en

article. of the (genitival article)

en

of the

poss. art. of the.

en

preposition. of the

Changes

• ani → eni ✧ PE17/097
• en(n)a → ena ✧ PE17/097

Derivations

• ✶ān(a) “subjective genitive” ✧ PE17/097

Element in

• S. alae! ered en Echoriath, ered e·mbar nín “[?behold!] the mountains of Echoriath, the mountains of my home!” ✧ UT/040; UT/040; UT/054
• S. Bar-en-Danwedh “House of Ransom” ✧ S/203
• S. Bar-en-Nibin-noeg “House of the Petty Dwarves” ✧ UT/100
• S. Cabed-en-Aras “Deer’s Leap” ✧ UT/150
• S. Cirith Forn en Andrath “High-Climbing Pass of the North”
• S. Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn “Frodo and Sam, princes of the west” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
• S. Dor-en-Ernil “Land of the Prince” ✧ UT/245
• S. Haudh-en-Arwen “Ladybarrow”
• S. Haudh-en-Elleth “Mound of the Elf-maid” ✧ PE17/141; S/216
• S. Haudh-en-Ellas ✧ PE17/097
• S. Haudh-en-Ndengin “Hill of Slain, (lit.) Mound of the Slain”
• S. Haudh-en-Nirnaeth “Mound of Tears” ✧ S/197
• S. i mbair en Ndengin “the houses of the Slain” ✧ PE17/097
• S. mellyn enin Edhellion “*friends of the Elves” ✧ PE17/097
• S. Methed-en-Glad “End of the Wood” ✧ UT/153
• S. Narn en·Êl “*Tale of the Star” ✧ MR/373
• S. Narn e·Dant Gondolin ar Orthad en·Êl “*Tale of the Fall of Gondolin and the Raising of the Star” ✧ MR/373; MR/373
• S. Narn e·Dinúviel “Tale of the Nightingale” ✧ MR/373
• S. Narn e·mbar Hador “*Tale of the House of Hador” ✧ MR/373
• S. Narn e·’Rach Morgoth “Tale of the Curse of Morgoth” ✧ MR/373
• S. paeth e Ngolodhrim “*speech of the Noldor” ✧ PE17/126; PE17/126
• S. Roch-cheruin “Steed of the Lady” ✧ PE17/097
• S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23; VT50/23
• S. Taur e-Ndaedelos “Forest of the Great Fear” ✧ LotR/1134
• S. Taur-en-Faroth “*Forest of the Hunting”
• S. dagnir an Glaurung “slayer of Glaurung” ✧ PE17/097

Variations

• en ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/097; PE17/102; PE17/141; S/197; S/203; S/216; UT/040; UT/100; UT/150; UT/153; UT/245; VT50/23
• en· ✧ MR/373
• an ✧ PE17/097
• ena ✧ PE17/097
• ani ✧ PE17/097 (ani)
• en(n)a ✧ PE17/097 (en(n)a)

en

pronoun. 1st sg pronoun

Variations

• en ✧ VT50/14

en

?. ?

@@@ In VT50/13 Carl Hostetter suggested this might be an indicative passive voice marker en, vs. subjunctive passive voice marker aen.

Element in

• S. i·Veleglind i eithro en estar i·Chîn Húrin “*the Great Song that is also called the Children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/13

Variations

• en ✧ VT50/13

eneth

noun. name

ennas

adverb. there, in that place

ennas

adverb. there

Derivations

• √EN “again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond, again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond; [ᴹ√] yonder, over there”

Element in

• S. ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain “and he desires to greet there all his friends” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129

han

that

pl1. hain _pron. _that, the thing previously mentioned. Tolkien notes "hain = heinn (< san-)" (PE17:42). Im Narvi hain echant 'I Narvi made them'.

i

definite article. the

i

the

pl1. in _ art. _the.

i

article. the

@@@ enclytic Dagor-nuin-Giliath vs. Dagor-nui-Ngiliath

Cognates

• Q. i “the” ✧ PE17/066

Element in

• S. Aerlinn in Edhil o Imladris “*Holy Song of the Elves of Rivendell” ✧ RGEO/62
• S. aglar’ni Pheriannath “glory to the halflings”
• S. anglennatha i Varanduiniant erin dolothen Ethuil “will approach the Bridge of Baranduin on the eighth day of Spring” ✧ SD/129
• S. anno ammen sír i mbas ilaurui vín “give us this day our daily bread” ✧ VT44/24
• S. Annon-in-Gelydh “Gate of the Noldor” ✧ S/238
• S. aran Gondor ar Arnor ar Hîr i Mbair Annui “king of Gondor and Arnor and Lord of the Westlands” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
• S. ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT44/24
• S. ar in Ellath epholar eno vi Eressai “*and the Elves (?remember) still in Eressëa” ✧ VT50/19
• S. Athrad i-Negyth “Ford of the Dwarves” ✧ WJ/338
• S. Bar-in-Mŷl “Home of the Gulls” ✧ WJ/379
• S. Bar-in-Gwael ✧ WJ/418
• S. Caras i-Ngelaidh “City of the Trees” ✧ PE17/060
• S. caro den i innas lin “thy will be done” ✧ VT44/24
• S. Celebrimbor o Eregion teithant i thiw hin “Celebrimbor of Hollin drew these signs” ✧ LotR/0305; PE17/044
• S. i Cirdh Daeron “*the Runes of Daeron” ✧ NM/164
• S. cuio i Pheriain anann “may the Halflings live long” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/102
• S. Dagor-nuin-Giliath “Battle-under-Stars” ✧ S/106
• S. Dor-i-Ndainn “*Land of the Nandor”
• S. Dor i Thuin
• S. Dúnad in Gyrth “Descent of the Dead” ✧ NM/364
• S. Echad i Sedryn “Camp of the Faithful” ✧ UT/153
• S. edregol e aníra tírad i Cherdir Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen) Condir i Drann “in especial he desires to see Master Samwise (who should be called Fullwise) Mayor of the Shire” ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; SD/129; SD/129
• S. Ernil i Pheriannath “Prince of the Halflings” ✧ Let/425; LotR/0768; LotR/0807
• S. Gwaith-i-Mírdain “People of the Jewel Smiths”
• S. Haudh in Gwanûr “*Burial Mound of the Twins” ✧ LotR/1054
• S. i arben na megil and “Knight of the Long Sword” ✧ PE17/147
• S. i chîn Húrin “*the children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/18
• S. i glinn hen agorer Edain mi Velerian, ach hí in Ellath îr ed epholar “*this song Men made in Beleriand, but now the Elves alone (?remember) it” ✧ VT50/12; VT50/15; VT50/15; VT50/12; VT50/15
• S. i mbair en Ndengin “the houses of the Slain” ✧ PE17/097
• S. i·Veleglind i eithro en estar i·Chîn Húrin “*the Great Song that is also called the Children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/12; VT50/12
• S. Men-i-Naugrim “Dwarf Road, (lit.) Way of the Dwarves” ✧ NM/372; UT/280
• S. Narn i Chîn Húrin “Tale of the Children of Húrin” ✧ MR/373; S/198; UT/057
• S. naur dan i ngaurhoth “*fire against the wolf-horde” ✧ LotR/0299; PE17/039
• S. Nern in Adanath “Legendarium of the Fathers of Men” ✧ MR/373
• S. Nern in Edenedair “Legendarium of the Fathers of Men” ✧ MR/373
• S. Nîn-in-Eilph “Swanfleet, Waterlands of the Swans” ✧ NM/378
• S. no aer i eneth lín “hallowed be thy name” ✧ VT44/24
• S. ónen i-Estel Edain “I gave Hope to the Dúnedain” ✧ LotR/1061
• S. os i Veleglinn i edain agorer vi Veleriann “*from the Great Song that men made in Beleriand” ✧ VT50/18
• S. Ost-in-Edhil “Fortress of the Eldar” ✧ SA/edhel
• S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23; VT50/23
• S. Taur-i-Melegyrn “Forest of the Great Trees” ✧ WJI/Taur-i-Melegyrn
• S. Tawar-in-Drúedain “Drúadan Forest” ✧ UT/319
• S. Tol-in-Gaurhoth “Isle of Werewolves” ✧ UT/054
• S. tolo i arnad lín “thy kingdom come” ✧ VT44/24

Variations

• i ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; Let/425; Let/448; LotR/0299; NM/164; NM/372; PE17/039; PE17/044; PE17/044; PE17/066; S/198; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; UT/280; VT44/24; VT50/12; VT50/18; VT50/18; VT50/23; WJ/338
• i- ✧ LotR/1061; LotR/1114
• in ✧ NM/364
• i· ✧ PE17/147
• ir ✧ VT50/23

nan

preposition. of

san

pronoun. that

Derivations

• ✶san- “that” ✧ PE17/042

Element in

• S. im Narvi hain echant “I, Narvi, made them” ✧ LotR/0305; PE17/042

uin

preposition. of the

him

adverb/adjective. ever, ever, [N.] enduring, continually; steadfast, abiding

Element in

• S. Himring “Ever-cold” ✧ S/123

Variations

• him ✧ S/123 (him)

ui

adverb. ever

Cognates

• Q. oi(o) “ever, everlastingly; an endless period, ever, everlastingly; an endless period, *aeon”

Derivations

• ✶oio “ever” ✧ Let/278
  • √OY “ever, continual, unceasing”

Element in

• S. Fanuilos “Bright (Angelic) Figure upon Uilos” ✧ Let/278
• S. Uilos “Ever-snow”
• S. uilos “white flower like a star”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶oio > ui	[oio] > [uio] > [ui]	✧ Let/278

ui-

prefix. ever

esta-

verb. to name

panna-

verb. to fill

-ian(d)

suffix. -land, country

A suffix meaning “-land” or “country” appearing often in the names of regions and countries along with its plural variant -ien(d) “-lands”, mentioned in a number of places in Tolkien’s later writings (Let/383; UT/318). In notes from the late 1950s Tolkien derived it from primitive ✶yandē “a wide region or country” from the root √YAN “wide”, which replaced another root √YON of similar meaning (PE17/42-43). In notes having to do with “large & small” words, probably from the late 1960s, Tolkien connected it instead to an apparent adjective S. iand “wide”, still derived from √YAN (PE17/115).

Conceptual Development: This suffix seems to have first appeared in ᴱN. Broseliand in the Lays of Beleriand of the 1920s, precursor to the name S. Beleriand and almost certainly inspired by the legendary medieval French forest Brocéliande. Tolkien used this suffix widely in names starting with Lord of the Rings drafts, but it seems he did not develop a clear etymology for the suffix until quite late. Tolkien himself mentioned the connection between this suffix and the French name Brocéliande in a 1967 letter (Let/383). It is thus an interesting case study in how Tolkien would gradually integrate elements inspired by real-world languages into his Elvish corpus.

Derivations

• ✶yandē “a wide region or country” ✧ PE17/042
  • √YAN “wide, extensive, large, vast, huge; extend” ✧ PE17/042

Element in

• S. Anórien “Sunlending, *(lit.) Sun-lands” ✧ PE17/042; PE17/042
• S. Beleriand “Country of Balar” ✧ PE17/029; PE17/037; PE17/042; PE17/042
• S. Cardolan “?Red Hill Land”
• S. Eryd-wethion “Mountains of the Region of Shadows” ✧ PE17/042
• S. Garthúrian “Hidden Realm”
• S. Ithilien “Land of the Moon” ✧ PE17/042; PE17/042; UT/318
• S. Lórien “*Golden Lands”
• S. Ossiriand “Land of Seven Rivers”
• S. Rochand “Rohan, Horse-country” ✧ Let/382; UT/318
• S. Rohan “Riddermark, (lit.) Horse-country”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶yandē > -iand	[-jandē] > [-jande] > [-iande] > [-iand] > [-iann] > [-ian]	✧ PE17/042
✶yandē > iend	[-jandī] > [-jandi] > [-iandi] > [-iendi] > [-iend] > [-ienn] > [-ien]	✧ PE17/042

Variations

• -and ✧ Let/382; Let/383; UT/318
• an ✧ Let/383
• -ian ✧ PE17/037; PE17/042; PE17/043
• -iand(a) ✧ PE17/037 (-iand(a))
• -iand ✧ PE17/042
• -iann ✧ PE17/115
• (i)and ✧ PE17/170

ingildon

place name. ?

Changes

• Ingildon → Barad Nimras ✧ WJI/Barad Nimras
• Ingildon → Barad Nimras ✧ WJI/Ingildon

gûr

noun. heart (in the moral sense), counsel

dha

?. ?

Changes

• no → đa ✧ PE22/165

Element in

• S. inn dha v’im “I have a good mind (to do so), (lit.) there is an ‘inn’ in me” ✧ PE22/165

Variations

• đa ✧ PE22/165
• no ✧ PE22/165 (no)

i

that

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. gyrth i chuinar ”dead that live [cuinar]”, Letters:417). Sometimes i (+ soft mutation) is used in the singular as well. – The form ai (following by lenition) occurs in the phrase di ai gerir ✱”those who do” (VT44:23). Possibly it is a form of the relative pronoun that is used when the previous word ends in -i. Whether ai is both sg. and pl. is unclear; in its one attestation it is followed by a plural verb that is lenited.

i

definite article. who

o

from

(od), followed by hard mutation; with article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by mixed mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366) Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning” (q.v. for this meaning of ”of”). 2) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 3)

pathra

fill

pathra- (i bathra, i phathrar). Also panna- (i banna, i phannar), but pathra- may be preferred for clarity since panna- also means ”open, enlarge”.

pathra

fill

(i bathra, i phathrar). Also panna- (i banna, i phannar), but pathra- may be preferred for clarity since panna- also means ”open, enlarge”.

sa

pronoun. that

Derivations

• ✶sa “3 sg. neuter [it], the thing, impersonal; this by me, [ᴱ√] demonstrative”

taw

that

(demonstrative pronoun) ?taw. _Only the ”Old Noldorin” form tó is actually given in LR:389 s.v. _

taw

pronoun. that

Derivations

• √TA “that, there, then; demonstrative”

taw

that

. Only the ”Old Noldorin” form tó is actually given in LR:389 s.v.

en

of the

e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

en

of the

e- (sg. genitival article)

en

of the

en-, e- (sg. genitival article): interjection

en

of the

en-, e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.

en

adverb. then, [G.] that past, that by you, that already mentioned (by you)

Derivations

• √EN “again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond, again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond; [ᴹ√] yonder, over there”

eden

begun again

(new), pl. edin

n

that

added to a preposition, e.g. ben ”according to the”.  This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

tass

1,D adverb. then, there

A Quenya-influenced neologism meaning "there, then, in that (place/time)", from Q. tassë.

eneth

name

(noun) eneth (pl. enith)

eneth

name

(pl. enith)

ennas

there

ennas (SD:128-31)

ennas

there

(SD:128-31)

ad

re

also meaning "back, again, second"

an

to the, for the

(for) + i (the).

ess

noun. name

Cognates

• Q. essë “name”

i

the

: Singular i (+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see THAT). Apparently ”the” sometimes appears as a suffix -n added to a preposition, e.g. be**<u>n</u>** ”according to <u>the</u>”. This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.

i

the

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. – The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see

ind

heart

(inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath.

uin

from the, of the

.

esta

name

(verb.) esta- (call) (i esta, in estar)

esta

name

(call) (i esta, in estar)

nest

heart

(core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû- apparently meaning ”heart”..

ui

ever

ui (always); also used as adj. ”everlasting, eternal”. Also as prefix, as in *uidafnen ”ever-closed) (WJ:341, where the spelling ”uidavnen” is used), pl. uidefnin

ui

ever

(always); also used as adj. ”everlasting, eternal”. Also as prefix, as in ✱uidafnen ”ever-closed) (WJ:341, where the spelling ”uidavnen” is used), pl. uidefnin

ad

again

(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

ad

again

also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

gûr

heart

(i ’ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11).

hûn

heart

1) (physical heart) hûn (i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin), 2) (inner mind) gûr (i **ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11). 3) ind (inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath. 4) nest (core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû**- apparently meaning ”heart”..

hûn

heart

(i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin)