sa

pronoun. that (there)

salakanto

masculine name. Salakanto

Qenya cognate of G. Salgant appearing on an early name list (PE13/104).

salmar

collective name. Salmar

Name for the people of Salgant in an early name list (PE13/104), apparently the plural of salma “harp”.

saksani

collective name. Saxons

Qenya name for the Saxons (Germanic tribe from English history), apparently a phonetic adaptation of that name (LT2/306).

sainen

proper name. Saturday

Name of Saturday in the seven-day week of the Elves (otsola) in an early word list (PE14/21). The day was related to fire and metals, and was probably derived from sá “fire”.

salmar

masculine name. Salmar

sarma

noun. saw

sairon

masculine name. Sairon

Qenya cognate of G. Dairon appearing in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/29).

sara-

verb. to saw

salpa-

verb. to take a sup of, sample, sip

salta-

verb. to sail

san ninqeruvisse lútier

then upon a white horse sailed

sala-

verb. to sail

sahóra

place name. the South

Name for “the South” in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa from the 1910s (QL/81; PME/81), where it appeared under the root ᴱ√SAH(Y)A “be hot” derived from the primitive form ᴱ✶saχ+þōra (QL/81). In the contemporaneous Qenya Phonology, however its primitive form was revised from ᴱ✶þaχþōđa >> ᴱ✶saχsōđa (PE12/18), and ᴱ✶saχ-sōđa was given the gloss “house of fire”.

The primitive forms ᴱ✶þōra, ᴱ✶þōđa and ᴱ✶sōđa would all produce ᴱQ. sóra. The closest equivalent is ᴱQ. sóra “seat”, but that word was derived from the root ᴱ√ÐORO “sit” (QL/85). It is unclear whether Tolkien intended any relationship between the two, but SOŘO (= ✱SOÐO) did appear as a rejected variant of this root (QL/86), hinting that such a relationship is at least a possibility.

@@@ variant forms and their etymologies

saike

noun. hunger

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. saike (saiki-) “hunger” in the Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√SAẎA (QL/82). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, the Qenya word for “hunger” was instead saiste (PE13/147).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would retain the noun ᴺQ. saicë “hunger” based on a Neo-Root ᴺ√SAYAK, but only as an archaic word so I could justify the retention of various famine-related words like ᴺQ. saicelë. For normal speech I would assume ᴺQ. maitië is the ordinary word for “hunger”, a noun form of the adjective Q. maita “hungry” from around 1960.

saipo

noun. boot

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. saipo “boot” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√SAYAPA (QL/82). This word also appeared contemporaneous Qenya Phonology where it was derived from ᴱ√saẏap- (PE12/26).

Neo-Quenya: I would retain this word as ᴺQ. saipo “boot” for purposes of Neo-Quenya as a derivative of a Neo-Root ᴺ√S(A)YAP; see ᴹ√SKYAP for a discussion of this Neo-Root.

saiqa

adjective. hungry

An adjective appearing as ᴱQ. saiqa “hungry” in the Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√SAẎA (QL/82). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, the Qenya word for “hungry” was instead saisa, though its Early Noldorin equivalent ᴱQ. haib seems to indicate primitive ✱saikwā (PE13/146).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would retain the adjective ᴺQ. saiqua “hungry” based on a Neo-Root ᴺ√SAYAK, but only as an archaic word so I could justify the retention of related words like ᴺS. saeb “hungry”. For normal speech I would assume Q. maita “hungry” is the ordinary word for “hungry” (VT39/11).

saita-

verb. to be hungry (impersonal)

An impersonal verb appearing as ᴱQ. saita- “I am hungry” in the Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√SAẎA, alongside a variant form saya- (QL/82). The verb say- also appeared unglossed on page of Qenya Verb Forms from this same period (PE14/28).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would simply say nán maita “I am hungry”.

saitya-

verb. to starve

A verb appearing as ᴱQ. saitya- “to starve” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√SAẎA “hunger” which was mostly used in combination with -kǝ (QL/82). Its ancient form is probably ✱saikya- with ky > ty (PE12/22). Tolkien said this verb was transitive as in “to starve [someone]”, but could be used impersonally to mean “I starve”. Tolkien also gave a variant form saikelta-, apparently a combination of ᴱQ. saike “hunger” with the verb suffix ᴱQ. -lta.

Neo-Quenya: I retain this verb as ᴺQ. saitya- for purposes of Neo-Quenya. Its impersonal use would be saitya ni “[it] starves me” = “I starve”.

saule

noun. litter (of pups, cubs, etc.)

The word ᴱQ. saule “litter of pups, cubs, etc.” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SAẆA that was the basis of various dog words (QL/82).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d update this word to ᴺQ. huolë using the later word ᴹQ. huo “dog” (Ety/KHUGAN).

savar

noun. wild dog, jackal

ᴱQ. savar “wild dog, jackal” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SAẆA (QL/82). This word also appeared with the gloss “wild dog” in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/82).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d update this word to ᴺQ. huar “wild dog, jackal” using the later root ᴹ√KHUG that seems to have replaced ᴱ√SAẆA (Ety/KHUGAN).

samírien

proper name. Double Mirth

Name of a festival in the earliest Lost Tales, glossed “[Years of] Double Mirth” (LT1/143). Christopher Tolkien suggested it might be a combination of the intensive prefix sa- with some derivative the root ᴱ√MIRI “smile” (LT1A/Samírien), perhaps an otherwise unattested noun mírien “mirth”.

sangayando

proper name. Dealer of Wounds

Variant name of Sangahyando in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s, a combination of the intensive prefix sa- with some derivative the root ᴱ√ŊAHYA “hurt, grieve” (QL/81).

savarda

noun. pack (of dogs, wolves)

ᴱQ. savarda or savarna “pack of dogs, wolves” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as an elaboration of ᴱQ. savar “wild dog, jackal” under the early root ᴱ√SAẆA (QL/82).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d update this word to ᴺQ. huarda “pack (of dogs, wolves)” using the later root ᴹ√KHUG that seems to have replaced ᴱ√SAẆA (Ety/KHUGAN).

sanga-

verb. to scorch

A verb in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “scorch” and variant forms sanga- and sangya-, derived from the early root ᴱ√SAH(Y)A “be hot” (QL/81).

sarqa

adjective. fleshy

A word for “fleshy” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. sarko (sarku-) “flesh” (QL/86).

saikele

noun. famine

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. saikele “famine” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an elaboration of ᴱQ. saike “hunger” (QL/82).

Neo-Quenya: I retain ᴺQ. saicelë “famine” for purposes of Neo-Quenya as an elaboration of (archaic) ᴺQ. †saicë.

salka

noun. scythe

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as ᴱQ. salka “scythe” under the early root ᴱ√SḶKḶ that was also the basis for “grass” words (QL/84).

Neo-Quenya: Since ᴹ√SALAK+wē was still the basis for “grass” words in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/SALÁK), I think ᴺQ. salca “scythe” can be salvaged for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

salkinóre

place name. Africa, *(lit.) Grass Land

Qenya name for Africa in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa from the 1910s (QL/84; PME/84), a combination of salki “grass” with nóre “land”.

samin

noun. silk

An isolated word with no clear derivation appearing in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s as ᴱQ. samin (samind-) “silk” (QL/81; PME/81).

Neo-Quenya: There is no evidence of this word in Tolkien’s later writings, but there are no other later Quenya “silk” words either, so I’d retain ᴺQ. samin “silk” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

saminda

adjective. silken

A word appearing as ᴱQ. saminda or saminwa “silky” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjective form of ᴱQ. samin “silk” (QL/81).

Neo-Quenya: Since I retain ᴺQ. samin “silk” (samind-) for purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d retain ᴺQ. saminda “silky” as well.

sampa

noun. spade

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. sampa “spade” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SAPA “dig, excavate” (QL/82). The noun reappeared with the same gloss in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/145).

Neo-Quenya: Since the root √SAP reappeared in Tolkien’s later writings, I would retain ᴺQ. sampa “spade, ✱shovel” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

sampe

noun. cave, hollow

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “cave, hollow” with variants sampe and sampo derived from the root ᴱ√SAPA “dig, excavate” (QL/82), both variants also appearing in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa with the gloss “cave” (PME/82).

san

noun. hall, dwelling, house

The word ᴱQ. san (sam(b)-) “hall, dwelling, house” appeared in Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SAMA (QL/81).

sapa-

verb. to dig

A verb appearing as ᴱQ. sapa- “dig” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SAPA of the same basic meaning (QL/82). The verb ᴱQ. sap- “dig” reappeared in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/145).

Neo-Quenya: Since the root √SAP appeared in Tolkien’s later writing, I would retain ᴺQ. sap- “to dig” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

sar-

verb. to write

A verb appearing as ᴱQ. sar- “write” in Early Qenya Word-lists from the 1920s. Hints at its later validity may be seen in Q. sarat, the names of the letters in the Sarati alphabet, and the root √SAR “score, incise; write”, both mentioned in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60.

Neo-Quenya: Most Neo-Quenya writers use [ᴹQ.] tec- as the ordinary word for write, given its obvious association to Q. tehta and Q. tengwa. One of the challenges with sar- for “write” is that in Tolkien’s later writings, √SAR is also associated with “stone”, as in S. sarn/Q. sar “(small) stone”. In a discussion on the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) in April 2022, Röandil suggested restoring ᴺQ. sar- with the sense “to mark (i.e. by incision), notch, score; (by later extension) to write”. Based on this I invented the following (fan-based) etymology:

Given its derivatives, it seems likely that √SAR is associated with stone but also with marks, probably originally marks in stone but generalized from there to marks on other substances. From this sar- was used as the basis for the earliest system of writing, both as a verb and in the name sarati. However, with the introduction of Feanor’s tengwar alphabet, this word no longer seemed suitable for as a general writing word, and was displaced by tec-, originally also meaning “make a mark”, but not specifically associated with stone.

Since tec- now usually meant “write”, the archaic sense “mark, score” was restored to sar-. This was aided by the fact that sar- was primarily a transitive verb, and used some awkward constructions. In particular, with the verb sar-, the direct object was always the thing written on, rather than the thing written. Thus with sar-, the proper way to say “write a sentence on paper” was actually sare hyalin quettalénen “write [on] paper with a sentence [instrumental]”, a construction that still survives, though now somewhat archaic. Meanwhile, the direct object of tec- is the thing written, so one would say tece quettale hyalinesse “write a sentence on paper”.

Note that this last construction [sare hyalin quettalénen] is inspired by Tolkien’s usage of the ᴱQ. verb teke- from the 1910s (QL/90), and essentially reverses of the Early Qenya paradigm of the 1910s and 20s, switching the roles of tek- and sar-. There is no evidence that the above Neo-Quenya discussion matches Tolkien’s own thoughts on the subject, so it should be considered “etymological fan-fiction”.

sarko

noun. elder [tree]

A word appearing as {sara >>} sarko “elder” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s in the section describing types of trees (PE16/140).

sarno

noun. table

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. {sarne >>} sarno “table” in Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SARA having to do with sawing and sawed things like planks (QL/82). The contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa also had sarno “table” (PME/82).

sastya

adjective. sore, galled

An adjective appearing as {sartya >>} sastya “sore, galled” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SṢTYṢ (QL/86).

satwa

adjective. hollow, dug-out, excavated

An adjective appearing as ᴱQ. satwa “hollow, dug-out, excavated” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SAPA “dig, excavate” (QL/82). It is likely the result of the Early Qenya sound change whereby [[eq|[pw] became [tw]]] (PE12/23).

Neo-Quenya: In the rare cases where ancient pw occurred Quenya of the 1930s and later, it became pp (PE19/43, 86). Thus I would update this Early Qenya adjective to ᴺQ. sappa “hollow, dug-out, excavated”.

sarkuva

adjective. corporeal, bodily

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “corpor(e)al, bodily”, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. sarko “living flesh, body” (QL/86).

sarqin

proper name. Cannibal-ogre

A name of a race of Cannibal-ogres in the earliest Lost Tales (LT2/254), its singular form Sarqin appeared in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa from the 1910s (PME/86). Its initial element might be a variant of sarqa “fleshy”, as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT2A/Sarqindi).

saikelea

adjective. famished

A word appearing as ᴱQ. saikelea “famished” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjective form of ᴱQ. saikele “famine” (QL/82).

Neo-Quenya: I retain this word as ᴺQ. saicelëa for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

sankossi

collective name. Goblins

A collective name for Goblins in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s (QL/85), apparently a combination of sanke “hateful” with hosse “band” (LT2A/Glamhoth).

sa-

prefix. intensive

saiwa

adjective. hot

saiwa-

verb. ?to be hot

salistya-

verb. to bless

san

adverb/conjunction. then, at that time

sanga

noun. throng, tight mass, crowd

sanga-

verb. to pack tight, compress, press; to gather

sangwa

adjective. tight, thick, dense, tough, hard

sanka

noun. rend, jab

sanka

noun. hate, fierce hatred

sanke

adjective. hateful

sausa

noun. bath water, hot water

sá

noun. fire

salma

noun. lyre, small harp

salme

noun. harp-playing, music of lyres

salpa

noun. bowl

sarko

noun. flesh, living flesh, body

sahta-

verb. it is hot

sahta-

verb. to split

saikelta-

verb. to starve

saina

adjective. smooth

saka-

verb. to pursue, look for, search

salambe

noun. twanging echo

salaqíne

noun. violin, (lit.) thrumsqueak-er

salki

noun. grass

salumbe

noun. harping, music

sambe

noun. room, chamber

sana

noun. day (24 hours)

sanda

adjective. that

sangahyando

proper name. Cleaver of Throngs

san rotser simpetalla pinqe

*then pipes playing their thin music

san sirilla ter i·aldar

*at that time following through the trees

santa

adjective. dear, beloved

sapsa

noun. pit, grave

sar

noun. earth, soil

A word for “earth, soil” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, but it was marked with an “X” and ᴱQ. kemen (of similar meaning) was written next to it as an alternative (PE16/139).

sarat

noun. plank

sat

noun. hole

satl

noun. search, enquiry

satta

adjective. both

satto

adjective. both; the two

sauke

?. [unglossed]

sauna

adjective. clean

saune

noun. bath, small pool

saile

noun. [unglossed]

sairina

adjective. magic

saisa

adjective. hungry

saiste

noun. hunger

saiwali

noun. summer

sal-

verb. ?to remain or remove

salamba

adjective. twanging, throbbing, resounding, echoing

salaqintl

noun. violin, (lit.) thrumsqueak-er

salistina

adjective. blessed

salke

noun. grass

salqe

noun. grass, long mowing grass

salqin

noun. viola

saminwa

adjective. silken

sampo

noun. cave, hollow

sanda liante

that vine

sangya-

verb. to scorch

santo

pronoun. that

sap-

verb. to dig

sapta

noun. pit, grave

saqa-

verb. [unglossed]

saqila

adjective. fire-red, scarlet

saramór

noun. *writing-ink

sarapenda

noun. wood-bridge

saratwa

adjective. made of planks

sauve

noun. sheep

savarna

noun. pack (of dogs, wolves)

saya-

verb. to be hungry

makarnisan

proper name. Saturday

Name of the first Saturday in the Valinorean fortnight (PE14/22), a combination of the name of the god Makar and sana “day”.

vasa

noun. juice

i·liante sa

that vine

soraksa

noun. shingle

sairu

adjective. magical

singe

noun. salt

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. {singi >>} singe “salt” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s and under the early root ᴱ√SIŊI (QL/83). The contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa had ᴱQ. singi “salt” (PME/83). Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱQ. singwe “salt” (PE16/145).

Neo-Sindarin: Of these various forms, I’d use ᴺQ. singë for “salt” for best compatibility with [G.] sing “salt”, but would assume its stem form is singi- and that it was a derivative of the Neo-Root ᴺ√SIÑGI.

lúlea

adjective. sapphirine

An adjectival form of appearing as ᴱQ. lūle “blue stone, sapphire” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/57).

marma

noun. sand

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “sand”, a derivative of the root ᴱ√MṚŘṚ [MṚÐṚ] (QL/63). The word was also mentioned in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/63). In later writings, ᴹQ. litse was used for “sand” (Ety/LIT).

singwa

adjective. salt

A word appearing as ᴱQ. singwa “salt (aj.)” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjective form of ᴱQ. singe “salt” (QL/83).

Neo-Quenya: I’d retain ᴺQ. singwa “salt[y]” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

tarqin(a)

noun/adjective. salted, dried; salt meat

A word appearing as ᴱQ. tarqin or tarqina “adj. salted, dried; (n.) salt meat” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. tarqa- “dry, preserve; pickle” under the early root ᴱ√TṚQṚ (QL/94). As such, it was probably originally an adjective, and its noun use for “salt meat” was based on that (= “✱preserves”).

Neo-Quenya: I’d retain ᴺQ. tarquin(a) “salt meat; salted, dried, ✱(orig.) preserved” for purposes of Neo-Quenya based the Neo-Root ᴺ√TARKWA.

tyusse

noun. sand

A word for “sand” from Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/139). Its etymology is unclear, and none of the words from this period with similar forms seem to be related.

inqa

adjective. same

moina

adjective. safe, secure

pihye

noun. sap, juice

tala

noun. sail

tyausta

noun. savour, flavour

velunte

noun. sail

vite

noun. sap, juice

aimo

noun. saint (m.)

aire

noun. saint (f.)

inqile

noun. sameness

singwe

noun. salt

vakse

noun. sale

velu

noun. sail

yarendilyon

noun. sailor

vea

noun. sea

lúle

noun. blue stone, sapphire

A word appearing as ᴱQ. lūle “blue stone, sapphire” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, related to ᴱQ. lūne “(deep) blue” (QL/57).

Neo-Quenya: I would update this word to ᴺQ. luilë for purposes of Neo-Quenya, since the later word and root for “blue” was luinë and √LUY.

mark

noun. ripe juice, sap, ooze, moisture

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “ripe juice, sap, ooze, moisture” and derived from the early root ᴱ√MṚKṚ (QL/63).

lunga(na)-

verb. to sag, bend (down), hang heavy, lean

lutu-

verb. to flow, float, sail

wili-

verb. to sail, fly, float

finwa

adjective. acute, sagacious

kiri-

verb. to cleave; *to sail

lut-

verb. to flow, sail

lutsilya lúne veasse

*sailing on a blue sea

nyar

noun. tale, saying

náve

noun. shrewdness, sagacity, perspicacity

ravin

adjective. fierce, savage (of beasts)

rent

noun. spittle, saliva

resta-

verb. to aid, come to aid of, rescue, save

senge

adjective. keen of sight, observant, sagacious

talanda

adjective. burdened, weighed down, sad

talanya

adjective. burdened, weighed down, sad

vil-

verb. to sail, fly, float

ómalingwe lir’ amaldar

*sang a gentle tune with many voices

auro

noun. sun

A noun appearing in Early Noldorin Word-lists as {ūru >>} auro, cognate of ᴱN. úr “sun”, and derived from {✶ourǝ >>} ✶ourū̆ (PE13/155). Elsewhere Q. Úr(in) was a name for the Sun from the 1910s up through the 1950s, but Tolkien eventually changed this to Vása (MR/198).

sulpa

noun. soup

A word appearing as ᴱQ. sulpa “soup” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root ᴱ√SḶPḶ (QL/84).

Neo-Sindarin: This early root became ᴹ√SALAP “lick up” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/SÁLAP), but I assume the existence of a variant form ᴹ√SULUP “lap up” serving as the basis for words like 1948 ᴹQ. sulpa- “to lap up” (PE22/114). As such, I would preserve ᴺQ. sulpa “soup” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

tan(y)a

noun. fire

An element meaning “fire” in some early names: tanya in ᴱQ. Tanyasalpe (LT1/187), tana in ᴱQ. Tana Qentima equivalent of G. Tôn a Gwedrin “Tale-fire” (PE15/7; LT2/197), and possibly also in ᴱQ. Fatanyu “Hell” (GL/51). Tan(y)a is likely a derivative of the early root ᴱ√tan- (GL/69, 71).

silki-

verb. to mow, scythe, mow down

A verb appearing as ᴱQ. silki- “mow, scythe, mow down” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SḶKḶ that was also the basis for “grass” words (QL/84).

Conceptual Development: The Etymologies of the 1930s updated this root to ᴹ√SALAK+wē for “grass” words (Ety/SALÁK), so I think this Early Qenya word can be updated to ᴺQ. salca- “to mow, scythe, mow down”.

sár(e)a

adjective. fiery

An adjective in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “fiery” with variants sāra and sārea (the second added later) derived from the early root ᴱ√SAH(Y)A “be hot” (QL/81).

sári

proper name. Sun

A name for the Sun in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/186), probably a derivative of the root ᴱ√SAH(Y)A “be hot” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Sári).

sáya

masculine name. Sáya

Name of a fire fairy in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/66), probably a derivative of the root ᴱ√SAH(Y)A “be hot”.

kava-

verb. to dig

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “dig” under the early root ᴱ√KAVA (QL/45). The verb form kav- reappeared in charts of Qenya Verb Forms from this same period, but there it was untranslated (PE14/28).

kinda

noun. splinter

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. kinda “splinter” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√KIŘI [KIÐI] (QL/047).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I think this word can be salvaged as ᴺQ. cirda “splinter, wood shaving” from the later root √KIR.

rekka

noun. spittle

The word ᴱQ. rent (renty-) “spittle, saliva” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√RET͡YE (QL/79). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s Tolkien had ᴱQ. rekka as a cognate of ᴱN. crech “spittle” from primitive ᴱ✶kǝ̀rekka (PE13/140).

Neo-Quenya: I’d retain ᴺQ. recca “spittle, ✱saliva” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

silkima

adjective. ready for cutting

An adjective appearing as ᴱQ. silkima “ready for cutting” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SḶKḶ that was also the basis for “grass” words (QL/84).

Conceptual Development: The Etymologies of the 1930s updated this root to ᴹ√SALAK+wē for grass words (Ety/SALÁK), so I think this Early Qenya word can be updated to ᴺQ. salcima “ready for cutting, ✱harvestable”.

sinqele

noun. mine

A noun for “mine” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an elaboration of ᴱQ. sink (sinq-) “mineral, gem, metal” (QL/83). This word was also mentioned in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/83).

sult

noun. sip, taste

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. sult (sulp-) “a sip, taste” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SḶPḶ (QL/84).

Neo-Quenya: I’d adapt this noun as ᴺQ. salpë “sip” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, from the later form of the root: ᴹ√SALAP (Ety/SÁLAP).

tolpo

noun. bowl

A word appearing as ᴱQ. tolpo “bowl” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/142). The Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s instead had ᴱQ. salpa “bowl” derived the early root ᴱ√SḶPḶ (QL/84).

Neo-Quenya: I would use the later word ᴺQ. tolpo as the Neo-Quenya word for “bowl”, since later ON. salpha from the 1930s was “broth” rather than “bowl” (Ety/SÁLAP).

lalle

noun. pebble

A word for “pebble” the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s appearing under the root ᴱ√LALA, though Tolkien marked it with a “?” and other derivatives of the root had to do with “babble” (QL/50). This word was also mentioned in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/50).

isqa

adjective. wise

sulp-

verb. to lick, sup, lick up, sup up; to sip, taste; to drink

faskalan

noun. bath

kainen

cardinal. ten

kea

cardinal. ten

listya-

verb. to bless

ne

conjunction. that

nyúken

?. [unglossed]

silt-

verb. to sift, sort out, winnow

sinty-

verb. to sparkle

tantilta-

verb. [unglossed]

tu

pronoun. he

yúyo

cardinal. two

a

pronoun. it

ahúra

noun. Sun

An early Qenya word for the Sun appearing in a word list from the 1920s (PE15/77). Its etymology is obscure.

ailin

noun. shore

A word for “shore” in the ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya poem and its draft of the late 1920s (MC/213, 221), in one place given an archaic form aile and a translation “beach” (PE16/75). In the version of the Markirya poem from the 1960s, this word became Q. hresta (MC/221-222), whereas Q. ailin itself usually meant “lake” in later writings.

aka-

prefix. intensive

alkar

noun. shield

alle

?. [unglossed]

allu-

verb. to wash

alluva

adjective. clean

alnu-

verb. to wash

anaukante

?. [unglossed]

angwe

?. [unglossed]

anwe

?. [unglossed]

arda

noun. place, spot

@@@ probably from [ɣarðā] since cognate G. gar(th) ends in [θ] which only develops from [ð] when final after a consonant

are-

prefix. intensive

ari-

prefix. intensive

arwa

noun. field

aukaine

?. [unglossed]

avesta

noun. summer

eant

?. [unglossed]

ematte

?. [unglossed]

en(we)

noun. name

enken

adverb. then

entan

adverb. then

feng-

verb. to cut

fingwe

?. [unglossed]

hingwe

?. [unglossed]

hyanta

?. [unglossed]

hyelle

noun. pebble

A word for “pebble” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/138; PE16/144). Its etymology is unclear, and in later writings ᴹQ. hyelle was used as a word for “glass”.

intya

?. [unglossed]

isqalea

adjective. clever

iswa

adjective. wise

ka

?. [unglossed]

kaune

noun. grave

kav-

verb. to dig

kelu-

verb. to flow

kisin

adjective. cleft

korda

noun. temple

kuruvar

noun. wizard

laisifalle

noun. [unglossed]

lantanwa

adjective. [unglossed]

las

noun. [unglossed]

lava-

verb. to lick

lempe

cardinal. ten

lilyen

?. [unglossed]

linqarassea

adjective. [unglossed]

lossiattea

?. [unglossed]

lotarwa

noun. garden

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “garden” based on lōtetarwa, a combination of ᴱQ. lóte “flower” and ᴱQ. tarwa “garden” (QL/55).

Neo-Quenya: Since Q. lótë “flower” survives in Tolkien’s later writing and I retain ᴺQ. tarwa for purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would retain ᴺQ. lotarwa as well, but with the more specific sense “[flower] garden”.

lungwe

?. [unglossed]

láwakéle

?. [unglossed]

maika

adjective. cruel

matl

noun. food

matso

noun. food

mel(i)na

adjective. dear

melin

adjective. dear, beloved

mimbe

noun. flesh

A word for “flesh” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root ᴱ√MIMI (QL/61).

min-

verb. [unglossed]

mis

noun. urine

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. mis (mist-) “urine” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s from the early root ᴱ√MISI “mingere”, which is Latin for “urinate” (QL/62).

Neo-Quenya: I’d retain ᴺQ. mis (mist-) “urine” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, based on the later root ᴹ√MIS having to do with wet things. It conflicts somewhat with Q. mistë < √MIZDI “drizzle, light rain”, but I don’t see that as a problem, as the word for “urine” might have originated euphemistically as “make rain”.

moa

noun. sheep

narte

adjective. bitter

nauto

noun. [unglossed]

nawa-

verb. [unglossed]

nierme

?. [unglossed]

ningwe

?. [unglossed]

nolmo

noun. pit

nyara

noun. tale

nôf

adjective. hollow

oinalis

noun. ointment

ole-

prefix. intensive

oli-

prefix. intensive

omba

adjective. hard (*as stone)

orot

noun. cave

palastor

noun. surf

A word for “surf” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from ᴱ√Palas (QL/72).

palukta

noun. table

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. palukta “table” in Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√PALA having to do with flat things (QL/71).

Neo-Quenya: Since √PAL was still associated with flat things in Tolkien’s later writing ([ᴹQ.] palar “flat field”, Q. palta “flat of the hand”), I would retain this word for purposes of Neo-Quenya in a slightly modified form: ᴺQ. paluhta “table”.

pingwe

?. [unglossed]

piqesta

noun. bitterness

porokoi

?. [unglossed]

pulqe

noun. juice

pundo

noun. [unglossed]

píqa

adjective. bitter

píqele

noun. bitterness

póya

adjective. [unglossed]

qent

noun. word

qetta

noun. word

qintl

noun. lyre

ralle

?. [unglossed]

ranta

noun. part

roa

noun. wild beast

ronta

adjective. hollow

rotwa

adjective. hollow

rótele

noun. cave

sehta-

verb. to see

sinqita-

verb. [unglossed]

sivilda

?. [unglossed]

soina

adjective. clean

sorta-

verb. to sit down

sovo-

verb. to wash

súlimarya

?. [unglossed]

súme

?. [unglossed]

ta

pronoun. that (there)

talarin

adjective. [unglossed]

tanya

adjective. that

teket

noun. letter

@@@ used for “letter (epistola)” in NQNT

teketta

noun. letter

tekta-

verb. to write

tempe

noun. hate

tirípti

?. [unglossed]

toron

?. [unglossed]

tuktalla

noun. *search

tultárie

adjective. [unglossed]

tunda

noun. hole

tyanta

?. [unglossed]

tyen

adverb. then

táne

adjective. [unglossed]

tánie

adjective. [unglossed]

uivi

adjective. both

ukárele

noun. [unglossed]

umpai

?. [unglossed]

upaitya-

verb. [unglossed]

uru

noun. fire

usult

?. [unglossed]

valle

?. [unglossed]

varkima

adjective. dreadful

vilki-

verb. to cut

vingwe

?. [unglossed]

voronda

adjective. faithful

véla

verb. to see

wara-

verb. to rub

yu

?. [unglossed]