2nd ruling steward of Gondor (LotR/1039). His name might be a combination of er “one” and Adan “man”, perhaps meaning “single man” (as suggested by David Salo, GS/348).
Sindarin
er
card
er
adjective. one, alone
er
adjective. single
eradan
masculine name. Eradan
erchirion
proper name. Erchirion
The 2nd son of Imrahil, appearing only in a genealogy chart of the house of Dol Amroth (PM/221). His name may be a combination of er “one”, a mutated form chir of hîr “lord” and the patronymic suffix -ion “son”, though David Salo suggested the initial element may be a variant form of the prefix ar(a)- “noble” (GS/348).
erien
proper name. Erien
erui
place name. Erui
A river in Gondor. It seems to be a combination of er “one” with the adjective suffix -ui, but in notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor Tolkien stated that: “it cannot be used for ‘first’ ... er was not used in counting series: it meant ‘one, single, alone’” (VT42/10). Tolkien further indicated it was not the usual adjective for “alone”, which was ereb, but it nevertheless got its name because it was short and swift and the only major Gondorian river without a tributary. Perhaps it was a pseudo-Sindarin name, assembled by less knowledgable Gondorians like the region name Arnen.
Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as N. Ereg “First” (TI/312, WR/436).
eressai
place name. Eressai
A Sindarin name for Tol Eressëa appearing on the so-called “Turin’s Wrapper” (VT50/19). As suggested by Carl Hostetter, it is a phonetic adaptation of its Quenya name.
Conceptual Development: In Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, the equivalent of its Quenya name was G. Tol Erethrin (GL/28, 71), while in The Etymologies from the 1930s it was N. Toll-ereb (Ety/TOL²), both translations of the Quenya name rather than adapations.
erellont
masculine name. Erellont
erestor
masculine name. Erestor
A counselor of Elrond’s household (LotR/240). The meaning of this name is unclear.
Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, his name was also N. Erestor (RS/395).
Ered Lemrin
noun. Ered Lemrin
echoing mountains (pure S of Ered Lómin); ered (pl. of orod “mountain”) + glemrin (pl. of glamren “echoing”)
Eryd-weithion
place name. Eryd-weithion
Eryd Nimrais
place name. Eryd Nimrais
Erydweithian
place name. Erydweithian
Erydweithiand
place name. Erydweithiand
Ered Lithui
place name. Ered Lithui
topon.
Ered Wethrin
Ered Wethrin
topon.
Eredwethrin
Eredwethrin
topon.
Eryd Wethrin
Eryd Wethrin
topon.
ered lómin
place name. Ered Lómin
ernil
noun. ernil
n.
ered gorgoroth
place name. Mountains of Terror
The mountains south of Dorthonion where Ungoliant once dwelled (S/95, 121). This name is a combination of the plural of orod “mountain” and the name Gorgoroth, which was also used for a region in Mordor (LotR/636).
Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name appeared as N. Ered Orgoroth (LR/298), because names and nouns in this position underwent soft mutation in Noldorin, as opposed to later Sindarin where only adjectives were lenited in this position. The name was changed in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s, first to Ered Gorgorath with an a (MR/127, WJ/129), then Ered Gorgoroth (MR/297). In later writings this name occasionally appeared with the proper Sindarin plural of orod: S. Eryd (MR/297, WJ/319).
eruchîn
collective name. Children of Eru (God)
The Sindarin equivalent of Q. Eruhíni “Children of God” (LB/354). This name is a combination of Q. Eru “God” and the lenitied plural chîn of hên “child”.
Conceptual Development: This name first appeared in the tales of the Fall of Númenor from the 1940s as the Adûnaic word #Êruhin, attested only in its plural forms Êruhîn(im) (SD/247-8, 311). In this period, the Adûnaic name was sometimes written with a short E: Eruhîn (SD/358). In the 1950s Tolkien introduced the Quenya form of the word, Eruhin (MR/320, WJ/403), but it occasionally still appeared as Eruhîn (MR/330, Let/345). It is unclear whether these later examples are Adûnaic, the Quenya plural without the final i, the Sindarin form without the soft mutation ch, or the Sindarin form of the Quenya variant Q. Erusēn (MR/423, RGEO/66). The only clear example of the Sindarin form Eruchîn appears in “The Lay of Leithian Recommenced” from the 1950s (LB/354).
Ered Gorgoroth
noun. mountains of terror
ered (pl. of orod “mountain”), gor (“extreme horror” duplicated first syllable of goroth) + (n-)goroth (“horror”)
Eruchîn
noun. children of Eru
Eru (God) + hîn (pl. of hên “child”)
erchamion
masculine name. One-handed
Sobriquet of Beren after his hand was bitten off during his quest for a Silmaril (S/183). The two initial elements of this name are er “one” and a mutated form cham of cam “hand” (SA/er, cam). The second of these is especially interesting, in that it is a rare example of liquid mutation. The meaning of the final element is unclear, but it is probably a variant of the masculine suffix -on. As further evidence of this, Tolkien also wrote Erchamon without the i, and according to Patrick Wynne this was clearly deliberate and not a slip (VT47/7, PE21/86).
Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales from the 1910s, this name appeared as G. Ermabwed (LT2/34). In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name was revised first to (Ilkorin?) Ermabuin (SM/310), then again to N. Erchamui (LR/146, LR/405). In one place it appeared as Erchamron (Ety/MAP).
As a variation on all these names, the forms N. Er(h)amion or Erchamion appeared as early as the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s (LB/119, 121) and also in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/146, 405). In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name appeared as Erhamion (RS/183) and was firmly established in its final form Erchamion by the time of the Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (WJ/51, 231).
erebor
place name. Lonely Mountain
Sindarin name of the “Lonely Mountain” (LotR/1072). The initial element of this name is clearly ereb “single, alone” (SA/er), and the second element is likely a shorter version of orod “mountain” (as suggested by David Salo, GS/376).
Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies from the 1930s, this name appeared as N. Erebras (EtyAC/ERE), while in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as N. Dolereb (TI/306) before being revised to N. Erebor (TI/142, 152, note #2).
ereg
noun. holly, thorn, holly, [N.] holly-tree, [S.] thorn
The Sindarin word for “holly”, most notably as an element in the name S. Eregion “Hollin” (SA/ereg; PE17/42). N. ereg “holly-tree” first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s based on the root ᴹ√EREK “thorn”, along with a longer variant N. eregdos where the second element was N. toss “low-growing tree” (Ety/ERÉK, TUS).
Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had two different words for “holly”: G. criscolas “holly” = crisc “sharp” + lass “leaf” (GL/27), as well as G. sempios “holly” = sen “brown-red” + a variant of piog “berry” (GL/67).
erchamion
noun. one handed
er (from ereb “one, alone”) + cam(b) (“hand”) + ion (#ending for a male name)
ered engrin
place name. Iron Mountains
The “Iron Mountains” around Morgoth’s realm (S/118). This name is a combination of the plural of orod “mountain” and the plural of the adjective angren “of iron” (SA/orod, anga).
Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this name was as G. Angorodin (LT2/77). It was revised in the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s, first to (singular) ᴱN. Aiglir Angrin and then to (plural) N. Eiglir Engrin (LB/49), forms that also appeared in the Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/220). In the mid-30s, the form N. Ered-engrin first appeared (LR/258), and The Etymologies from the same period, it already had the derivation given above (Ety/ÓROT).
ered lindon
place name. Mountains of Lindon
The mountains in eastern Beleriand and western Eriador named after the region Lindon (S/123). This name is a combination of the plural of orod “mountain” with that region name.
Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name first appeared as N. Eredlindon, but it was first translated “Blue Mountains” (LR/126, LR/260). The second element of this name was originally derived from N. glinn “(pale) blue”, but in The Etymologies Tolkien rejected this word (Ety/GLINDI, EtyAC/GLINDI). He then revised this name’s derivation to the one given above, though at this stage, Lindon was an Ilkorin name (Ety/LIN², ÓROT). Despite this change, Tolkien still referred to them as the “Blue Mountains” in The Lord of the Rings (LotR/43), but with a new Sindarin name Ered Luin.
ered lithui
place name. Ashen Mountains
The “Ashen Mountains” north of Mordor (LotR/636). This name is a combination of the plural of orod “mountain” and lithui “ashen” (SA/lith, RC/765).
Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as N. Eredlithui (TI/344) and was translated “Ash Mts [Mountains]” on early maps for The Lord of the Rings (TI/305).
ered luin
place name. Blue Mountains
The “Blue Mountains” in western Beleriand and eastern Eriador (S/54, 91), also named Ered Lindon (S/123). This name is a combination of the plural of orod “mountain” and the adjective luin “blue”, which has the same singular and plural forms.
Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name appeared as N. Eredluin “Blue Mountains” (SM/121, LR/267), but at this stage its second element was the lenited plural of N. lhûn, as is clear from its variant name N. Lhúnorodrim (Ety/LUG²).
ered mithrin
place name. Grey Mountains
Sindarin name of the “Grey Mountains” (LotR/1064). This name is a combination of the plural of orod “mountain” and the plural of mithren “grey”. This etymology is somewhat speculative, since elsewhere the Sindarin adjective for “grey” is given as mith. Furthermore, an adjective in this position would ordinarily undergo soft mutation to vithrin.
ered nimrais
place name. White Mountains, (lit.) White-horns Mountains
Sindarin name of the “White Mountains” (LotR/258), more literally “White-horns Mountains” (UTI/Ered Nimrais). This name is a combination of the plural of orod “mountain” and the plural of Nimras “White Horn” (SA/nim, ras; PE17/89, 168).
Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, these mountains were first called N. Eredvyrn or Ered Myrn “Black Mountains” (TI/124), later changed to “White Mountains” with numerous Elvish forms: N. Hebel Orolos >> Hebel Uilos (WR/137) >> Hebel or Ephel Nimrais (WR/137) >> Hebel or Ered Nimrath (WR/137, 167) >> Ered Nimras (WR/168), then briefly to Eredfain before finally Ered Nimrais (WR/288). In later writings it occasionally appeared with the proper Sindarin plural of orod: S. Eryd (PE17/168, WJ/385).
ered wethrin
place name. Mountains of Shadow, (lit.) Shadowy Mountains
Mountains in northern Beleriand translated “Mountains of Shadow” (S/106), but more accurately “Shadowy Mountains” (S/118, PE17/43). This name is a combination of the plural of orod “mountain” and the lenited plural of the adjective gwathren “shadowy, dim” (SA/gwath, VT42/9).
Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the early 1930s, these mountains were first called Eryd-Lómin “Mountains of Shadow” (SM/139), a remnant of earlier G. lómin “shadowy”. This name was revised to N. Eredwethion “Shadowy Mountains” later in the 1930s (SM/268, LR/250), and similar forms S. Eryd-wethion and Eryd-wethian(d) appeared in notes from the 1950s as well (PE17/42-3, WJ/113). Generally, though, the name was changed to Ered Wethrin in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s, often appearing with the proper Sindarin plural of orod: S. Eryd (MR/297, WJ/113).
eregion
place name. Hollin, (lit.) Holly-region
The realm of the Noldor in Middle-earth during the Second Age, translated “Hollin” (LotR/305) but more accurately “Holly-region” (RC/772). This name is a combination of ereg “holly” and the suffix -ion “-region” (SA/ereg; PE17/37, 42).
Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this region was first named N. Nan-eregdos in a chronology for Chapter XV (TI/166), but appeared in the draft text as N. Eregion (TI/124-5). This form also appeared in The Etymologies, already with the derivation given above (Ety/ÉREK).
ereinion
masculine name. Scion of Kings
Birth name of Gil-galad (S/154), translated “Scion of Kings” (PM/347). This name is a combination of the plural of aran “king” and the patronymic suffix -ion “son” (SA/ar(a)).
Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s, his birth name is first given as Findor, though Tolkien’s writing is difficult to read and the exact form is unclear (WJ/56).
eriador
place name. Lonely Land
The region of northwestern Middle-earth containing the Shire (LotR/3, 174). This name was translated “Lonely Land” (PE17/28), also said to be equivalent to “wilderness” (VT42/4). This name is a combination of the ancient forms ✶eryā “isolated, lonely” and ✶ndorē, the second of which developed into S. dôr “land” (SA/dôr, PE17/28, VT42/4).
Possible Etymology: The phonetic development of this name is problematic. If it developed directly from an ancient compound ✶eryā-ndōrē, the [[s|medial [nd] would become [nn]]], as with Ennor < ✶endōrē < ✶ened-ndōrē (LotR/1115), producing ✱✱Eriannor. If it were a late compound, however, its initial element would be the Sindarin form S. air “lonely” < ✶eryā (PE17/28). Most likely the word is of archaic origin, but its final element was changed by analogy with other words containing dôr, as indicated in a note by Tolkien from 1953 (VT42/4). Alternately, in at least one place Tolkien said Eriador was a “Silvan” name (PE17/28), so perhaps it underwent different phonetic development than the Sindarin of Beleriand.
Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as N. Eriador (TI/455).
eryn lasgalen
place name. Greenwood the Great, (lit.) Wood of Greenleaves
The name of Mirkwood after its restoration at the end of the War of the Ring (LotR/1094, Let/382). The initial element is eryn “woods”, and the second element is a compound of lass “leaf” with the lenited form of calen (PE17/33, Let/382). Elsewhere, L(h)asgalen “Green of Leaf” was given as one of the names for Laurelin (LR/210, MR/155).
erin
?. on the ... day
Carl Hostetter suggested (VT31/26) that this form is some derivative of the root ᴹ√AR “day” while David Salo suggested it is a prepositional form combining [N.] or “above” with the definite article, perhaps with the sense “[up]on the”. Neither explanation seems especially compelling, but I can’t think of a better one.
ernil
noun. prince
A noun for “prince” appearing in phrases like Ernil i Pheriannath “Prince of the Halflings” (LotR/768) and Dor-en-Ernil “Land of the Prince” (UT/245). Its initial element is likely a reduced form of aran “king, noble person”; compare to ar(a)- “noble” of similar origin. If so, the a became e due to i-affection. The final -il is harder to explain, because normally -il is a feminine suffix. Perhaps it is a reduction of hîl “heir”, so that the literal meaning is “✱king’s heir, royal heir”.
Conceptual Development: N. ernil also appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/287).
ernil i pheriannath
proper name. Prince of the Halflings
Title given to Pippin by the people Minas Tirith translated “Prince of the Halflings” (LotR/768), a combination of ernil “prince”, the elided plural form of the definite article i “the” and the nasal mutation plural of Perian “Halfling” (Let/425).
Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as Ernil a Pheriannath (WR/287). This form seems to included the genitive preposition N. an “of”, elided and causing nasal mutation of the following noun, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/3.25).
eryd-wethion
place name. Mountains of the Region of Shadows
A reappearance of the name N. Eredwethion from the 1930s, appearing in notes from the 1950s as both Eryd-wethion and Erydweithian(d) (PE17/42-3, WJ/113). At this stage, it appears the final element is no longer the genitive plural, but is one of the suffixes -ion or -ian(d) used in regional names. This name was replaced by Ered Wethrin; see that entry for further discussion.
eryn
noun. wood, forest (of trees)
A word for a wood or forest of trees, most notably in the name Eryn Lasgalen “Wood of Greenleaves”, the name of Mirkwood when it was restored after the War of the Ring (LotR/1094, Let/382).
Possible Etymology: Tolkien gave a couple different explanations for this word. Sometimes he explained it as derived from ✶oronī, an ancient variant plural of S. orn reinterpreted a collective word, much like English “woods” (PE17/33, 153). But elsewhere he said it was derived from an ancient abstract noun ✶oronyē “of trees” (PE17/119). Of the two, I prefer the first explanation as a nice parallel to English.
eryd lammad
place name. *Echoing Mountains
A variant name for NS. Ered Lómin “Echoing Mountains” appearing in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s of The Lord of the Rings (WJ/192), a combination of the plural form of orod “mountain” and lammad, perhaps also meaning “echoing”.
eryn galen
place name. Greenwood
The name of the great eastern forest before it became Mirkwood, translated “Greenwood” (UT/281). This name is a combination of eryn “woods” and the lenited form galen of calen “green”. With its restoration after the War of the Ring, Mirkwood was renamed to Eryn Lasgalen “Wood of Greenleaves”.
eryn vorn
place name. Dark Wood
Erebor
noun. lonely mountain
ereb (“isolated, lonely”) + or (from orod “mountain”)
Ered Lithui
noun. ash mountains
ered (pl. of orod “mountain”), lith (“ash, sand, dust”) + ui (adjective suffix))
Ered Luin
noun. blue mountains
ered (pl. of orod “mountain”), luin (pl. of lûn, lhûn “blue”)
Ered Lómin
noun. echoing mountains
ered (pl. of orod “mountain”), lómin (pl. of Dor. lómen “echoing”);
Ered Mithrin
noun. grey mountains
ered (pl. of orod “mountain”), mithrin (pl. of mithren “grey”) #M sometimes resists lenition when otherwise may cause confusion.
Ered Nimrais
noun. whitehorn mountains
ered (pl. of orod “mountain”), nimp (“white”) + rais (pl. of ras “horn”) The original form of ras is probably rass with the final s dropped at the end of a polysyllable [HKF].
Ered Wethrin
noun. shadowy mountains
ered (pl. of orod “mountain”), gwethrin (pl. of gwathren “shadowy, dim”)
Eregion
place name. Hollin
Eregion
noun. land of holly trees
ereg (“holly tree”) + ion (#-ond commonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries) #The suffix could be reinterpreted or might have blended with Dor. -ion - plural genitive suffix, as in Dor. Region
Ereinion
noun. scion of kings (Gil-galad)
erein (AS pl. of aran “king”) + iôn (“son”)
Eryn Galen
noun. green forest
eryn (“wood”), calen (“green”)
Eryn Lasgalen
noun. wood of greenleaf
eryn (“wood”), lass (“leaf”) + calen (“green”)
Eryn Vorn
noun. dark wood
eryn (“wood”), morn (“black, dark”)
ereg
noun. holly
_ n. Bot. _holly. >> Eregion
erui
adjective. single, alone
The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui
erui
adjective. first (incorrect use by the Gondorians)
The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui
eryd echor
place name. Encircling Mountains
eryn fuir
place name. North Wood
ereb
adjective. single, alone, lonely, single, alone, lonely, [N.] isolated
ero
adverb. *only, alone
ertha-
verb. to unite
ernil
noun. prince
ertha-
verb. to unite
erthad
gerund noun. union, uniting
Ered Luin
'Blue Mountains'
topon. 'Blue Mountains'. . This gloss was rejected.
Eriador
'Lonely land'
topon. 'Lonely land'. A Silvan name.
er-
prefix. alone, one
erchamion
adjective. one-handed
erchammon
noun. one-handed man
erchammui
adjective. one-handed
erchamon
noun. one-handed man
ereb
adjective. isolated, lonely
ereg
noun. holly-tree, thorn
ergammon
masculine name. One-Handed
erin
preposition. on the
eryn
forest
_n. _forest, wood of trees.
eryn
noun. wood
laer
noun. summer
neder
card
alae! ered en echoriath, ered e·mbar nín
[?behold!] the mountains of Echoriath, the mountains of my home!
er
alone
(adjectival prefix) er- (one, lone)
er
single
1) er (pl. ir) (VT48:6), 2)
er
lone
(adjectival prefix) er- (alone, one)
er
alone
(one, lone)
er
single
(pl. ir) (VT48:6)
er
lone
(alone, one)
eriab
noun. badger
Eriador
Lonely land or Wilderness
There are at least two, slightly different, versions of the etymology of Eriador: Eriador as Sindarin (derived from Noldorin), whose derivation is quoted by Carl F. Hostetter from an unnamed note dated 1949-53. This explains that Eriador is derived from eryā, "isolated, lonely" and dor, "land", thereby translating Eriador as "wilderness". In another manuscript, Tolkien stated that Eriador was a Silvan Elvish name, meaning "Lonely land" (deriving from *eryā, S eir, air).
Both translations are noticeably similar to the "Lone-lands" mentioned in The Hobbit; it is unknown whether they are the same or simply coincidental.
eredh
germ
eredh (seed), pl. eridh
eredh
germ
(seed), pl. eridh
eriador
wilderness
(a region in Middle-earth), pl. eriadyr if there is a pl.
Eru
the one
as a name of God: #Eru, isolated from CHILDREN OF THE ONE (Elves and Men) Eruchín** **(sg. *Eruchen)
Eru
god
(the One) #Eru, isolated from Eruchín** **"children of the One" (= Elves and Men; sg. *Eruchen).
Eru
waste
(noun) eru (pl. ery). Note: Eru is also a name of God, "the One".
erch
prickle
(noun) erch (pl. irch); see also SPINE.
ercha
prick
(i ercha, in erchar)
ercha
prick
(verb) 1) ercha- (i ercha, in erchar), 2) nasta- (i nasta, in nastar) (point, stick, thrust)
erchamion
one-handed
(pl. erchemyn).
erchamion
one-handed
erchamion (pl. erchemyn), also *erchammui, no distinct pl. form. (The word is spelt erchamui in the source.)
erchammon
one-handed man
(pl. erchemmyn). The spelling used in the source is ”erchamon” (VT47:7)
erchammon
one-handed man
*erchammon (pl. erchemmyn). The spelling used in the source is ”erchamon” (VT47:7)
erchion
orkish
(of or related to Orcs) erchion (pl. erchyn)
erchion
orkish
(pl. erchyn)
ereb
lonely
ereb (isolated), pl. erib
ereb
lonely
(isolated), pl. erib
ereb
isolated
1) ereb (lonely), pl. erib, 2) mîn (lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (first, towering). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the numeral ”one”.
ereb
isolated
(lonely), pl. erib
eredh
seed
eredh (germ), pl. eridh
eredh
seed
(germ), pl. eridh
eria
rise
eria- (arise) (i eria, in eriar), pa.t. erias (VT46:7)
eria
rise
(arise) (i eria, in eriar), pa.t. **erias **(VT46:7)
ernil
prince
1) ernil (no distinct pl. form), 2) †cund (i gund, o chund, construct cun), pl. cynd (i chynd) (VT45:24). 3) The plural form conin (i chonin), occurring in the Cormallen Praise, is translated "princes" (Conin en Annûn = "princes of the west", Letters:308), but it is unclear what the singular would be. (David Salo suggests caun, though this word has two different meanings already; see SHOUT, VALOUR)
ertha
unite
#ertha- (i ertha, in erthar). Isolated from the gerund #erthad (itself isolated from aderthad "reunion").
ertha
unite
(i ertha, in erthar). Isolated from the gerund #erthad (itself isolated from aderthad "reunion").
erthad
union
(pl. erthaid)
eru
god
isolated from Eruchín "children of the One" (= Elves and Men; sg. ✱Eruchen).
eru
waste
(pl. ery). Note: Eru is also a name of God, "the One".
erui
first
(single, alone). No distinct pl. form. Some would argue that Tolkien abandoned erui as a word for ”first”.
erui
alone
erui (first, single). No distinct pl. form. Also eriol (pl. erioel); archaic *eriaul.
erui
alone
(first, single). No distinct pl. form. Also eriol (pl. erioel); archaic ✱eriaul.
erui
single
erui (first, alone). No distinct pl. form. 3) minai (distinct, unique), lenited vinai; pl. mini
eryn
wood
1) (forest) eryn. No distinct pl. form. 2) glâd (i **lâd, construct glad) (small forest), pl. glaid (in glaid**) See FOREST. 2)
ereth
noun. solitude, oneness, loneliness
erlu
adverb. once, one time
@@@ a late or reformed compound
erchion
adjective. orchish
eriad
noun. rising
erthad
noun. union, uniting
eru
noun. God
erch
prickle
(pl. irch); see also
ernil
prince
(no distinct pl. form)
eru
the one
isolated from
eruchen
children of the one
)
erui
single
(first, alone). No distinct pl. form. 3) minai (distinct, unique), lenited vinai; pl. mini**
eryn
wood
. No distinct pl. form.
laer
summer
laer (no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”song”.
rain
noun. erratic wandering
laer
summer
(no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”song”.
rain
noun. erratic wandering
raun
adjective. errant
rein
noun. erratic wandering
emel
noun. mother
A word for “mother” in notes on Elvish Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s, along with a diminutive form emelig (VT48/17 note #13). These forms were struck through and replaced by emig as the proper diminutive form from the root √EM (VT48/6), but that doesn’t necessarily invalidate emel = “mother”, which appeared elsewhere as (probably primitive) emel, emer in rough versions of these notes (VT48/19 note #16). These Sindarin forms are unusual in that the medial m did not become v, which means the primitive form was likely based on ✱emm- as suggested by Patrick Wynne (VT48/17 note #14).
Conceptual Development: G. amil “mother” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s along with rejected forms {anwin, amril} and an archaic variant †amaith (GL/19). The forms {emaith >>} amaith appeared unglossed in Gnomish Lexicon Slips revising that document (PE13/109). In The Etymologies of the 1930s there was a form N. †emil for “mother” under the root ᴹ√AM of the same meaning, but Tolkien said this word was archaic, apparently replaced by N. naneth (Ety/AM¹; EtyAC/AM¹). With N. emil, the a became e via i-affection, but the medial m failing to become v requires an explanation similar to that of 1960s S. emel.
Neo-Sindarin: I generally prefer derivatives of the earlier root √AM for “mother” words in Quenya, but in the case of Sindarin, I find emel and emig from √EM to be better and more widely accepted.
tawar
noun. forest, forest; [N.] wood (material)
A word for “forest” in a few Sindarin names, notably Tawar-in-Drúedain “Drúadan Forest” (UT/319) and Tawarwaith “Forest People” (UT/256).
Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s N. tawar meant “wood (material)” but was often used with the same sense as N. taur “forest”; it was derived from the root ᴹ√TÁWAR (Ety/TÁWAR). In Sindarin, awa often became au (and then > o), and cases where it was preserved seem to have to do with patterns of stress; see the entry on that phonetic rule for further details.
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, it is probably better to stick with the better known S. taur for “forest”.
pen-noediad
adjective. innumerable
adj. innumerable.
mell
adjective. dear
_ adj. _dear, beloved. Q. melda.
aran
noun. king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person, king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)
ennas
adverb. there
caun
noun. prince, ruler
pennoediad
adjective. innumerable
arnœdiad
adjective. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless
arth
adjective. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted)
eirien
noun. daisy (flower)
emel
noun. mother
emig
noun. "litte mother"
emig
noun. index finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children)
emmel
noun. mother
ennas
adverb. there, in that place
min
fraction. one (first of a series)
mistad
noun. straying, error
mîn
fraction. one (first of a series)
rhovan
noun. wilderness
min
card
region
noun. holly-tree area
[HKF] reg (Dor. regorn “holly tree”) + ion (Dor. gen. pl. suffix) = Dor. Regornion [Etym. ERÉK-]
rain
erratic
rain (wandering, free). No distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”border”. (VT46:10)
rain
erratic
(wandering, free). No distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”border”. (VT46:10)
mist
error
mist (i vist), no distinct pl. except with article (i mist); also *mistad (i vistad) (straying), pl. mistaid (i mistaid). The word appears as ”mistrad” in the source (LR:373 s.v. MIS), but this would seem to be a typo.
mist
error
(i vist), no distinct pl. except with article (i mist); also ✱mistad (i vistad) (straying), pl. mistaid (i mistaid). The word appears as ”mistrad” in the source (LR:373 s.v. MIS), but this would seem to be a typo.
raun
adjective. errant
aronoded
innumerable
aronoded (countless, endless), pl. erenedid (archaic erönödid)
aronoded
innumerable
(countless, endless), pl. erenedid (archaic erönödid)
estola- Speculative
verb. to encamp, *erect tents
A rather speculative verb for “to encamp, ✱erect tents”, assuming estolad “encampment” is verbal noun; see that entry for discussion.
thindrostir
noun. badger
emig
little mother
(no distinct pl. form except with article: in emig). Also used (in children’s play) as a name for the index finger (VT48:6, 17)
gwaith
wilderness
(i ’waith) (also meaning manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, region), no distinct pl. form except when marked as pl. by article (in gwaith).
loss
wilderness
(construct los; pl. lyss). (Note: homophones mean ”flower” [more commonly loth] and ”fallen snow”.)
naneth
mother
naneth (pl. nenith). Hypocoristic form (”mom”) nana, pl. nenai (but this word is probably rarely pluralized). In a higher style also †emil. No distinct pl. form; coll. pl. emillath. Variant form emel (pl. emil), also spelt emmel (pl. emmil). (VT48:17)
naneth
mother
(pl. nenith). Hypocoristic form (”mom”) nana, pl. nenai (but this word is probably rarely pluralized). In a higher style also †emil. No distinct pl. form; coll. pl. emillath. Variant form emel (pl. emil), also spelt emmel (pl. emmil). (VT48:17)
rain
wandering
rain (erratic, free). No distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”border”. (VT46:10)
rain
wandering
(erratic, free). No distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”border”. (VT46:10)
rhovannor
wilderness
1) rhovannor (?i throvannor or ?i rovannor the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhovennyr (?idh rovennyr) (VT46:10); 2) Eriador (a region in Middle-earth), pl. eriadyr if there is a pl.; 3) gwaith (i **waith) (also meaning manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, region), no distinct pl. form except when marked as pl. by article (in gwaith). 4) loss (construct los; pl. lyss). (Note: homophones mean ”flower” [more commonly loth**] and ”fallen snow”.)
rhovannor
wilderness
(?i throvannor or ?i rovannor – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhovennyr (?idh rovennyr) (VT46:10)
tass
1,D adverb. then, there
A Quenya-influenced neologism meaning "there, then, in that (place/time)", from Q. tassë.
dear
mail (lenited vail, pl. mîl), also mell (lenited vell; pl. mill), also muin (lenited vuin; no distinct pl. form)
dear
(lenited vail, pl. mîl), also mell (lenited vell; pl. mill), also muin (lenited vuin; no distinct pl. form)
adaba-
verb. to build, establish, erect
edren
adjective. outer
golthas
noun. education, erudition
e
outer
(adjectival prefix) e-, ed-
e
outer
ed
ennas
there
ennas (SD:128-31)
ennas
there
(SD:128-31)
hithui
november
ivanneth
september
renia
wander
renia- (sail, fly, stray) (i renia, idh reniar).
renia
wander
(sail, fly, stray) (i renia, idh reniar).
eirien
feminine name. Daisy
A Sindarin translation of the name of Sam’s daughter “Daisy”, presumably of the same meaning, appearing in Tolkien’s unpublished epilogue to The Lord of the Rings and in the King’s Letter (SD/126, 129). Presumably it is eirien “daisy” used as a name.
Conceptual Development: In earlier versions of the epilogue the name appeared as N. Arien or Erien (SD/117, 121).
eirien
noun. daisy
A word for “daisy” as the name of one of the daughters of Samwise (SD/126). Its origin is unclear, but David Salo suggested it might be a loan from Q. Arien “Sun-maiden” (GS/228).
Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s the word for “daisy” was G. hetheglon derived from primitive {ᴱ✶heth·seg·glôn >>} ᴱ✶heth·thed·’lon, effectively a combination of G. heth “white”, G. thed “eye”, and the genitive glôn of G. glâ “day” (GL/49), so literally “✱white eye-of-day”. G. glonthen “dandelion” from the same document had a similar derivation = “eye of the day” (GL/40).
galadh
noun. tree
The basic Sindarin word for “tree” (LotR/1113), derived from primitive ✶galadā and very well attested. This word dates back at least to The Etymologies of the 1930s, where N. galadh “tree” appeared under the root ᴹ√GALAD (Ety/GALAD). See also orn “(tall) tree” of similar meaning.
Conceptual Development: Gnomish of the 1910s had some earlier version of this “tree” word: G. galdon >> alwen “tree” in the Name-list to the Fall of Gondolin (PE15/24) and archaic/poetic G. †alwen “tree” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/19), the latter probably from the early root ᴱ√ALA “spread” that was the basis for ᴱQ. alda “tree” (QL/29).
glad
noun. wood
A word for a “wood” in the name Methed-en-Glad “End of the Wood” (UT/153) and possibly also Gladuial “✱Twilight Wood” (WJ/183, 188 note #48). It resembles galadh “tree” and is probably related to it, but it cannot be derived directly from the same root ᴹ√GALAD as that would produce ✱✱gladh. It was either derived from a variant root ✱√GALAT, or was a loan word from Nandorin where the word for “tree” was Nan. galad (MR/182; PE17/50, 60).
hên
noun. child
A word for “child” derived from the root √KHIN, more specifically from ✶khinā with short i which became e in Sindarin due to a-affection (WJ/403). It often appeared in its mutated plural form chîn in phrases like Narn i Chîn Húrin “Tale of the Children of Húrin” (WJ/160). This is pronounced with spirantal “ch” as in German Bach, not affricate “ch” as in English “church”.
Christopher Tolkien made the editorial decision to render this plural form as Hîn in The Silmarillion as published as well as in Unfinished Tales, where it “was improperly changed by me [Christopher Tolkien] to Narn i Hîn Húrin ... because I did not want Chîn to be pronounced like Modern English chin” (LR/322). It seems Tolkien himself had similar concerns, as he sometimes rendered its Quenya cognate as sén, which would have Sindarin forms ✱sên “child” and ✱i hîn “the children”. However, Tolkien’s motive was probably a desire to retain the early (originally Adûniac) form Ad. Eruhîn “Children of God”, which in Sindarin otherwise became Eruchîn (LB/354).
ned
noun. first, *one more; first; *during
This word replaced the preposition uin “of the” in the third version of the King’s Letter, appearing in the phrase nelchaenen ned Echuir “the thirty-first day of Stirring”. Both Carl Hostetter (VT31/30) and David Salo (SG/229) theorized that this replacement has a similar prepositional function, from either √NOT “count” or √NED “middle”. Fiona Jallings suggested it might be a temporal preposition, with sense “during” (FJNS/349).
On VT47/40, note 67, Patrick Wynne suggested that this word might be a cognate of the newly published Quenya word net(ë) “one more”. This theory is supported by the most likely interpretation of nelchaenen. This word seems to mean “thirtieth” rather than “thirty-first”, and Patrick Wynne suggested that nelchaenen ned means “thirtieth and one more” = “thirty-first”. I find this theory the most compelling, and use it here.
orod
noun. mountain
The Sindarin word for “mountain”, a derivative of √RŌ/ORO “rise” (PE17/63). Its proper plural form is eryd; the plural form ered in The Lord of the Rings is a late [Gondorian only?] pronunciation (PE17/33).
Conceptual Development: The singular form of this noun was extremely stable. It first appeared as G. orod “mountain” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s beside variant ort (GL/63), and it reappeared as N. orod “mountain” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√OROT “height, mountain” (Ety/ÓROT). It appeared in a great many names in the sixty year span that Tolkien worked on the Legendarium.
The development of its plural form is a bit more complex. Its Gnomish plural was orodin (GL/63), but by the Early Noldorin of the 1920s, its plural was eryd (MC/217). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, Tolkien gave its plural form as oroti > ereid > ered (Ety/ÓROT). This fits with normal Noldorin plural patterns of the 1930s: compare plurals N. eregdos → eregdes, N. golodh → geleidh, N. doron → deren, N. thoron → therein. Sindarin plural patterns consistently show o → y in final syllables, such as S. golodh → gelydh or S. Nogoth → Negyth.
This Noldorin plural for orod “mountain” made it into Lord of the Rings drafts, and Tolkien never corrected it before publication. This meant Tolkien was stuck with this remnant of Noldorin plural patterns, which was contradicted by other plural forms in The Lord of the Rings. Tolkien was forced to contrive an explanation for this phenomenon:
> S. Ered. This is used always in L.R. as plural of orod, mountain. But Emyn, pl. of Amon. Cf. also Eryn Forest (oron originally plural = trees?) in Eryn Lasgalen. Rodyn, pl. of Rodon = Vala. It seems necessary to assume that: eryd > ered by late change, but y unstressed remained in certain circumstances, e.g. before nasals. † Use Eryd in Silmarillion (PE17/33).
Despite his statement that y only remained before nasals, ered is the only Sindarin word that retains the Noldorin plural pattern: see the examples golydh and nogyth above, neither involving nasals. Also, despite J.R.R. Tolkien’s intent to use eryd in The Silmarillion, his son Christopher Tolkien retained the form ered in The Silmarillion as published, most likely to avoid confusing readers when they compared this plural to the plural forms in The Lord of the Rings.
Neo-Sindarin: Most knowledgeable Neo-Sindarin writers assume o → y in final syllables is the correct Sindarin plural pattern, and orod → ered is an aberration. I personally assume it is a late Gondorian-only (mis)pronunciation. See the discussion of Sindarin plural nouns for more information.
Ara-
prefix. king
an
preposition. to, towards, for
With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath
an
to
_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath 'glory to all the Halflings'.
ar-
prefix. king
arod
noble
1b _adj._noble. >> raud
arod
adjective. noble
d adj. noble. Q. arata. >> raud
cae
card
caen-
card
can
card
canad
card
eneg
card
_ card. _six. Q. enque, enc-. >> odog
galadh
tree
_n. Bot._tree, like oak (nordh) and beech. A galadh was more thick, dense and branching than a orn. In Sindarin, there was no much distinction in size between galað and orn. A galað was more thick, dense and branching than a orn. Birch, ash and oak are of the orn kind. Q. alda. >> orn
galadh
tree
{ð} n. tree. In Sindarin, there was no much distinction in size between galað and orn. A galað was more thick, dense and branching than a orn. Birch, ash and oak are of the orn kind. Q. alda. >> orn
lagor
adjective. swift, rapid
The form lhegin in the published Etymologies might be a misreading for lhegrin, see VT/45:25. As noted by Bertrand Bellet, the two forms are listed side by side, and they may simply be doublets, but it is also possible that we have here a singular followed by its plural.
leben
card
_ card. _five. Q. lepen, lempe. >> eneg
lebethron
noun. a tree - its black wood was used by the woodwrights of Gondor
In the original manuscript, one of the earlier (rejected) form of this name was lebendron. Didier Willis proposed the etymology lebed+doron "finger-oak", actually a real tree name (Finger Oak or Quercus digitata)
na
to
e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2
na
preposition. to
prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2
odog
card
_ card. _seven. Q. otos. >> tolod
orod
mountain
pl1. ered or eryd, pl2. #orodrim _n. _mountain. Tolkien notes that "eryd > ered by late change, but y unstressed remained in certain circumstances, e.g. before nasals" (PE17:33). >> dol, doll, Thangorodrim
oron
noun. tree
n. Bot. tree. Also in compound -(o)rŏnō. >> orn
pen
pronoun. one, somebody, anybody
Usually enclitic and mutated as ben.2
taur
noun. forest
_ n. _forest. Q. taure. >> taw
tolod
card
_ card. _eight. Q. tolto. >> neder
únodui
adjective. countless
aronoded
countless
aronoded (endless, innumerable), pl. erenedid (archaic erönödid)
aronoded
countless
(endless, innumerable), pl. erenedid (archaic erönödid)
aronoded
endless
aronoded (countless, innumerable), pl. erenedid (archaic erönödid)
aronoded
endless
(countless, innumerable), pl. erenedid (archaic erönödid)
min
cardinal. one
1) (number ”one” as the first in a series) min, mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 2) (number) êr, whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone); 3)
êr
one
whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone)
air
adjective. lonely
aenor
noun. god
aich
adverb. also
adleitha
release
(verb, = "to free") adleitha- (i adleitha, in adleithar); also adleg- (i adleg, in edlegir), pa.t. adlenc, pp. adlengen, pl. edlengin). RELEASE (noun) 1) adleithian, pl. adleithiain, 2) leithian (freeing), pl. leithiain
aeg
thorn
(peak, point). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". See also SPINE.
an
to
(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)
ar
outside
(adv. prefix) ar- (without)the literal meaning of a word translated SPY (q.v.)
aran
king
1) (king of a region) aran (pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural). 2) (king of a people) †taur (i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. _T_Ā to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.
aran
king
(pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural).
aran
king of a region
(pl. erain)
ardh
region
1) ardh (realm), pl. erdh, also in augmented form ardhon (great region, great province, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath. 2) dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, land), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413), 3) gardh (i **ardh) (bounded or defined place), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh), 4) gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).
ardh
region
(realm), pl. erdh, also in augmented form ardhon (great region, great province, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath.
arn
noble
(adjective) 1) arn (royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic *araud), pl. aroed. 2) brand (high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind; 3) raud (eminent, high), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.
arn
noble
(royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic ✱araud), pl. aroed.
arphen
noble
(noun, "a noble") 1) arphen, pl. erphin; 2) raud (eminent man, champion), pl.roed (idh roed), coll. pl. rodath.
arphen
noble
pl. erphin
arwen
noble woman
(pl. erwin).****
bâl
divine
(adj.) bâl, lenited vâl, pl. bail. Note: the word can also be used as a noun "divinity, divine power".
bâl
divine
lenited vâl, pl. bail. Note: the word can also be used as a noun "divinity, divine power".
car
build
car- (i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (make, do) (WJ:415)
car
build
(i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (make, do) (WJ:415)
conin
prince
(i chonin), occurring in the Cormallen Praise, is translated "princes" (Conin en Annûn = "princes of the west", Letters:308), but it is unclear what the singular would be. (David Salo suggests caun, though this word has two different meanings already; see
crumui
left-handed
crumui (lenited grumui; no distinct pl. form), also hargam (lenited chargam, pl. hergaim)
crumui
left-handed
(lenited grumui; no distinct pl. form), also hargam (lenited chargam, pl. hergaim).
donn
shadowy
1) donn (black, swart, swarty, shady) (lenited dhonn, pl. dynn). (VT45:11). Also dunn- in compounds. 2) gwathren (dim), lenited wathren; pl. gwethrin. (A lenited pl. is attested in the name Ered Wethrin, Shadowy Mountains.) 3) gwathui (lenited wathui; no distinct pl. form)
e
out
e, ed (away, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition: (WJ:367)
e
out
ed (away, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition:
galadh
tree
1) galadh (i **aladh), pl. gelaid (i ngelaidh = i ñelaidh) (Letters:426, SD:302). 2) orn (pl. yrn**). Note: a homophone means ”tall”.
galadh
tree
(i ’aladh), pl. gelaid (i ngelaidh = i ñelaidh) (Letters:426, SD:302).
galadhon
of or related to trees
(lenited ‘aladhon, pl. galadhoen). Archaic ✱galadhaun. The latter is based on David Salo’s analysis of the name Caras Galadhon; others have interpreted the last word as some kind of genitive plural, maybe influenced by Silvan Elvish.
gardh
region
(i ’ardh) (bounded or defined place), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh)
gilwen
region of stars
(Quenya Ilmen), also Gilith. In the Etymologies, this word is derived from a root GIL (LR:358) and would then have the form ’Ilwen (’Ilwith) when lenited. But in a later source, Tolkien cited the relevant root as ÑGIL (MR:388), and the lenited form would then be Ngilwen (Ngilwith).
gwaith
region
(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).
gwathra
dim
(verb) gwathra- (i **wathra, in gwathrar**) (overshadow, veil, obscure)
gwathra
dim
(i ’wathra, in gwathrar) (overshadow, veil, obscure)
gwathren
dim
(adj.) gwathren (shadowy), lenited wathren; pl. gwethrin. (A lenited pl. is attested in the name Ered Wethrin, Shadowy Mountains.);
gwathren
dim
(shadowy), lenited ’wathren; pl. gwethrin. (A lenited pl. is attested in the name Ered Wethrin, Shadowy Mountains.);
gwathren
shadowy
(dim), lenited ’wathren; pl. gwethrin. (A lenited pl. is attested in the name Ered Wethrin, Shadowy Mountains.)
he
she
he, hen, hene. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly he is the nominative, whereas hen is the accusative ”her”. Hene could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)
he
she
hen, hene. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly he is the nominative, whereas hen is the accusative ”her”. Hene could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)*
hên
child
hên (i chên), pl. hîn (i chîn); also -chen, pl. -chín at the end of compounds (e.g. Eruchín ”Children of Eru”). _(WJ:403) _CHILDREN OF THE ONE (Elves and Men as children of God) Eruchín** **(sg. *Eruchen)
hên
child
(i chên), pl. hîn (i chîn); also -chen, pl. -chín at the end of compounds (e.g. Eruchín ”Children of Eru”). (WJ:403)
iarwain
eldest
iarwain (based on Iarwain as a name of Tom Bombadil, perhaps literally ”old-new”).
iarwain
eldest
(based on Iarwain as a name of Tom Bombadil, perhaps literally ”old-new”).
lend
sweet
(tuneful), pl. lind. Note: a homophone means ”way, journey”. No Sindarin adjective describing sweet taste occurs in published material.
melui
sweet
1) (= lovely) melui (lenited velui; no distinct pl. form) (VT42:18). 2) lend (tuneful), pl. lind. Note: a homophone means ”way, journey”. No Sindarin adjective describing sweet taste occurs in published material.
min
one
mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”.
minui
first
1) minui (lenited vinui; no distinct pl. form), 2) mîn (lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (isolated, towering). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the number ”one”; 3) erui (single, alone). No distinct pl. form. Some would argue that Tolkien abandoned erui as a word for ”first”.
mistad
straying
*mistad (i vistad) (error), pl. mistaid (i mistaid). The word appears as ”mistrad” in the source (LR:373 s.v. MIS), but this would seem to be an error.
mîn
first
(lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (isolated, towering). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the number ”one”
mîn
isolated
(lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (first, towering). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the numeral ”one”.
or
on
(prep.) 1) or (above), with article erin ”on the” (followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions). Erin represents archaic örin. 2)
or
on
(above), with article erin ”on the” (followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions). Erin represents archaic örin.
orod
mountain
1) orod (pl. ered, eryd; coll. pl. #orodrim isolated from Thangorodrim), 2) ôr (stem orod-), also with pl. eryd, ered. (Names:178). Archaically, the plural forms were öryd, öröd.
orod
mountain
(pl. ered, eryd; coll. pl. #orodrim isolated from Thangorodrim)
pen
cardinal. one
(indefinite pronoun) (= somebody, anybody) pen (WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lords Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean *”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of *ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.
pen
one
(WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lord’s Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean ✱”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of ✱ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.
rain
free
rain (wandering, erratic). No distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”border” (VT46:10; suggested Sindarin form of ” Noldorin” rhain)
raud
noble
(eminent, high), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.
raun
straying
(adj.) raun (wandering), pl. roen; also used as noun ”moon” (”the wanderer”). Noun
taur
king
(i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. TĀ to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.
taur
forest
1) taur (i daur, o thaur) (great wood), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also (as adj.) ”lofty, high, sublime, noble” etc. 2) tawar (i dawar, o thawar) (wood [as material]), pl. tewair (i thewair). (
taur
forest
(i daur, o thaur) (great wood), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also (as adj.) ”lofty, high, sublime, noble” etc.
tawar
forest
(i dawar, o thawar) (wood [as material]), pl. tewair (i thewair). (SMALL)
tawar
wood
(as material) tawar (i dawar, o thawar) (forest), pl. tewair (i thewair).
toss
low-growing tree
(i** doss, o thoss, construct tos), pl. tyss (i** thyss). Tolkien mentioned ”maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.” as examples of the low-growing trees covered by this word. Specific trees, see
êg
thorn
1) êg (construct eg), pl. îg; 2) rêg (construct reg) (holly), pl. rîg (idh rîg), 3) aeg (peak, point). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". See also SPINE.
îdh
repose
îdh (rest), no distinct pl. form even if there could be a pl.
îdh
repose
(rest), no distinct pl. form even if there could be a pl.
îdh
rest
_(noun) _1) îdh (repose), no distinct pl. form even if there could be a pl. 2) post (i bost, o phost) (pause, halt, cessation, respite), pl. pyst (i physt),
îdh
rest
(repose), no distinct pl. form even if there could be a pl. 2) post (i bost, o phost) (pause, halt, cessation, respite), pl. pyst (i physt)
ôr
mountain
(stem orod-), also with pl. eryd, ered. (Names:178). Archaically, the plural forms were öryd, öröd.
cidinn
?. [unglossed]
cinnog
?. [unglossed]
maud
?. [unglossed]
mell
adjective. dear, beloved
ang
noun. iron
ann
noun. gift
arod
adjective. noble
arphen
noun. noble, knight
gardh
noun. region
laich
adjective. sweet
mein
ordinal. first
men-
verb. to go
min
cardinal. one, one, [G.] single
minui
ordinal. first
balaen
adjective. divine
bâl
adjective. divine
@@@ GS/241
eth
adverb/adjective. outside
galadh
noun. tree
gwathren
adjective. shadowy, dim
orn
noun. (any large) tree
orod
noun. mountain
únodui
adjective. countless
aegas
noun. mountain peak
aeglir
noun. range of mountain peaks
ang
noun. iron
angren
adjective. of iron
ann
noun. gift
n. gift.
anw
noun. gift
anw
noun. gift
ara
noun. king
_ n. _king.
aran
noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)
ardhon
noun. great region, province
ardhon
noun. world
arod
adjective. noble
arod
adjective. noble
adj. #noble.
arphen
noun. a noble
bo
preposition. on
caun
prince
pl1. cónin {ō} n. prince, chief, head.
celeg
adjective. swift, agile, hasty
cund
noun. prince
eitha-
verb. to prick with a sharp point, to stab
eitha-
verb. to treat with scorn, insult
fain
dim
adj. dim, dimmed (applied to dimmed or fading lights or to things seen in them); filmy, fine-woven, etc. (applied to things that only partially screened light, such as a canopy of young still half-transparent leaves, or textures that veiled but only half-concealed a form).
gardh
noun. bounded or defined region
gardh
noun. world
glad
noun. wood
gwathui
adjective. shadowy
hên
noun. child (mostly used as a prefix in patronymics or metronymics)
lain
adjective. free, freed
leich
adjective. sweet
leithian
noun. release, freeing, release from bondage
lim
adjective. swift
adj. swift. Noro lim, noro lim Asfaloth. 'Run swift, run swift Asfaloth'. Q. limbe,#linta.
madu
?. [unglossed]
main
ordinal. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent
malhorn
noun. golden tree of Lothlórien
mallorn
noun. golden tree of Lothlórien
malthorn
noun. golden tree of Lothlórien
mein
ordinal. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent
minai
adjective. single, distinct, unique
minui
ordinal. first
nel
card
_ card. _three. Q. nelde. Fcan, canad, neledh
orch
noun. Goblin, Orc
orthad
gerund noun. rising
send
noun. (?) rest
senn
noun. (?) rest
tad
card
_ card. _two. Q. atta. Fnel, neledh
tad
card
card. two. . This gloss was rejected.
taur
noun. great wood, forest
îdh
noun. rest, repose
Ēd
noun. Rest
Dor. Rest
adleitha
release
(i adleitha, in adleithar); also adleg- (i adleg, in edlegir), pa.t. adlenc, pp. adlengen, pl. edlengin).
adleitha
free
(i adleitha, in adleithar), also †adleg- (i adleg, in edlegir), pa.t. adlenc, pp. adlengen, pl. edlengin).
adleithian
release
pl. adleithiain
amon
steep-sided mount
(hill), pl. emyn.
an
to
(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).
ang
iron
ang; adj.
ang
iron
; adj.
angren
of iron
(pl. engrin);
angwedh
iron-bond
(pl. engwidh)
ant
gift
ant, pl. aint, coll. pl. annath. Also ann (-an at the end of compounds), pl. ain.
ant
gift
pl. aint, coll. pl. annath. Also ann (-an at the end of compounds), pl. ain.
ar
outside
(without)
ar
noble
(adjectival prefix) ar- (high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.
ar
noble
(high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.
auth
dim shape
(spectral or vague apparition), pl. oeth, coll. pl. othath. Note: a homophone means "war, battle".
brand
noble
(high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind
celeg
swift
1) celeg (agile), lenited geleg, pl. celig, 2) lagor, analogical pl. legyr, 3) legrin (rapid), no distinct pl. form, 4) lint (no distinct pl. form)
celeg
swift
(agile), lenited geleg, pl. celig
cund
prince
(i gund, o chund, construct cun), pl. cynd (i chynd) (VT45:24).
dartha
remain
dartha- (i dhartha, i narthar) (stay, wait, last, endure) (VT45:8)
dartha
remain
(i dhartha, i narthar) (stay, wait, last, endure) (VT45:8)
donn
shadowy
(black, swart, swarty, shady) (lenited dhonn, pl. dynn). (VT45:11). Also dunn- in compounds.
dôr
region
(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, land), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413)
ecthel
thorn point
(pl. ecthil). See also
eirien
daisy
eirien (pl. eirin) (SD:128:31)
eirien
daisy
(pl. eirin) (SD:128:31)
eitha
prick with a sharp point
(stab, treat with scorn; insult) (i eitha, in eithar)
galadhrim
people of the trees
(Elves of Lórien). Adj.
glâd
forest
(i ’lâd, construct glad) (wood), pl. glaid (in glaid)
glâd
wood
(i ’lâd, construct glad) (small forest), pl. glaid (in glaid) See FOREST. 2)
gwathui
shadowy
(lenited ’wathui; no distinct pl. form)
gwathuirim
shadowy people
(PM:330)
gwirith
april
(na ’Wirith)
gwâth
dim light
(i ’wâth; construct gwath) (shadow, shade), pl. gwaith (in gwaith) (UT:261);
huorn
walking tree of fangorn
(i chuorn, o chuorn), pl. huyrn (i chuyrn).
iest
wish
(noun) iest, pl. ist
iest
wish
pl. ist
lagor
swift
analogical pl. legyr
lebethron
oak tree
.
legrin
swift
(rapid), no distinct pl. form
leitha
set free
(i leitha, i leithar)
leithian
release
(freeing), pl. leithiain
lint
swift
(no distinct pl. form)
lothren
waste
(adj.) lothren (wild), pl. lethrin for archaic löthrin (VT45:29)
lothren
waste
(wild), pl. lethrin for archaic löthrin (VT45:29)
maenas
handicraft
(i vaenas) (craft, art), pl. maenais (i maenais), coll. pl. maenassath.
melui
sweet
(lenited velui; no distinct pl. form) (VT42:18).
menel
heaven
(i venel), pl. menil (i menil)
minai
unique
minai (distinct, single), lenited vinai; pl. mini
minai
unique
(distinct, single), lenited vinai; pl. mini
minui
first
(lenited vinui; no distinct pl. form)
nasta
prick
(i nasta, in nastar) (point, stick, thrust)
nothlir
family tree
(family line); no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. nothliriath.
nínui
february
nórui
june
orn
tree
(pl. yrn). Note: a homophone means ”tall”.
ortha
raise
ortha- (i ortha, in orthar);
ortha
raise
(i ortha, in orthar);
orthad
raising
(MR:373)
po
on
po (lenited bo) (VT44:23)
po
on
(lenited bo) (VT44:23)
rêg
holly
rêg (construct reg) (thorn), pl. rîg (idh rîg). See also LOW-GROWING TREE
rêg
holly
(construct reg) (thorn), pl. rîg (idh** rîg**). See also
rêg
thorn
(construct reg) (holly), pl. rîg (idh rîg)
tawar
wood
(i dawar, o thawar) (forest), pl. tewair (i thewair).
êg
thorn
(construct eg), pl. îg
_ card. _one. Q. er. >> min, tad