conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> ad, ada, adh
Sindarin
a
conjunction. and
a
and
a
and
conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.
a
conjunction. and
conj. and. Pedo mellon a minno! 'Say friend and enter'. Q. ar
a
interjection. o
interj. o. A Elbereth Gilthoniel 'O Elbereth Who lit the Stars'.
a
interjection. O!
a
interjection. O!
Element in
- S. ae Adar nín i vi Menel “our Father who [art] in Heaven” ✧ VT44/22
- S. a Elbereth Gilthoniel “o Elbereth who lit the stars” ✧ LotR/0238; LotR/0729; RGEO/63; RGEO/64; RGEO/64
- S. a Hîr Annûn Gilthoniel “*oh Lady of the West, Star-kindler” ✧ LB/354
- S. a tiro nin, Fanuilos “o guard me, Elbereth” ✧ LotR/0729; RGEO/64
Variations
- A ✧ LB/354; LotR/0238; LotR/0729; LotR/0729; RGEO/63; RGEO/64; RGEO/64; RGEO/64
- a ✧ Let/279
- Ae ✧ VT44/22
a
conjunction. and; †by, near, beside
Changes
a→ a “and” ✧ PE17/041- a → að “and” ✧ PE17/041
a→ a ✧ PE17/041Cognates
- Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar
Derivations
- ✶as(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31
- √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31
- ✶ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102
- √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
- √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145
- √AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ SA/ar
Element in
- S. a Pherhael ar am Meril suilad uin aran o Minas Tirith nelchaenen ned Echuir “to Samwise and Rose the King’s greeting from Minas Tirith, the thirty-first day of Stirring” ✧ SD/129; SD/129
- S. aran Gondor ar Arnor ar Hîr i Mbair Annui “king of Gondor and Arnor and Lord of the Westlands” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
- S. ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT44/28
- S. ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain “and he desires to greet there all his friends” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
- S. ar in Ellath epholar eno vi Eressai “*and the Elves (?remember) still in Eressëa” ✧ VT50/19
- S. ar Iorhael, Gelir, Cordof, ar Baravorn, ionnath dîn “and Frodo, Merry, Pippin and Hamfast his sons” ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; SD/129; SD/129
- S. ar Meril bess dîn, ar Elanor, Meril, Glorfinniel, ar Eirien sellath dîn “and Rose his wife; and Elanor, Rose, Goldilocks and Daisy his daughters” ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129
- S. ar Nienor sel Morwen Níniel “*and Nienor daughter of Morwen, Níniel” ✧ VT50/18
- S. man agorech? “*and said Rían to Tuor: what have we done?” ✧ VT50/20; VT50/20
- S. Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth “The Debate of Finrod and Andreth” ✧ MR/329; PE17/041
- S. Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn “Frodo and Sam, princes of the west” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
- S. Dor-Cúarthol “Land of Bow and Helm”
- S. Narn e·Dant Gondolin ar Orthad en·Êl “*Tale of the Fall of Gondolin and the Raising of the Star” ✧ MR/373
- S. pedo mellon a minno “speak, friend, and enter; (alternately) say ‘friend’ and enter” ✧ LotR/0305; LotR/0305; PE17/041
- S. si loth a galadh lasto dîn “*here flower and tree listen [in] silence” ✧ LB/354
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶ad(a) > að > a [ada] > [aða] > [að] > [a] ✧ PE17/041 ✶as(a) > a(h) > a [asa] > [aha] > [ah] > [a] ✧ PE17/041 Variations
- ar ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; MR/373; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; VT44/28; VT50/18; VT50/19
- a ✧ LB/354; Let/448; LotR/0305; LotR/0953; PE17/041 (
a); PE17/041; PE17/041 (a); PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar; VT47/31- ah ✧ MR/329; VT43/30
- að ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/145
- ath ✧ PE17/041 (ath)
- a(ð) ✧ PE17/102
- að- ✧ PE17/145
- Ar ✧ SD/129; VT50/20
- A ✧ VT50/20 (
A)
-a
suffix. [old] genitive suffix
Derivations
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶ō > ia > -a [-ō] > [-a] ✧ PE17/097 ✶iōm > ion [-iōm] > [-ion] ✧ PE17/097 Variations
- a ✧ NM/355 (Os. a)
Ae
interjection. O!
ad
conjunction. and
ae
interjection. O!
ah
preposition/conjunction. and, with
The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a.1 , ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT/43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)
ah
conjunction. and
an
preposition. to, towards, for
With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath
an
to
_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath 'glory to all the Halflings'.
an
preposition. to, for, to, for; [N. and G.] of
Changes
eni→ enni ✧ VT41/16Derivations
- √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146
Element in
- S. aglar’ni Pheriannath “glory to the halflings” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
- ᴺS. amman “why, (lit.) for what”
- S. anann “(for) long”
- S. anglenna- “to approach”
- S. aníra- “to desire, to desire, *long for”
- S. anno ammen sír i mbas ilaurui vín “give us this day our daily bread” ✧ VT44/27
- S. annon edhellen, edro hi ammen “Elvish gate open now for us” ✧ LotR/0307; PE17/045
- ᴺS. anuir “forever, everlastingly, eternally, in eternity”
- S. a Pherhael ar am Meril suilad uin aran o Minas Tirith nelchaenen ned Echuir “to Samwise and Rose the King’s greeting from Minas Tirith, the thirty-first day of Stirring” ✧ SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129
- S. ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT44/27
- S. guren bêd enni “my heart tells me” ✧ VT41/11
- S. gurth an Glamhoth “Death to the din-horde” ✧ UT/039
- S. ir Ithil ammen Eruchín “*when the Moon, for us, the Children of God” ✧ LB/354
- S. naur an edraith ammen “fire [be] for saving of us” ✧ LotR/0290; LotR/0290; LotR/0299; LotR/0299; PE17/038; PE17/038
- S. ón annin “*he gave (it) to me” ✧ PE17/147
- S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23
- S. sui mín i gohenam di ai gerir úgerth ammen “as we forgive those who trespass against us” ✧ VT44/27
- S. ú-chebin estel anim “I have kept no hope for myself” ✧ LotR/1061; PE17/117
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √ANA/NĀ > ana > an [ana] > [an] ✧ PE17/146 Variations
- eni ✧ VT41/16 (
eni)- ann ✧ VT44/22 (
ann)
ar
conjunction. and
See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel
ar
conjunction. and, and, [G.] too, besides
na
to
e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2
na
preposition. to
prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2
ada
conjunction. and
adh
conjunction. and
an-
prefix. intensive prefix
Cognates
- Q. an- “intensive prefix”
Element in
- S. Anfauglith “Gasping Dust” ✧ SA/faug
- S. einior “elder”
nan
preposition. of
Ídh
and
{ð}_ conj. _and. It was not mutated before vowels. >> a
Ídh
and
Ídh
and
{ð} conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.
car-
verb. to do
caro
verb. do! make!
madu
?. [unglossed]
maud
?. [unglossed]
Derivations
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶matwā > madw̯ > maud [matwā] > [matwa] > [matw] > [maut] > [maud] ✧ PE17/148 ✶matwā > madw̯ > madu [matwā] > [matwa] > [matw] > [madw] > [madu] ✧ PE17/148 Variations
- madu ✧ PE17/148
-o
suffix. imperative
Cognates
- Q. á “imperative particle” ✧ PE17/040
Derivations
- ✶ā “imperative” ✧ WJ/365; WJ/372
Element in
- S. ped- “to say, speak” ✧ PE17/040
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶ā > ō > o [ā] > [ǭ] > [au] > [o] ✧ WJ/365 ✶ā > -o [ā] > [ǭ] > [au] > [o] ✧ WJ/372 Variations
- o ✧ PE17/040; WJ/365
ten
pronoun. (?) it (as object)
pen
pronoun. one, somebody, anybody
Usually enclitic and mutated as ben.2
min
fraction. one (first of a series)
mîn
fraction. one (first of a series)
o
preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)
According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin
od
preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)
According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin
be
like
(as, according to) Followed by lenition? With article ben (followed by "mixed mutation" according to David Salo’s reconstruction)
cidinn
?. [unglossed]
Cognates
- Q. cinta “small” ✧ PE17/157
Derivations
- √KIT “*small” ✧ PE17/157
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √KIT > cidinn [kitinne] > [kitinn] > [kidinn] ✧ PE17/157
cinnog
?. [unglossed]
Derivations
- √KIT “*small” ✧ PE17/157
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √KIT > cinnog [kintok] > [kintʰok] > [kinθok] > [kinθog] > [kinnog] ✧ PE17/157
ed
pronoun. *it
Element in
- S. i glinn hen agorer Edain mi Velerian, ach hí in Ellath îr ed epholar “*this song Men made in Beleriand, but now the Elves alone (?remember) it” ✧ VT50/15; VT50/15; VT50/15
Variations
- ed ✧ VT50/15
en
of the
e- (sg. genitival article)
eru
the one
isolated from
min
cardinal. one
1) (number ”one” as the first in a series) min, mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 2) (number) êr, whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone); 3)
min
cardinal. one, one, [G.] single
Cognates
- Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first” ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06
Element in
Variations
- min ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06
- mîn ✧ VT42/25
min
one
mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”.
o
preposition. from
_ prep. _from, of. In older S. o had the form od before vowels. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'.
o
preposition. from
_ prep. _from. . This gloss was rejected.
o
of
(od), followed by hard mutation. With article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by ”mixed” mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366). Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning”.
o
from
(od), followed by hard mutation; with article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by mixed mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366) Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning” (q.v. for this meaning of ”of”). 2) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 3)
pen
cardinal. one
(indefinite pronoun) (= somebody, anybody) pen (WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lords Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean *”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of *ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.
pen
one
(WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lord’s Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean ✱”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of ✱ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.
sui
like
(prep. ”as, like”) 1) sui (VT44:23), 2) #be (as, according to) Followed by lenition? With article ben (followed by "mixed mutation" according to David Salos reconstruction)
sui
like
(VT44:23)
uin
preposition. of the
êr
one
whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone)
a
and
a, or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.
a
and
or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.
a
o
; O Elbereth Gilthoniel A Elbereth Gilthoniel. The alternative form ae may be used when the next word begins in a: Ae Adar nín, O my Father (VT44:23). By another theory, ae represents a + the definite article i (✱a i Adar nín "o the Father of mine").
a
don’
vo (+ lenited imperative, e.g. avo garo "don’t do"); av- (prefix added to imperative verbs, followed by lenition: avgaro! "don’t do!" as a negative version of caro! "do!")
an
to
(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).
an
to
(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)
ha
it
ha, han, hana. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ha is the nominative, whereas han is the accusative. Hana could be an emphatic form. It may be that these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)
ha
it
han, hana. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ha is the nominative, whereas han is the accusative. Hana could be an emphatic form. It may be that these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)*
baw!
don’
(= "no!", as interjection expressing refusal or prohibition)
car
do
car- (i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (make, build) (WJ:415),
car
do
(i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (make, build) (WJ:415)
heria
set vigorously out to do
(i cheria, i cheriar) (have an impulse, be compelled to do something, begin suddenly and vigorously) (VT45:22)
dadbenn
do
(downhill, sloping down, inclined), lenited dhadbenn, pl. dedbinn. Verb
See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel