Quenya 

mar

earth

mar (1) noun "earth" (world), also "home, dwelling, mansion". Stem mard- (VT46:13, PE17:64), also seen in the ablative Mardello "from earth" (FS); the word is used with a more limited sense in oromardi "high halls" (sg. oromar, PM17:64), referring to the dwellings of Manwë and Varda on Mt. Taniquetil (Nam, RGEO:66). The initial element of Mardorunando (q.v.) may be the genitive mardo (distinguish mardo "dweller"). May be more or less identical to már "home, house, dwelling" (of persons or peoples; in names like Val(i)mar, Vinyamar, Mar-nu-Falmar, Mardil) (SA:bar, VT45:33, VT47:6). Már is however unlikely to have the stem-form mard-; a "Qenya" genitive maren appears in the phrase hon-maren, q.v., suggesting that its stem is mar-. A possible convention could therefore be to use már (mar-) for "home, house" (also when = household, family as in Mardil, q.v.), whereas mar (mard-) is used for for "earth, world". Early "Qenya" has mar (mas-) "dwelling of men, the Earth, -land" (LT1:251); notice that in LotR-style Quenya, a word in -r cannot have a stem-form in -s-.

María

mary

María fem. name "Mary" (Maria; Tolkien based the Quenyarized form on the Latin pronunciation) (VT43:28; Maria with no explicit long vowel in VT44:18)

Martalmar

martalmar

Martalmar noun (place-name) (TALAM)

maría

feminine name. *Mary

A Quenyarization of the name of Mary, used in Tolkien’s Quenya translation of Catholic prayers: Aia María (VT43/26-8) and the Litany of Loreto (VT44/12).

Quenya [VT43/28; VT44/18] Group: Eldamo. Published by

már

noun. home, dwelling, habitation, home, dwelling, habitation; [ᴹQ.] house; earth

This is the basic Quenya word for a “home” or “dwelling”, derived from the root √MBAR “settle, dwell”.

Conceptual Development: This word dates back all the way to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where (archaic) ᴱQ. †mar (mas-) was glossed “dwelling of men, -land, the Earth” (QL/60). It appeared under the early root ᴱ√MBARA “dwell, live”, but that root was mingled with many others, and its stem form mas- indicates some unusual developments. The contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa instead has mař “dwelling, -land, †Earth” (PME/60), consistent with an earlier deleted form of the root, ᴱ√MAŘA [MAÐA] (QL/60).

In the Name-list to The Fall of Gondolin from the 1910s Tolkien had mar as a cognate to G. bar “dwelling” (PE15/21). In the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s it was glossed “house” in the phrase ᴱQ. i·mar tye “that house (of yours)” (PE14/55). In the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s mar was glossed “home”, where its plural form mari indicated a stem form of mar- (PE15/74).

In the Declension of Nouns of the 1930s, ᴹQ. mar “house” had a stem form of mard- (PE21/27), and on the title page of The Etymologies from 1937, Tolkien had mar(d)- “home, dwelling” from the root ᴹ√MBAR (EtyAC/MBAR). It appeared in the form Mardello “from Earth” in Fíriel’s Song from the mid-1930s, along with an uninflected form i-mar “the earth” (LR/72), but as mar- in the (1930s) genitive form hon-maren “heart of the house” (LR/63).

In Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from this 1930s, it appeared as már “habitation”, the first time that it had a long á (PE19/36). In Quenya Verbal System from 1948, már “house” appeared with long á in a couple phrases like már karnelya e·tulle “having built a house he came” (PE22/108). The word már “habitation” reappeared in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) of the 1950s (PE19/76).

Tolkien discussed the word már at length in notes from the 1960s on the root √MBAR, first writing:

> The usual word in Eldarin for a “home”, as the established residence of a family consisting of one or more associated buildings, was ✱mbā̆r (stem mbăr-), and ✱mbardā̆ (an adjectival formation). In Q mar (stem mard-), a blending of the two, was used like “residence” usually with a defining genitive, for the “great house” of a family. In place-names -mar (stem mār-) was used for a region settled by a community or group, as Eldamar “Elvenhome” the coastal region of Aman, settled by the Elves (PE17/164).

And then in a later version of the same notes:

> The simplest form of this base ✱mbără became a much used word or element in primitive Eldarin: which may be rendered “dwelling”. This application was probably a development during the period of the Great Journey to the Western Shores, during which many halls of varying duration were made by the Eldar at the choice of their leaders, as a whole, or for separate groups. This element survived in various forms in Quenya and Sindarin with sense­ changes due to the divergent history of the Eldar that passed over Sea and of those remaining in Beleriand. The principal forms were the primitive simple form PE ✱mbăr(a) > uninflected mbār, inflected mbar-; and the derivative form ✱mbardā ...

The former survived in Quenya in the archaic word már, which was used with a defining genitive or more often in genitival compound: as Ingwemar, Valimar, Eldamar ... This signified, when added to a personal name the “residence” of a family of which the head was the named person; it included not only the permanent buildings, developed by the Eldar in Aman, but also the surrounding attached land ... After the name of a people or “kindred” it referred to the whole area occupied or owned by them, in which their dwellings or “houses” were distributed (PE17/106).

These revised notes indicate that marda was a distinct word:

> The derivative form ✱mbardā became in Quenya marda “a dwelling”. This normally referred to the actual dwelling place, but was not limited to buildings, and could equally well be applied to dwellings of natural origin (such as caves or groves). It was nonetheless the nearest equivalent to “house” in most of its senses ... Not to the use of “house” as the name of a (small) separate building with a function such as bake-house, wood-house; nor to the use of “house” as a family especially of power or authority. The former in Quenya was usually koa. The latter was represented by words for “kindred” [nóre] (PE17/107).

Thus it seems in these notes, már = “residence”, marda = “dwelling” but coa = “house” as in a type of building.

In terms of its use in other words and phrases, mar or már is most notably an element in Eldamar “Elvenhome” (S/59), Val(i)mar “Dwelling of the Valar” (RGEO/62), and Mar Vanwa Tyaliéva “[ᴱQ.] Cottage of the Lost Play; House of Departed Mirth” (LT1/28; PE21/80). As for mard-, its most notable use was in oromardi “lofty halls” from the Namárië poem (LotR/377).

Although always meaning “home” or “dwelling” and always derived from √MBAR “dwell”, the various changes in the stem form between mar, mard- and már make the conceptual development difficult to trace. The rough timeline seems to be:

  • In the 1910s the stem was mař- >> mas-, becoming mar- in the 1920s.

  • In the 1930s the stem was mostly mard-, but in OP1 már (mar-) with long á was introduced and became more prevalent in the 1940s and 50s.

  • In the 1960s Tolkien decided that már (mar-) < ✱mbără and marda (mard-) < ✱mbardā were distinct words of similar meaning.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would use már mainly in the sense “home, a place dwelled in”, as opposed to marda for “a dwelling” whether inhabited or not. In place names -mar can refer to the dwelling place of an entire people, or of an individual family. The word már might be used as “house” in the sense of the dwelling place of a family, but when referring specifically to the building, the word coa is more appropriate.

Quenya [PE17/106; PE17/164; PE19/076; SA/bar; VT47/06] Group: Eldamo. Published by

már

home, house, dwelling

már (mar-) (2) noun "home, house, dwelling" (also "house" in the sense of family as in Mardil, q.v.). See mar above for references. In Mar-nu-Falmar, Mardil, and as final element in Eldamar, Fanyamar, Valimar, Vinyamar..

ambar

a-mbar

ambar (1) ("a-mbar") noun "oikumenē [Greek: the earth as the human habitation], Earth, world" (MBAR), stem ambar- (PE17:66), related to and associated with mar "home, dwelling" (VT45:33); in VT46:13 the latter glosses are possibly also ascribed to the word ambar itself (the wording is not clear). The form ambaren also listed in the Etymologies was presumably intended as the genitive singular at the time of writing (in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the dative singular); in the printed version in LR, the misreading "ambaron" appears (see VT45:33). Ambar-metta noun "the end of the world" (EO); spelt ambarmetta in VT44:36. The element #umbar in Tarumbar "King of the World" (q.v.) would seem to be a variant of ambar, just like ambar #2 "doom" also alternates with umbar (see below).

mardil

masculine name. Devoted to the House

Name of the first ruling steward of Gondor (LotR/670, 1039). Tolkien translated the name as “devoted to the house” (Let/386). It is a combination of mar(da) “house” and the suffix -(n)dil meaning “devoted to, -friend” (SA/bar, (n)dil).

Possible Etymology: In notes from the 1960s (PE17/106-7), Tolkien distinguished the word mar(da) (mard-) “house” and the word már “home” often used of the names of lands. The name Mardil might contain either, but I think marda “house” is more likely. Some authors have suggested that the “House” in this name may refer to the House (family) of the Kings of Gondor (QQ/már), but in Tolkien’s notes he said that these words were not used in this way (PE17/107).

Conceptual Development: This name first appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s as ᴹQ. Máraher the “Good Steward” but was quickly changed to ᴹQ. Mardil (WR/153).

Quenya [Let/386; LotRI/Mardil; PMI/Mardil; SA/bar; SA/(n)dil; SI/Mardil; UTI/Mardil] Group: Eldamo. Published by

martamo

masculine name. World-artificer

A title for Aulë appearing in a very late note (LT1A/Talka Marda). The second element is clearly tamo “smith”, and the first element “World” may be either mar(da) or már. I consider the first of these to be more likely: see the entry for mar(da) for discussion.

Conceptual Development: An early form of this name appeared in the Lost Tales: ᴱQ. Talka Marda “Smith of the World” (LT1/180, LT1A/Talka Marda). The name appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s as ᴹQ. Martan(o) “Earth-smith”, a compound of mar “Earth” and tano “smith” (Ety/MBAR, TAN). In notes from the 1950s, Tolkien revised tano >> tamo (PE17/107), which is probably the origin of the later form of this name.

Quenya [LT1A/Talka Marda] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mar(da)

noun. dwelling, (great) house, residence, mansion, a thing or place dwelt in, home, dwelling, (great) house, residence, mansion, a thing or place dwelt in, home; [ᴱQ.] world

A word for “dwelling, mansion, hall” derived from √MBAR “dwell” (PE17/64), most notably as an element in oromardi “lofty halls” in the Namárië “poem” (LotR/377). Its plural mardi indicates a stem form of mard-, but its uninflected form appeared as both short mar (PE17/64, 163-4; PE21/80) and longer marda (PE17/107; PE21/76). Tolkien described its meaning more precisely in some notes from the 1960s:

> The derivative form ✱mbardā became in Quenya marda: “a thing or place dwelt in, dwelling” and since it could be applied to the actual dwelling-places or buildings (alone or grouped) approached the sense “house”. Though it did not in fact refer to “buildings”, and could equally well be applied to dwelling-places of natural origin, such as caves or groves (PE17/107).

And in an earlier version of these notes:

> The usual word in Eldarin for a “home”, as the established residence of a family consisting of one or more associated buildings, was ✱mbā̆r (stem mbăr-), and ✱mbardā (an adjectival formation). In Q mar (stem mard-), a blending of the two, was used like “residence”, usually with a defining genitive, for the “great house” of a family (PE17/164).

In Tolkien’s later writings, it seems this word was distinct from and coexisted with Q. már (mar-) “home” (PE17/106, 164).

Conceptual Development: This word for “dwelling” was often intermingled and confused with már “home”, making its conceptual development difficult to trace. There are some other earlier words for which some extension was added to √MBAR. In the 1910s ᴱQ. marda meant “world” as in ᴱQ. Talka Marda “Smith of the World” (LT1/180; 15/8); in The Qenya Phonology Tolkien said marda had a dialectical variant ᴱQ. mára (PE12/24) and in the Gnomish Lexicon it had the form Marwa “World” (GL/18).

The Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s had an adverbial variant ᴹQ. marta “home” of ᴹQ. mar “house” (PE21/25, 27); this adverbial form became marda “home” in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure of the early 1950s (PE21/76). In the 1930s more generally the stem form of short ᴹQ. mar was frequently mard- (PE21/27; EtyAC/MBAR; LR/72) but not always (LR/63). The coexistence of már and mard- was not clearly established until the 1960s (see above).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use marda primarily as a “dwelling” as in “a thing dwelled in”, usable of buildings but also of natural dwellings like caves. Of constructed dwellings, it generally applies to larger or more elaborate dwellings such as mansions and halls, as in oromar “high hall”. I would assume the same was true of natural dwellings, with marda only applicable to a complex of inhabitable caverns rather than an individual cave. For the home of an individual or family I would use már “home”, and for the building itself I would use cöa “house” (dwelling or not).

I would use mard- as the stem form of this word as with its plural mardi. Strictly speaking its uninflected form would be mar < ✶mbardā̆ after the ancient loss of short final ă, but in practice this was generally reformed to marda to make it more distinct from már “home”. Thus sissë i luinë marda (ná) “here is the blue mansion” but tassë i ninqui mardi (nár) “there are the white mansions”.

Quenya [MR/385; PE17/064; PE17/107; PE17/163; PE17/164; PE21/76; PE21/80; VT44/17] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mar vanwa tyaliéva

place name. House of Past (or Departed) Mirth

The Early Qenya name for the “Cottage of the Lost Play” from the 1920s reappeared in some later notes from the late 1940s and early 1950s (PE17/64; PE21/69, 80). In one of these places the name was translated “House of Past (or Departed) Mirth” and was said to be another name for Imladris (PE21/80). It is a combination of mar “house”, vanwa “lost” and the possessive form of tyalië “mirth”. It is remarkable that this early name remained the same in Late Quenya as it was conceived after Tolkien finished The Lord of the Rings.

Quenya [PE17/064; PE21/80] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mardorunando

proper name. *Redeemer of the World

A name or title of Christ as the redeemer of the world, used in Tolkien’s Quenya translation of the Litany of Loreto prayer (VT44/12).

Possible Etymology: The first element is the genitive form mardo (“of the World”) of the noun mar(da), elsewhere translated as “dwelling” (PE17/107). This word (and its relative már) did not usually mean “World” in Tolkien’s later writings, but the earlier form ᴹQ. mar (mard-) was sometimes glossed “Earth” in his writing from the 1930s (LR/72, Ety/MBAR in Martano “Earthbuilder” and Endamar “Middle-earth”). Alternately, this may have been a restoration of the much earlier ᴱQ. marda “world”. In later writings, the usual Quenya word for “World” was Ambar.

The second element of this name is runando, apparently meaning “redeemer”.

Mar-nu-Falmar

home under waves

Mar-nu-Falmar noun "Home under Waves", name of the sunken Númenor (Silm). See mar, már.

Mardil

(one) devoted to the house

Mardil masc. name, "(one) devoted to the house", sc. the "house" of the kings (Appendix A; interpreted in Letters:386). This indicates that the first element can mean "house" in the sense of family or household (see mar, már). This Mardil is described as a good steward, possibly suggesting that mardil ("one devoted to the house/family") could itself function as a common noun "(faithful) steward".

Mardorunando

redeemer of the world

Mardorunando noun "Redeemer of the world" (VT44:17). Unless the initial element mardo- is a distinct and otherwise unattested word for "world", it may be the genitive form of mar (mard-) "earth", q.v.

mar-

abide, be settled or fixed

mar- vb. "abide, be settled or fixed" (UT:317); maruvan "I will abide" (mar-uva-n "abide-will-I") (EO). Cf. termar-.

mar tyaliéva

proper name. House of Mirth

Shorter variant of Mar Vanwa Tyaliéva from linguistic notes from the 1950s (PE21/80).

markirya

The Last Ark

A Quenya poem that appears in The Monsters and the Critics (MC/221-2). It is a late revision of an earlier poem, Oilima Markirya “The Last Ark”, written prior to 1931. Over three decades later, Tolkien wrote the later version, after the linguistic concepts of his languages had developed considerably. There are two Late Quenya drafts of the poem, but both are very similar, as noted by Christopher Tolkien (MC/222).

The Late Quenya version of the poem had no title, but in the literature it is usually referred to as the Markirya poem, since the word ᴱQ. oilima “last” is unlikely to be valid in later Quenya, but Markirya could be (“home-ship?”). The Quenya words in the text presented here are from the second Late Quenya draft of the poem on MC/221-2, with the revisions noted by Christopher Tolkien (MC/222). In the first line, I editorially changed the words men >> man and fáne >> fána for consistency with the rest of the poem.

As noted by Christopher Tolkien (MC/223), while the Elvish text was almost completely revised from the Early Qenya poem, its meaning was nearly identical to the version from three decades earlier. The English glosses here are from the translation of the Early Qenya version of the poem on MC/214, with the modifications in lines 33-34 as indicated by Christopher Tolkien in note #8, MC/220 (“green rocks” >> “dark rocks”, “red skies” >> “ruined skies”).

The text is divided into phrases for each line of the poem, except for lines 29-30 (elenillor pella talta-taltala) which are combined to make a more complete phrase. Other modifications and textual history are discussed in the entries for individual phrases.

I consulted Helge Fauskanger’s article on the poem (AL/Markirya) when working on my own analysis, and agree with him on essentially all points.

Conceptual Development: See the discussion in the entry for ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya for the conceptual development of the earlier versions of the poem.

mar-

verb. to abide, be settled or fixed, to abide, be settled or fixed, [ᴱQ.] dwell, live

A verb meaning “abide, be settled or fixed” used in Elendil’s Oath (LotR/967; UT/317), clearly derived from the root √MBAR “settle, dwell”. This verb appeared as far back as the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where ᴱQ. mara- “dwell, live” was derived from the early root ᴱ√MBARA (QL/63). For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use it only intransitively, mostly in the sense “dwell, live (in a place)”.

Quenya [LotR/0967; PE17/103; PE22/147; UT/317] Group: Eldamo. Published by

martan

noun. dwelling-house

A word for “dwelling-house” in notes from the mid-1960s with forms martan (martam-) and longer martaman, a combination of √MBAR “dwell” and √TAM “construct” (PE17/107).

Quenya [PE17/107; PE17/109] Group: Eldamo. Published by

maranwë

destiny

maranwë noun "destiny" (MBARAT)

marda

dwelling

marda noun "dwelling" (PE17:107)

mardo

dweller

mardo noun "dweller" (LT1:251).

maril

glass, crystal

maril noun "glass, crystal" (VT46:13; if this is to be the same word as the second element of Silmaril, the stem-form would be marill-, cf. pl. Silmarilli)

marilla

pearl

marilla noun "pearl" (LT1:265)

mart

piece of luck

mart noun "a piece of luck" (LT2:348; in LotR-style Quenya, no word can end in -rt. Read marto, as in LT2:348?)

marta

fate

marta (3) noun "fate" (VT45:33, VT46:13) Cf. marto.

marta

fey, fated

marta (2) adj. "fey, fated" (MBARAT)

marta-

to chance

marta- (1) vb. "to chance" or *"happen" (QL:63), cf. mart- "it happens" (impersonal) (LT2:348 read marta-?). Another version assigns transitive meanings to the same verb: "to define, decree, destine" (with the last sense = martya-, q.v.), with a variant umbarta- "in more lofty senses" (PE17:104)

martan

dwelling-house

martan (1) noun "dwelling-house" (stem martam-), longer variant martanan (stem martamn- as in pl. martamni) (PE17:107)

martan

earth-smith

Martan (2), also Martano, noun "Earth-smith", "Earthbuilder", a surname of Aule (TAN, GAWA/GOWO the form _Martan_ō given under MBAR must be understood as a primitive form). LT1:266 refers to a "very late note" where a variant Quenya form "Martamo" is derived from ¤mbartanō**"world-artificer"; the stated primitive form (as well as the Sindarin cognate Barthan) would suggest that the Quenya form should be Martano; on the other hand, tamo (q.v.) does occur as a variant of tano** "smith".

marto

fortune, fate, lot

marto (2) noun "fortune, fate, lot" (LT2:348); cf. marta # 3 and see mart-.

marto

tower

marto (1) noun "tower" (PE17:66)

martya-

destine

martya- vb. "destine" (MBARAT)

marya

pale, fallow, fawn

marya adj. "pale, fallow, fawn" (MAD)

marta-

verb. to define, decree, destine, to define, decree, destine; [ᴱQ.] to happen (impers.), chance

@@@ NQ. gloss “decide” suggested by Robert Reynolds

marto

noun. tower

Quenya [NM/228; PE17/066] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mar-nu-falmar

place name. Land under the Waves

A name for Númenor after it was drowned beneath the sea (S/281). It is a compound of már “home” (often used of lands), nu “under” and the plural of falma “wave” (SA/bar, falas).

Quenya [PMI/Mar-nu-Falmar; SA/bar; SA/falas; SI/Mar-nu-Falmar] Group: Eldamo. Published by

martaman

noun. dwelling-house

ambar

fate, doom

ambar (2) noun "fate, doom" (variant of umbar?) in Turambar (SA:amarth); stem ambart- (PE17:66), instrumental ambartanen "by doom" (Silm ch. 21, UT:138, PE17:66). The early "Qenya" lexicon has ambar "Fate", also amarto (LT2:348)

mára

useful, fit, good

mára adj. "useful, fit, good" (of things) (MAG; see MA3; Arct, VT42:34, VT45:30). Nás mara nin "I like it", literally "it is good to me" (VT49:30; read mára for mara?) As the comparative of mára, the unrelated adjective arya "excelling" is used in the sense of "better"; for the superlative *"best", one adds the article: i arya (with genitive to express "the best of…") (PE17:57),

mára

adjective. good, proper, good, proper; [ᴹQ.] useful, fit, good (of things), [ᴱQ.] excellent; mighty, power, doughty

Quenya [PE17/016; PE17/057; PE17/058; PE17/059; PE17/074; PE17/093; PE17/147; PE17/162; PE17/172; PE22/154; PE22/166; VT42/33; VT49/12; VT49/15; VT49/30] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ambar

noun. fate, doom, fate, doom, [ᴱQ.] lot

mairo

horse

mairo noun "horse" (GL:56; later sources have rocco, olombo)

mára

adjective. good

Quenya [PE 22:154, 166] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

umbar

fate, doom

umbar (umbart-, as in dat.sg. umbarten) noun "fate, doom" (MBARAT), also name of tengwa #6 (Appendix E).Cf. Umbarto. In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, umbar was the name of letter #18 (VT45:33), which tengwa Tolkien would later call malta instead changing its Quenya value from mb to m. In the word Tarumbar "King of the World" (q.v.), umbar appears to be a variant of Ambar (q.v.) instead.

oromar

high (lofty) dwelling, hall

oromar (oromard-) noun "high (lofty) dwelling, hall" (PM17:63-64), pl oromardi "high halls" or "high mansions" in Namárië (cf. RGEO:66, PE17:64), referring to the mansions of Manwë and Varda upon Mt. Taniquetil. See mar #1. Distinguish oromardi noun "mountain-dwellers" (PE16:96), pl. of *oromar(d-).

tyalie mar

proper name. House of Mirth

Shorter variant of Mar Vanwa Tyaliéva from linguistic notes from the 1950s (PE21/80).

Amarië

good

Amarië fem. name; perhaps derived from mára "good" with prefixing of the stem-vowel and the feminine ending - (Silm)

amarto

fate

amarto noun "Fate" (also ambar) (LT2:348; in LotR-style Quenya rather umbar, umbart-)

mélamar

home

mélamar noun "home", Exilic Quenya word of emotional sense: place of ones birth or the familiar places from which one has been separated (PE17:109). Mélamarimma noun "Our Home", an expression used by Exilic Noldor for Aman.

hasta-

mar

#hasta- vb. "mar"(verbal stem isolated from the passive participle hastaina "marred"). (MR:254)

marya-

verb. to found, establish, settle (as dwelling)

A neologism for “to found, establish, settle (as dwelling)” coined by Röandil on the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) on 2022-03-05 from √MBAR “establish, settle”, a transitive verb as opposed to intransitive mar- “abide, dwell”.

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

martyaina melme

destined ("true") love

>> martya "(to) destine" >> -ina perfect passive participle >> melme "love"

mardaitë

adjective. homely, domestic

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

mardo

noun. dweller

martandë

noun. decision

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

marto

noun. fortune, fate, lot, luck

marindo

noun. settler

A neologism for “settler” coined by Tamas Ferencz, an agental form of the root √MBAR “settle”.

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

maryë

adverb. at home, at home, *indoors

hasta-

verb. to mar

maxar

noun. cook

Eldo

marchers

Eldo noun, archaic variant of Elda, properly one of the "Marchers" from Cuiviénen, but the word went out of use (WJ:363, 374)

Súlimë

march

Súlimë noun, third month of the year, "March". The word apparently means *"windy one" (Appendix D; SA:sûl; not capitalized in the latter source). Early "Qenya" has súlimë "wind" (LT1:266)

alas

marble

alas (alast-) noun "marble" (QL:30, GL:39).

ciryamo

mariner

ciryamo noun "mariner", nominative and genitive are identical since the noun already ends in -o, cf. Indis i-Ciryamo "the Mariner's Wife" (UT:8)

eärendur

masculine name. Mariner, *(lit.) Servant of the Sea

Several people had this name in Tolkien’s legendarium: (1) the second son of Tar-Amandil (UT/208, 210), (2) a lord of Andúnië and uncle of lady Inzilbêth (UT/223) and (3) the 10th and final king of the combined kingdom of Arnor (LotR/1038). The name was a compound of ëar “sea” and the suffix -(n)dur “-servant”. Tolkien translated the name as “Mariner” (Let/386), but a more exact translation might be “✱Servant of the Sea”.

Quenya [Let/386; LotRI/Eärendur; PE17/152; PMI/Eärendur; SA/(n)dur; SI/Eärendur¹; SI/Eärendur²; UT/210; UTI/Eärendur] Group: Eldamo. Published by

harin

marred

*harin adj. "marred" (PE17:150). The word is given as χarin*, where the initial Greek chi presumably represents [x]; in later [MET] pronunciation and spelling, this would become harin**.

tehta

mark, sign

tehta noun "mark, sign" (TEK, VT39:17, Appendix E), especially diacritics denoting vowels in Fëanorian writing (pl. tehtar is attested); these diacritics are explicitly called ómatehtar "vowel-marks", q.v.

hastaina

adjective. marred

χarina

adjective. marred

sahta

adjective. marred

ciryamo

noun. mariner

súlimë

noun. March, *Windy-one

Quenya [LBI/Súlimë; LotR/1110; SA/sûl; UTI/Súlimë] Group: Eldamo. Published by

úvana

adjective. marred

Quenya [PE17/149; PE17/150] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ciriáran

proper name. Mariner King, *(lit.) Ship King

The title of the lord of the Teleri (PM/341), a compound of cirya “ship” and aran “king”, with the y vocalized to i as it sometimes was in Quenya (for example Maiya > Maia).

Quenya [PM/341; PMI/Olwë] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tatalla-

verb. marvel at

Quenya [PE 22:108] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

motto

noun. fen, marsh, fen, marsh; [ᴹQ.] blot

The word ᴹQ. motto first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the gloss “blot” as a derivative of the root ᴹ√MBOTH (Ety/MBOTH). It reappeared in Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 as a derivative of √MOT “fen, marsh”, apparently of the same meaning. Its 1957 Sindarin form both < mbotto implies the root may have been √M(B)OT. For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d keep both the 1957 and 1930s senses, as derivations of slightly different roots.

lanya-

bound, enclose, separate from, mark the limit of

lanya- (1) vb. "bound, enclose, separate from, mark the limit of" (VT42:8)

réna

edge, border, margin

réna noun "edge, border, margin" (REG)

talca

post, mark

#talca ("k")noun "post, mark" isolated from lantalca "boundary post or mark" (VT42:28)

veru

husband and wife, married pair

veru (2) dual noun "husband and wife, married pair" (BES). Obsoleted by #1 above? (Notice that the word veru "married pair" comes from the same source that has venno rather than veru as the word for "husband".)

verya

to marry (of husband and wife), be joined to

verya (2) vb. "to marry (of husband and wife), be joined to" (intransitive; the spouse to be is mentioned in the allative case: veryanen senna *"I married him/her"; compare English "get married to someone"). (VT49:45, 46)

talca

noun. post, mark

verya-

verb. to marry (of husband and wife), be joined to

lanya-

verb. to bound, enclose, separate from, mark the limit of

falma

(crested/foaming) wave

falma noun "(crested/foaming) wave" (PHAL/PHÁLAS), "a wave-crest, wave" (VT42:15), "foam wave" (PE17:127), "a breaker" (PE17:62), partitive pl. falmali "many waves" (PE17:73), allative falmalinnar "on the foaming waves" in Namárië(Nam, RGEO:67); the phrase an i falmalī _(PE17:74) seems to be a paraphrase of this with an independent preposition instead of the allative ending -nna (see an #1). Compounded in Falmari, a name of the Teleri, and Mar-nu-Falmar, "Home/Land under Waves", a name of Númenor after the Downfall. (SA:falas) Falmari "wave-folk", a name of the Teleri (PM:386). In earlier "Qenya", falma was glossed "foam" (LT1:253, cf. MC:213). Compare also the early "Qenya" words falmar "wave as it breaks" (LT1:253), pl. falmari "waves" (MC:216)_

nu

under

nu prep. "under" _(LR:56, Markirya, Nam, RGEO:66, MC:214; the _Etymologies alone gives no [q.v.] instead). In Mar-nu-Falmar, nuhuinenna, q.v. Prefix - in nútil, q.v.

roccë

noun. mare

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2022 specifically for Eldamo to replace ᴱQ. lopsi “mare”, based on primitive ✶rokkē “mare” from the Common Eldarin: Noun Structure as a feminine form of ✶rokkō “horse” (PE21/82). I haven’t seen this word used by anyone else prior to adding it to Eldamo, but it’s a rather obvious neologism and one involving very little creativity on my part.

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

axendë

noun. marrow

A neologism for “marrow” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT), a combination of axo “bone” and endë “centre”.

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

alas

noun. marble

verin

adjective. married

verinu

collective noun. married pair

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

aimahto

noun. martyr, (lit.) blessed slain

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

harina Reconstructed

adjective. marred

mancamen

noun. market, (lit.) trade-place

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

mancanómë

noun. market, market-place

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

mehtë

noun. mark, aim, object

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

nwalmastarmo

noun. martyr, (lit.) torment-witness

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

ohtarië

noun. martial ardour

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

alasta

adjective. of marble, marble

elma-

verb. to marvel at, admire

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

nyas

noun. scratch, score, line, mark

ripta-

verb. to cut in strips, tear up; to stripe, mark in parallel lines; to flay, flog

sar-

verb. to mark (i.e. by incision), notch, score; (by later extension) †to write [on]

-ina

general 'passive' participle

-ina ending for what Tolkien called "general 'passive' participle" (VT43:15); compare nótina "counted", rácina "broken", hastaina "marred" (q.v.). The stem-vowel is usually lengthened when the ending is added to the stem of a primary verb (as in the two first examples above), though the lengthening fails to occur (or is not denoted) in carina as the passive participle of car- "make, do" (VT43:15).

-llo

ablative adverbial suffix

-llo (1) "ablative adverbial suffix" (PE17:72) implying "from" or "out of", as in sindanóriello "out of a grey land", Rómello "from the East" (Nam), Mardello "from Earth" (FS), ulcullo "from evil" (VT43:12), sillumello "from this hour" (VT44:35), yello "from whom" (VT47:21), Manwello *"from Manwë" (VT49:24), Melcorello / Melkorello "from Melkor" (VT49:7, 24). Pl. -llon (so in Plotz) or -llor (in illon, elenillor, raxellor, elendellor, q.v.); dual -lto (Plotz). A shorter form of the ablative ending, -lo, apparently occurs in the words silo "hence" and talo "from there", q.v. In the Etymologies, Tolkien cited the Quenya ablative ending as -ello, evidently including the connecting vowel -e- that may be inserted when the ending is added to a word ending in a consonant (VT45:28), compare Melcorello. See also , lo #2.

-na

suffix. slain

A shorter ending -na also occurs, e.g. nahtana "slain" (VT49:24); the example hastaina "marred" would suggest that *nahtaina is equally possible. In the example aistana "blessed" (VT43:30), -na may be preferred to -ina for euphonic reasons, to avoid creating a second diphthong ai where one already occurs in the previous syllable (*aistaina). In PE17:68, the ending -ina is said to be "aorist" (unmarked as regards time and aspect); the same source states that the shorter ending -na is "no longer part of verbal conjugation", though it obviously survives in many words that are maybe now to be considered independent adjectives. See -na #4.

-nna

to

-n (1) dative ending, originating as a reduced form of - "to", related to the allative ending -nna (VT49:14). Attested in nin, men, ten, enyalien, Erun, airefëan, tárin, yondon (q.v.) and also added to the English name Elaine (Elainen) in a book dedication to Elaine Griffiths (VT49:40). The longer dative ending -na is also attested in connection with some pronouns, such as sena, téna, véna (q.v.), also in the noun mariéna from márië "goodness" (PE17:59). Pl. -in (as in hínin, see hína), partitive pl. -lin, dual -nt (Plotz). The preposition ana (#1) is said to be used "when purely dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that it can replace the dative ending, e.g. *ana Eru instead of Erun for "to God". In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the ending -n (or -en) expressed genitive rather than dative, but he later decided that the genitive ending was to be -o (cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren becoming Yénië Valinórëo, MR:200).

-o

of goodness

-o (1) genitive ending, as in Altariello, Oromëo, Elenna-nórëo, Rithil-Anamo, Rúmilo, Lestanórëo, neldëo, omentielvo, sindiëo, Valinórëo, veryanwesto, q.v. In words ending in -a, the genitive ending replaces this final vowel, hence atto, Ráno, Vardo, vorondo as the genitive forms of atta, Rána, Varda, voronda (q.v.) Following a noun in -, the ending can have the longer form -no, e.g. *máriéno "of goodness" (PE17:59, but contrast sindiëo "of greyness" in PE17:72). Where the word ends in -o already, the genitive is not distinct in form, e.g. ciryamo (q.v.) = "mariner" or "mariners". Pl. -ion and -ron, q.v.; dual -to (but possibly -uo in the case of nouns that have nominative dual forms in -u rather than -t). The Quenya genitive describes source, origin or former ownership rather than current ownership (which is rather covered by the possessive-adjectival case in -va). The ending -o may also take on an ablativic sense, "from", as in Oiolossëo "from (Mount) Oiolossë" (Nam), sio "hence" (VT49:18). In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the genitive ending was -n rather than -o, cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren "Annals of Valinor" becoming Yénië Valinórëo (MR:200).

-uva

fill

-uva future tense ending. In avuva, caluva, cenuva, hiruva, (en)quantuva, (en)tuluva, laituvalmet, lauva, maruvan, termaruva, tiruvantes. A final -a drops out before the ending -uva is added: quanta- "fill", future tense quantuva (PE17:68). A verbal stem in -av- may be contracted when -uva follows, as when avuva is stated to have become auva (VT49:13). Origin/etymology of the ending -uva, see VT48:32. In VT49:30, the future tense of the verb "to be" is given as uva, apparently the future-tense "ending" appearing independently, but several other sources rather give nauva for "will be" (see #1).

cirya

ship

cirya _("k")_noun "ship" (MC:213, 214, 220, 221), "(sharp-prowed) ship" (SA:kir-, where the word is misspelt círya with a long í; Christopher Tolkien probably confused it with the first element of the Sindarin name Círdan. It seems that Círyon, the name of Isildur's son, is likewise misspelt; read Ciryon as in the index and the main text of the Silmarillion. Cf. also kirya_ in Etym, stem KIR.) _Also in Markirya. In the Plotz letter, cirya is inflected for all cases except plural possessive (*ciryaiva). The curious dual form ciriat occurs in Letters:427, whereas Plotz gives the expected form ciryat. Locative ciryasse "upon a ship" (MC:216). Compounded in ciryaquen "shipman, sailor" (WJ:372), also ciryando (PE17:58), cf. also ciryamo "mariner" (UT:8). Masc. names Ciryaher* "Ship-lord" (Appendix A), Ciryandil "Ship-friend" (Appendix A), Ciryatan "Ship-builder" (Appendix A), also Tar-Ciryatan**, name of a Númenórean king, "King Shipbuilder" (SA:kir-)

falasta-

to foam

falasta- vb. "to foam", participle falastala "foaming, surging" in Markirya

néca

pale, vague, faint, dim to see

néca ("k") adj "pale, vague, faint, dim to see", pl. nécë ("k") in Markirya

quanta-

fill

quanta- (2) vb. "fill" (PE17:68), cf. enquantuva "will refill" in Namárië. This verb seems to spring from a secondary use of the adjective quanta "full" as a verbal stem, whereas the synonym quat- (q.v.) is the original primary verb representing the basic root KWAT.

runando

redeemer

#runando noun "redeemer", isolated from Mardorunando masc. name "Redeemer of the world" (VT44:17)

tanwa

sign, token

tanwa noun "sign, token" (Tolkien marked this word with a query, but it is not clearly rejected). Also tanna (#1). (PE17:186)

umbarta-

to define, decree, destine

umbarta- vb. "to define, decree, destine"; this form of the verb was used "in more lofty senses", otherwise marta- (PE17:104)

veryanwë

noun. wedding

A word for “wedding” in notes from 1968, a combination of the root √BER “man/wife” and Q. yanwë “joining” (VT49/44-45).

Conceptual Development: The earliest precursor of this word was ᴱQ. vestale “wedding” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, a noun form of vesta- “to wed” under the early root ᴱ√VEŘE [VEÐE] (QL/101). ᴹQ. vestale “wedding” reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, also related to vesta- “to wed”, but under the 1930s root ᴹ√BES (Ety/BES).

Neo-Quenya: For purpose of Neo-Eldarin, I prefer to retain the 1930s form of the root ᴹ√BES in order to keep attested Sindarin/Noldorin forms. However, veryanwe could still be derived form this root, from ✱bes+yanwē, since s &gt; z &gt; r before y. Thus veryanwë “wedding” is compatible with my preferred “marriage” root and I recommend its use. ᴹQ. vestale “wedding” might also remain valid as a variant.

ëar

sea

ëar noun "sea" (AYAR/AIR [gives also dat. sg. ëaren],WJ:413; see Letters:386 for etymology). Not to be confused with the pl. form of the verb ëa "be, exist". Pl. ëari "seas" (FS, LR:47); Eär "the Great Sea" (cf. ëaron "ocean"), ablative Eärello "from the Great Sea", et Eärello "out of the Great Sea" (EO). Eärë noun "the open sea" (SD:305). Compound ëaruilë noun "seaweed" (UY). Found in proper names like Eärendil "Sea-friend", Eärendur masc. name, *"Sea-servant"; in effect a variant of Eärendil(Appendix A). Eärendur was also used ="(professional) mariner" (Letters:386).Fem. name Eärwen "Sea-maiden" (Silm); Eärrámë "Sea-wing", "Wings of the Sea", name of Tuor's ship (RAM, AYAR/AIR, SA)

maxë

noun. handiness

Quenya [PE19/074; PE21/70] Group: Eldamo. Published by

márië

noun/adverb. well, happily; goodness, good estate, being well, happiness

Quenya [PE17/058; PE17/059; PE17/074; PE17/138; PE17/162; PE22/158] Group: Eldamo. Published by

umbarto

masculine name. Fated

A name given by Nerdanel to one of her youngest children when Fëanor insisted she given them distinct names, though she did not say to which it applied (PM/353). It is a masculinized form of umbar “fate, doom”. Fëanor altered it to the less ominous sounding Ambarto.

Quenya [PM/353; PM/355; PMI/Amrod; VT41/10] Group: Eldamo. Published by

-ando

redeemer

-ando masculine agentive suffix, deleted in the Etymologies (VT45:16), but occurring in words Tolkien used later, like #runando "redeemer".

-ndor

land

-ndor, final element in compounds: "land" (Letters:308, UT:253)

-nna

to, at, upon

-nna "to, at, upon", allative ending, originating from -na "to" with fortified n, VT49:14. Attested in cilyanna, coraryanna, Endorenna, Elendilenna, númenórenna, parma-restalyanna, rénna, senna, tielyanna, q.v. If a noun ends in -n already, the ending -nna merges with it, as in Amanna, formenna, Elenna, númenna, rómenna as the allative forms of Aman, formen, elen, númen, rómen (q.v.). Plural -nnar in mannar, valannar, q.v.

Mairen

well

Mairen fem. name(UT:210), initial element perhaps related or identical to mai "well". The second element is obscure; the root REN "recall, have in mind" (PM:372) could be related; if so the name may imply "well remembered", "(of) good memory" or something similar. It may also connect with the adj. maira, q.v. and compare the masc. name Mairon (PE18:163).

Umbarto

fated

Umbarto masc. name, "Fated", mother-name (never used in narrative) of Telufinwë = Amras. The ominous name was altered to Ambarto by Fëanor. (PM:353-354)

airen

noun. sea

Quenya [PE 22:23n] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

airë

sea

airë (2) noun "sea" (the form airen is given, intended as a genitive singular when Tolkien wrote this; in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be a dative sg.) (AYAR/AIR; cf. airon)

airë

noun. sea

An archaic word for “sea” which fell out of use to due conflict with “holy” words like aira or airë; it was a noun form of primitive ✶gaı̯ră (PE17/27). The more common modern word for “sea” is ëar.

Conceptual Development: ᴹQ. aire “sea” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of ᴹ√AYAR (Ety/AY); it appeared beside a form ᴹQ. airen that might be a genitive form, or might be a longer form; see the entry on ᴹQ. airon for discussion.

ala-

good

ala- (3), also al-, a prefix expressing "good" or "well" (PE17:146), as in alaquenta (q.v.) Whether Tolkien imagined this ending to coexist with the negative prefix of the same form (#2 above) is unclear and perhaps dubious.

ana

to

ana (1) prep. "to" (VT49:35), "as preposition _ana _is used when purely _dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that the preposition ana can be used instead of the dative ending -n (#1, q.v.) Also as prefix: ana- "to, towards" (NĀ1); an (q.v.) is used with this meaning in one source (PE17:127)_

as

with

as prep. "with" (together with), also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with thee" (VT47:31, VT43:29). The conjunction ar "and" may also appear in assimilated form as before s; see ar #1.

as

with

o (2) prep. "with" (MC:216; this is "Qenya"; WJ:367 states that no independent preposition o was used in Quenya. Writers may rather use as.) See ó- below.

as

preposition. with

calca

glass

calca noun "glass" (VT47:35); compare hyellë, cilin.

calca

noun. glass

cambë

noun. hand, (hollow of) hand

car-

with

#car- (2) prep. "with" (carelyë "with thee"), prepositional element (evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien) (VT43:29)

cemi

earth, soil, land

cemi noun "earth, soil, land"; Cémi ("k")"Mother Earth" (LT1:257; the "Qenya" word cemi would correspond to cemen in LotR-style Quenya)

cilin

glass

cilin noun "glass" ("often used as in English ("often used as in English for any thing or implement made of glass") (PE17:37). Compare calca, hyellë.

cilin

noun. glass, glass [transluscent or reflective]

cimba

noun. edge, brink

Quenya [PE 22:149] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

ciryando

sailor

ciryando ("k")noun "sailor" (PE17:58).

ciryando

noun. sailor

ehtelu-

verb. well, bubble out

Quenya [PE 22:103, 117] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

elmenda

wonder

elmenda noun "wonder" (PE13:143)

farnë

dwelling

#farnë (2) noun "dwelling", in orofarnë (as translated in Letters:224, but in other notes of Tolkiens the word was interpreted "any growing thing or plant", PE17:83)

fára

beach, shore

fára noun "beach, shore" (VT46:15)

hana

noun. post

Quenya [PE 22:51] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

har-

verb. dwell, abide, reside permanently

Quenya [PE 22:125] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

heren

fortune

heren (2) noun "fortune", etymologically "governance" ("and so what is in store for one and what one has in store") (KHER).Herendil masc. name *"Fortune-friend" = Eadwine, Edwin, _Audoin(LR:52, 56, cf. the Etymologies, stems KHER-, NIL/NDIL)_

hyellë

glass

hyellë noun "glass" (KHYEL(ES), VT45:23; the later source also provides the unglossed form hyelma, which may be a synonym of hyellë; alternatively hyellë could be "glass" as a substance, whereas hyelma_ rather refers to "a glass" as a drinking vessel). _In later sources, cilin or calca is given as the word for "glass".

indo

house

indo (2) noun "house" (LT2:343), probably obsoleted by #1 above (in Tolkiens later Quenya, the word for "house" appears as coa).

isca

pale

isca ("k") adj."pale" (LT1:256)

kemen

earth

kemen noun "earth"; see cemen.

lenu-

stretch

lenu- vb. "stretch" (LT2:341)

litsë

sand

litsë noun "sand" (LIT)

luina

pale

[luina] adj. "pale" (VT45:30)

with

(2) prep. "with" (PE17:95)

preposition. with, with, [ᴹQ.] by, [ᴱQ.] with (accompaniment)

mai

well

mai (1) adv. "well" (VT47:6), apparently also used as prefix (PE17:17:162, 163, 172)

mai

adverb. well, well; [ᴱQ.] too much

Quenya [PE17/162; VT47/06] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mandë

well

mandë (2) adv. "well" (VT49:26; this is "Qenya"). Rather mai in Tolkiens later Quenya.

masse

noun. handful

handful, share, (just) portion, capacity

Quenya [PE 19:48 PE 19:74] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

melehta

mighty

melehta adj. "mighty" (PE17:115), cf. meletya

melehta

adjective. mighty

An adjective for “mighty” derived from the root √MBELEK in a page of notes having to do with “large & small” words, probably from the late 1960s (PE17/115), apparently from the primitive form ✱✶mbelektā (with [kt] > [ht]). A variant form meletya appears with the 2nd-plural possessive suffix -lda as Meletyalda “your mighty” in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/369), likely from the primitive form ✱✶mbelekya (with [kj] > [tj]). This variant form has a more typical primitive adjective suffix ✶-ya, but is inconsistent with the attested Sindarin cognate S. belaith, so I’d stick with melehta for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

Quenya [PE17/115; WJ/369] Group: Eldamo. Published by

meletya

mighty

#meletya adj. "mighty", isolated from meletyalda adjective with suffix "your mighty" = "your majesty" (see -lda; meletya = *"mighty"). In full Aran Meletyalda "king your mighty" = "your majesty" (WJ:369). Compare melehta.

meletya

adjective. mighty

mul-

grind

mul- vb. "grind", pa.t. múle (QL:63)

noun. hand

hand

Quenya [PE 18:35] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

hand

noun "hand" (MA3, LT2:339, Narqelion, VT39:10, [VT45:30], VT47:6, 18, 19); the dual "a pair of hands" is attested both by itself as mát (VT47:6) and with a pronominal suffix as máryat "his/her (pair of) hands" (see -rya, -t) (Nam, RGEO:67). The nominative plural form was only máli, not **már (VT47:6), though plurals in -r may occur in some of the cases, as indicated by the pl. allative mannar "into hands" (FS). Mánta "their hand", dual mántat "their hands" (two hands each) (PE17:161). Cf. also the compounds mátengwië "language of the hands" (VT47:9) and Lungumá "Heavyhand" (VT47:19); also compare the adj. -maitë "-handed". See also málimë.

noun. hand

Quenya [PE 22:160] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

noun. hand

The most common Quenya word for “hand”, which Tolkien usually derived from a root √MAH or √MAƷ “hand; handle, wield”. The weak consonant h or ʒ in the root was lost very early, so that primitive ✶ was one of a rare set of ancient monosyllabic nouns ending in a vowel. Tolkien said that of the various hand words, was “the oldest (probably) and the one that retained a general and unspecialized sense — referring to the entire hand (including wrist) in any attitude or function” (VT47/6).

As a part of the body, “hand” was usually referred to in the singular () or dual (mát). This was true when referring to the hands of groups of people as well. For example, to say that “the Elves raised their hands”, you would say either i Eldar ortaner mánta (singular, one hand each) or i Eldar ortaner mántat (dual, both hands each), with the possessive suffix -nta “their”.

The plural form már “hands” (or archaic †mai) was almost never used, in part because it conflicted with Q. már “dwelling”. The singular form was also used in general statements and proverbs: “hand is cleverer than foot” má anfinya epe tál (ná). A collection of otherwise unrelated hands would likely use the partitive-plural form: máli “some hands”, which in this case could also serve as the general plural (VT47/12 Note 2). See the discussions on PE17/161 and VT47/6 for more information.

This word is also unusual in that it retains its long vowel before consonant clusters in inflected forms such as mánta “their hand” (PE17/161) or márya “his/her hand” (PE17/69). As Tolkien described it:

> is usually shortened to la before 2 consonants, according to the usual Q. procedure, but the long vowel can be retained, especially for additional emphasis, as in other cases where pronominal affixes follow a long vowel, as in márya “his hand” (PE22/160).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to ᴱQ. “hand” from Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√MAHA “grasp” (QL/57). ᴹQ. “hand” also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√MAƷ “hand” (Ety/MAƷ). Tolkien mentioned this word with great frequency, usually derived from √MAH or √MAƷ (as noted above) though he sometimes considered deriving it from √MAG instead.

Quenya [LotR/0377; PE17/069; PE17/070; PE17/130; PE17/135; PE17/161; PE17/162; PE19/100; PE19/102; PE19/106; PE22/160; RGEO/58; RGEO/59; VT39/09; VT39/11; VT47/03; VT47/06; VT47/12; VT47/18; VT47/19; VT49/10] Group: Eldamo. Published by

málimë

wrist

málimë (stem *málimi-, given primitive form ¤mā-limi) noun "wrist", literally "hand-link" ( + #limë). (VT47:6)

máralë

noun. goodness

márië

goodness

márië (1) "goodness", "good" as noun (abstract formation from the adj. mára). (PE17:58, 89). Genitive máriéno, dative máriena, locative máriessë (PE17:59, occurring in the greeting (hara) máriessë "(stay) in happiness", PE17:162) Allative márienna *"to goodness", used as an interjection "farewell" (archaic namárië, q.v.),

máriën

noun. goodness

na

to, towards

na (2) prep. "to, towards", possibly obsoleted by #1 above; for clarity writers may use the synonym ana instead (NĀ1). Originally, Tolkien glossed na as "at, by, near"; the new meaning entered together with the synonyms an, ana (VT45:36).

nanca

slain

nanca adj. *"slain" (PE17:68); see -na

narwë

sign, token

[narwë (and short nar, unless this is an incomplete form) noun "sign, token"] (VT45:37)

nauta

bound, obliged

nauta adj. "bound, obliged" (NUT)

no

under

no prep. "under" (NŪ; all other sources give nu instead. In early "Qenya", no meant "upon"; MC:214)

nonda

hand, especially in [?clutching]

nonda noun "hand, especially in [?clutching]" (VT47:23; Tolkien's gloss was not certainly legible)

nívë

pale

nívë adj."pale" (MC:213; this is "Qenya" Tolkien's later Quenya has néca)

nór

land

nór noun "land" (stem nor-, PE17:106) this is land as opposed to water and sea (nor in Letters:308). Cf. nórë.

nór

noun. land

A term for “land” as in “(dry) land as opposed to the sea”, mentioned in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/413) and again in notes from around 1968 (PE17/106-107).

Possible Etymology: In the Quendi and Eldar essay this term was derived from primitive ✶ndōro, but in the aforementioned 1968 notes Tolkien clarified that its stem form was nŏr-. This means it was probably derived from ancient ✱ndŏr-, where the long vowel in the uninflected form was inherited from the Common Eldarin subjective form ✱ndōr, a phenomenon also seen in words like nér (ner-) “man”. I prefer this second derivation, as it makes the independent word more distinct from the suffixal form -ndor or -nóre used in the names of countries.

Quenya [PE17/106; PE17/107; WJ/413] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nóre

noun. land

Quenya [PE 22:116, 124] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

nórë

land

nórë noun "land" (associated with a particular people) (WJ:413), "country, land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live, race, clan" (NŌ, NDOR, BAL), also used = "race, tribe, people" (SA:dôr, PE17:169; however, the normal word for "people" is lië). Early "Qenya" hasnórë "native land, nation, family, country" (in compounds -nor) (LT1:272)

olombo

horse

olombo noun "horse" (derived from a base LOB which Tolkien later changed to LOP; hence read *olompo for olombo?)

os

house, cottage

os (ost-) noun "house, cottage" (LT2:336; hardly valid in LotR-style Quenya writers may use coa or már)

pata-

walk

pata- vb. "walk" (PE17:34)

pusta

stop

pusta (1) noun "stop", in punctuation full stop (PUS). Compare putta.

putta

stop

putta noun "stop" (in punctuation) _(PUT; see PUS). _According to VT46:10, a dot under a letter is intended, possibly indicating that the consonant is not followed by a vowel; cf. VT46:33 and see VT49:38, 40 regarding an actual example of such punctuation in a Tengwar sample.

quat-

fill

quat- vb. "fill" (WJ:392), future #quantuva "shall fill" (enquantuva "shall refill") (Nam, RGEO:67) Irrespective of the prefix en- "re", the form enquatuva (VT48:11) displays the expected future tense of quat-. The Namárië form enquantuva seems to include a nasal infix as well, which is possibly an optional feature of the future tense. On the other hand, PE17:68 cites the verb as quanta- rather than quat-, and then the future-tense form quantuva would be straightforward.

rocco

horse

rocco ("k")noun "horse" (ROK, SA:roch; Letters:382; cf. 282 where the spelling really is rocco, not rokko_). _In Letters:382 the word is defined as "swift horse for riding". VT46:12 refers to an alternative form of the entry ROK that was inserted into the Etymologies; here rocco, which Tolkien revised from ronco ("k"), was similarly glossed "swift horse". Nésë nórima rocco ("k") "he was a horse strong/swift at running" (VT49:29)

rocco

noun. horse

Quenya [PE 22:166] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

rocco

noun. horse

The usual word for “horse” in Quenya, a derivative of ✶rokkō (Let/282, 382; WJ/407) and very well attested. There are indications that this word was more specifically a “swift horse” (Let/382; EtyAC/ROK), but in most cases Tolkien used it generically.

Conceptual Development: ᴹQ. rokko “horse” first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√ROK “run on foot”, already with the derivation given above (Ety/ROK). The relevant entry appeared twice; in one rokko was first written as rokka “wheel”, and in the other the form was first written ronko, but in both cases Tolkien revised the word to rokko “horse”.

Quenya [Let/178; Let/282; Let/382; PE17/168; PE21/78; PE22/166; SA/roch; VT49/29; WJ/407] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ríma

edge, hem, border

ríma noun "edge, hem, border" (RĪ)

taina

sign

#taina (2) noun "sign", isolated from Tainacolli *"Sign-bearer" MR:385

tampo

well

tampo noun "well" (QL:93)

tanna

sign, token

tanna (1) noun "sign, token" (MR:385, PE17:186), also tanwa (PE17:186)

tap-

stop, block

tap- vb. "stop, block" (the form tapë given in the Etymologies is translated "he stops, blocks", evidently the 3rd person sg. aorist. In Etym as printed in LR, a was misprinted as á, cf. VT46:17). Pa.t. tampë (TAP)

tarminas

tower

tarminas noun "tower" etc. (Sindarin barad); see taras (PE17:22)

taura

mighty, masterful

taura adj. "mighty, masterful" (TUR, PE17:115), "very mighty, vast, of unmeasured might or size" (VT39:10). Cf. túrëa.

tengwa

noun. sign

sign, indicator, letter

Quenya [PE 19:97] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

turco

tower

turco ("k") (2) noun "tower". In Lúnaturco, Quenya name of Barad-dûr (Dark Tower). Tolkien changed the word turco from turma (PE17:22).

turma

tower

[turma] (2) noun "tower". Tolkien changed this word to turco (#2), q.v. (PE17:22)

umbarta-

verb. to define, decree, destine

vanta

walk

vanta (2) noun "walk" (BAT)

veryanwë

wedding

veryanwë "wedding"; veryanwesto "of your (dual) wedding" (VT49:44, 45)

vestalë

wedding

vestalë noun "wedding" (BES, VT49:46) (under WED the word was defined as "oath", but this was struck out)

váya

sea

váya noun "sea" (considered as "waters, motion"). The wording of the source indicates that Tolkien only tentatively considered such a word (PE17:33)

vëa

sea

vëa (3) noun "sea" (MC:213, 214, 216; possibly obsoleted by #1 and #2 above, though some argue that the initial element of the late names Vëantur and Vëandur [q.v.] could be vëa #3 rather than #2 (it can hardly be #1) . In any case, the normal word for "sea" in LotR-style Quenya seems to be ëar.) Inflected vëan "sea" (MC:220), vëar "in sea" (a "Qenya" locative in -r, MC:213), vëassë "on sea" (MC:220). Cf. also vëaciryo.

ó

with, accompanying

Quenya [PE 22:162] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

ó

preposition. with

Quenya [PE22/162; VT43/29; VT43/36] Group: Eldamo. Published by

anwa melme

true love

Third-party request for translation.

>> anwa "true, actual" >> melme "love"

elmendëa

adjective. wonderful

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

maxa-

verb. to cook

rimpë

noun. scratch

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

santië

noun. decision

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

tampo

noun. well