Primitive elvish

kar

root. do, make, build, do, make, build, [ᴹ√] construct

Tolkien introduced the root √KAR with the sense “do, make” very early, and it retained this form and meaning for his entire life. It appeared as ᴱ√KARA “do, make” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/45), as ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KAR), and in numerous other places in various notes, including a last known appearance in verbal notes from 1969 as √KAR “do” (PE22/155). Though its exact set of derivatives varied over time, the root itself was extremely stable in Tolkien’s mind.

Primitive elvish [PE17/084; PE17/114; PE17/150; PE17/156; PE18/095; PE22/155] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karani-stīrē

masculine name. Karani-stīrē

Primitive elvish [VT41/10] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kar-

verb. do, make

Primitive elvish [PE17/129; PE18/095; PE22/129; PE22/137; PE22/140; PE22/167; WJ/415] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karani

adjective. red

Primitive elvish [PE21/81; PE22/152; VT41/10] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kariyendi

noun. a process of manufacture

Primitive elvish [PE22/137] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karandi

noun. making

Primitive elvish [PE22/137] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kas

root. head

The root for “head” was established very early in Tolkien’s Elvish languages, appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as ᴱ√KASA “head” (QL/45), though in this period its Qenya derivative was ᴱQ. kar (kas-) because [[eq|final [s] became [r]]] in Early Quenya (PE12/26). It had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. cas “head, skull” (GL/25), a word that reappeared in Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s as ᴱN. cas “skull” (PE13/140).

The root ᴹ√KAS “head” reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, still with the form ᴹQ. kár (kas-) “head” (Ety/KAS), but Tolkien eventually abandoned the Early Qenya phonology and the Quenya form became Q. kas after some vacillation (PE19/103). The root √KAS “head” continued to appear frequently in Tolkien’s later writing (PE17/114; PE21/70; VT42/12).

Primitive elvish [PE17/114; PE17/156; PE21/70; VT42/12] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kārimā

adjective. able to be done, feasible

Primitive elvish [PE22/137] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kasraya

noun. a tressure

Primitive elvish [PE22/159; VT42/12] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kas

noun. head

Primitive elvish [PE17/188; PE19/102; PE21/75] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kat

root. shape, shape, [ᴹ√] make

The root ᴹ√KAT “shape” first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives ᴹQ. kanta- “to shape”, ᴹQ. kanta “shaped”, and N. echad- “fashion, shape” (Ety/KAT). All these derivatives reappeared in Tolkien’s later writings, though Q. canta was more typically used as the noun “shape” (PE17/175; PE18/84, 90). The root appeared frequently in both the first and second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa as an example of a biconsonantal root (TQ1: PE18/34, 46, 62; TQ2: PE18/84-85, 87, 89-90, 95).

Primitive elvish [PE18/084; PE18/085; PE18/087; PE18/089; PE18/090; PE18/095] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kawāk

noun. crow

Primitive elvish [VT47/36; WJ/395] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lemek

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Outline of Phonology from the early 1950s illustrating certain phonetic combinations (PE19/98), and therefore possibly not a “real” root.

Primitive elvish [PE19/098] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nelek

root. tooth

Primitive elvish [PE21/71] Group: Eldamo. Published by

phut

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root appearing in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) as an etymological variation of √PUT (PE18/90).

Primitive elvish [PE18/090] Group: Eldamo. Published by

sal

root. [unglossed], *harp(ing), lyre

The unglossed root ᴱ√SALA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. salma “lyre, small harp” and ᴱQ. salumbe “harping, music” (QL/81). The root √SAL appeared again Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the early 1950s to illustrate the reformed perfect form of its verb Q. asálie (PE22/132), but since these later forms are unglossed it is unclear whether they have the same meaning (“✱harp(ing)”) as the earlier version of the root.

Primitive elvish [PE22/133] Group: Eldamo. Published by

stuk

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in a rejected section of the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, serving to illustration certain phonetic developments: ✶stuknā > Q. thúna (PE19/86).

Primitive elvish [PE19/086] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tig

root. [unglossed]

A root appearing in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as the basis for the verb Q. tinga- “go (for a long while)” (PE22/157). The etymology was marked with an “X” and so was probably a transient idea (PE22/157 note #70).

Primitive elvish [PE22/157] Group: Eldamo. Published by

graw Reconstructed

root. [unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart

This root appeared as a primitive form grawa serving as the basis of the word Q. roa “bear” >> “dog” in notes on monosyllabic roots from 1968 (VT47/35); a Sindarin derivative S. graw “bear” appeared in other notes written around the same time (VT47/12). Patrick Wynne suggested that in the sense “bear” grawa might be connected to the root ᴹ√GRAWA “dark, swart” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/GRAWA).

Primitive elvish [VT47/35] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Adûnaic

karab

noun. horse

A noun translated “horse”, given by Tolkien as an example of how common-nouns can be altered into masculine and feminine forms using the suffixes and : karbî “mare” and karbû “stallion” (SD/434).

Adûnaic [SD/434; SD/435] Group: Eldamo. Published by

asdi

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation (pronounced [azdi]) without giving its meaning (SD/421).

khô

noun. crow

A noun translated “crow” (SD/426). Tolkien listed this noun in two forms, khâu and khô, both as examples of seemingly uniconsonantal nouns that prehistorically were biconsonantal (from prehistoric ✶khaw). Most authors have suggested these are simply variations on the same noun illustrating different paths of phonetic development (AAD/18, AL/Adûnaic). Another interesting possibility is that khâu is an (archaic?) subjective form of khô, produced from the usual a-fortification of primitive ✶khaw → ✶khāw, which would develop phonetically in Classical Adûnaic to khâu and khô. As support for this idea, the plural form of khâu is given as khāwī(m), which appears to include the subjective plural suffix -im.

This line of reasoning is quite speculative. Nevertheless, it is probably easier to use the form khô over khâu, since the inflections of khô would be more regular: plural khôi, dual ✱khôwat, objective ✱khôwu, etc.

sapda

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation without giving its meaning (SD/421).

Quenya 

Carmë

art

Carmë("k")noun "art" (UT:459); used = "structure" in sundocarmë ("k") "Base-structure", q.v. under sundo.

carda

noun. deed

Quenya noun for a “deed”, a combination of the verb car- “to do” and the verbal suffix -da used for the product of an action (PE17/51; PE22/152), thus literally “✱a thing done”.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor of this word is ᴱQ. karma “shape, fashion; act, deed” in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s of similar derivation (QL/45). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the word appeared as ᴹQ. kar (kard-), but this gloss was rejected and replaced by ᴹQ. kar “building” (Ety/KAR). The form karma “deed” also appeared in some later writings, but was rejected (PE22/138).

Quenya [PE17/051; PE22/138; PE22/152] Group: Eldamo. Published by

car

deed

car (card-) (3) ("k")noun "deed" (rewritten >) "building, house" (KAR). Cf. carda.

car-

make, do, build, form

car- (1) vb. "make, do, build, form" (1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit). Regarding the form carize- (PE17:128), see -s #1. Pa.t. carnë (KAR, PE17:74, 144). The infinitival aorist stem carë ("k") (by Patrick Wynne called a "general aorist infinitive" in VT49:34) occurs in ecë nin carë sa "I can do it" (VT49:34), also in áva carë "don't do it" (WJ:371) and uin carë (PE17:68); in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the "simplest aorist infinitive", the same source referring to carië as the "general infinitive" of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar ("k") "those who form words" (WJ:391, cf. VT49:16), continuative cára, future caruva (PE17:144), carita ("k"), infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" (VT42:33), with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalya(s) "your doing (it)" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle #carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina ("k"), read perhaps *cárina. (Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15.) PE17:68 refers to a "simple past passive participle" of the form carinwa ("kari-nwa"). "Rare" past participle active (?) cárienwa* ("k") "having done" (PE17:68), unless this is also a kind of passive participle (the wording of the source is unclear). Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë ("káre") "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë (LR:362) even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë "war-made", made war (see #ohtacar-). Also cárië with various suffixes: cárier ("kárier") is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence "they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto* ("k") must also be "they made" (cf. -lto). Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë "hard to make / do", urucarin "made with difficulty" (PE17:154), saucarya "evil-doing" (PE17:68).

carnë

red

carnë adj. "red", "scarlet, red" (SA:caran, PE17:154, MC:214, KARÁN - spelt with a k in the two latter sources), not to be confused with the past tense of car- "do, make". Stem carni- as in Carnimírië, Carnistir.

cas

noun. head, head, [ᴱQ.] top, summit

This is the Quenya word for “head”, with a stem form of car- because medial s generally became z and then r, but the s was preserved when final. This word can refer to the head of people and animals, as well as the metaphorical “head” (or top) of other things, in much the same way that Q. tál “foot” can refer to their base.

Conceptual Development: This word was established very early in Tolkien’s writing, being derived from the root ᴱ√KASA “head” all the way back in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/45), but its exact form varied as Tolkien changed his mind on the phonetic development of s in Quenya. Its form in the Qenya Lexicon was in fact ᴱQ. kar (kas-), since in Early Qenya period medial s survived and it was final s that became r (PE12/26). This kar (kas-) was the usual word for head in the 1910s and 20s, but in the typescript version of the Early Qenya Grammar Tolkien instead revised it to ᴱQ. kas (kast-) “head” (PE14/72 and note #5).

In noun declensions from the late 1920s and early 1930s, Tolkien instead had cas (car-), reflecting a conceptual shift in the phonologic development of s (PE13/112-113; PE21/22). However, for reasons unclear, the form ᴹQ. kár (kas-) was restored in The Etymologies written around 1937 under the root ᴹ√KAS “head” (Ety/KEM), despite s > z > r being the normal medial phonetic development in this period (PE19/33). This abnormal form slipped into The Lord of the Rings itself as part of the name Q. Eldacar “Elfhelm” (LotR/1038).

Tolkien generally used the form cas for “head” in his later writings (PE19/103; VT49/17), but in his notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien was forced to contrive another explanation for Eldacar:

> What is -kar in names. How could it stand for helm? E.g. as stem ✱kāsā (√KAS, head) would give kāra, but in compound forms -kāsă > -kas. Would not an ă be lost before voicing of s or at least before z > r (PE17/114).

In this note Tolkien considered having Q. carma “helm” < kas-mā, but discarded the idea since he felt karma “tool or weapon” < KAR “do, make” + was the more likely meaning. He then said “Eldă|kāzā in compounds to -kār(ă) > -kar” despite its phonological implausibility, and indeed kāza/kára appeared in a discussion of helms within 1964 notes on Dalath Dirnen (DD: PE17/188).

As for the sense “top”, there is better evidence for it among Tolkien’s earlier writings, such as the glosses “head, top” in Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (PE14/79) and the early-1930s allative form kasta “up (to the top)” (PE21/22). I see no reason to assume this alternate meaning did not survive in Tolkien’s later conception of the language.

Quenya [PE17/188; PE19/103; VT49/17] Group: Eldamo. Published by

cár

head

cár (cas-) ("k")noun "head" (KAS).The given stem-form appears doubtful within the phonological framework of LotR-style Quenya. Probably we should read cas with stem car- (PE14:69 indeed reads "kas head, pl. kari", and VT49:17 quotes the sg. "kas" from a post-LotR source). Compare other forms found in late sources: hlas "ear" with stem hlar- (PE17:62) and olos "dream", pl. olori (UT:396). In Tolkiens early "Qenya", post-vocalic -s became -r at the end of words but was preserved when another vowel followed. His later scheme either lets -r appear in both positions, or reverses the scenario altogether (hence olos, olor-). It would seem that the forms cár, cas- were distractedly carried over into the Etymologies from the Qenya Lexicon (kar, kas-, QL:45) even though they presuppose an earlier version of the phonology. An apparent variant form in late material, cára from earlier cáza ("k"), however fits the later phonology since intervocalic s would become z > r (PE17:188).

cáro

doer, actor, agent

[cáro] ("k")noun "doer, actor, agent" (KAR; replaced by tyaro). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the accent of the word cáro was omitted (VT45:19).

tyaro

doer, actor, agent

tyaro noun "doer, actor, agent" (KAR)

caraxë

jagged hedge of spikes

caraxë ("k, ks")noun "jagged hedge of spikes"; compare Helcaraxë (KARAK)

carca

tooth

carca noun "tooth" (KARAK) or "fang" (SA:carak-). In a deleted version of the entry in question, the glosses were "tooth, spike, peak" (VT45:19). When referring to a normal tooth, not necessarily sharp, the word nelet is probably to be preferred. Cf. also pl. carcar _("karkar") _in Markirya, there translated "rocks", evidently referring to sharp rocks. Already the early "Qenya Lexicon" has carca ("k")"fang, tooth, tusk" (LT2:344). Collective carcanë, q.v.

carcanë

row of teeth

carcanë ("k")noun "row of teeth" (KARAK; this may be a misreading for *carcarë). In early "Qenya", carcanë meant "snarling", adj. (MC:213)

carco

crow

[carco ("k")noun "crow" (KARKA)] (Changed by Tolkien to corco.)

corco

crow

corco ("k")noun "crow" (KORKA, see KARKA)

car-

verb. to do, make, to do, make, [ᴹQ.] build

Quenya [NM/239; PE17/058; PE17/068; PE17/074; PE17/094; PE17/129; PE17/132; PE17/144; PE22/152; PE22/154; PE22/155; PE22/161; PE22/162; PE22/167; VT39/20; VT41/13; VT41/17; VT42/33; VT42/34; VT43/15; VT43/26; VT49/16; VT49/20; VT49/34; WJ/371; WJ/391] Group: Eldamo. Published by

carma

noun. helm

Quenya [PE17/114; PM/260] Group: Eldamo. Published by

russambos

noun. robin

A neologism for “robin” coined by Tamas Ferencz in the VQP (VQP), a combination of russa “red-haired” and [ᴱQ.] ambos “breast”. I prefer adapting ᴱQ. karneambar “robin” as ᴺQ. carniambos.

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

carma-cundo

proper name. Helm-guardian

A title of Minalcar as the regent of Gondor (PM/260). This name is a compound of carma “helm” and cundo “guardian”. Elsewhere cundo means “prince” or “lord” (Ety/KUN, PE17/117). This might still apply here, since Minalcar was heir to the throne. Furthermore, the crown of Gondor was originally a helmet (LotR/1043 note #1), so perhaps: Carma-cundo = “Crown Prince”.

Quenya [PM/260; PMI/Karma-kundo] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-carya

suffix. doing

carina

adjective. done, done, [ᴱQ.] finished

Quenya [PE22/156; VT43/15] Group: Eldamo. Published by

carma

noun. tool, implement, means, weapon

Quenya [PE17/114; PE22/152] Group: Eldamo. Published by

carmë

noun. art; making, production; structure

Quenya [MR/470; PE18/084; UT/396] Group: Eldamo. Published by

carpa

noun. (entire) mouth; phonetic system

carpa-

verb. to talk, speak, use tongue

perhaps a TALAT-stem verb

Quenya [PE17/126; PE18/093] Group: Eldamo. Published by

carrëa

noun. tressure, tressure, *headdress

A noun for “tressure” in notes from the late 1960s derived from ✶cas-raya = √KAS “head” + √RAY “net, lace” (VT42/12). Given this word’s etymology, Tolkien was probably using “tressure” with its Middle English sense = “headdress”.

Quenya [PE22/159; VT42/12] Group: Eldamo. Published by

carë

noun. action, doing, making

Quenya [PE17/151; PE17/183; VT42/33] Group: Eldamo. Published by

aira

red, copper-coloured, ruddy

aira (1) adj. "red, copper-coloured, ruddy" (GAY)

ampano

building

ampano noun "building" (especially of wood), "wooden hall" (PAN; alternative form umpano, VT45:36, which Tolkien in one case altered to ampano, VT46:8). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, ampano was also the name of tengwa #6 (VT46:8), which letter Tolkien would later call umbar instead (changing its value from mp to mb).

ampano

noun. building, construction, edifice

Quenya [PE 22:52; PE 22:114] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

amya-

verb. [unglossed]

arra

adjective. [unglossed]

cairë

?. [unglossed]

canta

shape

canta (2) _("k") noun"shape" (PE17:175), also used as adj._ "shaped", also as quasi-suffix -canta ("k") "-shaped" (KAT)

car(am)aite

adjective. able to make,handy,craftsmanlike,skilled

Quenya [PE 22:111] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

car-

verb. do, make

Quenya [PE 22:99ff,103,109,121; PE 22:152, 167] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

caraite

adjective. active, busy

Quenya [PE 22:155] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

caraitie

noun. activity, business

Quenya [PE 22:155] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

carcaras

row of spikes or teeth

carcaras, carcassë _("k")_noun "row of spikes or teeth" (LT2:344 - Tolkien's later Quenya has carcanë [read ?carcarë], but these words, especially carcassë, may still be valid)

carda

deed

carda noun "deed" (PE17:51). Cf. car #3. The word may contain the ending -da (q.v.) denoting the result of the corresponding verbal action.

carda

noun. deed

Quenya [PE 22:152] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

carie

making, doing

Quenya [PE 22:99, 120; PE 22:152] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

carila

participle. doing

Quenya [PE 22:155] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

carma

noun. deed

carma

tool, weapon

carma (1) noun "tool, weapon" (PE17:114)

carma

noun. tool, implement, means

Quenya [PE 22:152] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

carma

helm

carma (2) noun "helm" (helmet) in Carma-cundo ("k") "Helm-guardian" (PM:260). Notice that in PE17:114, Tolkien indicated that he rather wanted carma to mean "tool" or "weapon", leaving the status of carma "helmet" uncertain. Possibly shortened to -car in the names Eldacar (Elfhelm?), Hallacar (Tall-helm?) Cf. also cassa in Etym.

carne (carni-)

adjective. red

Quenya [PE 22:152] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

carpassë

mouth-system

carpassë ("k") noun "mouth-system", i.e. "full organized language, including system, vocabulary, metre etc." (PE17:126); probably replaced by pahta (2), q.v.

carrëa

tressure

carrëa (for cas-raya) noun "tressure" (net for confining the hair). (VT42:12)

cas

head

cas ("k")"head" (VT49:17), cf. also deleted [cas] ("k")noun "top, summit" (VT45:19). This noun should evidently have the stem-form car-. See cár.

cat-

verb. shape

shape, fashion

Quenya [PE 18:90] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

collo

noun. cloak

A word for “cloak” appearing in Sindacollo “Grey Cloak” cognate to S. Thingol (PE17/72; SA/thin(d)), clearly a derivative of √KOL “bear, carry, wear”.

Quenya [SA/thin(d)] Group: Eldamo. Published by

conta-

verb. [unglossed]

cára

noun. head

cúma

noun. [unglossed]

felca

adjective. [unglossed]

felehta-

verb. [unglossed], *to excavate, tunnel, mine

An untranslated form appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 derived from the root √PHELEG/PHELEK (PE17/118), possibly a verb derived from ✱phelektā- or ✱phelegtā-. The derivatives of this root had to do with mines and tunnels, so perhaps this verb meant “✱to excavate, tunnel, mine”.

finca

noun. [unglossed]

finta-

to make, finish off, or decorate a thing with delicate work

finta- (1) vb. "to make, finish off, or decorate a thing with delicate work" (PE17:17)

hendas

?. [unglossed]

Quenya [PMCH/02; TMME/192] Group: Eldamo. Published by

hindo

noun. [unglossed]

hindë

noun. [unglossed]

holdë

noun. [unglossed]

háro

?. [unglossed]

lingi-

verb. [unglossed]

loxë

bunch, cluster

loxë (2) noun "bunch, cluster" (QL:55). Perhaps compare #1.

mairo

horse

mairo noun "horse" (GL:56; later sources have rocco, olombo)

maitya

?. [unglossed]

malsa

?. [unglossed]

melya-

verb. [unglossed], *to be in love

narwa

ruddy, red of hair

*narwa adj. "ruddy, red of hair" (PE17:154), also "fiery red" in general _(NAR1; only the archaic form narwā is given in the Etymologies)_

nasar

red

nasar adj. "red" (in Vanyarin Quenya only). Adopted and adapted from Valarin. (WJ:399)

naue

?. [unglossed]

nelcë

tooth

nelcë ("k")noun "tooth", also nelet (VT46:3)

nelet

tooth

nelet, also nelcë ("k")noun "tooth", pl. nelci ("k") suggesting a stem-form nelc- (NÉL-EK)

olombo

horse

olombo noun "horse" (derived from a base LOB which Tolkien later changed to LOP; hence read *olompo for olombo?)

quáco

crow

quáco ("q")noun "crow" _(WJ:395; _Etym also has corco, q.v.)

quáco

noun. crow

A word in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 for “crow”, derived from primitive ✶k(a)wāk (WJ/395). In notes from the late 1960s Tolkien instead had Q. {koake >>} quácë “frog” < ✶kāwāk, with primitive ✶ for “crow” (VT47/36).

See ᴹQ. korko for a discussion of earlier forms.

rocco

horse

rocco ("k")noun "horse" (ROK, SA:roch; Letters:382; cf. 282 where the spelling really is rocco, not rokko_). _In Letters:382 the word is defined as "swift horse for riding". VT46:12 refers to an alternative form of the entry ROK that was inserted into the Etymologies; here rocco, which Tolkien revised from ronco ("k"), was similarly glossed "swift horse". Nésë nórima rocco ("k") "he was a horse strong/swift at running" (VT49:29)

rocco

noun. horse

Quenya [PE 22:166] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

rocco

noun. horse

The usual word for “horse” in Quenya, a derivative of ✶rokkō (Let/282, 382; WJ/407) and very well attested. There are indications that this word was more specifically a “swift horse” (Let/382; EtyAC/ROK), but in most cases Tolkien used it generically.

Conceptual Development: ᴹQ. rokko “horse” first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√ROK “run on foot”, already with the derivation given above (Ety/ROK). The relevant entry appeared twice; in one rokko was first written as rokka “wheel”, and in the other the form was first written ronko, but in both cases Tolkien revised the word to rokko “horse”.

Quenya [Let/178; Let/282; Let/382; PE17/168; PE21/78; PE22/166; SA/roch; VT49/29; WJ/407] Group: Eldamo. Published by

roina

ruddy

roina adj. "ruddy" (ROY2)

ruc-

verb. pluck

Quenya [PE 22:102] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

sal-

verb. [unglossed]

sélo

?. [unglossed]

sóla

?. [unglossed]

tamma

tool

tamma noun "tool" (PE17:108)

tamma

noun. tool

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

tomba

noun. [unglossed]

tompë

noun. [unglossed], *pulse, beat

@@@ Neo-meaning “✱pulse, beat” suggested by Röandil on 2023-04-20

um(ba)-

prefix. [unglossed]

umbacarin

noun. [unglossed]

vecca

active

[vecca adj. "active", ancient form (PE17:190)]

vecca

adjective. active

venië

shape, cut

venië noun? "shape, cut" (LT1:254)

venwë

shape, cut

venwë noun? "shape, cut" (LT1:254)

éna

?. [unglossed]

úpa-

verb. [unglossed]

þúna

?. [unglossed]

carcara

adjective. toothed

carcasarma

noun. large saw

carniambos

noun. robin, (lit.) red-breast

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

Sindarin 

carth

noun. deed

Sindarin noun for a “deed”, attested only in its lenited plural form gerth within the word úgarth “trespass” (VT44/28), which probably more literally means “✱misdeed”. This word is not completely compatible with its Quenya cognate Q. carda “deed” from primitive ✶kardā, which in Sindarin should produce ✱cardh. Perhaps the Sindarin word had a slightly different primitive form ✱✶kartā. The expect form cardh might appear as an element in the variant form athragardh of S. athragared “interaction”.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor of this word is G. carm “act, deed, exploit” in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/25; PE13/111), cognate of contemporaneous ᴱQ. karma “shape, fashion; act, deed” (QL/45). In the Early Noldorin word lists from the 1920s, this word was revised to ᴱN. carbh “deed” (PE13/140), reflecting Tolkien’s changing conception of the phonetic development of final -m in Noldorin. In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the word appeared as N. carth or carð “deed” (cardh), but these forms were rejected and replaced by N. car(ð) “building” (Ety/KAR).

maenas

art

maenas (i vaenas) (craft, handicraft), pl. maenais (i maenais), coll. pl. maenassath.

maenas

art

(i vaenas) (craft, handicraft), pl. maenais (i maenais), coll. pl. maenassath.

carch

noun. fang, fang, [N.] tooth

The Sindarin word for “fang” (SA/carak), most notably appearing as an element in the names like S. Carchost “Fang Fort” (RC/601) and S. Carcharoth “Red Maw” (S/180), perhaps more literally “✱Great Red Fang”. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. carch was glossed “tooth, fang” under the root ᴹ√KARAK “sharp fang, spike, tooth” (Ety/KARAK). For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use the word carch exclusively for the sharp teeth of animals (“fang”) and for “tooth” I’d use [N.] nêl or neleg.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had the word G. carc “jag, point, fang” (GL/25), likely based on the earlier form of the root: ᴱ√KṚKṚ (QL/48). This early word reflects the different phonetic developments of Gnomish versus Sindarin/Noldorin: compare G. orc (GL/63) vs. S./N. orch.

Sindarin [SA/carak] Group: Eldamo. Published by

car-

verb. to do, make

Sindarin [PE17/068; PE17/132; PE17/144; PE17/145; PE17/148; PE17/170; PE22/168; VT44/21; VT44/22; VT44/25; VT44/30; VT50/14; VT50/18; VT50/21; VT50/22; WJ/371; WJ/415] Group: Eldamo. Published by

carfa-

verb. to talk, speak, use tongue

Sindarin [PE17/126] Group: Eldamo. Published by

caran

adjective. red

Sindarin [PE17/036; SA/caran; VT41/10] Group: Eldamo. Published by

adab

building

1) adab (house), pl. edaib. In ”Noldorin”, the plural was edeb_. _2)

anc

row of teeth

anc (jaw), pl. ainc, coll. pl. angath.

anc

row of teeth

anc (jaw), pl. ainc, coll. pl. angath. GNASHING OF TEETH (in grief) naeth (biting, woe); no distinct pl. form.

cant

shape

(noun) cant (i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i **chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint**; see SHADOW.

car

make

1) car- (i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (do, build) (WJ:415), 2) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, shape), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

car

do

car- (i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (make, build) (WJ:415),

car

building

car or cardh (i gar[dh], o char[dh]) (house), pl. cerdh (i cherdh) or cair (i chair). Note: cardh also means "deed, feat". Therefore, the form car (or adab) may be preferred for clarity.

caran

red

1) caran (lenited garan, pl. cerain). Also carn (lenited garn, pl. cern), 2) coll (scarlet), lenited goll, pl. cyll (VT45:15, 24). Note: homophones mean "hollow" and also "cloak". 3) born (hot), lenited vorn, pl. byrn, 4) (fiery red) naru (analogical pl. nery). The archaic fom narw is also listed (LR:374 s.v. _NAR_1). 5) rhosc (russet, brown), lenited ?throsc or ?rosc (the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhysc. Cf. also

carch

fang

carch (i garch, o charch) (tooth), pl. cerch (i cherch)

cardh

deed

cardh (i gardh, o chardh), pl. cerdh (i cherdh). Note: cardh may also mean "house, building".

cared

doing

#cared (i gared, o chared) (making), pl. cerid (i cherid). Isolated from ceredir "doer, maker", where the word appears in umlauted form (cared + dîr).

cared

making

#cared (i gared, o chared) (doing), pl. cerid (i cherid). Isolated from ceredir "doer, maker", where the word appears in umlauted form (cared + dîr).

cathrae

tressure

cathrae (i gathrae, o chathrae) (hairnet). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chathrae). (VT42:12))

ceredir

doer

ceredir (i geredir, o cheredir) (maker), no distinct pl. form except with article (i cheredir)

coll

cloak

coll (i goll, o choll), pl. cyll (i chyll). Note: homophones mean "hollow" and also "red, scarlet".

corch

crow

corch (i gorch, o chorch), pl. cyrch (i chyrch). Also *craban (i graban, o chraban), pl. crebain (i chrebain). Only the pl. crebain* is attested. The sg. could be either craban, creban or croban**, but the first of these seems the most likely.

crann

ruddy

(of face) crann (lenited grann, pl. crain).

crann

ruddy

1) (of face) crann (lenited grann, pl. crain), 2) gruin (lenited ruin, no distinct pl. form), 3) gaer (copper-coloured, red, reddish); lenited aear; no distinct pl. form. (This is a suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” goer.) Note: homophones mean "dreadful, awful, fearful; holy" and also "sea".

dôl

head

dôl (i dhôl, construct dol) (hill), pl. dŷl (i nŷl). Note: In the Etymologies, this word was derived from a root with initial nd- (NDOL), which would make the mutations different (i nôl, pl. i ndŷl). However, the later name Fanuidhol "Cloudyhead" apparently indicates that the lenited form of this d was later to be dh (whereas it would be n if the former derivation had been maintained).

echad

shape

(verb) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

lobor

horse

lobor, analogical pl. lebyr (VT45:28)

nagol

tooth

1) *nagol (analogical pl. negyl, coll. pl. naglath*; possibly the analogical form nagolath would also be acceptable). Only the coll. pl. naglath is attested. 2) naes (no distinct pl. form) (VT45:36). 3) nêl (note: a homophone means ”three”), stem neleg-, whence pl. nelig. Also simply neleg (pl. nelig). 4) (fang) carch (i garch, o charch), pl. cerch (i cherch**).

rhosc

russet

rhosc (red, brown), lenited ?throsc or ?rosc (the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhysc

roch

horse

(swift horse for riding) roch, pl. rych (idh rych) (Letters:282)

thôl

helm

thôl (construct thol, pl. thŷl, coll. pl. ?tholath)

-dhol

head

_ suff. _head (often applied to hills or mountains that had _not _a sharp apex). >> Fanuidhol

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:36] < S. _dol/doll_ head (often applied to hills or mountains that had _not _a sharp apex). Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

auth

noun. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition

Sindarin [VT/42:9] Group: SINDICT. Published by

cant

noun. shape, shape; [N.] outline

car-

verb. to do

Sindarin [avo garo WJ/371, WJ/415] Group: SINDICT. Published by

caran

adjective. red

Sindarin [Ety/362, S/429, LotR/E] Group: SINDICT. Published by

caran

red

_ adj. _red, ruddy. >> Caradhras

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:36] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

carch

noun. tooth, fang

Sindarin [Ety/362, S/429] Group: SINDICT. Published by

cared

noun. action

Sindarin [PE17/014] Group: Eldamo. Published by

carn

noun. deed

A Sindarin noun for a “deed”, attested only in its lenited form garn within the word othgarn “misdeed” (PE17/151). The alternate form carth “deed” is perhaps better attested.

Sindarin [PE17/151] Group: Eldamo. Published by

caro

verb. do! make!

Sindarin [VT/44:21,25] Group: SINDICT. Published by

cathrae

noun. tressure, net for combining the hair

Sindarin [VT/42:12] Group: SINDICT. Published by

cidinn

?. [unglossed]

Sindarin [PE17/157] Group: Eldamo. Published by

cinnog

?. [unglossed]

Sindarin [PE17/157] Group: Eldamo. Published by

coll

noun. cloak, mantle

Sindarin [Thingol S/421, MR/385] Group: SINDICT. Published by

craban

noun. kind of crow of large size, raven

Sindarin [LotR/II:III] Group: SINDICT. Published by

dol

noun. head

Sindarin [Ety/376, S/430, RC/268] Group: SINDICT. Published by

dol

noun. hill or mountain

Sindarin [Ety/376, S/430, RC/268] Group: SINDICT. Published by

dol

head

_ n. _head (often applied to hills or mountains that had _not _a sharp apex). >> -dhol, doll, Dol-fanui, Fanuidhol

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:32:36:173] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

doll

head

_ n. _head (often applied to hills or mountains that had _not _a sharp apex). >> -dhol, dol, Dol-fanui, Fanuidhol

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:32:36] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

fân

shape

_n._shape, with the added notion of light and whiteness. It was thus often used where we might use 'a vision' (of something beautiful and sublime). Q. fana-. Tolkien notes that "Yet being elvish, though it may be used of things remote, it has no implication either of uncertainty or unreality" (PE17:26). In the name Fanuilos of Elbereth, the Fân was the vision of majesty of Elbereth upon the mountain where she dwelt.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:26] < FAN white, esp. applied to reflected light as of clouds, snow, frost, mist. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

gaer

adjective. red, copper-coloured, ruddy

Sindarin [Ety/358, X/OE] Group: SINDICT. Published by

madu

?. [unglossed]

maud

?. [unglossed]

Sindarin [PE17/148] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rhosc

adjective. russet, russet, [N.] brown

roch

noun. horse, swift horse for riding

Sindarin [Ety/384, S/436, Letters/178, Letters/282, Letter] Group: SINDICT. Published by

roch

noun. horse

The usual word for “horse” in Sindarin, a derivative of ✶rokkō (Let/282, 382) and very well attested. There are indications that this word was more specifically a “swift horse” (Let/382; EtyAC/ROK), but in most cases Tolkien used it generically.

Conceptual Development: The first precursor to this word seems to be G. brog “horse” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/24), though at the time it had no Qenya cognates. ᴱN. brog “horse” reappeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/139), but by The Etymologies of the 1930s it had become N. roch “horse”, already with the derivation given above (Ety/ROK; EtyAC/ROK). Tolkien seems to have mainly stuck with this form thereafter.

Sindarin [Let/178; Let/282; Let/382; PE17/097; RC/241; SA/roch; UT/318] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ruin

adjective. (fiery) red

Sindarin [PM/366] Group: SINDICT. Published by

thôl

noun. helm

Sindarin [S/438] Group: SINDICT. Published by

adab

building

(house), pl. edaib. In ”Noldorin”, the plural was edeb. 2)

amosgarn

noun. robin, (lit.) red-breast

born

red

(hot), lenited vorn, pl. byrn

cad-

z2# verb. to shape; mold

Derived from the primitive root '√KAT' found in compound of 'etkat-': Out-Shape (later becoming Sindarin Echad: To Fashion). Cognate of Quenya Cat-.

cant

shape

(i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint; see SHADOW.

car

make

(i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (do, build) (WJ:415)

car

do

(i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (make, build) (WJ:415)

car

building

or cardh (i gar[dh], o char[dh]) (house), pl. cerdh (i cherdh) or cair (i chair). Note: cardh also means "deed, feat". Therefore, the form car (or adab) may be preferred for clarity.

caran

red

(lenited garan, pl. cerain). Also carn (lenited garn, pl. cern)

carch

tooth

(i garch, o charch), pl. cerch (i cherch).

carch

fang

(i garch, o charch) (tooth), pl. cerch (i cherch)

cardh

deed

(i gardh, o chardh), pl. cerdh (i cherdh). Note: cardh may also mean "house, building".

cared

doing

(i gared, o chared) (making), pl. cerid (i cherid). Isolated from ceredir "doer, maker", where the word appears in umlauted form (cared + dîr).

cared

making

(i gared, o chared) (doing), pl. cerid (i cherid). Isolated from ceredir "doer, maker", where the word appears in umlauted form (cared + dîr).**

carthas

noun. activity

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

cathrae

tressure

(i gathrae, o chathrae) (hairnet). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chathrae). (VT42:12))

ceredir

doer

(i geredir, o cheredir) (maker), no distinct pl. form except with article (i cheredir)

coll

cloak

(i goll, o choll), pl. cyll (i chyll). Note: homophones mean "hollow" and also "red, scarlet".

coll

red

(scarlet), lenited goll, pl. cyll (VT45:15, 24). Note: homophones mean "hollow" and also "cloak".

corch

crow

(i gorch, o chorch), pl. cyrch (i chyrch). Also ✱craban (i graban, o chraban), pl. crebain (i chrebain). Only the pl. crebain is attested. The sg. could be either ✱craban, ✱creban or ✱croban, but the first of these seems the most likely.

crann

ruddy

(lenited grann, pl. crain).

dadbenn

do

(downhill, sloping down, inclined), lenited dhadbenn, pl. dedbinn. Verb

dôl

head

(i dhôl, construct dol) (hill), pl. dŷl (i nŷl). Note: In the Etymologies, this word was derived from a root with initial nd- (NDOL), which would make the mutations different (i nôl, pl. i ndŷl). However, the later name Fanuidhol "Cloudyhead" apparently indicates that the lenited form of this d was later to be dh (whereas it would be n if the former derivation had been maintained).****

echad

shape

(i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

echad

make

(i echad, in echedir) (fashion, shape), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

gaer

red, reddish

(copper-coloured, ruddy); lenited ’aear; no distinct pl. form. (This is a suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” goer.) Note: homophones mean "dreadful, awful, fearful; holy" and also "sea".

gaer

ruddy

(copper-coloured, red, reddish); lenited ’aear; no distinct pl. form. (This is a suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” goer.) Note: homophones mean "dreadful, awful, fearful; holy" and also "sea".

golwen

learned in deep arts

(wise), lenited ngolwen, pl. gelwin (archaic pl. ✱gölwin)

gruin

ruddy

(lenited ’ruin, no distinct pl. form)

heria

set vigorously out to do

(i cheria, i cheriar) (have an impulse, be compelled to do something, begin suddenly and vigorously) (VT45:22)

hûr

action, readiness for

(i chûr, o chûr, construct hur) (vigour, fiery spirit), pl. huir (i chuir) if there is a pl.

lobor

horse

analogical pl. **lebyr **(VT45:28)

naes

tooth

(no distinct pl. form) (VT45:36).

nagol

tooth

(analogical pl. negyl, coll. pl. naglath; possibly the analogical form ✱nagolath would also be acceptable). Only the coll. pl. naglath is attested.

naru

red

(analogical pl. nery). The archaic fom narw is also listed (LR:374 s.v. NAR1).

nêl

tooth

(note: a homophone means ”three”), stem neleg-, whence pl. nelig. Also simply neleg (pl. nelig).

rhosc

red

(russet, brown), lenited ?throsc or ?rosc *(the lenition product of rh is uncertain)*, pl. rhysc. Cf. also

rhosc

russet

(red, brown), lenited ?throsc or ?rosc *(the lenition product of rh is uncertain)*, pl. rhysc

roch

horse

pl. rych (idh rych) (Letters:282)

thôl

helm

(construct thol, pl. th**ŷ**l, coll. pl. ?tholath)

úgarth

ill deed

(sin), pl. úgerth (VT44:23)

Noldorin 

corch

noun. crow

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “crow” derived from the root ᴹ√KORKA of the same meaning, replacing rejected N. carach derived from ᴹ√KARKA (Ety/KARKA).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. crunc “crow”, probably related to G. crug “beak” (GL/27) and possibly also to ᴱQ. karon “crow” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/45). The forms crunc and crwnc “crow” appeared in Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document (PE13/111), and ᴱN. crunc “crow” appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/141). The word ᴱN. corch also appeared in the same Early Noldorin Word-lists, but was unglossed, so it is not clear whether it was connected to 1930s N. corch “crow”.

Noldorin [Ety/KARKA] Group: Eldamo. Published by

caran

adjective. red

Noldorin [Ety/KARÁN; EtyAC/KARÁN; RS/419] Group: Eldamo. Published by

carth

noun. deed

car-

verb. to do, make

Noldorin [Ety/DER; Ety/OS; VT50/22] Group: Eldamo. Published by

naru

adjective. red, [fiery] red

Noldorin [Ety/NAR¹] Group: Eldamo. Published by

adab

noun. building, house

Noldorin [Ety/390, WR/379-80, X/EI] Group: SINDICT. Published by

borth

?. [unglossed]

caran

adjective. red

Noldorin [Ety/362, S/429, LotR/E] Group: SINDICT. Published by

carch

noun. tooth, fang

Noldorin [Ety/362, S/429] Group: SINDICT. Published by

cardh

noun. deed, feat

Noldorin [Ety/362] Group: SINDICT. Published by

cared

gerund noun. making, doing

Noldorin [ceredir Ety/354] Group: SINDICT. Published by

caron

adjective. red

carth

noun. deed, feat

Noldorin [Ety/362] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ceredir

noun. doer, maker

Noldorin [Ety/354] cared+dîr. Group: SINDICT. Published by

clei

?. [unglossed]

Noldorin [PE22/034] Group: Eldamo. Published by

coen

?. [unglossed]

Noldorin [PE22/034] Group: Eldamo. Published by

coll

adjective. (golden) red

Noldorin [Ety/365] Group: SINDICT. Published by

corch

noun. crow

Noldorin [Ety/362] Group: SINDICT. Published by

crann

adjective. ruddy (of face)

Noldorin [Ety/362] Group: SINDICT. Published by

câs

noun. top, summit

Noldorin [EtyAC/KAS] Group: Eldamo. Published by

diragas

?. [unglossed]

dôl

noun. head

Noldorin [Ety/376, S/430, RC/268] Group: SINDICT. Published by

dôl

noun. hill or mountain

Noldorin [Ety/376, S/430, RC/268] Group: SINDICT. Published by

goer

adjective. red, copper-coloured, ruddy

Noldorin [Ety/358, X/OE] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gruin

adjective. ruddy

Noldorin [Ety/384] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gruin

adjective. ruddy

Noldorin [Ety/ROY²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

imladris(t)

place name. Rivendell

Noldorin [Ety/RIS²; LRI/Imladris(t); PE22/127; PM/044; PMI/Imladris; TI/120; TI/124; TI/128; TI/146; TII/Imladris; WRI/Imladrist] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lobor

noun. horse

Noldorin [VT/45:28] Group: SINDICT. Published by

lobor

noun. horse, [heavy riding] horse

A word for “horse” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√LOP (EtyAC/LOP). It did not appear in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road, but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne reported it in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT45/28).

Conceptual Development: The similar word G. lobros “steed, horse” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/54), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√LOPO that was the basis for “horse” words in the Qenya Lexicon (QL/56). In The Etymologies, Tolkien first gave the root as ᴹ√LOB and the Noldorin form as {lum >>} lhuv, perhaps from ✱lōbo, but these were deleted and replaced by ᴹ√LOP and lobor.

Neo-Sindarin: Since Tolkien sometimes described S. roch as a “swift horse”, I’d assume lobor was a heavy riding horse or war horse.

Noldorin [EtyAC/LOP] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mauth

?. [unglossed]

Noldorin [PE22/034] Group: Eldamo. Published by

menwed

?. [unglossed]

naes

noun. tooth

Noldorin [EtyAC/NAK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

naglath

noun. the teeth

Noldorin [WR/122] Group: SINDICT. Published by

nagol

noun. tooth

Noldorin [naglath WR/122] Group: SINDICT. Published by

nagol

noun. tooth

Tolkien used various “teeth” words related to the root √NAK “bite” throughout his life. The earliest of these was G. naith “a tooth” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, where its connection to the early root ᴱ√NAKA “bite” was made more clear by its archaic plural form nacthin (GL/59). In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien had N. naes derived from primitive ᴹ✶nakse under the root ᴹ√NAK “bite” (EtyAC/NAK). As suggested by David Salo (GL/275), another variant ✱nagol “tooth” is suggested by the class plural naglath in the names from Lord of the Rings drafts of 1940s: Naglath Morn “Teeth of Mordor” (WR/122) and Kirith Naglath “Cleft of the Teeth” (WR/137), neither of which made it into the published version.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d recommend using N. nêl or N. neleg for “tooth” words. Primitive ᴹ✶nakse would likely produce ✱nach rather than naes under Sindarin’s phonetic rules; compare S. ach “neck” < ✶aks[e] (PE17/92). As for N. nagol, it was also likely abandoned.

Noldorin [WR/122; WR/137] Group: Eldamo. Published by

naru

adjective. red

Noldorin [Ety/374, X/W] Group: SINDICT. Published by

narw

adjective. red

Noldorin [Ety/374, X/W] Group: SINDICT. Published by

neleg

noun. tooth

Noldorin [Ety/376, WR/113, VT/46:3] Group: SINDICT. Published by

neleg

noun. tooth

The most common word for “tooth”, appearing in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√NELEK of the same meaning (Ety/NÉL-EK). See variant N. nêl “tooth” for further discussion.

Noldorin [Ety/NÉL-EK; EtyAC/NÉL-EK; WR/106; WR/113] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nith

?. [unglossed]

Noldorin [PE22/037] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nithrad

?. [unglossed]

nêl

noun. tooth

Noldorin [Ety/376, WR/113, VT/46:3] Group: SINDICT. Published by

nêl

noun. tooth

A word appearing as N. nêl “tooth” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√NELEK of the same meaning (Ety/NÉL-EK). It was one of a rare set of primitive words with final k, which was lost in very early stages of the language, to produce ON. nele (PE21/56). Its ON. plural was neleki, which produced nelig in the modern form of the language. Since the plural preserved the stop lost in the simplex, an alternate form N. neleg was restored from the plural.

This longer form neleg appeared as an element in a number of names from Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s: {N. Neleg Thilim “Gleaming Tooth” >>} N. Neleglos “White Tooth” (WR/106) and N. Nelig Myrn “Teeth of Mordor” (WR/113). None of these names made it into the published version. However, primitive √nelek “tooth” was mentioned as the basis for Ancient Telerin nele “tooth” in notes from the early 1950s, again with loss of final k and plural neleki (PE21/71-72).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use neleg as the ordinary word for “tooth”, and limit nêl to the final element of compounds.

Noldorin [Ety/NÉL-EK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

níth

?. [unglossed]

Noldorin [PE22/037] Group: Eldamo. Published by

porennin

?. [unglossed]

roch

noun. horse, swift horse for riding

Noldorin [Ety/384, S/436, Letters/178, Letters/282, Letter] Group: SINDICT. Published by

telwen

?. [unglossed]

Telerin 

car-

verb. to do

Quendya 

nasar

adjective. red

Khuzdûl

bund

noun. head

Khuzdûl [PE17/036; TI/174] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

kar

noun. deed

kár

noun. head

karkane

noun. row of teeth

A word for a “row of teeth” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, an elaboration of ᴹQ. karka “tooth” (Ety/KARAK).

kar-

verb. to do, make, build

Qenya [Ety/KAR; LR/047; LR/056; LR/072; PE17/014; PE22/097; PE22/099; PE22/100; PE22/101; PE22/103; PE22/104; PE22/105; PE22/106; PE22/107; PE22/108; PE22/109; PE22/110; PE22/111; PE22/112; PE22/116; PE22/118; PE22/119; PE22/121; PE22/122; PE22/123; PE22/127; SD/246; SD/310; VT43/15] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karne

adjective. red

Qenya [Ety/KARÁN; EtyAC/KARÁN] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karaite

adjective. able to make, handy, crafty, craftsmanlike, skilled

karie

noun. making

Qenya [PE22/120; PE22/123] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karakse

noun. jagged hedge of spikes

karka

noun. tooth

Qenya [Ety/KARAK; EtyAC/KARAK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karanya-

verb. to make red, redden

Qenya [PE22/114; PE22/117] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karpalimaite

noun. [unglossed]

karamaite

adjective. able to make, handy, crafty, craftsmanlike, skilled

káro

noun. doer, actor, agent

Qenya [Ety/KAR; EtyAC/KAR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kakarra-

verb. to keep on doing

Qenya [PE22/100; PE22/109] Group: Eldamo. Published by

korko

noun. crow

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “crow” derived from the root ᴹ√KORKA of the same meaning, replacing rejected ᴹQ. karko derived from ᴹ√KARKA (Ety/KARKA).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. karon “crow” (QL/45), a word that was also mentioned in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/45). In the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60, Tolkien had Q. quáco “crow” derived from primitive ✶k(a)wāk (WJ/395), but in notes from the late 1960s Tolkien instead had Q. {koake >>} quácë “frog” < ✶kāwāk, with primitive ✶ for “crow” (VT47/36).

Neo-Quenya: Since quácë “frog” is later than (and possibly replaces) Q. quáco “crow”, I prefer corco as “crow” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

tyaro

noun. doer, actor, agent

a

preposition. [unglossed]

alama

noun. [unglossed]

amaldume

noun. [unglossed]

anaristya

noun. [unglossed]

arkimbele

place name. Rivendell

A Quenya name for Imladris(t) (Rivendell) appearing only in the locative form Arkimbelesse “at Rivendell” in linguistic notes from the 1940s (PE22/125). The etymology of the name is unclear, but it may be a combination of arka “narrow” and imbe “dell” as suggested to me by Lokyt in a Discord conversation from 2021-08-25.

assa

pronoun. [unglossed]

asse

pronoun. [unglossed]

asso

pronoun. [unglossed]

engwa

?. [unglossed]

ente

pronoun. [unglossed]

ento

pronoun. [unglossed]

ereáma

?. [unglossed]

es

[unglossed]

hyelma

?. [unglossed]

Qenya [EtyAC/KHYEL(ES)] Group: Eldamo. Published by

imbeláris

place name. Rivendell

A Quenya name for Imladris(t) (Rivendell) given on a rejected page of linguistic notes from the 1940s (PE22/127), simply a Quenyarized form of the Noldorin name.

kaltua

?. [unglossed]

kanda

noun. [unglossed]

kas

noun. head

Qenya [EtyAC/KAS; PE21/16; PE21/19; PE21/22; PE21/58] Group: Eldamo. Published by

laqe[t]-

verb. [unglossed]

latimberista

place name. Rivendell

A Quenya name for Imladris(t) (Rivendell) given on a rejected paged of linguistic notes from the 1940s (PE22/127). The elements of this Quenya name are the same as its Noldorin cognate: Tolkien stated that is initial element is latimbe “glen” (√LAT + imbe), and its final element is clearly rista “cut”. On the same page, Tolkien stated that this name was not used in practice, and was replaced the Quenyarized form of the Noldorin name: Imbeláris.

lau(w)e

?. [unglossed]

mahtya

?. [unglossed]

Qenya [PE19/042; PE22/014; PE22/020] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mai(y)a

noun. [unglossed]

Qenya [PE19/046; PE19/062] Group: Eldamo. Published by

maldo

noun. [unglossed]

nandakka-

verb. [unglossed]

nele

noun. tooth

nelet

noun. tooth

The normal Quenya word for “tooth”, appearing in The Etymologies written around 1937 derived from the root ᴹ√NELEK of the same meaning (Ety/NÉL-EK), where the final k became t. Its plural form nelki [nelci] indicates a stem form of nelk- [nelc-], since in most inflected forms the word would undergo the Quenya syncope and loose the second e. A variant form nelke (EtyAC/NÉL-EK) may reflect a reformation to align with those inflected forms.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s Tolkien had ᴱQ. nele (neli-) “tooth” under the early root ᴱ√NELE (QL/65), a word also mentioned in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (PME/65). In Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s Tolkien instead had ᴱQ. nyat “tooth” (PE16/136), but that seems to have been a transient idea. ᴹQ. nelet first appeared in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from 1936 alongside variant nelke, but it was replaced by nele and then later nelke was deleted as well (PE21/56 and note #12). Both nelet and variant nelke were restored in The Etymologies (see above).

Primitive √nelek “tooth” was mentioned in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s, but its Quenya derivatives were not listed.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d use nelet (nelc-) “tooth” as the traditional form of this word, with nelcë as a modern variant with more regular inflections.

Qenya [Ety/NÉL-EK; EtyAC/NÉL-EK; PE19/058; PE21/56] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nelke

noun. tooth

nerno

?. [unglossed]

niule

?. [unglossed]

olombo

noun. horse

A word for horse in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√LOP (EtyAC/LOP). This root did not appear in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road, but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne reported it in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT45/28). Tolkien first gave the root as ᴹ√LOB, and it seems the form olombo was derived from this earlier form, and was not updated after {ᴹ√LOB >>} ᴹ√LOP, as pointed out by Hostetter and Wynne.

Conceptual Development: The word ᴱQ. lópa “steed, horse” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√LOPO that was the basis for “horse” words in the Qenya Lexicon (QL/56).

Neo-Quenya: Given the dubious derivation of olombo, I recommend limiting yourself to better attested Q. rocco “horse” for purposes of Neo-Quenya. If you do use it, it should probably be revised to ✱olompo.

olta-

verb. [unglossed]

rampa

?. [unglossed]

roina

adjective. ruddy

sahte

noun. [unglossed]

sarya

noun. [unglossed]

sisíria-

verb. [unglossed]

séra

?. [unglossed]

sóla

?. [unglossed]

tante

noun. [unglossed]

tatalta-

verb. [unglossed]

teuka

?. [unglossed]

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

timpana

noun. [unglossed]

toina

adjective. [unglossed]

toróma

noun. [unglossed]

tyue

noun. [unglossed]

Qenya [PE21/06; PE21/07] Group: Eldamo. Published by

varinye

noun. [unglossed]

yelme

noun. [unglossed]

éma

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya

kar

noun. head

Early Quenya [PE14/042; PE14/043; PE14/044; PE14/046; PE14/047; PE14/117; PE15/73; PME/045; QL/030; QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karneambar

noun/adjective. robin, (lit.) red-breast

A word appearing as ᴱQ. karneambar “robin” in both the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s, a combination of ᴱQ. karne “red” and ᴱQ. ambar “breast” (QL/48; PME/49). Somewhat oddly, Tolkien specified this word was both “adj. or noun”, but then hinted at a specifically adjectival form ᴱQ. [[eq|[karneambar]a]] by adding —a on the line below it.

Neo-Quenya: I would adapt this word as ᴺQ. carniambos “robin, (lit.) red-breast” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, combining Q. carnë (carni-) “red” with ᴺQ. ambos “breast”.

Early Quenya [PME/049; QL/048] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karpan

noun. hank (of wool etc.)

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “hank (of wool, etc.)” under the early root ᴱ√KᴬRPᴬR “pluck” (QL/45).

Early Quenya [QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karkanel

noun. fang

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “fang”, a combination of ᴱQ. karka “fang” and ᴱQ. nele “tooth” (QL/48).

Early Quenya [QL/048] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karkara

adjective. toothed

A word appearing as ᴱQ. karkara “toothed” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. karka “fang, tooth” (QL/48).

Neo-Quenya: Since Q. carca “tooth” continued to appear in Tolkien’s later writings, I think ᴺQ. carcara “toothed” can be retained for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

Early Quenya [QL/048] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kara-

verb. to do, make

Early Quenya [PE14/058; PE14/084; PE15/71; QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karape

noun. cloak, outer garment

Early Quenya [GL/37] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karda-

verb. to admire, have affection or respect for

Early Quenya [GL/42] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karkasse

noun. row of spikes or teeth

Early Quenya [LT2A/Karkaras; PME/048; QL/048] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karina

adjective. finished

Early Quenya [QL/041; QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karka-

verb. to snarl

Early Quenya [MC/213] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karko

noun. alimentary canel

A word for “alimentary canal” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, derived from ᴱ✶grgu- (PE13/144).

Early Quenya [PE13/144] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karmalin(da)

noun. russet, orange-red

Early Quenya [PME/049; QL/048] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karne

adjective. red

Early Quenya [MC/214; MC/221; PE15/76; PE16/062; PE16/065; PE16/072; PE16/074; PE16/075; PE16/077; PME/048; QL/048; QL/061; VT40/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karpalima

adjective. tricky, clever, willy

Early Quenya [PE12/006; QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kart

noun. bunch, tuft

Early Quenya [QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ka

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE14/054] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karkaras

noun. row of spikes or teeth

karkasarma

adjective. large saw

Early Quenya [QL/048] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karon

noun. crow

Early Quenya [PME/045; QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karwalin

noun. russet

nele

noun. tooth

Early Quenya [PME/065; QL/048; QL/065] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ukárele

noun. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE12/006] Group: Eldamo. Published by

alle

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/143] Group: Eldamo. Published by

anaukante

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE12/027] Group: Eldamo. Published by

angwe

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/145] Group: Eldamo. Published by

anqin

noun. bunch

Early Quenya [QL/031] Group: Eldamo. Published by

anwe

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/147] Group: Eldamo. Published by

aukaine

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE12/027] Group: Eldamo. Published by

eant

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE12/027] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ematte

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [VT40/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by

fingwe

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/145] Group: Eldamo. Published by

hingwe

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/145] Group: Eldamo. Published by

hyanta

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/143] Group: Eldamo. Published by

intya

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE14/107] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kabu

noun. bunch, tuft

kilapi

noun. robin

A word for “robin” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with a variant [kilap]ink, related to the verb ᴱQ. kilapitya- “to chirp” (QL/46) and G. cilobinc “robin” from the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/26).

Early Quenya [QL/046] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kilapink

noun. robin

laisifalle

noun. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [QL/052] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lantanwa

adjective. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE12/006] Group: Eldamo. Published by

las

noun. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [QL/051] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lilyen

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/080] Group: Eldamo. Published by

linqarassea

adjective. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/080] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lossiattea

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/147] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lungwe

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/145] Group: Eldamo. Published by

láwakéle

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [QL/052] Group: Eldamo. Published by

min-

verb. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE14/028] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nauto

noun. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [QL/064] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nawa-

verb. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [QL/064] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nierme

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [VT40/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ningwe

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/145] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nyat

noun. tooth

Early Quenya [PE16/136] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nyúken

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/077] Group: Eldamo. Published by

pingwe

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/145] Group: Eldamo. Published by

porokoi

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [QL/075] Group: Eldamo. Published by

pundo

noun. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/111] Group: Eldamo. Published by

póya

adjective. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [QL/074] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ralle

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/143] Group: Eldamo. Published by

saile

noun. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [GL/72] Group: Eldamo. Published by

saqa-

verb. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE14/034] Group: Eldamo. Published by

sauke

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [QL/082] Group: Eldamo. Published by

sinqita-

verb. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [VT40/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by

sivilda

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [QL/084] Group: Eldamo. Published by

súlimarya

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [VT40/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by

súme

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [VT40/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by

talarin

adjective. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [QL/088] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tantilta-

verb. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE14/058] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tirípti

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [LT1/047] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tolma

noun. helm

Early Quenya [PE14/046] Group: Eldamo. Published by

toron

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [QL/094] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tultárie

adjective. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE14/030] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tyanta

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/142] Group: Eldamo. Published by

táne

adjective. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE13/161] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tánie

adjective. [unglossed]

umpai

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE12/027] Group: Eldamo. Published by

upaitya-

verb. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [QL/034] Group: Eldamo. Published by

usult

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [QL/087] Group: Eldamo. Published by

valle

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/143] Group: Eldamo. Published by

vingwe

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/145] Group: Eldamo. Published by

yu

?. [unglossed]

Early Quenya [PE16/146] Group: Eldamo. Published by

úro

noun. boar

Early Quenya [PE16/132] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

karan

root. red

This root appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “red” (Ety/KARÁN), a later iteration of ᴱ√KṚN of the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s of the same meaning, but with syllabic (QL/48). Its main Quenya derivative, Q. carnë, retained the same form throughout Tolkien’s life, but its Gnomish forms G. carn(in) “scarlet” and G. crintha “rosy, pink” (GL/25, 27) became N. caran “red” in the 1930s, and retained that form thereafter.

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KARÁN; Ety/RAS; Ety/THĒ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karani

adjective. red

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KARÁN; EtyAC/KARÁN] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karƀǝ

adjective. active

Middle Primitive Elvish [PE21/41] Group: Eldamo. Published by

korka

root. crow

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “crow”, with derivatives ᴹQ. korko and N. corch of the same meaning; it replaced a root ᴹ√KARKA with derivatives ᴹQ. karka and N. carach (Ety/KARKA). The deleted form conflicted with contemporaneous ᴹ√KARAK “sharp fang, spike, tooth” (Ety/KARAK). This deleted form nevertheless may be connected to S. crebain from The Lord of the Rings (LotR/285), whose singular craban “bird of crow-kind” (PE17/37) might be derived from ✱k(a)rak-wan.

There is another primitive form ✶k(a)wāk used as the basis for “crow” in the Quendi and Eldar of 1959-60 (WJ/395), but even later this primitive form was the basis for Q. quácë “frog” (VT47/36); see the entry on √KAWAK for discussion. As a result, I think earlier ᴹ√KORKA is probably the best choice for “crow” words for the purpose of Neo-Eldarin.

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KARKA] Group: Eldamo. Published by

auluta-

verb. [unglossed]

Middle Primitive Elvish [PE19/058] Group: Eldamo. Published by

bay

root. [unglossed]

Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/WAY] Group: Eldamo. Published by

iw

root. [unglossed], [ᴱ√] *fish

Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/IW] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kaltwa

?. [unglossed]

Middle Primitive Elvish [PE19/048] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kas

root. head

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KAS; PE18/035] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kas

noun. head

Middle Primitive Elvish [PE18/035; PE21/55; PE21/58; PE21/64] Group: Eldamo. Published by

khlip

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in a rejected paragraph from the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s (PE22/112 note #78).

Middle Primitive Elvish [PE22/113] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kuldā

adjective. red

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/GUL; Ety/KUL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kōmā

noun. [unglossed]

Middle Primitive Elvish [PE19/059] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lop

root. horse, horse; [ᴱ√] *run (of animals), gallop, lope

This root was the basis for horse words starting with the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where it appeared unglossed as ᴱ√LOPO (QL/56). It was compared to the root ᴱ√LOQO, and these roots include the verbs ᴱQ. lopo- “gallop, run (of animals)” and ᴱQ. loqo- “run (of human beings)”, so I think it is likely those were the meanings of the roots as well (QL/56). In the Qenya Lexicon, ᴱ√LOPO had the derivatives ᴱQ. lōpa “horse or mare” and ᴱQ. lopsi “mare” (QL/56), but elsewhere in that document there was the word ᴱQ. lapatte “rabbit” < ᴱ✶lopatte, so I think that word is related as well, though Tolkien did mark the primitive form with a “?” (QL/51). The probably-related word ᴹQ. lopo “rabbit” appeared in a discussion of nouns from the early 1930s (PE21/31).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root ᴹ√LOP was glossed “horse”, and its derivatives ᴹQ. olombo and N. lobor had only that sense (EtyAC/LOP), but horse words were usually derived from ᴹ√ROK from the 1930s and later. The word Q. lopoldi “rabbits” appeared in some 1965 notes on Númenor, so It seems likely √LOP remained valid in some form. Another possibly related late word is S. ✱laba- “hop” as in S. Labadal “Hopafoot” (UT/60).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is worth retaining ᴹ√LOP with a verbal sense “✱gallop, lope”. In this way, it can remain the basis for rabbit words based on their loping run. The horse words from this root might be specialized for heavier loping horses like destriers, since ᴹQ. rokko was said to refer more specifically to a “swift horse” (EtyAC/ROK).

Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/LOP] Group: Eldamo. Published by

maiga

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root appearing in the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa from the 1930s (TQ1) to illustrate certain patterns of root formation (PE18/66). It may have serving as the basis for ᴹQ. Maia, though this word was given different derivations later.

Middle Primitive Elvish [PE18/066] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nakse

noun. tooth

Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/NAK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nelek

root. tooth

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/NÉL-EK; PE19/058; PE21/56] Group: Eldamo. Published by

phan

root. [unglossed]

A deleted root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with no glosses or derivatives and no clear function (EtyAC/PHAN).

Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/PHAN] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ruk

root. pluck

A root glossed “pluck” in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s serving as the basis for ᴹQ. ruk- of the same meaning (PE22/102), but mentioned nowhere else with this given meaning.

Middle Primitive Elvish [PE22/102] Group: Eldamo. Published by

skil

root. [unglossed]

A root mentioned in passing in as a variant of ᴹ√KIL “divide” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, but it had no derivatives and appeared nowhere else (Ety/KIL).

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KIL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

stin

root. [unglossed]

Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/STIN] Group: Eldamo. Published by

stā

root. [unglossed]

A deleted root reference in The Etymologies apparently serving as the basis for the verbal action suffix ᴹ✶-stā “-ing” in ᴹ✶khau̯-stā “rest-ing” (Ety/KHAW; EtyAC/KHAW). See the entry on ✶-stā for further discussion.

Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/KHAW] Group: Eldamo. Published by

torōmā

noun. [unglossed]

Middle Primitive Elvish [PE19/059] Group: Eldamo. Published by

uruk

root. [unglossed]

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with no glosses or derivatives and no clear function (EtyAC/URUK).

Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/URUK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

us

root. [unglossed]

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with no glosses or derivatives and no clear function (EtyAC/US).

Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/US] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

kara

root. do, make

Early Primitive Elvish [GL/26; QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kasa

root. head

Early Primitive Elvish [QL/031; QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

grgu-

noun. alimentary canel

Early Primitive Elvish [PE13/144] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kṛpṛ

root. pluck

Early Primitive Elvish [QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-yǝ

suffix. [unglossed]

Early Primitive Elvish [QL/035] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lepse

?. [unglossed]

Early Primitive Elvish [PE15/64] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lopse

?. [unglossed]

Early Primitive Elvish [PE15/64] Group: Eldamo. Published by

saw̯a

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/82), which may have reemerged as √SAWA “disgusting, foul, vile” in notes from the 1950s (PE17/172, 183).

Early Primitive Elvish [QL/082] Group: Eldamo. Published by

sivi

root. [unglossed]

Unglossed roots in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants ᴱ√SIVI and ᴱ√SIWI and a single unglossed derivative ᴱQ. sivilda (QL/84). It is difficult to guess what Tolkien intended for these forms to mean, though they conceivably reemerged as the later roots ᴹ√SIW “excite, egg on, urge” (Ety/SIW) or √SIB “rest, quiet” (VT44/35).

Early Primitive Elvish [QL/084] Group: Eldamo. Published by

teled-

noun. [unglossed]

Early Primitive Elvish [PE13/154] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tołᵂo

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in The Qenya Phonology of the 1910s illustrating a hypothetical series of ancient lateral approximants, with derived roots like ᴱ√TOLO and ᴱ√TOẆO [with = ɣʷ] (PE12/16). The former appeared in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon as the basis for island words (QL/94), but the latter appeared nowhere else in Early Qenya writings.

Early Primitive Elvish [PE12/016] Group: Eldamo. Published by

toẇo

root. [unglossed]

Early Primitive Elvish [PE12/016] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tḷkḷ

root. [unglossed]

Early Primitive Elvish [QL/093] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Westron

karningul

place name. Rivendell

Westron [LotR/1134; PM/044; PM/058; PM/068; PM/083; PMI/Imladris] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Karningul

place name. Rivendell

Westron [LotR/1134.3507, PM/044.1609, PM/068.3604, PM/083.4503, PMI/Imladris.006] Published by

loho

noun. horse

Gnomish

amosgarn

noun. robin

The word G. amosgarn “robin” appeared in Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (PE13/110), a combination of G. ammos “breast(plate)” and G. carn(in) “scarlet” and equivalent to ᴱQ. karneambar “robin, (lit.) red-breast” (QL/48).

Conceptual Development: Several similar forms appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon proper: G. {ambogrintha, amrintha >>} ammogrint “red breast” (GL/19) and G. {crinthambos >>} crinthammos “red breast, robin” (GL/27), but these words used G. crintha “rosy, pink” rather than G. carn(in) “scarlet”.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would adapt this word as ᴺS. amosgarn “robin, (lit.) red-breast” as a combination of ᴺS. ammos “breast” and a modified form of S. caran “red”.

crinthammos

noun. robin, (lit.) red-breast

crunc

noun. crow

Gnomish [GL/27; PE13/111] Group: Eldamo. Published by

garob

noun. cloak, outer garment

gartha-

verb. to admire, have affection or respect for

Gnomish [GL/38; GL/42] Group: Eldamo. Published by

beb

adverb. [unglossed]

brid-

verb. [unglossed]

brog

noun. horse

Gnomish [GG/09; GL/24; GL/64] Group: Eldamo. Published by

cariod(wen)

noun. activity

cilobinc

noun. robin

A word for “robin” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with a variant cílobi, related to the verb G. ciloba- “chirp” (GL/26) and ᴱQ. kilapi “robin” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/46).

Gnomish [GL/19; GL/26; GL/27] Group: Eldamo. Published by

clidhron

noun. [unglossed]

climbol

noun. [unglossed]

cílobi

noun. robin

dôn

?. [unglossed]

noun. [unglossed]

gatha

?. [unglossed]

@@@ form does not appear elsewhere and similar forms are not relevant

mair

noun. horse

An (archaic) word for “horse” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s given as {mairog >>} mair, cognate to ᴱQ. mairo (GL/56), which appeared as ᴱQ. mairu in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√MAẎA (QL/60).

naith

noun. tooth

Gnomish [GL/56; GL/59] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nôl

noun. head

pad

noun. [unglossed]

praust

noun. [unglossed]

prog

noun. [unglossed]

rab-

verb. [unglossed]

noun. [unglossed]

sentha

adjective. russet

sind

noun. [unglossed]

sinthi

pronoun. [unglossed]

thail

noun. [unglossed]

thel

noun. [unglossed]

thelg

noun. [unglossed]

thil

noun. [unglossed]

thion

noun. [unglossed]

thrim

?. [unglossed]

thû-

verb. [unglossed]

trum

?. [unglossed]

tûn

noun. [unglossed]

ulthanc

noun. [unglossed]

umeg

?. [unglossed]

’ôs

noun. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin

griw

noun. alimentary canel

A word for “alimentary canal” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, derived from ᴱ✶grgu- (PE13/144).

Early Noldorin [PE13/144] Group: Eldamo. Published by

adob

noun. building

Early Noldorin [PE13/132; PE13/136; PE13/158; PE13/165] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ai-

prefix. [unglossed]

bailchir

noun. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/128] Group: Eldamo. Published by

bhraig

?. [unglossed]

A set of unglossed forms written next to ᴱN. braith (also unglossed) in Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s (PE13/139), their meaning and etymology are unclear.

Early Noldorin [PE13/139] Group: Eldamo. Published by

bhregint

?. [unglossed]

bhreigros

?. [unglossed]

blaithrod

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/139] Group: Eldamo. Published by

braith

?. [unglossed]

A verb appearing in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as G. braitha- “wrap, swathe” based on G. brach “a shawl, plaid, wrap” (GL/23). The form ᴱN. braith also appeared in Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s (PE13/139), but it was unglossed and whether it was related is unclear.

Neo-Sindarin: Since I retain ᴺS. brach “shawl, wrap”, I’d also keep this Gnomish verb as a derivative of the Neo-Root ᴺ√BARAK “wrap”, but updated to ᴺS. braetha- “to wrap, swathe” since ai became ae in Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s.

Early Noldorin [PE13/139] Group: Eldamo. Published by

braithgair

noun. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/139] Group: Eldamo. Published by

brog

noun. horse

Early Noldorin [PE13/139; PE13/156] Group: Eldamo. Published by

cai

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/140] Group: Eldamo. Published by

caiad

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/140] Group: Eldamo. Published by

carbh

noun. deed

Early Noldorin [PE13/140] Group: Eldamo. Published by

celin

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/140] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ciann

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/140] Group: Eldamo. Published by

crunc

noun. crow

Early Noldorin [PE13/141] Group: Eldamo. Published by

delin

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/142] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ei-

prefix. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/161] Group: Eldamo. Published by

farn

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/143] Group: Eldamo. Published by

fedhui

adjective. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/142; PE13/143] Group: Eldamo. Published by

flair

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/143] Group: Eldamo. Published by

flaith

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/143] Group: Eldamo. Published by

floth

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/143] Group: Eldamo. Published by

fraith

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/143] Group: Eldamo. Published by

geryd

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/144] Group: Eldamo. Published by

glaith

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/144] Group: Eldamo. Published by

glaithfedhui

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/144] Group: Eldamo. Published by

glewin

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/144] Group: Eldamo. Published by

glich

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/144] Group: Eldamo. Published by

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/145] Group: Eldamo. Published by

harn

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/147] Group: Eldamo. Published by

adjective. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/125] Group: Eldamo. Published by

isteth

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/148] Group: Eldamo. Published by

laus

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE15/64] Group: Eldamo. Published by

leus

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE15/64] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lhaur

adjective. red

Early Noldorin [PE13/148] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lhuaith

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/149; PE15/62] Group: Eldamo. Published by

lhû

noun. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/149] Group: Eldamo. Published by

luaith

?. [unglossed]

nelyn

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/150] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nod

noun. head

Early Noldorin [PE13/150; PE13/151] Group: Eldamo. Published by

pap-

verb. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/132] Group: Eldamo. Published by

pethil

noun. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/152] Group: Eldamo. Published by

raith

noun. [unglossed], [G.] extent, reach; region, sphere, district, scope

Early Noldorin [PE13/152] Group: Eldamo. Published by

scarn

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/153] Group: Eldamo. Published by

stroth

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/153] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tharn

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/154] Group: Eldamo. Published by

thesg

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/154] Group: Eldamo. Published by

thrand

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/154] Group: Eldamo. Published by

thrann

?. [unglossed]

?. [unglossed]

Early Noldorin [PE13/154] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Doriathrin

arn

adjective. red

A Doriathrin adjective meaning “red” derived from the root ᴹ√YAR (Ety/YAR), likely derived from a primitive form such as ✱✶yarna [jarna]. It is a good example of how [[ilk|initial [j] vanished]] in Ilkorin.

Doriathrin [Ety/YAR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

ndolo

noun. head

Old Noldorin [Ety/NDOL; EtyAC/NDOL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nele

noun. tooth

Old Noldorin [Ety/NÉL-EK; PE21/56] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Ancient quenya

caia-

verb. [unglossed]

Ancient quenya [PE22/159] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Ancient telerin

nele

noun. tooth

Ancient telerin [PE21/72] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Primitive adûnaic

khaw

noun. crow

A Primitive Adûnaic word glossed “crow” (SD/426). Tolkien gave two primitive forms of this word, khāw and khăw, which could just be variant forms of the same root ✱KHAW. A more intriguing possibility is that khāw is actually the subjective form of khăw, since this would indicate that this subjective formation dates back to the primitive stages of the language. As evidence of this, the derived plural khāwī(m) (SD/426) does resemble the Classical Adûnaic subjective plural.

Contradicting this conjecture is the fact that khaw, as an animal name, should be declined as a common-noun, using the common subjective suffix -an. Elsewhere, though, Tolkien declined some animal names as if they were neuter nouns, for example narîka as the subjective plural of #narak (SD/251). Perhaps not all animals were common nouns, or perhaps Tolkien’s ideas for the subjective tense were not fully formed when these examples were written.

Primitive adûnaic [SD/426] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Rohirric

helm

masculine name. Helm

Rohirric [LotRI/Helm; PMI/Helm; UTI/Helm; WRI/Helm] Group: Eldamo. Published by