Lumbar

lumbar

Lumbar name of a star (or planet), tentatively identified with Saturn (MR:435), evidently connected to lumbo, lumbulë (Silm)

lucindo

lucindo

#lucindo, see #lucando

luinil

proper name. *Blue Star

The name of a blue star (S/48, SI/Luinil), possibly Neptune (MR/435). This name is perhaps a compound of luinë (luini-) “blue” and †él “star”. Alternately, it could be a simple consonant expansion: luini-l; hat-tip to Vyacheslav Stepanov for this suggestion.

luppo

noun. clumsy piece or lump

A noun appearing in both the Outline of Phonetic Development from the 1940s (OP1: PE19/45) and the Outline of Phonology from the 1950s (OP2: PE19/92) with the gloss “a clumsy piece or lump” derived from primitive ✶lubbu and illustrating how combinations of voiced stops were unvoiced in (Ancient) Quenya: bb > pp.

luinincë

bluish

*luinincë (luininci*-) ("k")adj. "bluish". The form is given as "luininki" with the last vowel marked as short; this would be the etymological form underlying Quenya luinincë** (VT48:18)

luinë

blue

luinë adj. "blue", pl. luini (PE17:66, VT48:23, 24, 28, Nam, RGEO:66). Common Eldarin luini- would also be the stem-form in Quenya (VT48:24). Compare luinincë. Apparently -luin in Illuin, the name of one of the Lamps of the Valar (q.v.), Helluin, name of the star Sirius, and Luinil, name of another blue-shining star (or planet). (SA; Luinil is tentatively identified with Neptune, MR:435). Cf. also menelluin "sky-blue", used as noun = "cornflower" (J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 193).

luppo

noun. clumsy piece or lump

clumsy piece or lump

luinë

adjective. blue

luinincë

adjective. bluish

luhta-

verb. to bow, to bow, *curve

A verb for “bow” derived from primitive ✶luʒu appearing in notes from 1968 (VT47/35). For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use this verb for transitive “bow, ✱curve” (something) = “cause to curve”, as opposed to ᴹQ. kuv- for “to bow” (the body).

lú

time, occasion

lú noun "a time, occasion" (LU)

lunca

noun. heavy transport wain

A word for a “heavy transport wain” in notes from the late 1960s with variant forms lunka and luqa, both derived from primitive ✶lukma [“✱drag-thing”] based on the root √LUK “haul, drag” (PE17/28). The form lunka [lunca] shows metathesis of km to mk and then assimilation of mk to nk [ŋk], while the form luqa [luqua] shows the late Quenya sound change of km to kw. I personally prefer lunca.

lumbar

proper name. ?Shadow Home

The name of a star (S/48), possibly Saturn (MR/435). The meaning of this name is obscure. Perhaps it is a compound of [ᴹQ.] lumbe “shadow” and már “home”, meaning “✱Shadow Home”. Alternately, it could be a consonant expansion of lumba “gloomy” = lumba-r; hat-tip to Vyacheslav Stepanov for this suggestion.

luimë

noun. flood, floodwater, flooded land; flood tide, high tide, flood, floodwater; flood tide, high tide; flooded land

A noun glossed {“flood, floodwater, flooded land”} (VT48/23) >> “flood, flood tide, high tide, [?or any] tide” (VT48/30 note #3) or “flood, high tide” (VT48/24), based on the root √DUY and appearing in notes on Variation D/L in Common Eldarin from the late 1960s.

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s had ᴱQ. lūto “flood” based on the early root ᴱ√LUTU (QL/57; PME/57). The Etymologies of the 1930s had ᴹQ. ulunde “flood” under the root ᴹ√ULU “pour, flow” (Ety/ULU). See also oloirë “great flood” (VT42/10), likewise from the late 1960s.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would interpret luime to mean to a state of elevated water from any source, either a river flood or a high tide. For a more disastrous “great flood” I would use oloirë. I would using ᴹQ. ulunde for a “flood” pouring from above such as heavy rain, hence also “✱downpour”.

luita-

verb. to flood, inundate, drench, to flood, drench, inundate

A verb glossed [in a draft paragraph] “to flood, inundate, drench” (VT48/30 note #2) revised to just “flood” (VT48/23), based on the root √DUY and appearing in notes on Variation D/L in Common Eldarin from the late 1960s.

Neo-Quenya: I think the glosses from the rejected draft remain relevant, but I would use luita- only for “flood, drench”. For the more intensive “inundate” I would use oloiya-.

lumba

adjective. gloomy

A word for “gloomy” appearing in some Notes on Galadriel’s Song (NGS) from the late 1950s or early 1960s, an adjective form of lumbo “gloom” (PE17/72).

lumbo

noun. cloud; gloom, dark, shade, cloud, [ᴱQ.] dark lowering cloud; [Q.] gloom, dark, shade

A word for “cloud” appearing in the plural form lumbor “clouds” in the Markirya poem of the 1960s. An identical form ᴱQ. lumbo appeared five decades earlier in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with the gloss “dark lowering cloud” as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√LUVU (QL/57). The context of the 1960s Markirya poem was that of a gathering storm, so it seems likely lumbor also referred to dark or stormy clouds. As further support of this, in other late notes lumbo was glossed “gloom” (PE17/72) or “dark, shade” (PE17/168) as a derivative of √LUM or √LUB “shadow, darkness”.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume lumbo mainly means “dark cloud”, along with the general darkness and gloom of bad weather.

lumbulë

noun. dark shadow, heavy shadow; deep in shadow

A noun used in the Namárië poem and loosely translated as “deep in shadow” (LotR/377), but more accurately “heavy shadow, dark shadow” (PE17/72, 168; RGEO/59). It is a derivative of the root √LUB “shadow” (PE17/168), perhaps an elaboration of ᴹQ. lumbe “gloom, shadow” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/LUM).

Neo-Quenya: Based on its use, I suspect lumbulë refers to a great expanse of shadow (“shadowness”) rather than an individual cast shadow, which is Q. hala.

lungo

adjective. heavy

Quenya adjective meaning “heavy” attested only as lungu- in the compounds Lungumá “Heavyhand” and lungumaitë “heavy-handed” (VT47/19, PE17/162). Given its stem form, it probably developed from primitive ✱✶lungŭ, which would be ✱lungo in Quenya since [[p|short final [i], [u] became [e], [o]]] in Primitive Elvish. This is consistent with its Sindarin cognate S. lung.

In one place, an earlier form of this word ᴹQ. lunga was glossed “fraught” in the phrase “fraught with sorrow” (PE22/124), as in “heavy with sorrow”. This indicates this word could be used in the metaphorical sense of “heavy” as well as its physical sense.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s, the word for “heavy” was ᴱQ. talka “heavy” from the root ᴱ√TALA “support” (QL/88). In the (Early) Noldorin Dictionary from the 1920s, Tolkien introduced the form ᴱQ. lungo “heavy” (PE13/163), but towards the end of that decade he used ᴱQ. lunga in notes associated with the Oilima Markirya poem (PE16/75).

ᴹQ. lunga reappeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s, this time as a derivative of ᴹ✶lungā, consistent with the a-affection in its Noldorin cognate lhong (Ety/LUG¹). At this point in time, Mablung was Doriathrin/Ilkorin rather than a Noldorin name (Ety/MAP), so there was no conflict with that name.

After Tolkien abandoned the Ilkorin language, Mablung would have become a Sindarin name, and Tolkien needed a new etymology for it. Judging by its later Quenya cognate Lungumá (VT47/19), it seems that Tolkien revised the primitive form of this word from ✶lungā to ✶lungŭ, as described above, possibly a restoration of its etymology from the 1920s. This meant there was no a-affection in the Sindarin development, making S. lung the Sindarin form of the word.

Neo-Quenya: Some Neo-Quenya writers (including myself in earlier versions of this Lexicon) prefer the earlier adjective for “heavy”: ᴹQ. lunga (Ety/LUG¹), since (a) it is directly attested and (b) has an obvious plural form lungë. Unfortunately, this earlier adjective is not compatible with S. lung. As such, I currently prefer Q. lungo, and would assume it has a plural form ✱lungwi similar to nouns like ᴹQ. ango (angu-), pl. angwi (Ety/ANGWA).

lungumá

masculine name. Heavyhand

The Quenya name of S. Mablung, a compound of lungo “heavy” and má “hand” (VT47/19). Normally long final vowels were shortened in Quenya, so perhaps its proper form would be Lunguma, as it appeared in some notes from the early 1930s (PE21/41).

Conceptual Development: The first appearance of a Quenya cognate for Mablung was ᴹQ. Lunguma in notes from the 1930s. It reappeared in notes from the late 1960s with long á (VT47/19). In these same notes, this name also appeared in the form Lungumaqua where its second element was the direct equivalent of S. mâb “hand” (VT47/19), a form that also appeared in notes on Sindarin mutations from the same period (PE23/144). However, Q. maqua was elsewhere used as an alternate word for “five” (lit. “hand-full”), much as English “dozen” is an alternate word for “twelve” (VT47/7), so the variant Lungumaqua may be an archaic form of this name.

luntë

noun. boat, boat, [ᴱQ.] ship

The Quenya word for “boat”, which was well-established. It first appeared as ᴱQ. lunte (lunti-) “ship” in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√LUTU (QL/57). It was used for “boat” in the ᴱQ. Earendel poem from around 1930 (MC/216). ᴹQ. lunte “boat” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√LUT “float, swim” (Ety/LUT). Q. lunte “boat” also appeared in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) from around 1950 (PE18/99).

Neo-Quenya: See the entry for cirya “ship” for a discussion of the possible semantic distinctions of Elvish words for water vessels.

lut-

verb. to float, to float, flow [on or in water], [ᴱQ.] sail, [ᴺQ.] *swim

The verb lut- “float” appeared in its unaugmented perfect form lútie “have floated” in a draft of the poem Löa Yucainen from 1958 (CPT/1296). It is clearly based on the root √LUT “float” (VT42/18). It also appeared in the final version of the poem within a longer verb form valutie “have flowed away” (CPT/1298), with a prefix va- “away” likely derived from √WA of the same meaning.

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. lutta- or lutu- “flow, float” under the early root ᴱ√LUTU (QL/57). The verb lut- reappeared in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, where it was translated “float, sail” (PE16/134). Forms of lut- also appeared in the Oilima Markirya and Earendel poems from around 1930, respectively translated as “leave” and “sailed” (MC/213, 216), the gloss “leave” probably being a loose translation.

Neo-Quenya: The root ᴹ√LUT was glossed “float, swim” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/LUT), so many Neo-Quenya writers use lut- for “swim”, such Helge Fauskanger in his NQNT (NQNT). I would use lut- for “flow” only for something flowing on or within water or some other (possibly metaphorical) substance; for the flowing substance itself I would use other verbs like sirya-. I would also use lut- “sail” only to describe the motion of the ship itself, and for the act of sailing a ship I would use kiryasta-; see that entry for discussion.

luvailin

place name. Shadowmere

A mere (lake) in Eldamar under the shadow of Oiolossë, mentioned only in Tolkien’s “Unfinished Index” of The Lord of the Rings (RC/217). Its second element is likely ailin “lake”, and its initial element is probably some derivative of the root √LUB “shadow, darkness”.

Lungumá

heavyhand

Lungumá, Lungumaqua masc. name "Heavyhand", equivalent of Sindarin Mablung(VT47:19)

lucando

debtor, one who trespasses

#lucando (also #lucindo) noun "debtor, one who trespasses" (VT43:20; the words are attested in the plural: lucandor, lucindor).

lucassë

debt, trespass

#lucassë noun "debt, trespass" (VT43:19, attested in the pl. with a pronominal suffix: lucassemmar "our trespasses")

lucië

debt, trespass

#lucië noun "debt, trespass" (VT43:19, attested in the pl. with a pronominal suffix: luciemmar "our trespasses")

luhta

debt, trespass

[#luhta (3) noun "debt, trespass" (VT43:19, attested in the pl. form luhtar, but deleted by Tolkien)]

luhta-

to enchant

luhta- (1) vb. "to enchant" (LUK, VT45:29)

luhta-

to bow

luhta- (2) vb. "to bow" (VT47:35); this intransitive verb can be distinguished from luhta- "enchant" above, since #1 is transitive and will always have a direct object, something #2 never has.

luimë

flood

luimë noun "flood" (VT48:23, 30; the additional glosses "floodwater, flooded land" were struck out, VT48:30), "flood, high tide" (VT48:24, 30). According to VT48:30, partially illegible glosses in Tolkien's manuscript may also suggest that luimë can be used for any tide, or for the spring tide (the maximum tide just after a new or full moon).

luina

pale

[luina] adj. "pale" (VT45:30)

luita-

to flood

luita- vb. "to flood" (VT48:22), "to flood, inundate, drench" (VT48:30; the latter glosses come from a note that was struck out)

lumba

gloomy

lumba (2) adj. "gloomy" (PE17:72)

lumba

weary

lumba (1) adj. "weary" (VT45:29)

lumbo

cloud

lumbo noun "cloud" (pl. lumbor in Markirya), also glossed "gloom; dark, shade" (PE17:72, 168). In early "Qenya", lumbo was glossed "dark lowering cloud" (LT1:259)

lumbulë

(heavy) shadow

lumbulë noun "(heavy) shadow" (Nam, RGEO:67, PE17:168)

lumbë

gloom, shadow

lumbë noun "gloom, shadow" (LUM)

lumenyárë

history, chronological account

lumenyárë noun "history, chronological account" (NAR2 - read *lúmenyárë?) According to VT45:36, the manuscript spelling actually seems to be lumennyáre, but Hostetter and Wynne conclude that this is "probably a slip": The double nn would be difficult to justify.

lumna

lying heavy, burdensome, oppressive, ominous

lumna adj. "lying heavy, burdensome, oppressive, ominous" (DUB).

lumna-

be heavy

lumna- stativevb. "be heavy" (LR:47, SD:310; cf. lumna_- "to lie heavy" in the Etymologies, stemDUB-)_. A form lúvë was mentioned in connection with this verb, possibly a strong past tense form directly derived from the root DUB- (primitive *dūbē), but Tolkien struck it out (VT45:11).

lunca

wain

lunca noun "wain" (VT43:19), "heavy transport wain" (PE17:28). #Ondolunca "stone-wain", see under ondo.

lunga

heavy

lunga adj. "heavy" (LUG1). Curiously, the variant lungu- appears in certain compounds; see Lungumá, lungumaitë.

lunganar

sagged

lunganar adj. "sagged" (MC:221; this is "Qenya")

lunganë

bending

lunganë adj. "bending" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")

lungumaitë

heavyhanded

lungumaitë adj. "heavyhanded" (VT47:19, VT49:32, PE17:162)

luntë

boat

luntë noun "boat" (LUT, MC:216), "ship" (LT1:249, LT1:255)

lussa-

to whisper

lussa- vb. "to whisper" (SLUS/SRUS). Since Tolkien eventually decided that roots in sl- yield Quenya words in hl- (though this was pronounced l- in late Exilic Quenya), it may be that the spelling *hlussa- is to be preferred.

lussë

whispering sound

lussë noun "a whispering sound" (SLUS/SRUS). Since Tolkien eventually decided that roots in sl- yield Quenya words in hl- (though this was pronounced l- in late Exilic Quenya), it may be that the spelling *hlussë is to be preferred.

lusta

void, empty

lusta adj. "void, empty" (LUS)

lutta-

flow, float

lutta- vb. "flow, float" (LT1:249)

lutu-

flow, float

lutu- vb. "flow, float" (LT1:249)

luvu-

lower, brood

luvu- vb. "lower, brood" (LT1:259)

luxo

mud

luxo (luxu-) noun "mud" (QL:56)

lumincë

adverb. a little while

lungumaitë

adjective. heavy-handed

lucando

noun. debtor, one who trespasses

lucassë

noun. *debt, trespass

lucindo

noun. *debtor, one who trespasses

lucië

noun. *debt, trespass

lue

it is heavy, sad

luhta

noun. *debt, trespass

lunga

adjective. fraught

lungumaqua

masculine name. Heavyhand

luqua

noun. heavy transport wain

Illuin

blue

Illuin place-name, name of one of the Lamps of the Valar; apparently incorporating the element luin "blue" (Silm): hence *"all-blue"?

Mindolluin

blue tower

Mindolluin noun *"Blue Tower" (mindon + luin), name of a mountain. (Christopher Tolkien translates the name as "Towering Blue-head" in the Silmarillion Index, but this seems to be based on the questionable assumption that it includes the Sindarin element dol "head, hill". Unless this translation is given in his father's papers, the name is better explained as a Quenya compound.)

hlussa-

verb. hlussa-

hlussa-, hlussë; see lussa-, lustë

ëar-celumessen

in the flowing sea

The eighth line of the Markirya poem (MC/222). The first word is ëar “sea” followed by the locative plural of celumë “stream”, as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL/Markirya, QQ/celumë). This is more loosely translated as “flowing” in the poem itself, and fits the adjective/noun usage of the Early Qenya poem. A more literal translation would be “✱in sea-streams”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> ëar-celume-sse-n = “✱sea-stream-(locative)-(plural)”

ullumë

not for ever

ullumë adv.? a word occurring in Fíriel's Song, evidently meaning "not for ever". Cf. ú-, lúmë and úlumë.

ulundë

flood

ulundë noun "flood" (ULU), possibly in the sense of (great) river.% Cf. nuinë, oloirë.

luinion

noun. lapis lazuli, (lit.) blue-rock

A neologism for “lapis lazuli” coming for a conversation between Orondil and Paul Strack on 2022-04-06 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of luinë (luini-) “blue” and ondo “stone”. Although this name is somewhat prosaic, it matches the etymology of Tolkien’s own word for “lapis lazuli” from the 1910s: ᴱQ. nindon which also meant “blue stone” (QL/66).

luinyellë

noun. bluebell

A neologism for “bluebell” coined by Tamas Ferencz, a combination of luinë “blue” and Q. nyellë “bell”. See also the attested form [ᴹQ.] nil for “blue-bell” (PE21/26).

lupsë

noun. nugget, (small) chunk, clump, tidbit

A neologism coined by Orondil on 2023-04-07 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) derived from √LUB “lump” + diminutive ✶-si: lub-si > lupse, hence originally “little lump”.

luilë

noun. sapphire, blue stone

lussë

noun. (verb) tense

A neologism coined by Luinyelle and Orondil on 2023-08-10, an abstract noun based on ᴹ√LU “time”.

luhtya-

verb. extinguish, *quench

A neologism for “extinguish” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT), perhaps intended to be a cognate of S. luithia- “quench”, assuming that verb was derived from primitive ✱luktya-; hat-tip to Vyacheslav Stepanov for this suggestion. Patrick Wynne suggested [N.] luithia- could be based on the root √DUY “flood” (VT48/31 note #7) with primitive D/L variation (VT48/22), but this derivations makes it difficult to explain the -thia ending. This verb might instead be tied to the root √LUK “drag”, based on the sense of dragging something over flames to put them out, making primitive ✱luktya- more plausible. However, -tya does not appear as a verb suffix in Tolkien’s later writing, though it was fairly common in Early Quenya of the 1910s.

luntala

noun. raft, floater

A neologism coined by EruannoVG posted on 2024-09-16 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), based on √LUT “float” with a form inspired by Q. rantala “ladder” < ✶ranthlā based on √RATH “climb”.

lunwa

noun. fin, (lit.) swim-thing

A neologism for a “fin” coined by Arael on 2023-05-30 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) as a combination of √LUT “swim” and instrumental suffix ✶-mā hence literally “swim-thing”. If you apply the post-1960 sound change whereby ancient tm becomes tw rather than nw, this word would be ᴺQ. lutwa “fin”.

lustindo

noun. ennui

A neologism coined by Fëastorno posted on 2023-12-15 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of [ᴹQ.] lusta “empty” and indo “mind, mood”.

luttalan

noun. raft, (lit.) floating platform

A neologism for a “raft” coined by Luinyelle on 2023-05-30 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) as a combination of √LUT “float” and talan “platform”, hence literally “floating platform”.

luturon

noun. (indoor) swimming bath, (lit.) vaulted swimming hall

A neologism for an “(indoor) swimming bath” coined by Luinyelle posted on 2025-05-12 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of lut- “swim” and rondo “vaulted hall”.

lur-

verb. to frown, scowl

A neologism for “frown, scowl” coined by Luinyelle posted on 2025-05-09 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), inspired by G. lur- of the same meaning.

lurco

noun. frown, scowl

A neologism for “frown, scowl” coined by Luinyelle posted on 2025-05-09 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), inspired by G. lurc of the same meaning.

luitë

adjective. melancholic, (lit.) habitually being sad

@@@ Discord 2023-01-11

luc-

verb. to haul, drag, [ᴱQ.] pull (behind)

luhtu

noun. magic, spell

luicarnë

adjective. purple

lungië

noun. heaviness, gravity

lungumë

noun. weight, heaviness

lunguntë

noun. scales

lungwë

noun. pound

lurwë

noun. threat

@@@ compare G. laur “threatening”

lustavë

adverb. in vain, emptily

lustië

adverb. in vain, emptily

umbo(n)

noun. hill, lump, clump, mass, lump, clump, mass, hill

A noun from 1967 notes on the comparative, apparently meaning “hill, lump, clump, mass” and derived from the root √MBŎNO (PE17/93), where the um- developed from syllabic initial ṃ-. Tolkien introduced the root √MBŎNO to serve as a new basis for S. amon “hill”, motivated by his decision to give the root √AM “up” a new meaning: √AMA “addition, increase, plus”, so that it could serve as the basis for the intensive prefix am- (PE17/91).

Neo-Eldarin: I prefer Q. an- as the basis for intensives, but I think the word umbo(n) might be worth retaining in the more limited sense “lump, clump, mass”. For “hill”, however, I’d use the better attested Q. ambo.

larma

lucky event

[larma (3) noun "lucky event"; additional glosses in Tolkien's manuscript are tentatively read as "pleasure, mirth" by Hostetter and Wynne (VT45:26)]

mailë

lust

mailë noun "lust" (MIL-IK)

mailëa

lustful

mailëa adj. "lustful" (MIL-IK)

ránasta

lunar month

ránasta noun "lunar month" (Rána + asta, q.v.) (VT48:11)

valto

luck

valto noun "luck" (LT1:272)

calima

adjective. luminous

ránasta

noun. lunar month

hlussa-

verb. to whisper

veluntë

noun. sail

ailumë

adverb. sometimes, at times

malumë

adverb. sometimes, at times

Lúnoronti

blue mountains

Lúnoronti noun "Blue Mountains" (LUG2)

lor-

to slumber

lor- "to slumber" (LT1:259; the corresponding abstract noun lórë "slumber" is attested in Tolkien's later Quenya, so this verb must still be valid). Cf. also lor "dream" (Letters:308; probably just an Elvish "element" rather than a complete word)

lúnelinquë

blue-wet

lúnelinquë ("q") adj. *"blue-wet" (?), translated "surging" (MC:213, 220; this is "Qenya")

lúnë

blue

lúnë (stem *lúni-, given the primitive form ¤lugni) adj. "blue" (LUG2, LT1:262; later sources rather give luinë, with pl. form luini_ in Namárië)_. According to VT45:29, lúnë in the Etymologies was changed by Tolkien from lúna.

muru-

to slumber

muru- vb. "to slumber" (LT1:261)

ninwa

blue

ninwa adj. "blue" (LT1:262)

nonda

hand, especially in [?clutching]

nonda noun "hand, especially in [?clutching]" (VT47:23; Tolkien's gloss was not certainly legible)

tolos

knob, lump

tolos noun "knob, lump" (LT1:269; this "Qenya" form would seem to be a precursor of Quenya tolma, q.v.)

umbo

hill, lump, clump, mass

umbo, umbon noun "hill, lump, clump, mass" (PE17:93)

calima

adjective. bright, luminous

lúpe

noun. plume

lúmequenta

history, chronological account

lúmequenta ("q")noun "history, chronological account" (LU)

lúmequentalë

history

lúmequentalë ("q")noun "history" (LU, KWET). According to VT45:29, the accent marking the ú as a long vowel is actually missing in the entry LU in Tolkien's original Etymologies manuscript; yet it is apparently included both in the entry KWET and in the related words lúmequenta and lúmequentalëa; its omission in the entry LU is therefore probably just a slip.

lúmequentalëa

historical

lúmequentalëa ("q")adj. "historical" (LU)

lúmë

time

lúmë (1) noun "time" (LU, PE17:168) or "hour", locative lúmessë (VT43:34), pl. locative lúmissen "at the times" (VT49:47), allative lúmenna "upon the hour", elided lúmenn' in the greeting elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo "a star shines upon the hour of our meeting", because the next word begins with a similar vowel. The complete form lúmenna omentielvo is found in WJ:367 and Letters:425 (footnote). Cf. also the compounds lumenyárë and lúmequenta, q.v.; see also #sillumë.

calwa

adjective. lurid

endemat

noun. lunch, (lit.) mid-meal

A neologism coined by Orondil posted on 2024-01-14 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of endë “middle” and [ᴹQ.] mat (matt-) “meal”.

pellauca

adjective. lukewarm

marto

noun. fortune, fate, lot, luck

-(n)duinë

suffix. (large) river

An element in several river names such as Q. Anduinë and Q. Nunduinë, the equivalent of S. duin. It did not survive as an independent word in Quenya:

> Common Eldarin bases DUY and LUY, for instance, were distinct. DUY meant “to flood, drench, inundate”, but LUY was the base of words for “blue”. Both would become LUY in Quenya. Which probably accounts for the disappearance from Quenya of C.E. ✱duinē “large river (liable to flood surrounding land)” seen in [S.] Anduin “long river” and Baranduin “brown river”: it became identical with [Q.] luine adj. “blue” (VT48/23).

In fact, its use in Quenya river names may have been a later loan from Sindarin.

Conceptual Development: In one place Tolkien did consider the suffix’s survival as an archaic independent Quenya noun †nuine, but Tolkien rejected the note where it appeared, replacing it with the above (VT48/30 note #2).

hlúvo

adjective. greasy, fat

An adjective for “greasy, fat” from Common Eldarin: Noun Structure (EVS2) of the early 1950s, derived from ✶slūbŭ (PE21/82). Tolkien gaves its forms as hlūvo, lūvo, reflecting its classical and modern Quenya pronunciations. This entry uses hlúvo as the form, as that is what would appear in Tengwar spelling, and Tolkien usually retained hl- in his spellings using Latin characters as well.

lúna

adjective. *dark

A word appearing in notes from the mid-to-late 1960s as an element of two different Quenya equivalents of S. Barad-dûr “Dark Tower”: Q. {Lúnaturma >>} Lúnaturco and Taras Lúna. Tolkien states that taras is “tower”, while turco is derived from √TURUK and is thus probably “✱stronghold”, so that the word lúna must mean “✱dark”. David Salo suggested in a post to the Elfling mailing list in 2012 (Elfling/362.96) that perhaps it was related to lúmë “darkness” from the Markirya poem, both derived from an (unattested) root ✱√DU “dark”.

Conceptual Development: A similar form ᴹQ. lóna “dark” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√DOƷ “night” (Ety/DOƷ).

Neo-Quenya: Since ᴹQ. lóna has several other attested meanings (ᴹQ. lóna “island”, Q. lóna “deep pool, well”), I recommend using the later and less ambiguous word lúna for “dark” in Neo-Quenya writings.

lúva

noun. bow (in forming tengwar), bight, bend, curve

A word Tolkien used to describe the “bow” of tengwar in Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings (LotR/1118). Elsewhere he indicated it was a general word for a “bend, bow, bight, curve” (PE17/122, 168). Tolkien variously derived this word from the roots √LUB or √(N)DUB; see those entries for discussion. He also specified that lúva was not a bow for shooting (PE17/122), as opposed to [ᴹQ.] qinga given elsewhere as a shooting bow (Ety/KWIG).

má

noun. hand

The most common Quenya word for “hand”, which Tolkien usually derived from a root √MAH or √MAƷ “hand; handle, wield”. The weak consonant h or ʒ in the root was lost very early, so that primitive ✶mā was one of a rare set of ancient monosyllabic nouns ending in a vowel. Tolkien said that of the various hand words, má was “the oldest (probably) and the one that retained a general and unspecialized sense - referring to the entire hand (including wrist) in any attitude or function” (VT47/6).

As a part of the body, má “hand” was usually referred to in the singular (má) or dual (mát). This was true when referring to the hands of groups of people as well. For example, to say that “the Elves raised their hands”, you would say either i Eldar ortaner mánta (singular, one hand each) or i Eldar ortaner mántat (dual, both hands each), with the possessive suffix -nta “their”.

The plural form már “hands” (or archaic †mai) was almost never used, in part because it conflicted with Q. már “dwelling”. The singular form was also used in general statements and proverbs: “hand is cleverer than foot” má anfinya epe tál (ná). A collection of otherwise unrelated hands would likely use the partitive-plural form: máli “some hands”, which in this case could also serve as the general plural (VT47/12 Note 2). See the discussions on PE17/161 and VT47/6 for more information.

This word is also unusual in that it retains its long vowel before consonant clusters in inflected forms such as mánta “their hand” (PE17/161) or márya “his/her hand” (PE17/69). As Tolkien described it:

> Lá is usually shortened to la before 2 consonants, according to the usual Q. procedure, but the long vowel can be retained, especially for additional emphasis, as in other cases where pronominal affixes follow a long vowel, as in márya “his hand” (PE22/160).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to ᴱQ. mā “hand” from Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√MAHA “grasp” (QL/57). ᴹQ. má “hand” also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√MAƷ “hand” (Ety/MAƷ). Tolkien mentioned this word with great frequency, usually derived from √MAH or √MAƷ (as noted above) though he sometimes considered deriving it from √MAG instead.

-ssë

at

-ssë (1) locative ending (compare the preposition se, sé "at", q.v.); in Lóriendessë, lúmessë, máriessë, yalúmessë (q.v. for reference); pl. -ssen in yassen, lúmissen, mahalmassen, símaryassen, tarmenissen, q.v. Pronouns take the simple ending -ssë, even if the pronoun is plural by its meaning (messë "on us", VT44:12). The part. pl. (-lissë or -lissen) and dual (-tsë) locative endings are known from the Plotz letter only.

caw-

bow

#caw- vb. "bow" ("k")(1st pers aorist cawin "I bow") (LT1:257; cf. cauca, cauco). In Tolkien's later Quenya, a verbal stem with w in this position does not seem to fit the general phonology well; intervocalic w would become v. We should perhaps read *cav*- whereever the second consonant of the root follows a vowel, but the nasal-infixed past tense could be canwë with the original quality of the consonant preserved. (Compare such a past tense form as anwë, q.v.) However, Tolkiens later verb luhta**- may be preferred for intransitive "bow".

cirya

ship

cirya _("k")_noun "ship" (MC:213, 214, 220, 221), "(sharp-prowed) ship" (SA:kir-, where the word is misspelt círya with a long í; Christopher Tolkien probably confused it with the first element of the Sindarin name Círdan. It seems that Círyon, the name of Isildur's son, is likewise misspelt; read Ciryon as in the index and the main text of the Silmarillion. Cf. also kirya_ in Etym, stem KIR.) _Also in Markirya. In the Plotz letter, cirya is inflected for all cases except plural possessive (*ciryaiva). The curious dual form ciriat occurs in Letters:427, whereas Plotz gives the expected form ciryat. Locative ciryasse "upon a ship" (MC:216). Compounded in ciryaquen "shipman, sailor" (WJ:372), also ciryando (PE17:58), cf. also ciryamo "mariner" (UT:8). Masc. names Ciryaher* "Ship-lord" (Appendix A), Ciryandil "Ship-friend" (Appendix A), Ciryatan "Ship-builder" (Appendix A), also Tar-Ciryatan**, name of a Númenórean king, "King Shipbuilder" (SA:kir-)

cúna-

verb. to bend

A verb for “to bend” based on the adjective Q. kúna “bent, curved” appearing in the Markirya poem of the 1960s (MC/223).

Conceptual Development: Versions of the poem from around 1930 had ᴱQ. lunga(na)- for “bend” (MC/214), more exactly meaning “sag, bend down, hang heavy” (PE16/75) and thus clearly based on ᴱQ. lungo or lunga “heavy” (PE13/163; PE16/75). Another poem from this same period had ᴱQ. kauta- “to bend” (MC/216; PE16/100).

fanya

(white) cloud

fanya noun "(white) cloud" (translated "sky" in FS); pl. fanyar in Namárië(Nam, RGEO:67). ). Used "only of white clouds, sunlit or moonlit, or clouds gilded or silvered at the edges by light behind them", not "of storm clouds or cloud canopies shutting out the light" (PE17:174). Cf. lumbo, q.v. According to VT46:15, fanya was originally given as an adjective "white" in the Etymologies; the printed version in LR wrongly implies that fanya and fána both mean "cloud", whereas actually the first was at this stage meant to be an adjective "white" whereas fána is both noun "cloud" and adj. "white". However, Namárië and later emendations to the entry SPAN in Etym indicate that Tolkien would later think of fanya as a noun "cloud", perhaps giving it the same double meaning as fána: noun "cloud" as well as adjective "white". According to PE17:26, fanya was originally an adjectival form "white and shining" that was however often used as a noun "applied to various things, notably to white clouds lit by sun or moon". In Namárië, the word is used poetically with reference to the hands of Varda (she lifted her hands ve fanyar "like clouds").

lúcë

enchantment

lúcë ("k")noun "enchantment" (LUK)

lúna

dark

lúna adj. *"dark" in Lúnaturco and Taras Lúna, Quenya names of Barad-dûr (Dark Tower). (PE17:22). In the Etymologies, lúnë "blue" was changed by Tolkien from lúna (VT45:29).

lúnaturco

place name. ?Dark Stronghold

The Quenya name of S. Barad-dûr (PE17/22), a compound of lúna (“dark”?) and turco (“stronghold”?). It was first written as Lúnaturma.

lúsina

glowing

lúsina adj. "glowing" (of things), "hearty" (of people) (QL:57). If this word is to be used in LotR-style Quenya, one would have to assume that it represents older lúþina and is derived from a root LUTH.

lúvë

lúvë

[lúvë, see lumna-]

maitë

handed

maitë (stem *maiti-, given the primitive form ¤ma3iti) adj. "handed" or "handy, skillful" (VT49:32, 42) in Angamaitë, hyarmaitë, lungumaitë, morimaitë, Telemmaitë, q.v. Etym gives maitë pl. maisi "handy, skilled" (MA3), but Tolkien later eliminated the variation t/s (compare ataformaitë "ambidextrous", pl. ataformaiti).

maqua

hand-full; complete hand with all five fingers; a closing of closed [hand] (facing down) for taking; group of five (similar) things

maqua noun "a hand-full; complete hand with all five fingers; a closing of closed [hand] (facing down) for taking; group of five (similar) things"; in colloquial usage also "hand" as a limb (VT47:7, 18-20); dual maquat "group of ten" (VT47:7, 10). Compounded maquanotië = "decimal system" in counting (VT47:10), Lungumaqua "Heavyhand" (VT47:19)

má

hand

má noun "hand" (MA3, LT2:339, Narqelion, VT39:10, [VT45:30], VT47:6, 18, 19); the dual "a pair of hands" is attested both by itself as mát (VT47:6) and with a pronominal suffix as máryat "his/her (pair of) hands" (see -rya, -t) (Nam, RGEO:67). The nominative plural form was only máli, not **már (VT47:6), though plurals in -r may occur in some of the cases, as indicated by the pl. allative mannar "into hands" (FS). Mánta "their hand", dual mántat "their hands" (two hands each) (PE17:161). Cf. also the compounds mátengwië "language of the hands" (VT47:9) and Lungumá "Heavyhand" (VT47:19); also compare the adj. -maitë "-handed". See also málimë.

mísë

grey

mísë (þ, cf. Sindarin mith-) adj. "grey" (used as noun of grey clothes in the phrase mi mísë of someone clad "in grey"). The underlying stem refers a paler or whiter "grey" than sinda, making mísë "a luminous grey" (PE17:71-72)

nyárë

tale, saga, history

nyárë noun "tale, saga, history". Compounded in Eldanyárë "History of the Elves", lumenyárë "history, chronological account" (NAR2, LR:199). Compare nyarië, nyarna.

rohta

noun. *debt, trespass

Tolkien experimented with various words for “debt, trespass” in drafts of the Átaremma prayer from the 1950s. In the earliest draft Tolkien had lucassë (VT43/8), revised to lucië in the second draft (VT43/9-10), and luhta in the third (VT43/11), all based on luc-. In the third version luhta was deleted and replaced by rohta, with luhta reappearing in the fourth version only to be revised again to rohta (VT43/11-12). In the final two versions Tolkien used úcarë (VT43/12), but this may have a different sense such as “misdeed” or “sin”: compare úcarindo “✱sinner” from the Aia María prayer (VT43/11-12).

The derivations of the luc-forms are unclear, as none of the attested meanings of the root √LUK seem to fit. Likewise the attested meaning of ᴹ√ROK has to do with horses, which also doesn’t fit.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would ignore the luc-forms, but would retain rohta for the sense “debt”. For example, Helge Fauskanger used rohta “debt” in his NQNT (NQNT).

umbar

fate, doom

umbar (umbart-, as in dat.sg. umbarten) noun "fate, doom" (MBARAT), also name of tengwa #6 (Appendix E).Cf. Umbarto. In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, umbar was the name of letter #18 (VT45:33), which tengwa Tolkien would later call malta instead changing its Quenya value from mb to m. In the word Tarumbar "King of the World" (q.v.), umbar appears to be a variant of Ambar (q.v.) instead.

undulav-

lick down

undulav- vb., literally "lick down" = cover (glossed "swallow" in PE17:72). Lumbulë undulávë ilyë tier "(heavy) shadow down-licked all paths", lyrical translation "all paths are drowned deep in shadow" (Nam). The pl. past tense would be unduláver (PE17:72).

ya

which, what

ya (1) relative pronoun "which, what" (attested in VT43:28, 34 and in the Arctic sentence), with locative suffix in Namárië: see #yassë. According to VT47:21, ya is impersonal, "which" rather than "who(m)" (compare the personal form ye). The dative form yan (q.v.) is however used for "to whom" (rather than "to which") in one text, indicating that Tolkien did not always distinguish between personal and impersonal forms. In the phrase lúmessë ya [variant: yá**] firuvammë, "in [the] hour that we shall die", the relative pronoun is not explicitly marked for case and is evidently understood to share the case of the preceding noun (hence not lúmessë yassë**... "in [the] hour in which"...) (VT43:27-28) Presumably, ya has the plural form *yar* (e.g. i nati yar hirnen** "the things that/which I found").

lúmë

noun. darkness

A noun in the 1960s versions of the Markirya glossed “darkness” (MC/222), perhaps derived from a root √DU as suggested by David Salo in a post to the Elfling mailing list in 2012 (Elfling/362.96).

Neo-Quenya: I’d generally use Q. huinë for “darkness” in Neo-Quenya, but that word is more for total darkness, whereas lúmë might be a less severe form of darkness, a variant of Q. lómë “night, dusk”.

lúlë

sapphire

lúlë noun "sapphire" (QL:57)

lúmë

darkness

lúmë (2) noun "darkness" (one wonders if Tolkien confused lúmë "time, hour" and lómë "night") (Markirya)

lún

deep

lún adj.??? a word of obscure meaning, perhaps "deep" as used of water (VT48:28)

lúna

lúna

[lúna] (2), see lúnë

lúrë

dark weather

lúrë noun "dark weather" (LT1:259)

lúrëa

dark, overcast

lúrëa adj. "dark, overcast" (LT1:259)

lútier

sailed

lútier vb. in pa.t.? "sailed" (MC:216; this is "Qenya")

lúto

flood

lúto noun "flood" (LT1:249)

lútë

sail

lútë noun "sail" (MC:213; this is "Qenya")

lúva

bow, bight; bend, bow, curve

lúva noun "bow, bight; bend, bow, curve" (Appendix E, PE17:122, 168). The reference is to a "bow" as part of written characters and other uses, but "not for shooting" (a bow used to shoot arrows is called quinga, possibly also cú if the latter term is used as in Sindarin).

taras

great towering building, (fort, city, castle) tower

taras noun, Quenya equilvalent of Sindarin barad "a great towering building, (fort, city, castle) tower" (PE17:22), also tarminas. Barad-dûr (Dark Tower) = Quenya Taras Lúna (or Lúnaturco, q.v.)

turco

tower

turco ("k") (2) noun "tower". In Lúnaturco, Quenya name of Barad-dûr (Dark Tower). Tolkien changed the word turco from turma (PE17:22).

lúmë

noun. time, period of time, hour

lúmesar

noun. age (of long-lasting objects), (lit.) time-tally

A neologism for “age (of a person)” coined by Luinyelle posted on 2024-12-22 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of lúmë “time” and sár “tally”, so more literally “time-tally”.

lós

noun. inflorescence, mass of flowers

nunna

adverb. down

lúta-

verb. to have time pass

lúmincë

noun. minute, moment

lúrë

noun. dark weather, bad weather

-duinë

suffix. (large) river

Túna

hill, mound

Túna (also Tún) place-name, used of the hill on which Tirion was built (Silm, TUN, KOR), derived from a stem (TUN) apparently meaning simply *"hill, mound".

amarto

fate

amarto noun "Fate" (also ambar) (LT2:348; in LotR-style Quenya rather umbar, umbart-)

ambar

fate, doom

ambar (2) noun "fate, doom" (variant of umbar?) in Turambar (SA:amarth); stem ambart- (PE17:66), instrumental ambartanen "by doom" (Silm ch. 21, UT:138, PE17:66). The early "Qenya" lexicon has ambar "Fate", also amarto (LT2:348)

ambo

hill, rising ground

ambo noun "hill, rising ground" (Markirya, PE17:92), "mount" (PE17:157), allative pl. ambonnar "upon hills" in Markirya (ruxal' ambonnar "upon crumbling hills") According to VT45:5, ambo was added to the Etymologies as a marginal note.

ambona

noun. hill

amun

hill

amun (amund-) noun "hill" (LT2:335; in Tolkien's later Quenya ambo)

amya-

verb. [unglossed]

andúta

verb. lower

andúta-

verb. to lower

ango

noun. dragon

ango

snake

ango noun "snake"; stem angu- as in angulócë (q.v.); pl. angwi (ANGWA/ANGU)

angulócë

dragon

angulócë noun("k") "dragon" (LOK)

arra

adjective. [unglossed]

ausië

wealth

ausië noun "wealth" (LT2:336; rather lar or alma in Tolkiens later Quenya)

auta

particle. ago

auta

adverb. ago

cairë

?. [unglossed]

calima

bright

calima adj. "bright" (VT42:32); cf. ancalima; in PE17:56, arcalima appears as another superlative "brightest" (see ar- #2).

cambë

noun. hand, (hollow of) hand

conta-

verb. [unglossed]

cuv-

verb. bow

círa

sail

círa ("k")vb. "sail" (apparently the continuative stem of #cir-) (Markirya)

cúma

noun. [unglossed]

enge

adverb. ago

ago, once, in the past

fauca

thirsty

fauca ("k") adj. "thirsty" (PHAU; original glosses "thirsty, parched; lit. open-mouthed", VT46:9)

felca

adjective. [unglossed]

felehta-

verb. [unglossed], *to excavate, tunnel, mine

An untranslated form appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 derived from the root √PHELEG/PHELEK (PE17/118), possibly a verb derived from ✱phelektā- or ✱phelegtā-. The derivatives of this root had to do with mines and tunnels, so perhaps this verb meant “✱to excavate, tunnel, mine”.

fenumë

dragon

fenumë noun "dragon" (LT2:341 but lócë is the normal word in LotR-style Quenya)

finca

noun. [unglossed]

fána

cloud

fána (2) noun "cloud" _(SPAN, VT46:15). _Cf. fana.

fúmella

poppy

fúmella noun "poppy" (also fúmellot) (LT1:253). Read perhaps *húmella in a LotR-compatible form of Quenya, since Tolkien later decided that fu- tended to become hu-.

fúmellot

poppy

fúmellot noun "poppy" (also fúmella) (LT1:253) Read perhaps *húmellot in a LotR-compatible form of Quenya, since Tolkien later decided that fu- tended to become hu-.

fúmë

sleep

fúmë noun "sleep" (LT1:253). Read perhaps *húmë in a LotR-compatible form of Quenya, since Tolkien later decided that fu- tended to become hu-.

hellë

sky

hellë noun "sky" (3EL; a distinct word hellë "frost" was struck out, see KHEL.)

hendas

?. [unglossed]

heren

fortune

heren (2) noun "fortune", etymologically "governance" ("and so what is in store for one and what one has in store") (KHER).Herendil masc. name *"Fortune-friend" = Eadwine, Edwin, _Audoin(LR:52, 56, cf. the Etymologies, stems KHER-, NIL/NDIL)_

hindo

noun. [unglossed]

hindë

noun. [unglossed]

hiswa

grey

hiswa (þ) adj. "grey" (KHIS/KHITH, Narqelion)

hlócë

snake, serpent

hlócë ("k")noun "snake, serpent", later lócë ("k")(SA:lok-)

holdë

noun. [unglossed]

hríva

place name. [unglossed]

hróva

dark, dark brown

hróva adj. "dark, dark brown", used to refer to hair (PE17:154)

hwal-

verb. to wash

A verb for “wash” appearing in the phrase hwalilmien “we wash ourselves” from Eldarin Pronouns, Demonstratives, and Correlatives (EP1) from the early 1950s (PE23/126), based on the root √SWAL of the same meaning (PE23/122).

háro

?. [unglossed]

ilwë

sky, heavens

ilwë noun "sky, heavens" (LT1:255), "the middle air among the stars" (LT1:273). VT49:51, 53 also mentions an obscure prononominal element ilwë.

isca

pale

isca ("k") adj."pale" (LT1:256)

laimë

shade

laimë noun "shade" (DAY; in an earlier version the gloss was "shadow (cast by an object or form)"; see VT45:8-9. Perhaps Tolkien transferred this meaning to lëo when giving laimë the more general meaning "shade".)

laira

shady

laira adj. "shady" (DAY)

lar

fat, riches

lar (1) noun "fat, riches" (VT45:26; Hostetter and Wynne suggest that the second gloss should perhaps read "richness" rather than "riches")

lauca

warm

lauca ("k")adj. "warm" (LAW)

leuca

snake

leuca (1) noun "snake" (Appendix E)

leuca

noun. snake

The best known Quenya word for “snake”, appearing in Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings (LotR/1115). In 1964 notes on Dalath Dirnen (DD), Tolkien said it was derived from the root √LEWEK “worm” (PE17/160).

lingi-

verb. [unglossed]

lir-

verb. to sing, to sing, [ᴹQ.] chant

liru-

verb. to sing, to sing (gaily)

lom-

hide

lom- vb. "hide" (LT1:255; given in the form lomir "I hide"; read *lomin if the word is to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya.)

lossë

blossom

lossë (2) noun "blossom" ("usually, owing to association with olosse snow, only used of white blossom") (LOT(H) )

losta-

verb. to bloom, to bloom, *blossom

A verb for “to bloom” appearing in notes from the late 1960s as a derivative of √LOT(H), but in that document it was deleted (PE17/26). However losta- “to bloom” reappeared in notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from 1967-69 with the same derivation, and in that document it was not deleted (VT42/18).

Conceptual Development: The verb ᴱQ. {lōta- >>} lōto- “to bloom” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√LO’O (QL/55). Some possible inflected forms for this Early Qenya verb appeared (untranslated) in one of the initial versions of the Oilima Markirya poem (PE16/57-58).

lárëa

fat, rich

lárëa (1) adj. "fat, rich" (VT45:26)

lëo

shade, shadow cast by any object

lëo noun "shade, shadow cast by any object" (DAY)

lírë

song

lírë noun "song", stem #líri- in the instrumental form lírinen "in [the] song" or *"by [the] song" (Nam, RGEO:67)

lírë

noun. song

lócë

dragon, snake, serpent, drake

lócë ("k")noun "dragon, snake, serpent, drake", older hlócë _("k")(SA:lok-, LT2:340, LOK; in the Etymologies the word is followed by "-ī", whatever that is supposed to mean)_

lómin

shade, shadow

lómin noun "shade, shadow" (LT1:255)

lómëa

gloomy

#lómëa adj. "gloomy"; see Taurelilómëa-tumbalemorna...

lóna

dark

?lóna (4) adj. "dark" (DO3/DŌ). If this is to be the cognate of "Noldorin"/Sindarin dûr, as the context seems to indicate, lóna is likely a misreading for *lóra in Tolkien's manuscript.

lóna

noun. (deep) pool, mere, river-feeding well

A noun lóna glossed “pool, mere” derived from the root √LON and distinct in origin from Sindarin lô “flood” < √LOG (VT42/10).

Conceptual Development: This word seems to be a remnant of Tolkien’s investigation into the origin of the river-name S. Lhûn (PE17/136-137; VT48/27-28), where Tolkien first considered having a related Quenya word hlōna “a river” (PE17/136), then another related word lōn(e) “deep pool or lake” (PE17/137), but this notion was rejected and Tolkien said:

> The stem (S)LOW- does not appear in Quenya, where it is replaced by √LŎNŎ, as in lōn/lōne (pl. lōni) “deep pool or river-feeding well” (PE17/137).

This word and its derivation seems to have reemerged as lóna “pool, mere” in the notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from 1967-69, as described above (VT42/10).

lú(n)

noun. *deep pool

lúmequentalea

adjective. historical

historical

lúmequentalëa

adjective. historical

lúvo

adjective. greasy, fat

mairo

horse

mairo noun "horse" (GL:56; later sources have rocco, olombo)

maitya

?. [unglossed]

malsa

?. [unglossed]

marta

fate

marta (3) noun "fate" (VT45:33, VT46:13) Cf. marto.

marta-

to chance

marta- (1) vb. "to chance" or *"happen" (QL:63), cf. mart- "it happens" (impersonal) (LT2:348 read marta-?). Another version assigns transitive meanings to the same verb: "to define, decree, destine" (with the last sense = martya-, q.v.), with a variant umbarta- "in more lofty senses" (PE17:104)

marto

fortune, fate, lot

marto (2) noun "fortune, fate, lot" (LT2:348); cf. marta # 3 and see mart-.

marto

tower

marto (1) noun "tower" (PE17:66)

marto

noun. tower

marya

pale, fallow, fawn

marya adj. "pale, fallow, fawn" (MAD)

melya-

verb. [unglossed], *to be in love

mista

grey

mista adj. "grey"; see lassemista

mista

adjective. grey

mor

darkness

mor noun "darkness" (Letters:308; probably just an Elvish "element" rather than a complete word; Namárië has mornië for "darkness")

mordo

shadow, obscurity, stain

mordo (1) noun "shadow, obscurity, stain" (MOR)

mori-

dark, black

mori- "dark, black" in a number of compounds (independent form morë, q.v.):Morimando "Dark Mando" = Mandos (MBAD, VT45:33), morimaitë "black-handed" (LotR3:VI ch. 6, VT49:42). Moriquendi "Dark Elves" (SA:mor, WJ:361, 373), Moringotto "Black Foe", Sindarin Morgoth, later name of Melkor. The oldest form is said to have been Moriñgotho (MR:194). In late material, Tolkien is seen to consider both Moringotto and Moricotto _("k") _as the Quenya form of the name Morgoth (VT49:24-25; Moricotto also appears in the ablative, Moricottollo). Morion "the dark one", a title of Morgoth (FS). Morifinwë "dark Finwë", masc. name; he was called Caranthir in Sindarin (short Quenya name Moryo). (PM:353) In the name Morinehtar, translated "Darkness-slayer", the initial element is defined would thus seem to signify "darkness" rather than "dark" as an adjective (see mórë). (PM:384, 385)

morna

dark, black

morna adj. "dark, black" (Letters:282, LT1:261; also used of black hair, PE17:154), or "gloomy, sombre" (MOR). Used as noun in the phrase mi…morna of someone clad "in…black" (PE17:71). In tumbalemorna (Letters:282), q.v. Pl. mornë in Markirya**(the first version of this poem had "green rocks", MC:215, changed to ondolisse mornë** "upon dark rocks" in the final version; see MC:220, note 8).

mornië

darkness

mornië noun "darkness" (Nam, RGEO:67), "dark, blackness" (PE17:73). Early "Qenya" also has Mornië "Black Grief", "the black ship that plies between Mandos and Erumáni" (LT1:261). This is probably a compound of mor- "black" and nië "tear".

morĭ

adjective. dark

PQ. dark

má

noun. hand

hand

má

noun. hand

máriel

feminine name. [unglossed]

móri

dark

móri adj. "dark" (MC:221; this is "Qenya"; in Tolkien's later Quenya mórë, morë)

naue

?. [unglossed]

nulla

dark, dusky, obscure

nulla adj. "dark, dusky, obscure" (NDUL), "secret" (DUL). See also VT45:11.

nurta-

hide

#nurta- vb. "hide", verbal stem isolated from nurtalë "hiding", q.v.

nyarna

tale, saga

nyarna noun "tale, saga" (NAR2), compounded in nyarmamaitar noun "storyteller" (PE17:163), literally *"tale-artist" (see maitar).

néca

pale, vague, faint, dim to see

néca ("k") adj "pale, vague, faint, dim to see", pl. nécë ("k") in Markirya

níva

?. [unglossed]

nívë

pale

nívë adj."pale" (MC:213; this is "Qenya" Tolkien's later Quenya has néca)

núla

dark, occult, mysterious

núla ("ñ")adj. "dark, occult, mysterious" (PE17:125)

núra

deep

núra adj. "deep" (NŪ)

núta

verb. lower

núta-

verb. to lower, to lower; [ᴹQ.] to set, sink (of Sun or Moon); [ᴱQ.] to stoop

A transitive (ta-causative) verb appearing as andúta or núta “lower” in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969, as opposed to intransitive (ya-formative) núya- “descend” (PE22/156). It was clearly based on ✶ndūtā- “cause to sink”, which appeared in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s (PE22/135).

Conceptual Development: In earlier documents this verb had intransitive meanings, such as ᴱQ. nūta- “stoop, sink” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√NUHU “bow, bend down; stoop, sink” (QL/68), and ᴹQ. núta- “set, sink (of Sun or Moon)” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√NDŪ “go down, sink, set (of Sun, etc.)” (Ety/NDŪ). In the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948, Tolkien revised intransitive {núta} “come down” to ᴹQ. unta (PE22/125 note #136); see that entry for discussion.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would limit the verb núta- to transitive “lower = ✱cause to sink or go down”. I would use núya- “descend” and [ᴹQ.] unta- “✱sink, stoop” for the intransitive senses.

olla

over

olla prep "over" (= beyond, of things passed over, as in "I went over a river" or "they went over the hill") (PE17:65)

olombo

horse

olombo noun "horse" (derived from a base LOB which Tolkien later changed to LOP; hence read *olompo for olombo?)

or

over

or prep. "over" (CO); in early "Qenya", this preposition was also defined as "on, upon" (LT1:256, MC:216). Prefixed or- is translated "up" in ortil, q.v.

parca

adjective. thirsty

quenta

tale

quenta ("q")noun "tale" (KWET), "narrative, story" (VT39:16); Quenta Silmarillion "the Story/Tale of the Silmarils", also Quenta Eldalien "History of the Elves" (SD:303), notice "Qenya" genitive in -n in the latter title. Quenta is also translated "account", as in Valaquenta "Account of the Valar".

quinga

bow

quinga ("q")noun "bow" (for shooting) (KWIG, LT1:256)

rocco

horse

rocco ("k")noun "horse" (ROK, SA:roch; Letters:382; cf. 282 where the spelling really is rocco, not rokko_). _In Letters:382 the word is defined as "swift horse for riding". VT46:12 refers to an alternative form of the entry ROK that was inserted into the Etymologies; here rocco, which Tolkien revised from ronco ("k"), was similarly glossed "swift horse". Nésë nórima rocco ("k") "he was a horse strong/swift at running" (VT49:29)

rocco

noun. horse

rocco

noun. horse

The usual word for “horse” in Quenya, a derivative of ✶rokkō (Let/282, 382; WJ/407) and very well attested. There are indications that this word was more specifically a “swift horse” (Let/382; EtyAC/ROK), but in most cases Tolkien used it generically.

Conceptual Development: ᴹQ. rokko “horse” first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√ROK, already with the derivation given above (Ety/ROK). The relevant entry appeared twice; in one rokko was first written as rokka “wheel”, and in the other the form was first written ronko, but in both cases Tolkien revised the word to rokko “horse”.

rocindë

noun. *debtor, one who trespasses

rohta

debt, trespass

#rohta noun "debt, trespass" (attested in the pl.: rohtar, and with a pronominal suffix: rohtammar "our trespasses") (VT43:19) Variant #ruhta. #Rohtalië, #ruhtalië *"trespass-people" = those who trespass (attested in the ablative: rohtaliello, ruhtaliello "from [our] debtors" (VT43:21)

saca-

draw, pull

saca- (þ) ("k") (2) vb. "draw, pull" (VT43:23; this word must come from older *þaca- because it is said to be related to sahta-, older þahta-, "induce", q.v.)

sairina

magic

sairina adj.? "magic" (evidently adj. rather than noun) (GL:72)

sal-

verb. [unglossed]

sap-

dig

sap- or sapa- vb. "dig", pa.t. sampë (PE16:145, QL:82); cf. sampa, and sapsanta below.

se

at, in

se (2), also long sé, preposition "at, in" (VT43:30; compare the "locative prefix" se- possibly occurring in an early "Qenya" text, VT27:25)

sinda

grey

sinda (þ) adj. "grey" (PE17:72); nominal pl. Sindar used = "Grey-elves", lit. *"Grey ones"; see WJ:375. Gen. pl. Sindaron in WJ:369. With general meaning "grey" also in Sindacollo > Singollo "Grey-cloak, Thingol" (SA:thin(d), PE17:72; see also sindë, Sindicollo);†sindanórië "grey land", ablative sindanóriello "from/out of a grey country" (Nam); the reference is to a "mythical region of shadows lying at outer feet of the Mountains of Valinor" (PE17:72). However, other sources give sindë (q.v.) as the Quenya word for "grey"; perhaps sinda came to mean primarily "Grey-elf" as a noun. Derived adjective Sindarin "Grey-elven", normally used as a noun to refer to the Grey-elven language. (Appendix F)

sinda

adjective. grey

The best known Quenya word for “grey” and an element in a number of names. It is also used as a noun Sinda “Grey Elf”. Tolkien sometimes used a variant form sindë for “grey” (WJ/384; PE17/141; Ety/THIN); see that entry for details.

sindë

grey, pale or silvery grey

sindë (þ) adj. "grey, pale or silvery grey" (the Vanyarin dialect preserves the older form þindë) (WJ:384, THIN; in SA:thin(d) the form given is sinda, cf. also sindanóriello "from a grey country" in Namárië. Sindë and sinda_ are apparently variants of the same word.) _Stem sindi-, given the primitive form ¤thindi; cf. Sindicollo (q.v.)

sir-

flow

sir- (1) vb. "flow" (SIR)

sir-

verb. flow

sirea

adjective. flowing, liquid

sirilla

flowing

sirilla participle *"flowing", "Qenya" participle of siri- "flow" (Narqelion, cf. QL:xiv)

sirya

verb. flow

sirya-

verb. to flow, to flow [smoothly]

This verb first appeared in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 as an example of ya-formative half-strong verb ᴹQ. siry(a)- “flow” (PE22/114), though its primitive form ᴹ✶siryă “flow smoothly” appeared a bit earlier in Quendian & Common Eldarin Verbal Structure (EVS1) from the late 1940s (PE22/98). This verb may have replaced the basic verb ᴹQ. sir- “flow” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/SIR), but see Conceptual Development below.

The verb sirya- continued to appear [albiet without translation] as an example of half-strong verb conjugation in Tolkien’s writings in the 1960s with a past form sirinye (PE17/77; PE22/164). In one place he conjugated it as a weak verb from primitive ✱siryā with weak past siryane (PE22/156), but this may have been a transient or experimental idea.

Conceptual Development: QVS from 1948 has a present-tense form síra as part of the sentence númen Endorello isse sí Vaia síra “westward of Middle-earth where now Ocean flows” (PE22/126). It is not entirely clear which verb it is the present tense for. It looks like the present tense of the basic verb ᴹQ. sir- “flow” from the 1930s, but could have been intended to be the present of the sirya- “flow” instead, since that is the verb for “flow” everywhere else in QVS.

Based on the discussion of half-strong verbs QVS, I would expected the present tense of sirya- to be the long imperfect ✱siryalya; compare the present imperfect taltalya “am slipping down” for half-strong talta- (PE22/115). Such long imperfects were used for the present tense of verbs with otherwise defective presents, the main example being a-verbs such as fara- “hunt” whose present was faralya “is hunting” (PE22/116). But Tolkien also said “some verbs make a strong present, so ōla-, is growing [from ola-]”. Thus síra might be an example of such a strong present for half-strong sirya.

Neo-Quenya: For purpose of Neo-Quenya, I would assume sirya- was the most common Quenya verb for “to flow”, conjugated as a ya-formative half-strong verb. I would further assume that, like in EVS1, sirya- has the implied meaning of “flow [smoothly]”. However, I would assume ᴹQ. sir- is a less commonly used verb for “flow”, especially applicable when flows are turbulent or not continuous, as in the “the Ocean is flowing [síra]” in the sentence given above. For example, Helge Fauskanger used sir- “flow” in his NQNT (NQNT).

soica

thirsty

soica ("k") adj. "thirsty" (VT39:11)

soica

adjective. thirsty

An adjective for “thirsty” in notes from around 1960 derived from the root √SOK “drink” via i-infixion (VT39/11), a process which produced a small class of desiderative words in Quenya, as in “desiring to drink”. See the entry ᴹQ. fauka for earlier and alternate words for “thirsty”.

sélo

?. [unglossed]

sóla

?. [unglossed]

tarminas

tower

tarminas noun "tower" etc. (Sindarin barad); see taras (PE17:22)

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

tomba

noun. [unglossed]

tompë

noun. [unglossed], *pulse, beat

@@@ Neo-meaning “✱pulse, beat” suggested by Röandil on 2023-04-20

tuc-

draw

tuc- ("k")noun "draw" (1st pers. aorist tucin "I draw") (TUK)

tumpo

hump

tumpo (stem *tumpu-, given the primitive form ¤tumpu) noun "hump" (TUMPU)

tundo

hill, mound

tundo noun "hill, mound" (TUN)

turma

tower

[turma] (2) noun "tower". Tolkien changed this word to turco (#2), q.v. (PE17:22)

ulca

adjective. dark

dark, gloomy, sinister

um(ba)-

prefix. [unglossed]

umbacarin

noun. [unglossed]

undu

down, under, beneath

undu adv. (and prep.?) "down, under, beneath" (UNU, VT46:20); prefixundu- "down", in undulávë "down-licked" = covered. (Nam)

undu

down

ungo

cloud, dark shadow

ungo noun "cloud, dark shadow" (UÑG)

vanwa

gone, lost, no longer to be had, vanished, departed, dead, past, past and over, gone on the road, over

vanwa adj. "gone, lost, no longer to be had, vanished, departed, dead, past, past and over, gone on the road, over" (WJ:366, Nam, RGEO:67, WAN, LT1:264; older wanwa, PE17:143). The word was "not applied to _dead persons _except those who would not return, either because of a special doom (as [in the case of] Men) or because of a special will of their own (as Felagund or Míriel) or a special ban of Mandos (as Feanor)" (PE17:143). Also see avanwa.

yaru

gloom, blight

yaru noun "gloom, blight" (GL:37)

yénië

noun. annals

éna

?. [unglossed]

úcarë

debt, trespass

#úcarë noun "debt, trespass" (úcaremmar "our debts, our trespasses", VT43:19). The related words #úcar- "to sin" and #úcarindo "sinner" would suggest that #úcarë can also be translated "sin". One may question whether the simplex form is #úcarë or just #úcar (+ -e- as a mere connecting vowel before the pronominal ending in úcaremmar), but compare lacarë, hrúcarë.

úpa-

verb. [unglossed]

þúna

?. [unglossed]

loxo

noun. mud

loxor

noun. swamp, bog

lúcëarwa

adjective. enchanting, attractive

lúma

noun. clock

lúmelissen

adverb. sometimes, at times

lúmëa

adjective. pertaining to time, temporal

lúrëa

adjective. overcast, dark [of weather]

milcin

noun. wealth

ranyar

noun. wanderer

A neologism for “wanderer” coined by David Salo in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, an agental form of [ᴹQ.] ranya- “stray, ✱wander”.

soicië

noun. thirst

A neologism coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT), a noun form of Q. soica “thirsty”.