyr)

echui

awakening

echui (echuiw). No distinct pl. form. Coll. pl. echuiwath.

echui

awakening

(echuiw). No distinct pl. form. Coll. pl. echuiwath.

echuida-

verb. to wake up (trans.), waken, rouse

A neologism coined by Fayanzār, a causative verb based on S. echui “awakening”.

echuir

season of stirring

echuir. No distinct pl. form.

echuir

stirring, season of

echuir. No distinct pl. form.

echuiru-

verb. to come to life

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo, the Sindarin equivalent of Quenya u-verb [ᴹQ.] (ek)koiru-. However, while it is likely Sindarin also has u-verbs, we currently have no idea how they are inflected. Elaran suggested using ᴺS. echuira- instead to avoid the question of Sindarin u-verb inflections.

echuia-

cRhJ`C verb. to awake, wake up

echuia-

verb. to awaken, wake up (intr.)

echuida-

cRhJ2`C verb. to waken, rouse

echuir

stirring, season of

. No distinct pl. form.

echuir

season of stirring

. No distinct pl. form.

echuira-

verb. to come to life

Dor Lómin (Lómen)

noun. echoing land

(n-)dôr (“land, dwelling-place”), lómin ([also lómen] Dor. “echoing”)

Ered Lómin

noun. echoing mountains

ered (pl. of orod “mountain”), lómin (pl. of Dor. lómen “echoing”);

Loméndor

noun. echoing land

lomén (Dor. “echoing”) + (-n)dor (“land, dwelling”)

Lóminorthin

noun. echoing mountains (pure Dor. of Ered Lómin)

lómin (pl. of Dor.lómen “echoing”) + orthin (pl. of Dor. orth “mountain”)

lam

noun. echo

loven

adjective. echoing

lamath

noun. echoing voices

dorloven

place name. *Echoing Land

The ordinary Sindarin form of Dor-lómin, which was itself a name in the North Sindarin dialect (PE17/133). This name is a combination of dôr “land” and loven “echoing” (RC/625).

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies from the 1930s, Tolkien similarly differentiated between ordinary Noldorin Dorlamren (containing the lenited form of N. glamren) from Dor-lómen, which was the Noldorized form of Ilkorin Lómendor (Ety/LAM).

eryd lammad

place name. *Echoing Mountains

A variant name for NS. Ered Lómin “Echoing Mountains” appearing in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s of The Lord of the Rings (WJ/192), a combination of the plural form of orod “mountain” and lammad, perhaps also meaning “echoing”.

lammad

noun. *echoing

glamor

echo

(noun) glamor (i **lamor), banalogical pl. glemyr (in glemyr**). Archaic *glamr, glambr. ECHO (or, sound of voices) lammad, pl. lemmad. May also be spelt with a single m.

lam

echoing voice)

specially ECHOING VOICE) lam, pl. laim, coll. pl. lammath

glamor

echo

(i ’lamor), banalogical pl. glemyr (in glemyr). Archaic ✱glamr, glambr.

glamren

echoing

(adj.) 1) glamren (lenited lamren; pl. glemrin), 2) *loven, pl. lovin (only attested in North Sindarin form lómin)

glamren

echoing

(lenited ’lamren; pl. glemrin)

lam

echoing voice

pl. laim, coll. pl. lammath.

lam

echoing voice

lam, pl. laim, coll. pl. lammath.

lammad

echo

pl. lemmad. May also be spelt with a single m.

loven

echoing

pl. lovin (only attested in North Sindarin form lómin)

lamma- Speculative

verb. to echo

lanthir

noun. waterfall

A word for “waterfall” in the name S. Lanthir Lamath “Waterfall of Echoing Voices” (S/235; PM/349). It is probably a combination of the variant root √LAT “fall” (more typically √DAT) and S. sîr “river”, hence “✱falling river”.

aphadon

follower

(pl. Ephedyn, coll. pl. Aphadrim) (WJ:387). Also echil (no distinct pl. form); coll. pl. ?echillath

bŷr

follower

*bŷr (vassal; construct byr). No distinct pl. form except with article (i mŷr). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” bior, beor. FOLLOWER (used as a term for Mortal Man, the "follower" of the Elves): Aphadon (pl. Ephedyn, coll. pl. Aphadrim) (WJ:387). Also echil (no distinct pl. form); coll. pl. ?echillath

cad-

z2# verb. to shape; mold

Derived from the primitive root '√KAT' found in compound of 'etkat-': Out-Shape (later becoming Sindarin Echad: To Fashion). Cognate of Quenya Cat-.

rind

circle

1) rind (construct rin; no distinct pl. form except with article: idh rind), coll. pl. rinnath. 2) corn (i gorn, o chorn), pl. cyrn (i chyrn). The word is also used as an adj. "circular, round, globed", 3) (outer ring or circle) echor (pl. echyr), 4) ringorn, pl. ringyrn (idh ringyrn)

law

noun. sound

aphadon

noun. follower

aphadon

noun. man (elvish name for men)

aphadon

noun. follower

aphadrim

noun. followers, men (elvish name for men)

auth

noun. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition

bŷr

noun. follower, vassal

cant

noun. shape, shape; [N.] outline

conath

noun. many voices

conath

noun. lamentation

cîr

adjective. renewed

cýr

adjective. renewed

ethuil

noun. season of spring

firith

noun. season of fading

fân

shape

_n._shape, with the added notion of light and whiteness. It was thus often used where we might use 'a vision' (of something beautiful and sublime). Q. fana-. Tolkien notes that "Yet being elvish, though it may be used of things remote, it has no implication either of uncertainty or unreality" (PE17:26). In the name Fanuilos of Elbereth, the Fân was the vision of majesty of Elbereth upon the mountain where she dwelt.

glim

noun. voice, voice, *utterance

gwain

adjective. new

iavas

noun. season of autumn

laer

noun. season of summer

lanthir

noun. waterfall

lasbelin

noun. season of autumn

rind

noun. circle

ringorn

noun. circle

romru

noun. sound of horns

rû

noun. loud-sound, trumpet-sound

sain

adjective. new

aeg

thorn

(peak, point). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". See also SPINE.

aphada

follow

(i aphada, in aphadar) (WJ:387)  

byr

follower

). No distinct pl. form except with article (i mŷr). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” bior, beor.

cant

shape

(noun) cant (i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i **chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint**; see SHADOW.

cant

shape

(i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint; see SHADOW.

car

make

(i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (do, build) (WJ:415)

corn

circle

(i gorn, o chorn), pl. cyrn (i chyrn). The word is also used as an adj. "circular, round, globed"

corod Reconstructed

noun. circle

cîl

renewal

(i gîl; no distinct pl. form except with article: i chîl) (VT48:8)

cîr

renewed

clashes with the word for ”ship”.s

cîw

new

(lenited gîw; no distinct pl. form) (fresh)

cýron

new moon

(i gýron), pl. cýroen (i chýroen). Archaic ✱cýraun, spelt cýrawn in the source (VT48:7).

ecthel

thorn point

(pl. ecthil). See also

eden

new

(begun again), pl. edin

gwachae

far away

(adj.) *gwachae (remote), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir).

gwachae

adjective. far away

gwain

new

1) #gwain (gwin-), lenited wain, pl. gwîn. Isolated from the month-name Narwain, ”new sun” (where #gwain appears in lenited form). The form gwîn ”young” listed in VT46:22 would have to be taken as a pl. form, if it is to be the cognate of Quenya vinya. 2) cîw (lenited gîw; no distinct pl. form) (fresh), 3) eden (begun again), pl. edin; 4) sain (sin-), lenited hain; pl. sîn;

gwain

new

(gwin-), lenited ’wain, pl. gwîn. Isolated from the month-name Narwain, ”new sun” (where #gwain appears in lenited form). The form gwîn ”young” listed in VT46:22 would have to be taken as a pl. form, if it is to be the cognate of Quenya vinya.

lammad

sound of voices

pl. lemmaid. May also be spelt with a single m.

lanthir

waterfall

lanthir (no distinct pl. form). Coll. pl. lanthiriath.

lanthir

waterfall

lanthir (no distinct pl. form). Coll. pl. lanthiriath.

lhûn

making sound

lenited ?thlûn or ?lûn (the lenition product of lh is uncertain), pl. lhuin. Verb

nellad

sound of bells

(pl. nellaid);

rind

noun. circle

rind

circle

(construct rin; no distinct pl. form except with article: idh rind), coll. pl. rinnath.

ringorn

noun. circle

ringorn

circle

pl. ringyrn (idh ringyrn)

romru

sound of horns

pl. remry (idh remry) for archaic römry;

rêg

thorn

(construct reg) (holly), pl. rîg (idh rîg)

sain

adjective. new

sain

new

(sin-), lenited hain; pl. sîn

siniath

news

(tidings) (i siniath).

êg

thorn

1) êg (construct eg), pl. îg; 2) rêg (construct reg) (holly), pl. rîg (idh rîg), 3) aeg (peak, point). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". See also SPINE.

êg

thorn

(construct eg), pl. îg

û

noun. voice

lámina

echoing

lámina adj. "echoing" (LAM)

nalláma

echo

nalláma, nallama noun "echo" (LAM). The initial element may be nan- "back", hence "back-sound", sound that comes back (cf. láma).

lóminórë

place name. *Echoing Land

Quenya name of Dor-lómin (WJ/145). It is probably a combination of the North Sindarin word NS. lómin “echoing” with Q. nórë “land”. The Quenya word for “echoing” is elsewhere given as [ᴹQ.] lámina (Ety/LAM).

láma

ringing sound, echo

láma noun "ringing sound, echo" (LAM)

láma

noun. sound, sound; [ᴹQ.] ringing sound, echo

nallamya-

verb. to echo, sound back, reverberate

nan-

backwards

nan- (prefix) "backwards" (NDAN) or "back", as in nanwen- "return" (go/come back, PE17:166), cf. also nanquernë *"turned back", the pl. form of nanquerna _(VT49:17-18). _Apparently assimilated nal- in nalláma "echo" (if this represents nan-láma "back-sound", sound coming back).

axa

waterfall

axa ("ks") (2) noun "waterfall" (LT1:249, 255 - this "Qenya" word may have been obsoleted by # 1 above)

canta

shape

canta (2) _("k") noun"shape" (PE17:175), also used as adj._ "shaped", also as quasi-suffix -canta ("k") "-shaped" (KAT)

cat-

verb. shape

shape, fashion

coirë

stirring

coirë noun "stirring", in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 54 days (Appendix D), but translated "the first day of Spring" in the Silmarillion Appendix (SA:cuivië). Early "Qenya" has coirë ("k")"life" (LT1:257; in Tolkien's later Quenya, the word for "life" is cuilë or coivië; however, cf. the adj. coirëa from a late source).

corma

ring

#corma noun "ring", isolated from #cormacolindo "Ring-bearer", pl. cormacolindor (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308); Cormarë "Ringday", a festival held on Yavannië 30 in honour of Frodo Baggins (Appendix D)

corma

noun. ring

A word for “ring” appearing as an element in Q. Cormacolindor “Ring-bearers” (LotR/953), clearly derived from the root √KOR “round”. It also appeared in a translation of the title of The Lord of the Rings that Tolkien included in a 1973 letter to Phillip Brown: i Túrin i Cormaron.

Conceptual Development: Another translation of “Lord of the Rings” is known from an exhibit of Tolkien manuscripts: Heru imillion, where presumably the element millë means “ring” (DTS/54). In a deleted entry from The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien had ᴹQ. kolma “ring ([?on] finger)” [or possibly “or finger”] derived from a deleted root ᴹ√KOL (EtyAC/KOL).

corto

noun. circle

cuivië

awakening

cuivië noun "awakening" (early "Qenya" coivië, q.v., but this word Tolkien later used = *"life"). In Cuiviénen, "Water of Awakening" (SA:cuivië, SA:nen, KUY; spelt with a k_ in the Etymologies). Somewhat surprisingly, cuivië is used to mean "life" in cuivie-lancassë ("k"), literally 'on the brink of life' ("of a perilous situation in which one is likely to fall into death") (VT42:8)_ The form coivië is used for "life" elsewhere.

cuivië

noun. awakening

A word for “awakening”, most notably an element in the word Cuiviénen “Water of Awakening” (S/48). It was derived from the root √KUY (Ety/KUY). In a few places it appeared as kuive instead (PE17/68; Ety/KUY).

Conceptual Development: The earliest form for “Waters of Awakening” was ᴱQ. Koivie-néni (LT1/85), and ᴱQ. koivie was glossed as “awakening” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/48). It was glossed “liveliness” in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, however, and ᴱQ. qîvie was “awakening” (GL/29).

cuivë

awakening

cuivë ("k")noun "awakening" (KUY)

cuivë

noun. awakening

ecco

spine

ecco ("k") noun "spine". (In the Etymologies as printed in LR, entry EK/EKTE, the gloss is given as "spear", but according to VT45:12 this is a misreading of Tolkien's manuscript.)

finta-

to make, finish off, or decorate a thing with delicate work

finta- (1) vb. "to make, finish off, or decorate a thing with delicate work" (PE17:17)

hildi

followers

hildi, -hildi noun "followers" (used = mortal men, the Second-born of Ilúvatar) (KHIL) (also Hildor, q.v.). Dat. pl. hildin "for men", a dative pl. occurring in Fíriel's Song. Cf. hildinyar "my heirs", evidently *hildë, hildo "follower, heir" + -inya "my" + -r plural ending (EO)

hilya-

to follow

hilya- vb. "to follow" (KHIL)

hlón

sound

hlón noun "sound", "a noise" (VT48:29). Also hlóna. The stem of hlón is apparently hlon- if hloni "sounds" in WJ:394 is its plural form.

lamma

sound

lamma noun "sound" (LAM)

láma#

noun. sound

sound

nassë

thorn, spike

nassë (2) noun "thorn, spike" (NAS). Not to be confused with nassë "(s)he is", VT49:30 or nassë # above. Note that in late material, the unambiguous word necel appears for "thorn" (PE17:55).

necel

thorn

necel ("k") noun "thorn" (PE17:55)

necel

noun. thorn

A word for “thorn” in notes on the Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s, derived from the root √NEK having to do with angles (PE17/55).

neuro

follower, successor

neuro noun "follower, successor" (NDEW)

rindë

circle

rindë noun "circle" (RIN)

risil

ring

*risil (þ) noun "ring" (on the ground) in Rithil-Anamo, q.v.

sinya

new

sinya adj. "new" (SI)

vahaia

adverb. far away

vaháya

far away

vaháya adj. "far away" (LR:47, SD:310). Also spelt vahaiya (SD:247)

venië

shape, cut

venië noun? "shape, cut" (LT1:254)

venwë

shape, cut

venwë noun? "shape, cut" (LT1:254)

winya

new, fresh, young

winya (1) adj. "new, fresh, young" _(VT45:16; though the entry including this form was struck out in the Etymologies, _vinya "new" is a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, and it is meant to represent older winya. Compare winyamo, q.v.)

óma

voice

óma noun "voice" (OM), "voice, resonance of the vocal chords" (VT39:16), "voice /vowel" _(PE17:138, where it is said that the root _OM refers to "drawn-out" sounds; contrast tomba, q.v.). With pronominal suffix #ómarya "his/her voice", genitive ómaryo "of his/her voice" (Nam, RGEO:67). Instrumental pl. ómainen "with voices" _(WJ:391). Adj. ómalóra "voiceless" (VT45:28)_. The term óma is closely associated with vowels, see óma-tengwë, ómëa; cf. also the compounds ómataina "vocalic extension", the addition to the base a final vowel identical to the stem-vowel (WJ:371, 417; also called ómataima, VT42:24, 25), ómatehtar "vowel-signs", signs used for vowels (usually called simply tehtar, but the latter term strictly includes all kinds of diacritics, not just the vowel-signs) (WJ:396)

estolië

noun. camp

A neologism for “camp” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT), inspired by S. estolad “encampment”.

swā

root. echoic representation of sound of wind

wā

root. blow; noise of wind, echoic representation of sound of wind

This and similar roots were the basis for “wind” words for much of Tolkien’s life, especially in Sindarin and its precursors. Its first appearance was unglossed ᴱ√GWĀ in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. ’wā “wind” and ᴱQ. ’wanwavoite “windy”, where presumably the ’ indicated the lost initial g; there were also two erased variants of the root ᴱ√WĀ and ᴱ√WA’A (WAƷA?) (QL/102). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon it had derivatives like G. gwâ “wind” and G. gwavwed “windy” (GL/43).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave the root as ᴹ√WĀ “blow” with extended variants ᴹ√WAIWA and ᴹ√WAWA and derivatives like ᴹQ. vaiwa/N. gwaew “wind” (Ety/WĀ). ᴹQ. ván/N. gwaun < ᴹ√WĀ-N also seem to be related (Ety/WA-N; EtyAC/WA-N), perhaps based on the noise the goose makes. The root √WĀ appeared a number of times in Tolkien’s later writings with glosses like “blow” (PE17/33), “[used?] of noise of wind” (PE17/34), “echoic representation of sound of wind” (NM/237), and in the variant form √WAY “blow, or be disturbed” (PE17/33) or √WAY “blow (as of wind)” (PE17/154, 189). √WAY was its most common variant form, but it had many others such as √WAW, √WIW, √SWA, √SWAW and √SWAR.

kat

root. shape, shape, [ᴹ√] make

The root ᴹ√KAT “shape” first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives ᴹQ. kanta- “to shape”, ᴹQ. kanta “shaped”, and N. echad- “fashion, shape” (Ety/KAT). All these derivatives reappeared in Tolkien’s later writings, though Q. canta was more typically used as the noun “shape” (PE17/175; PE18/84, 90). The root appeared frequently in both the first and second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa as an example of a biconsonantal root (TQ1: PE18/34, 46, 62; TQ2: PE18/84-85, 87, 89-90, 95).

etkoiru-

verb. to come to life

koiru-

verb. to come to life

ōma

noun. voice

nazg

noun. ring

nazg

noun. (finger-)ring

>> Nazgûl 'Ringwraiths'

êphalak

adjective. far away

A combination of êphal “far” and the suffix -ak (SD/247, 312), which could either mean “away” or be some kind of intensifier. See the entry for -ak for further discussion.