i

pronoun. that, what (relative pronoun)

i

article. the

inye

pronoun. I (emphatic)

illume e·kestanen/kestanelyanen, ni·tulle

when/if he (had) asked me, I came

inya karie·te

I am to (have to) make it

ilmandur

masculine name. Ilmandur

Older(?) brother of Isildur and Anárion in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this character was quickly rejected (TI/119). The name might be a compound of Ilma “Starlight” and the suffix -(n)dur “servant”, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/2.14).

ilverin

masculine name. Ilverin

A minstrel of Doriath appearing in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (RS/180).

Conceptual Development: This name seems to be a remnant of ᴱQ. Ilverin from the earliest Lost Tales. Tolkien considered several alternate names in the margin (RS/187 note #6) but ultimately abandoned this character.

ingweqenya

proper name. Ingweqenya

A term for the dialect of Qenya spoken in the house of Ingwe appearing in linguistic notes from the 1930s (LR/172, 193), it is simply a combination of the name of the Elf-lord prepended to the language.

ingwiel

masculine name. Ingwiel

Son of ᴹQ. Ingwe in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/156, LR/326). The name Ingwiel contains his father’s name as an element, though the function of the suffix -iel (often “daughter”) is unclear. See later Q. Ingwion for later developments.

ingil

masculine name. Ingil

See earlier ᴱQ. Ingil and later Q. Ingwion for discussion.

ingwelindar

collective name. Ingwelindar

A term for the house of Ingwe within the tribe of the Lindar appearing in linguistic notes from the 1930s (LR/171), it is simply a combination of the name of the Elf-lord with the name of his tribe.

inka

noun. idea

ilfirin

adjective. immortal

ilmare

feminine name. Ilmare

imbe

adverb. in(wards)

ingwi

collective name. Ingwi

intyale

noun. imagination

isildur

masculine name. Isildur

irilde

feminine name. Idhril

ilmarin

place name. Ilmarin

ilqa

all the, the whole (situation); everything, all

An adjective or pronoun for “all the, the whole” appearing in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 as a combination of ᴹQ. il(u)- “the whole” and ᴹQ. qa- “each, every, all” (PE23/106). It also functioned as a prefix of similar meaning (PE23/101). As an adjective Tolkien specified ilqa was used with singular nouns and without the article, as in ᴹQ. ilqa nóre “all the land” (PE23/106). It could be used pronominally to mean “the whole (situation)” (PE23/105).

Conceptual Development: In drafts of DRC, ilqa meant “every, each” before being revised to qa(qe) (PE23/101 note #36). In DRC, primitive ᴹ√kwā- meant “all”, possibly related to ᴹ√KWAT “fill” (PE23/101). However, in The Etymologies of the 1930s ilqa was instead “everything”, because in that document ᴹ√KWA meant “something”, so that il-qa = “✱all things” (Ety/IL; EtyAC/KWA). The word ilqa was translated as “all” (pronoun) in ᴹQ. Fíriel’s Song, also from the 1930s (LR/72).

Neo-Quenya: In Tolkien’s later writings, IL was “all” (VT48/25) and √KWA was translated “whole, complete, all” (VT47/7, 17), but I think ilqua might still be used for “all the, the whole” with a reversal of the meaning of its elements.

indis

feminine name. Bride

A name for Nessa (Ety/NĪ¹) meaning “Bride” (Ety/I², NDIS, NETH). See Q. Indis for the later use of this name for the wife of Finwë.

indyo

noun. grandchild, descendant, grandson, grandchild, descendant, grandson, *granddaughter

A noun for “grandchild, descendant” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGYO or ÑGYON of the same meaning (Ety/ÑGYO). The ndy in this word is because velars became dentals before ** in Ancient Quenya, so that ñgy > ndy. The word {indyo >>} inyo appeared with the gloss “grandson” in a deleted marginal noted by the entry for the root ᴹ√YO(N) “son” (EtyAC/YŌ), and indyo “grandson” appeared in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from both the 1930s (PE22/23) and 1940s (PE22/52). In these Feanorian Alphabet notes as well as in The Etymologies, the word indyo was the name of the tengwa 2Ô [ndy] (PE22/23, 52; EtyAC/ÑGYŌ).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. yondo was glossed “male descendant, usually (great) grandson” (QL/106), but in later writings yondo was used for “son”.

Neo-Quenya: It is possibly Tolkien intended indyo to be used only of male grandchildren, but since we have no word for “granddaughter”, I think it is best to assume it can be used for grandchildren (or indeed any descendant) of either gender for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

i·aldar hinna ólar

the tree is still growing

A phrase in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 (PE22/116), revised from i·alda hinna {alarye >>} olarye (PE22/116 note #93). The singular gloss “the tree is” applied to the original (singular) phrase, and the gloss was not revised when the Quenya phrase was rewritten to be plural. The actual meaning of the revised phrase is “✱the trees are still growing”. The rejected verb forms {alarye >>} olarye are probably examples of the (singular) long imperfect, an alternate present-tense formation used in QVS and nowhere else.

ilma

proper name. Starlight

This name first appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the early 1930s as ᴹQ. Silma >> Ilma >> Ilmen as a name for the “Place of Light”, home of the stars (SM/240-1). It reappeared in the mid-30s as a word for “Starlight” (LR/205), and also appeared in The Etymologies as a derivative of ᴹ√GIL, alongside (and perhaps an element of) Ilmen “region above air where stars are” (Ety/GIL).

ilmen-assa

place name. Chasm of Ilmen

In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, the gap beside the world through which the Sun and Moon traveled when they were not visible in the sky (SM/237, 240), also appearing in The Etymologies as compound of Ilmen and assa “hole” (Ety/GAS).

ilumíre

proper name. Silmaril

Another name for a Silmaril appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/IL), apparently a compound of ilu “world” and míre “jewel”.

inimeite

adjective. *feminine

An unglossed word in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√INI “female” (Ety/INI), the equivalent of ᴹQ. hanuvoite and hence probably an adjective meaning “✱feminine”. This word is unusual in form, since [[q|[ei] generally became [ī]]] in Quenya, so the expected form is ✱inimíte.

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. qimenoite “feminine, female”, adjectival form of ᴱQ. qin (qim-) “woman, female” (QL/77). This word reappeared in Early Qenya Word-lists along with variant qimíte, both given after ᴱQ. qinya “female” and thus probably adjectives of similar meaning (PE16/135).

In drafts for the first version of Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s, Tolkien had various adjectival forms based on the root ᴹ√(G)ERE/(G)RÉ “bear, produce” such as ᴹQ. ríte “female, fem[inine]”, réte, réna, reana, or rénima (PE23/85, 87), but the relevant sections were rejected and there are no signs of the root ᴹ√RÉ in the revised text.

istimor

collective name. The Wise

Another name for the Noldor appearing in name lists and The Etymologies from the 1930s (LR/403, Ety/IS). It seems to be a combination of istima “wise” and the plural of the agental suffix -mo. It was initially written as Ainimor.

ilúve ilu

proper name. Heaven, the universe, all that is

A Quenya term appearing in Númenórean stories from the 1940s referring to the entirety of existence, both the physical universe and Heaven (SD/401), apparently a combination of ilúve “universe” or “Heaven” and ilu “universe, world”.

imbeláris

place name. Rivendell

A Quenya name for Imladris(t) (Rivendell) given on a rejected page of linguistic notes from the 1940s (PE22/127), simply a Quenyarized form of the Noldorin name.

intin

pronoun. they (emphatic)

@@@ Regarding -n see “the final -m/n that sometimes appears at the end of object pronouns in pl. and belongs to them, not to the subject.” (PE22/94) as suggested by Aleksandr Zapragajev: gilruin.gitlab.io

ilu

noun. universe, world

ilúve

noun. universe, world; Heaven

inga

adjective. first

intya

noun. guess, supposition, idea, notion

isil

noun. Moon, (lit.) Sheen

illume

conjunction. when, whenever, at the time that

ingole

noun. deep lore, magic

inya

pronoun. my (emphatic possessive), my

ilmen

place name. Place of Light

imbe

noun. dell, deep vale, ravine, glen

indis

noun. bride

ingwe

masculine name. Prince of Elves

istima

adjective. having knowledge, wise, learned

istyar

noun. scholar, learned man, lore-master, wizard

ilu vanya, fanya, eari, i-mar, ar ilqa ímen

the World is fair, the sky, the seas, the earth, and all that is in them

ilyain antalto annar lestanen ilúvatáren

to all they gave in measure the gifts of Ilúvatar

istalima

adjective. knowable, ascertainable

i kiryo sorasta

the ship’s (particular on[e]) equipment

i nero karie kirya

the man’s making of a ship

i sorasta i kiryava

the ship’s (particular on[e]) equipment

i sorasta kiryava

the equipment of a ship

i·nér né raiqa ar sí aphastat

the man was angry but now is in good humor (lit. it pleases him)

ilkorin

proper name. Not of Kôr

In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this was the name of the Elves who remained in Beleriand, so called because they never came to Kôr (SM/85, LR/171). It was a combination of the negative suffix il- with the name of the city Kôr (Ety/AR², LA).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, the term Ilkorin was used for the whole of Elven-kind who did not travel to Valinor (LT1/196), equivalent to the later terms ᴹQ. Lembi and Q. Avari, though in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, Tolkien at first used the term Teleatka or Teleakta as the name of their language (QL/32, 39). By the time of the Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this term referred only to the folk of Thingol in Beleriand (LR/171, 181). In Tolkien’s later writing, the Elves of Beleriand became the Sindarin.

inya

adjective. female

An adjective for “female” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√INI “female” (Ety/INI).

Conceptual Development: In Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, Tolkien gave a similar form ᴱQ. qinya “female”, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. qin “woman” (PE16/135).

In drafts for the first version of Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s, Tolkien had various adjectival forms based on the root ᴹ√(G)ERE/(G)RÉ “bear, produce” such as ᴹQ. rea “female”, réna, or ᴹQ. ríte “female [of any kind]” (PE23/87), but the relevant sections were rejected and there are no signs of the root ᴹ√RÉ in the revised text.

ingolonde

place name. Land of the Gnomes

intya-

verb. to guess, suppose

ista-

verb. to know, learn

ilurambar

proper name. Walls of the World

ilya

adjective. all, the whole

ilúvatar

masculine name. All-father

indo

noun. heart, mood

istya

noun. knowledge

il-

prefix. no, not

ilduma

noun. heaven

ilu ilúvatar en káre eldain a fírimoin

the Father made the World for Elves and Mortals

ilya sí maller raikar

now all roads (are) bent

intin eldalin

they (are or were) (some) Elves

isilya

noun. *Monday, Moon-day

istare

noun. knowledge

in

pronoun. that

ista

noun. knowledge

atarinya tye-meláne

my father, I love thee

a yonya inye tye-méla

and I too, my son, I love thee

aiqe e·kestanen, en(ai) ni·túlie/karnet

if he had asked me, I should have come/made it

aiqe e·kestanen ela en ni túlie/karnet

if he had asked me (he did not), I should have come/made it

aiqe e·kestuvan, ni·tuluva

If he asked me/were to ask me, I should come

aiqe kestuvan ni·tuluva

If he asked me/were he to ask, I should come

aiqe ni káraza (nila) san ette kára(za) yú

if I were doing this now (I am not), he would be doing it too

auve e·kestanen, au ni·túlie

if he had asked me, I might have come

ha inya karite

I am to (have to) make it

lairesse nihare to tarassi, yu unta hrívesse landannar

in the summer I live in [i.e. on] the hills [as a rule], and come down to the plains in the winter

alfárima

adjective. impossible to pursue

A word for “impossible to pursue” from the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948 (PE22/111), which is the verb fara- “hunt” combined with with the suffix of possibility -ima (> “✱huntable”) and the negative prefix al(a)- (> “✱unhuntable”).

alfírima

adjective. immortal

An adjective for “immortal” in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 appearing only in its plural form alphírimar, using the adjective plural formation of QVS (PE22/124). Its more typical Quenya adjective plural form would be alfírime. It also appeared in a noun plural form Alphírimor “Immortals”. It is a combination of ᴹQ. fírima “mortal” with the negative prefix ᴹQ. al-.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s the word for “immortal” was ᴹQ. ilfirin, a combination of ᴹQ. il- “not” and firin “dead (by natural cause)” (Ety/PHIR).

enyáre tar i tyel, íre anarinya qeluva

in that day beyond the end, when my Sun faileth

alfírimo

noun. Immortal

alkárima

adjective. impossible to make

(a)·matis

it is eaten (one eats it)

ella nakie nye mólome

it is hard work for you to kill me

ha mólome le·nakin(ye)

it is hard work for you to kill me

kim-

verb. to find, to find; [ᴱQ.] to heed

In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s Tolkien gave ᴱQ. kim- “heed” as related to G. gima- “hear” (GL/38), probably based on an (unattested) early root ✱ᴱ√GIMI since initial g became k in Early Qenya. In the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 Tolkien instead had ᴹQ. kim- “find” as a replacement for ᴹQ. tuv- (PE22/108 note #50, PE22/125), but this seems to have been transient since tuv- was restored in The Lord of the Rings.

Neo-Quenya: I would keep ᴺQ. cim- as “to heed” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, since this is the closest to a verb for “obey” that we have in Quenya.

kuina

adjective. alive

An adjective appearing as ᴹQ. kuina “alive” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√KUY “come to life, awake” (Ety/KUY).

Conceptual Development: A similar adjective ᴱQ. koina “living, alive” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√KOẎO “have life” (QL/48).

Neo-Quenya: Tolkien vacillated between the two roots √KOY and √KUY for “life”; I prefer to use √KOY for purposes of Neo-Eldarin, so I’d use ᴺQ. coina for “alive”. For “living” I’d using the word Q. coirëa from the 1950s (PM/399).

uruite

adjective. fiery

A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “fiery”, an adjectival form of ᴹQ. úr “fire” under the root ᴹ√UR “be hot”, but these words were deleted when the meaning of the root was revised to “wide, large, great” (Ety/UR).

Conceptual Development: A similar word ᴱQ. uruvoite “fiery, having fire” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√URU (QL/98).

Neo-Quenya: The word úr “fire” was restored in some later writings, and this adjective may have been restored with it, but I prefer ᴺQ. úruva for “fiery”; see that entry for discussion.

hiswa

adjective. grey, grey [of weather], *foggy, overcast; [ᴱQ.] dim, fading

This word is glossed “grey” in The Etymologies, but perhaps means “✱foggy, overcast”, since Sindarin cognate hethw means “foggy, obscure, vague” and related noun hiswë means “fog”. @@@

helkelimbe

noun. *icicle, (lit.) ice-drop

An unglossed noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/LIB¹), a combination of ᴹQ. helke “ice” and a variant of ᴹQ. limba “drop”, perhaps meaning “✱icicle”.

Conceptual Development: A word for “icicle” with a similar etymology appeared in the Qenya Lexicon: ᴱQ. liqilitl, a combination of ᴱ√LIQI “clear” and ᴱQ. litl “drop” (QL/54). This supports the notion that 1930s helkelimbe “✱ice-drop” might also be used for an icicle. In the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, however, “icicle” was ᴹQ. helen with stem-form helem- (PE21/34).

laiwa

adjective. sickly, sick, ill

An adjective appearing as ᴹQ. laiwa “sickly, sick, ill” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶slaiwā under the root ᴹ√SLIW “sickly” (Ety/SLIW). The ancient initial sl became voiceless hl, which was then voiced to l as was generally the case in The Etymologies.

Neo-Quenya: In Tolkien’s later writing, he usually retained hl- in spelling if not pronunciation; see the entry on how initial voiceless nasals and liquids were voiced for discussion. As such, most Neo-Quenya writers adapt this word as ᴺQ. hlaiwa.

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had the word ᴱQ. leuke (leuki-) “sick, ill; pallid, wan” under the similar but earlier root ᴱ√LEẆE (QL/53).

írimor

collective name. Fair Ones

Another name for the Lindar appearing in name lists and The Etymologies from the 1930s (LR/403, Ety/ID). It seems to be a combination of írima “lovely” and the plural of the agental suffix -mo.

angaina

adjective. of iron

An adjectival form of ᴹQ. anga “iron” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/ANGĀ), also mentioned in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s (QL/31; PME/31).

arin

noun. morning

@@@ may be reconceived as a derivative of AS.

arkimbele

place name. Rivendell

A Quenya name for Imladris(t) (Rivendell) appearing only in the locative form Arkimbelesse “at Rivendell” in linguistic notes from the 1940s (PE22/125). The etymology of the name is unclear, but it may be a combination of arka “narrow” and imbe “dell” as suggested to me by Lokyt in a Discord conversation from 2021-08-25.

hui

proper name. Night

A name for (Primordial?) Night appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√PHUY, along with its (archaic?) variant Fui (Ety/PHUY).

Conceptual Development: This name is most likely a remnant of the name ᴱQ. Fui from the earliest Lost Tales, where it was another name for the goddess ᴱQ. Nienna (LT1/66, LT1A/Fui). According to the Qenya and Gnomish Lexicons from the 1910s, this earlier version of the name is derived from the root ᴱ√ǶUẎU (GL/36, QL/38).

kelulinde

noun. spring

A word for “spring” in the Declension of Nouns of the early 1930s, a combination of ᴹQ. kelu- “flow” and ᴹQ. linde “pool” (PE21/10). ᴱQ. kelusindi “river (near its source)” = ᴱQ. kelu- + sindi from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s is similar in structure (QL/46).

kilya

noun. cleft, pass between hills, gorge; chasm

nis

noun. woman (of any kindred: elf, human or dwarf)

-ie

suffix. perfect suffix

hilde

noun. heir

karie

noun. making

kirka

noun. sickle

írima

adjective. lovely, desirable

-ie

suffix. gerund suffix

-ina

suffix. adjective suffix; passive participle

-ite

suffix. (verbal) adjective ending

aiqa

adjective. steep, steep, [ᴱQ.] tall; high, lofty, sublime; chief

faire

noun. radiance

fírien

noun. Winter

kalina

adjective. light

íre ilqa yéva nótina, hostainiéva, yallume

when all is counted, and all numbered at last

írima ye númenor

lovely is Númenor

-i

suffix. plural suffix

ére nairea, ére lunga nairenen

existence (in this world) is sorrowful, is fraught with sorrow

hiswe

noun. fog

A noun for “fog” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶khithme under the root ᴹ√KHITH “mist, fog” (Ety/KHIS; EtyAC/KHIS).

Neo-Quenya: The phonetic developments thm > þm̌ > þw > sw were consistent with Quenya phonology of the 1930s (PE19/44), but sometime around 1960, or shortly before, Tolkien revised these rules as discussed in the entry on the phonetic development of voiceless stops and aspirates before nasals (PE19/87 plus p. 88 note #88). I personally prefer the pre-1960 rules, and would retain this form for Neo-Quenya. If, however, you prefer the later rules, you should (a) stick to Q. hísë for both “mist” and “fog”, (b) revise this word to ᴺQ. ✱hitwe to fit later phonology, or (c) assume the primitive form was ✱khithwē rather than ᴹ✶khithme.

aikale

noun. peak

A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “a peak”, an abstract noun formation of ᴹQ. aika “sharp” (Ety/AYAK).

filet

noun. cobweb

A word in in the Declension of Nouns of the early 1930s glossed {“fern” >>} “cobweb” (PE21/33 and note #3). Its initial gloss was probably a later iteration of ᴱQ. filqe “fern” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/38), and in later writings filit (filik-) was a word for “small bird, sparrow” (Ety/PHILIK; PE21/56), so this was likely a transient form.

hlik-

verb. to creep, to creep, *sneak

A verb in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948, glossed “creep” and based on the root ᴹ√SLIK of the same meaning (PE22/113). It also had a frequentative form lilhikke “sneak about”, indicating the base verb may mean “✱sneak” as well.

kaima

noun. bed, bed, [ᴱQ.] couch

A noun for “bed” in The Etymologies from around 1937 under the root ᴹ√KAY “lie down” (Ety/KAY).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. kaima was glossed “couch” under the early root ᴱ√KAYA “lie, rest; dwell” (QL/46) and ᴱQ. kamba was glossed “bed” under the early root ᴱ√KAMA “lie down” (QL/44). However, ᴱQ. kaima was “bed” in the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s (PE15/70). The form kaimas appeared unglossed in The Feanorian Alphabet of the 1930s (PE22/19), possibly an inflected form of kaima “bed”.

laire

noun. summer

sinome

adverb. here

laire

noun. poem

min

cardinal. one

-iel

suffix. daughter

-ien

suffix. daughter

-ien

suffix. -land

-ion

suffix. -son

aika

adjective. sharp

aina

adjective. holy

aire

noun. sea

airen

noun. sea

amil

noun. mother

anaristya

noun. [unglossed]

heri

noun. lady

him-

verb. to adhere

hyarmaite

adjective. left-handed

lai

adverb. very

laiqa

adjective. green

latimbe

noun. glen

luina

adjective. pale

mai(y)a

noun. [unglossed]

nissa

noun. lady

sisíria-

verb. [unglossed]

niule

?. [unglossed]

varinye

noun. [unglossed]

íqa ette tule, (san) inye tule

when(ever) hé comes, Í come

helke

noun. ice

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “ice” derived from the root ᴹ√KHELEK of the same meaning (Ety/KHELEK).

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. helke “ice” also appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√HELE (QL/39).

a

pronoun. it, one, indefinite subject

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

enyáre

adverb. in that day

ha

pronoun. it, abstract subject

á

particle. imperative particle

-dacil

2EaTj suffix. victor

>> Hyarmendacil, Romendacil, Umbardacil.

angamanda

place name. Iron Prison, Hells of Iron

anga

noun. iron

aule

noun. invention

handasse

noun. intelligence

handele

noun. intellect

helen

noun. icicle

helka

adjective. ice-cold

hóre

noun. impulse

ma

adverb. interrogative particle

un-/um-

prefix. intensive prefix with evil sense

é

interjection. indeed

ha mólome a·ndake poldórear

it is hard work to kill the strong

hont

adverb. inwards

humpe

adverb. in the middle

hórea

adjective. impulsive

landa

noun. plain

A noun for “a plain” in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of the 1940s derived from ᴹ√LAD “lie flat, be flat” with variants landa and lanna (PE22/126), the latter probably derived from ✱ladna with the voiced stop d becoming a nasal before nasal n. It might simply be the noun form of adjective ᴹQ. landa “wide” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/LAD).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d stick to the form landa, which appears in an inflected form landannar “to the plains” early in QVS (PE22/125).

líve

noun. sickness

A noun appearing as ᴹQ. líve “sickness” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶slīwē under the root ᴹ√SLIW “sickly” (Ety/SLIW). The ancient initial sl became voiceless hl, which was then voiced to l as was generally the case in The Etymologies. The root had a deleted variant ᴹ√LIW “be sickly, ill”, where líve appeared with the gloss “disease” (EtyAC/LIW).

Neo-Quenya: In Tolkien’s later writing, he usually retained hl- in spelling if not pronunciation; see the entry on how initial voiceless nasals and liquids were voiced for discussion. As such, most Neo-Quenya writers adapt this word as ᴺQ. hlívë. Given the gloss “disease” for its deleted form, I would further assume hlívë specifically refers to sickness by disease.

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had the word ᴱQ. leume “sickness” under the similar but earlier root ᴱ√LEẆE (QL/53).

aryon

noun. heir

Two similar words appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s: ᴹQ. aryon “heir” as a derivative of the root ᴹ√GAR, and ᴹQ. haryon “(heir) prince” as a derivative of the root ᴹ√ƷAR, both roots having to do with possession (Ety/GAR; Ety/ƷAR). Drafts of these entries had aryo, aryon “son of property = heir” and aryon “heir, prince” (EtyAC/GAR; EtyAC/ƷAR). Based on the gloss “son of property”, I think it is likely the second element of these words is the root ᴹ√YO(N) “son”.

Neo-Quenya: It is possible Tolkien intended haryon and aryon to coexist, but since we have other “prince” words I would just use aryon “heir = one who inherits wealth” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

ampana-

verb. to build

A verb for “to build” in the Quenya Verbal System of 1948, attested only in its imperfect passive participle form {ampananta >>} ampanaina “while it was being built” (PE22/108). A longer and better attested verb of the same meaning is ᴹQ. ampanóta-.

en

there, yonder, far away; look yon(der); that; in that (future) case

@@@ es might be an assimilated form as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (QQ/es)

ankale

proper name. Radiant-one, Sun, (lit.) The Very Bright

A name of the Sun appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/KAL;EtyAC/A, KAL) and linguistic notes from the 1940s (PE22/22, 52), apparently a compound of the intensifying prefix an- and some form of the root ᴹ√KAL “shine”.

aran

noun. child

This word first appeared as ᴱQ. ar (arn-) “child” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/32) and its stem form arn- appeared in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/32). The word reappeared in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/135), but in the Early Noldorin Dictionary the Qenya form was given as arne. In the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, the word appeared as ᴹQ. aran (arn-) “child” (PE21/19), but there is no sign of it from this point forward, probably displaced by Q. aran “king”.

arwa

possessing, having, in control of

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “in control of, possessing” said to be used with the genitive, appearing under the root ᴹ√GAR (Ety/GAR). Presumably its use would be something like atan arwa malto “a man possessing of gold (malta)”. It also functioned as a suffix, as in ᴹQ. aldarwa “having trees, tree-grown”, for example aldarwa ambo “a tree-grown hill, a hill having trees”. Drafts of this entry first translated it as a noun meaning “possessions, belongings, wealth”, revised to a suffix meaning “having, possessing, holding, controlling”, before reaching its final iteration (EtyAC/GAR). Notes on the Feanorian Alphabet also mentioned this adjective as a name for the sign 6é or 7é (r+w), translated “having, possessing” in the 1930s (PE22/23) and “possessing” in the 1940s (PE22/52).

ender

noun. bridegroom, bridegroom, *groom, fiancé

A word for “bridegroom” in The Etymologies derived from the root ᴹ√NDER, a strengthened form of the root ᴹ√DER “man” (Ety/NDER).

Conceptual Development: There is an unglossed word ᴱQ. vestaner the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s that is a combination of ᴱQ. vesta “marriage” and ᴱQ. ner “man” (QL/101). This Early Qenya word may likewise mean “✱(bride)groom”, as there is a distinct word for “husband” under the same root: ᴱQ. veru.

Neo-Quenya: In a post on 2024-09-27 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), Luinyelle suggested it might also mean “fiancé”.

ender

masculine name. Bridegroom

Another name for Tulkas appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, developed from the primitive form ᴹ✶Endero (Ety/NDER, TULUK; EtyAC/E).

ettul-

verb. *to come forth, come out, issue

An untranslated verb appearing in its plural form ettuler in the phrase Soroni númenheruen ettuler from the 1940s (SD/290). It is clearly a combination of et- “forth, out” with tul- “come”, so meaning something like “✱come forth, come out, issue”. A similar (primitive) verb ✶et-tul- “come out, issue” appeared in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s (PE22/136).

kalya-

verb. to illuminate

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “illuminate” derived from the root ᴹ√KAL “shine” (Ety/KAL).

Conceptual Development: A verb ᴱQ. kalu- or kallu- “to light up, illuminate” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44).

korolóra

proper name. ?Ilkorin

Apparently a (rejected) variant of Ilkorin in The Etymologies from the 1930s (EtyAC/LŌ, LOYO), a compound of Kôr and the suffix -lóra “without”. There were also several other rejected variants: Loikorin, Koroloisi, Koroloiti.

anta-

verb. to give

aran

noun. king

e

pronoun. he, she, it

ea-

verb. to be; to exist, have being, be found extant in the real world

hríve

noun. winter

kúma

noun. void

íre

noun. desire, longing

ambo

noun. hill

apsa

noun. juice

auta-

verb. to invent, originate, devise

ehtele

noun. spring, issue of water

enge

adverb. ago, once (in past), †it was

engwa

adjective. sickly

enna

adjective. first

eresse

noun. solitude, separation, isolation

ette

adverb/adjective. outside

farne

noun. foliage

hamma

noun. chair

handa

adjective. understanding, intelligent

handa

noun. chair

hesto

noun. captain

kala

noun. light

kundu

noun. prince

káno

noun. chief

landa

adjective. wide, wide, [ᴱQ.] broad

nóle

noun. wisdom

ravanda

noun. wilderness

vakse

noun. stain

etta

pronoun. his, *her, its (emphatic possessive)

ette

pronoun. he, *she, it (emphatic)

lanna

noun. plain

ráva

noun. lion

ambor

noun. breast, breast, *chest

The word ᴹQ. ambor “breast” appeared in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, derived from ᴹ✶amƀus (PE21/33). This word shows the Early Qenya sound change whereby [[eq|final [s] became [r]]]; in Tolkien’s later writings this change applied mainly to intervocalic [s]. This word also had the unusual development of u to o in final syllables, a sound change Tolkien used for Quenya in the Declension of Nouns but nowhere else.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s Tolkien gave ᴱQ. ambar “breast” with stems ambar- or ambas- (QL/30); the word also appeared in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa, but only with the stem ambas- (PME/30). ᴱQ. ambos was glossed “breast” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/136), and in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, ᴱQ. ambos (ambost-) appeared as a word related to both ᴱN. bost “back, from shoulder to shoulder” and ᴱN. amoth “shoulder” (PE13/137, 139, 159), the latter with primitive forms ᴱ✶a-mbod-t’ (PE13/137) or ᴱ✶a-mbos-t (PE13/159).

ᴱQ. ambar reappeared in the phrase ᴱQ. níve qímari ringa ambar “the pale phantoms in her cold bosom” from the Oilima Markirya poem written around 1930. Early 1930s ᴹQ. ambor seems to be the last published iteration of this word, as discussed above.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would adapt this word as ᴺQ. ambos (ambor-) “breast, chest” to fit better with later Quenya phonology. It might be an ancient combination of √AM “up” and ᴹ√OS “around”, perhaps with the original sense “upper enclosure (of the body)”.

erkasse

noun. holly

A noun appearing as ᴹQ. erkasse “holly” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√ERÉK “thorn” (Ety/ERÉK). In a rejected page from the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) written in 1948, Tolkien had ᴹQ. erke “holly” derived from the same root (PE22/127). For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d stick to the (non-rejected) 1930s ercassë “holly”.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa, Tolkien had ᴱQ. piosenna “holly”, a combination of ᴱQ. pio “berry” and ᴱQ. senna “red-brown” (QL/83; PME/83).

hyar-

verb. to cleave, to cleave; [ᴱQ.] to plough

A verb appearing as hyarin “I cleave” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of from the root ᴹ√SYAD “shear through, cleave” (Ety/SYAD). In the Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the 1940s, Tolkien had an (unglossed) verbal stem hyar- also derived from ᴹ√SYAD, but in that document the root seems to mean “compact, compress”. However in the Quenya Verbal System from 1948, hyare again meant “cleave” (PE22/102). See the entry on √SYAD for further vacillations on the meaning of the root.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. hyanda- as the cognate of G. †hanna- “mow, cleave” (GL/48) likely based on the early root ᴱ√HYAŘA “plough through” [HYAÐA] (QL/41). Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱQ. hyar- “plough”, probably form the same root (PE16/144).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would keep the sense “cleave” for the basic verb despite Tolkien’s vacillations on the meaning of the root. I think it could also retain its 1920s meaning “plough” = “✱cleave the earth”.

hún

noun. earth, earth, *ground

A word in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s with stem form hun- and gloss “earth” (QL/39). It might be a later iteration of ᴱQ. han “ground, earth” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/39), and if so then hún might also be used as “✱ground”. I think it is useful to assume so for purposes of Neo-Quenya, as the other attested word for “ground”, Q. talan, is probably used more often for “floor”, including floors above the ground level.

kentano

noun. potter

A word for “potter” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√TAN “make, fashion” (Ety/TAN). The root ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth” instead had ᴹQ. kemnaro “potter”, with a line drawn from it to the forms ᴹQ. kentano and N. cennan in the margin, but both these marginal forms were deleted (EtyAC/KEM).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I prefer ᴹQ. kemnaro “potter”, but if you wish to use kentano, you should update it to ᴺQ. centamo, since ᴹQ. tano > Q. tamo in Tolkien’s later writings; see those entries for details.

korko

noun. crow

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “crow” derived from the root ᴹ√KORKA of the same meaning, replacing rejected ᴹQ. karko derived from ᴹ√KARKA (Ety/KARKA).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. karon “crow” (QL/45), a word that was also mentioned in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/45). In the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60, Tolkien had Q. quáco “crow” derived from primitive ✶k(a)wāk (WJ/395), but in notes from the late 1960s Tolkien instead had Q. {koake >>} quácë “frog” < ✶kāwāk, with primitive ✶kā for “crow” (VT47/36).

Neo-Quenya: Since quácë “frog” is later than (and possibly replaces) Q. quáco “crow”, I prefer corco as “crow” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

lára

noun. grave

A rejected noun for “grave” in a deleted entry in The Etymologies written around 1937 for the root ᴹ√DAG “dig” (EtyAC/DAG).

Conceptual Development: There was a word ᴱQ. kaune “grave” in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√KAVA which also meant “dig” (QL/45; PME/45). In the first version of the ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya poem and its drafts written around 1930, Tolkien used ᴱQ. sapsa or sapta for “grave” (MC/221; PE16/75), a word that is clearly based on another root meaning “dig”: ᴱ√SAPA.

Neo-Quenya: Since √SAP appeared in Tolkien’s later writings with the same or similar meaning (PE19/86), I’d adapted ᴺQ. sapta for “grave”, along with the meaning “(delved) hole, pit”; see that entry for discussion.

earendel

masculine name. Earendel

@@@ dual and plural forms representative of nouns in the same class

falle

noun. foam

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “foam” derived from the root ᴹ√PHAL of the same meaning (Ety/PHAL).

harna-

verb. to wound

A verb for “to wound” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√SKAR “tear, rend” (Ety/SKAR).

harwe

noun. wound

A noun for “wound” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶skarwē under the root ᴹ√SKAR “tear, rend” (Ety/SKAR).

helle

noun. sky

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “sky” derived from the root ᴹ√ƷEL of the same meaning (Ety/ƷEL).

huo

noun. dog

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “dog” derived from the root ᴹ√KHUG “bark, bay” (Ety/KHUGAN). It is probably one of the better known words for “dog” in Quenya, and was widely used in Helge Fauskanger’s NQNT (NQNT).

kelma

noun. channel

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “channel” derived from the root ᴹ√KEL “go, run (especially of water)” (Ety/KEL).

kemnaro

noun. potter

A word for “potter” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth”, apparently an agental formation based on ᴹQ. kemna “of earth, earthen” (Ety/KEM). It was first written as ᴹQ. {kemenāro}, and there was a line drawn from kemnaro to forms ᴹQ. kentano and N. cennan in the margin, but both these marginal forms were deleted (EtyAC/KEM).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. keresto “potter” based on ᴱQ. keres “earthenware” under the early root ᴱ√KERE “turn” (QL/46).

kukua

noun. dove

A word for “dove” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from ᴹ✶kukūwā based on a reduplicated form of the root ᴹ√KŪ (Ety/KŪ). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road, Christopher Tolkien gave this as a pair of words ku, kua, but in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne clarified that it was a single word kukua replacing a deleted form {<< kua} (EtyAC/KŪ).

kulo

noun. flame

A word for “flame” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KUL “golden-red”, but this word was deleted (EtyAC/KUL).

lanya-

verb. to weave

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “weave” under the root ᴹ√LAN of the same meaning (Ety/LAN).

lapse

noun. babe

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “babe” derived from the root ᴹ√LAP (Ety/LAP). The root was unglossed in The Etymologies, but in notes both before and after the 1930s this root had glosses like “enfold” and “fold”, so perhaps lapse meant something like “✱swaddled one”; hat-tip to Lokyt for this suggestion.

yána

noun. holy place, fane, sanctuary

@@@ used as “shrine, sanctuary” in NQNT

aman

noun. bond

A noun glossed “bond” in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, of unclear origin (PE21/33-34).

elda

noun. Elf

ala-

verb. to grow

alda

noun. tree

an(a)

preposition. to, towards

atar

noun. father

elen

noun. star

esta-

verb. to name

fara-

verb. to hunt

ken-

verb. to see

kenya-

verb. to see

lanta-

verb. to fall

lá

adverb. no, not

lá-

verb. to not be

ye-

verb. to be

atalante

proper name. Downfall(en)

este

feminine name. rest

a

preposition. [unglossed]

ala

noun. day

amme

noun. mother

ana-

prefix. to, towards

anda

adjective. long

angulóke

noun. dragon

are

noun. day

arka

adjective. narrow

arta

noun. fort, fortress

atan

noun. Man

ehte

noun. spear

engwa

?. [unglossed]

er

adverb/adjective. one, alone

eressea

adjective. lonely

ereáma

?. [unglossed]

erke

noun. holly

esse

noun. name

esse

noun. place

felya

noun. cave

harna

noun. helmet

harya-

verb. to possess

helle

noun. frost

helor

noun. frost

hen

noun. eye

heru

noun. lord, master

hosta-

verb. to collect

hyelle

noun. glass

hyelma

?. [unglossed]

hó

noun. shout

kaltua

?. [unglossed]

kanda

noun. [unglossed]

kanta

cardinal. four

kar

noun. deed

karka

noun. tooth

kas

noun. head

kassa

noun. helmet

kata

preposition. after

kotumo

noun. enemy

kurwe

noun. craft

káne

noun. valour

kár

noun. head

kú

noun. bow, bow; [ᴱQ.] crescent moon

lamba

noun. tongue

lamma

noun. sound

lanta

noun. fall

laqe[t]-

verb. [unglossed]

lasse

noun. leaf

lungu

noun. dragon

lár

noun. ear

lára

adjective. flat

lóke

noun. dragon

marta

adverb. home

nandaro

noun. harper

nande

noun. harp

nauro

noun. werewolf

nerno

?. [unglossed]

qen

noun. Elf

soron

noun. eagle

sóla

?. [unglossed]

tatalta-

verb. [unglossed]

untamo

noun. enemy

yelme

noun. [unglossed]

él

noun. star

íqallume

adverb. when, whenever

alama

noun. [unglossed]

amaldume

noun. [unglossed]

assa

pronoun. [unglossed]

asse

pronoun. [unglossed]

asso

pronoun. [unglossed]

elena

noun. star

ellen

noun. star

ente

pronoun. [unglossed]

ento

pronoun. [unglossed]

es

[unglossed]

harpa

noun. helmet

kalumet

noun. lamp

kas

noun. head

maldo

noun. [unglossed]

na

preposition. to, towards

olar

noun. dream

sahte

noun. [unglossed]

sarya

noun. [unglossed]

símane

adverb. here

tante

noun. [unglossed]

teuka

?. [unglossed]

tormen

noun. north

tyue

noun. [unglossed]

éma

?. [unglossed]