Sindarin
ar
conjunction. and
ar
conjunction. and, and, [G.] too, besides
Ara-
prefix. king
ar-
prefix. king
arnen
adjective. (?) royal
Originally, Lonnath-Ernin might have been intended to mean 'royal havens', assuming the second element to be a regular adjective. However, the second element in Emyn Arnen 'hills of Arnen' is singular, and Tolkien later decided that it should mean 'Hill beside the water', see VT/42:17 and HL/119-124. Nevertheless, this meaning cannot apply to Lonnath-Ernin (havens are near water by definition), so unless we entirely reject this earlier form, we may assume that an adjective 'royal' is still possible.
arod
adjective. noble
d adj. noble. Q. arata. >> raud
arod
adjective. noble
Cognates
Derivations
Element in
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶arātā > arod [arātā] > [arāta] > [arǭta] > [arauta] > [araut] > [araud] > [arod] ✧ PM/363
ara
noun. king
_ n. _king.
arn
adjective. royal
arod
noble
1b _adj._noble. >> raud
arod
adjective. noble
adj. #noble.
arth
adjective. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted)
Ara-
prefix. high, noble, royal
ar-
prefix. high, noble, royal
aran
noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)
arod
adjective. noble
arphen
noun. a noble
aur
noun. day, sunlight, morning
oraearon
noun. seventh day of the Númenórean week, Sea-day
ar
outside
(adv. prefix) ar- (without)the literal meaning of a word translated SPY (q.v.)
ar
without
(adv. prefix) ar- (outside)
ar
noble
(adjectival prefix) ar- (high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.
ar
royal
(adj. prefix) ar- (noble, high). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.
ar
noble
(high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.
ar
royal
(noble, high). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.
ar
outside
(without)
ar
without
(outside)
aran
king
1) (king of a region) aran (pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural). 2) (king of a people) †taur (i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. _T_Ā to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.
arn
noble
(adjective) 1) arn (royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic *araud), pl. aroed. 2) brand (high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind; 3) raud (eminent, high), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.
arn
royal
arn (noble), pl. ern
arphen
noble
(noun, "a noble") 1) arphen, pl. erphin; 2) raud (eminent man, champion), pl.roed (idh roed), coll. pl. rodath.
aran
king
(pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural).
arn
noble
(royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic ✱araud), pl. aroed.
aur
day
aur (morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.
arn
royal
(noble), pl. ern
arphen
noble
pl. erphin
arwen
noble woman
(pl. erwin).****
aur
day
(morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.
athar
beyond
1) *athar (across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation. 2) (adverbial prefix) thar- (across, athwart, over)
glawar
sunlight
glawar (i **lawar) (gold, radiance of the Golden Tree Laurelin), pl. glewair (in glewair**) if there is a pl. (VT41:10)
thar
beyond
(across, athwart, over)
athar
beyond
(across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation.
an
preposition. to, towards, for
With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath
a
conjunction. and; †by, near, beside
Changes
a→ a “and” ✧ PE17/041- a → að “and” ✧ PE17/041
a→ a ✧ PE17/041Cognates
- Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar
Derivations
- ✶as(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31
- √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31
- ✶ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102
- √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
- √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145
- √AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ SA/ar
Element in
- S. a Pherhael ar am Meril suilad uin aran o Minas Tirith nelchaenen ned Echuir “to Samwise and Rose the King’s greeting from Minas Tirith, the thirty-first day of Stirring” ✧ SD/129; SD/129
- S. aran Gondor ar Arnor ar Hîr i Mbair Annui “king of Gondor and Arnor and Lord of the Westlands” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
- S. ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT44/28
- S. ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain “and he desires to greet there all his friends” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
- S. ar in Ellath epholar eno vi Eressai “*and the Elves (?remember) still in Eressëa” ✧ VT50/19
- S. ar Iorhael, Gelir, Cordof, ar Baravorn, ionnath dîn “and Frodo, Merry, Pippin and Hamfast his sons” ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; SD/129; SD/129
- S. ar Meril bess dîn, ar Elanor, Meril, Glorfinniel, ar Eirien sellath dîn “and Rose his wife; and Elanor, Rose, Goldilocks and Daisy his daughters” ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129
- S. ar Nienor sel Morwen Níniel “*and Nienor daughter of Morwen, Níniel” ✧ VT50/18
- S. man agorech? “*and said Rían to Tuor: what have we done?” ✧ VT50/20; VT50/20
- S. Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth “The Debate of Finrod and Andreth” ✧ MR/329; PE17/041
- S. Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn “Frodo and Sam, princes of the west” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
- S. Dor-Cúarthol “Land of Bow and Helm”
- S. Narn e·Dant Gondolin ar Orthad en·Êl “*Tale of the Fall of Gondolin and the Raising of the Star” ✧ MR/373
- S. pedo mellon a minno “speak, friend, and enter; (alternately) say ‘friend’ and enter” ✧ LotR/0305; LotR/0305; PE17/041
- S. si loth a galadh lasto dîn “*here flower and tree listen [in] silence” ✧ LB/354
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶ad(a) > að > a [ada] > [aða] > [að] > [a] ✧ PE17/041 ✶as(a) > a(h) > a [asa] > [aha] > [ah] > [a] ✧ PE17/041 Variations
- ar ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; MR/373; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; VT44/28; VT50/18; VT50/19
- a ✧ LB/354; Let/448; LotR/0305; LotR/0953; PE17/041 (
a); PE17/041; PE17/041 (a); PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar; VT47/31- ah ✧ MR/329; VT43/30
- að ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/145
- ath ✧ PE17/041 (ath)
- a(ð) ✧ PE17/102
- að- ✧ PE17/145
- Ar ✧ SD/129; VT50/20
- A ✧ VT50/20 (
A)
na
preposition. to, towards, at
orbelain
noun. sixth day of the week, day of the Powers or Valar
orgilion
noun. first day of the week, day of the Stars
penninor
noun. last day of the year
a
and
a
conjunction. and
conj. and. Pedo mellon a minno! 'Say friend and enter'. Q. ar
ad
conjunction. and
ada
conjunction. and
Ídh
and
ah
preposition/conjunction. and, with
The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a.1 , ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT/43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)
edinor
anniversary day
(pl. edinoer). Archaic edinaur. In ”Noldorin”, the word appeared as edinar.
hên
noun. child
A word for “child” derived from the root √KHIN, more specifically from ✶khinā with short i which became e in Sindarin due to a-affection (WJ/403). It often appeared in its mutated plural form chîn in phrases like Narn i Chîn Húrin “Tale of the Children of Húrin” (WJ/160). This is pronounced with spirantal “ch” as in German Bach, not affricate “ch” as in English “church”.
Christopher Tolkien made the editorial decision to render this plural form as Hîn in The Silmarillion as published as well as in Unfinished Tales, where it “was improperly changed by me [Christopher Tolkien] to Narn i Hîn Húrin ... because I did not want Chîn to be pronounced like Modern English chin” (LR/322). It seems Tolkien himself had similar concerns, as he sometimes rendered its Quenya cognate as sén, which would have Sindarin forms ✱sên “child” and ✱i hîn “the children”. However, Tolkien’s motive was probably a desire to retain the early (originally Adûniac) form Ad. Eruhîn “Children of God”, which in Sindarin otherwise became Eruchîn (LB/354).
Cognates
Derivations
Element in
- S. Eruchîn “Children of Eru (God)”
- S. i chîn Húrin “*the children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/18
- S. i·Veleglind i eithro en estar i·Chîn Húrin “*the Great Song that is also called the Children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/12
- S. Narn i Chîn Húrin “Tale of the Children of Húrin” ✧ MR/373; S/198; SA/híni; UT/057; WJ/403
- S. Glaer nia Chîn Húrin “Tale of the Children of Húrin” ✧ WJ/160
- S. Sarch nia Chîn Húrin “Grave of the Children of Húrin” ✧ UT/140
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶khīnā/khinā > hên [kʰinā] > [kʰina] > [xina] > [xena] > [xen] > [hen] > [hēn] ✧ WJ/403 ✶khīnā/khinā > hîn [kʰinī] > [kʰini] > [xini] > [xin] > [hin] > [hīn] ✧ WJ/403
an
to
_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath 'glory to all the Halflings'.
na
to
e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2
pen-
without
orgaladh
noun. fourth day of the Númenórean week, day of the White Tree
This day was formerly called orgaladhad in the Elvish calendar
orgaladhad
noun. fourth day of the Elvish week, day of the Two Trees
This day was renamed orgaladh in the Númenórean calendar
a
and
a, or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.
or
high
(adjectival pref.) or- (above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:
ú
without
(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad *”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:
a
and
or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.
or
high
(above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:
ú
without
u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad ✱”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:
an
to
(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).
galad
sunlight
1) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (bright light, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 2) glawar (i **lawar) (gold; radiance of the Golden Tree Laurelin), pl. glewair (in glewair**) (VT41:10)
ha
it
ha, han, hana. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ha is the nominative, whereas han is the accusative. Hana could be an emphatic form. It may be that these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)
na
with
(in instrumental sense?) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”
na
at
na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”
pen
without
1) pen (lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited. 2)
ach
conjunction. but
[it] appears that ach is the contrastive coordinating conjunction 'but'.
ach
conjunction. but
[it] appears that ach is the contrastive coordinating conjunction 'but'.
gondrath
highway
(i ’ondrath) (street of stone, causeway), pl. gendraith (i ngendraith = i ñendraith). Archaic pl. göndreith. (WJ:340). Possibly the pl. can also be gondraith, without umlaut of the first element.
ha
it
han, hana. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ha is the nominative, whereas han is the accusative. Hana could be an emphatic form. It may be that these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)*
na
with
(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”
na
at
(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”
pen
without
(lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited.
raud
noble
(eminent, high), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.
taur
tall
(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.
a
and
conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.
di
preposition. with
_ prep. _with. Q. lé.
na
preposition. to
prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2
na
preposition. at
prep. at (a point of time or place). Ai na vedui Dúnadan. Mae g'ovannen. 'Ah! At last, Dúnadan ! Well met !'.
pen
preposition. without, lacking, -less
ten
pronoun. (?) it (as object)
Ídh
and
{ð}_ conj. _and. It was not mutated before vowels. >> a
Ídh
and
{ð} conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.
calan
noun. day, period of actual daylight
Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second.
an
to
(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)
hên
child
hên (i chên), pl. hîn (i chîn); also -chen, pl. -chín at the end of compounds (e.g. Eruchín ”Children of Eru”). _(WJ:403) _CHILDREN OF THE ONE (Elves and Men as children of God) Eruchín** **(sg. *Eruchen)
a
conjunction. and
See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel
adh
conjunction. and
ah
conjunction. and
athan
preposition. beyond
di
preposition. with
Changes
- di → di “with” ✧ PE17/095
Cognates
- Q. lé “with, with, [ᴹQ.] by, [ᴱQ.] with (accompaniment)” ✧ PE17/095
Derivations
- ✶dē “with” ✧ PE17/095
Element in
- S. le nallon sí di’nguruthos “here overwhelmed in dread of Death I cry” ✧ PE17/095
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶dē > di [dē] > [dī] > [di] ✧ PE17/095 Variations
- di ✧ PE17/095 (di)
hên
noun. child (mostly used as a prefix in patronymics or metronymics)
na
preposition. with, by (also used as a genitive sign)
oranor
noun. second day of the week, day of the Sun
orithil
noun. third day of the week, day of the Moon
ormenel
noun. fifth day of the week, Heavens' day
andrath
high pass
(literally "long climb"), pl. endraith.
brand
noble
(high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind
brand
tall
(lofty, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind.
calan
daytime
(i galan, o chalan), pl. celain (i chelain)
duinen
high tide
(i dhuinen), pl. duinin (i nuinin). (VT48:26).
eruchen
children of the one
)
eth
adverb/adjective. outside
Cognates
- ᴹQ. ette “outside”
Derivations
- √ET “out, forth”
galad
sunlight
(i ngalad = i ñalad), (bright light, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid).
hall
tall
(exalted); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.
hên
child
(i chên), pl. hîn (i chîn); also -chen, pl. -chín at the end of compounds (e.g. Eruchín ”Children of Eru”). (WJ:403)
raud
tall
(eminent, noble), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. Also used as noun ”champion, eminent man, [a] noble”.
taur
king
(i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. TĀ to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.
telu
high roof
(i delu, o thelu) (dome), pl. tely (i thely).
See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel