en

still

en (2), also ena, adv. "still"; quetir en "they still say" (PE17:167)

en

made

en (3) particle that may be inserted before a past tense form to indicate that it refers to a remote past (VT45:12), apparently twice attested in Fíriel's Song (LR:72), e.g. en cárë ("k") "made" (long ago). This particle may have been obsoleted by en "still" from a later source.

en

there, look! yon (yonder)

en (1) interjection "there, look! yon (yonder)" (EN, VT45:12)

en

particle. in that (future) case; then, soon

en

adverb. then soon, (then) soon, [ᴹQ.] in that (future) case; there, yonder; look yon(der); far away; that, [ᴱQ.] that by you; thereupon

Derivations

• ✶en “next, further, again, next, further, again; [ᴹ✶] yonder”
  • √EN “again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond, again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond; [ᴹ√] yonder, over there”

Element in

• ᴺQ. enar “tomorrow”
• ᴺQ. ener(a) “on, onward, further”
• Q. en i matinye “I shall eat then soon” ✧ PE22/131

Variations

• enya ✧ PE22/131 (enya)

en-

verb. again-

en- (4) prefix "again-", "re-" (PE17:68), in enquantuva "shall refill", entuluva, "shall come again", Envinyatar "Renewer", envinyanta "healed, *renewed", enyalië "to recall" (Nam, RGEO:67, LotR3:V ch. 8, VT41:16, MR:405, UT:317; as for the etymology of en-, see comments on Common Eldarin base EN "again, once more" in VT48:25)

-ien

suffix. -land

Element in

• Q. Arvernien “Land(s) beside the Verna” ✧ PE17/071
• Q. Hildórien “*Land of the Followers”
• Q. Lórien “*Dream Lands”

Variations

• -ien ✧ PE17/071 (-ien)

enda

heart

enda noun "heart", but not referring to the physical organ; it literally means "centre" (cf. endë) and refers to the fëa (soul) or sáma (mind) itself. (VT39:32)

ento

next

ento adv. "next" (Arct)

enya

adverb. then soon

elwen

heart

elwen noun "heart" (LT1:255; rather hón or enda in LotR-style Quenya)

en(a)

adverb. still

@@@ is more frequently used to refer to future, not past

Derivations

• √EN “again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond, again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond; [ᴹ√] yonder, over there” ✧ PE17/167

Element in

• Q. quetir en “they still say” ✧ PE17/167

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√EN > ena	[ena]	✧ PE17/167

Variations

• en ✧ PE17/167
• ena ✧ PE17/167

an-

re

an- (3) prefix "re" in antúlien, q.v. (LotR-style Quenya shows en- instead.)

es

the eagles of the lords are at hand

es unidentified word in the phrase es sorni heruion an! "the Eagles of the Lords are at hand" (SD:290); possibly an assimilated form of en, that may function as a kind of deitic particle here: *"Behold the Eagles..."

in

the

i (1) "the", indeclinable definite article (I, Nam, RGEO:67, Markirya, WJ:369, WJ:398, MC:215, 216, 221). A variant in (q.v.) is also attested. Hyphenated i- in i-mar "the earth" (FS), i-Ciryamo "the mariner's" (UT:8), i-aldar "the trees" (Narqelion), attached with a dot in i·yulmar "the cups" (VT48:11), I·Eldanyárë "the History of the Elves" (LR:199), i·arya *"the best" (PE17:57), directly prefixed with no hyphen or dot in icilyanna = i cilyanna in SD:247, also ihyarma "the left hand" in VT49:22 (but i hyarma in other versions of the same text).

in

article. the

ne

that

ne (2) conj. "that" (as in "I know that you are here") (PE14:54), evidently replaced by i in Tolkiens later Quenya (see i #3).

re

re

[re, possibly a 3rd person singular emphatic pronoun, struck out by Tolkien (VT49:49)]

-on

name

-on gen.pl. ending (3O), in aldaron, aranion, elenion, Eldaron, #esseron, Ingweron, Istarion, Númevalion, Quendion, Silmarillion, Sindaron, tasarion (see Nan-Tasarion), Valion, wenderon, yénion. Normally the ending -on is added to the nominative plural, whether it ends in -i or -r, but some nouns in -ë that would have nominative plurals in -i seem to prefer the ending -ron in the genitive (hence #esseron as the gen. pl. of essë "name", though the nominative pl. is attested as essi and we might have expected the gen. pl. *ession; similarly wenderon, Ingweron).

i

article. the

Cognates

• S. i “the” ✧ PE17/066

Element in

• Q. aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie’n aurë “Behold, people of the Eldar and Fathers of Men, the day has come!” ✧ S/190; WJ/166
• Q. alcar i Ataren ar i Yondon ar i Airefëan “glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit” ✧ VT43/37; VT43/37; VT43/37
• Q. ar aistana i yávë mónalyo Yésus “and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus” ✧ VT43/31
• Q. ar ámen apsenë úcaremmar “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT43/19
• Q. ar i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa tennoio “and of the One who is above all thrones for ever” ✧ UT/305
• Q. ar mi cemen rainë i hínin “and on earth peace, good will toward men” ✧ VT44/35; VT44/35
• Q. á sac’ i fendë, mecin “close the door, please” ✧ PE22/166
• Q. auta i lómë “The night is passing!” ✧ S/190; WJ/166
• Q. caitas lá i sír “it is beyond the river” ✧ PE17/065
• Q. caitas palla i sír “it is far beyond the river” ✧ PE17/065
• Q. eldar ataformaiti “the Elves were ambidexters” ✧ VT49/08
• Q. epetai i hyarma ú ten ulca símaryassen “consequently the left hand was not to them evil in their imaginations” ✧ VT49/12
• Q. et i péti “*out of the lips, out of the mouth” ✧ VT47/35
• Q. Heru Imillion “Lord of the Rings” ✧ DTS/54
• Q. i arani Eldaive “The kings of the Eldar” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. i arani Eldaron “The kings of the Eldar” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. i Equessi Rúmilo “The Sayings of Rúmil” ✧ WJ/398
• Q. i fairi nécë “the pale phantoms” ✧ MC/221; MC/222
• Q. i falmalinnar imbë met “on the foaming waves between us” ✧ LotR/0377; PE17/127; RGEO/58
• Q. an i falmalī “*on the foaming waves” ✧ PE17/127
• Q. i falmalinnar imbë met “upon the (many) foaming waves between us (two)” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/29
• Q. i hyarma tentanë Melcorello “the left hand pointed away from Melkor” ✧ VT49/22
• Q. Indis i·Ciryamo “The Mariner’s Wife” ✧ UT/008
• Q. Ingoldo “The Noldo” ✧ PE19/076
• Q. i roccor rindi “the horses are swift” ✧ PE21/77
• Q. i Tumbo Tarmacorto “the Vale of the High Mountain Circle” ✧ NM/351
• Q. i Túrin i Cormaron “the Lord of the Rings” ✧ Minor-Doc/1973-05-30; Minor-Doc/1973-05-30
• Q. i tyulma ciryava “the mast of the ship” ✧ PE21/80
• Q. i·oromandi tanna lendë “*the wood-spirits came thither” ✧ PE16/096
• Q. lan i Valaron arcanwar tauvar “*while the thrones of the Valar endure” ✧ PE22/147
• Q. lendes lann’ i sír “he came (to a point) beyond the river” ✧ PE17/065
• Q. lendes pallan(na) i sír “he came (to a point) far beyond the river” ✧ PE17/065
• Q. mana i coimas Eldaron? “What is the ‘coimas’ of the Eldar?” ✧ PM/395
• Q. mana i·coimas in·Eldaron? “What is the ‘coimas’ of the Eldar?” ✧ PM/403; PM/403
• Q. ma Varda enquantuva i yulma nin sí “will Varda now refill the cup for me?” ✧ PE22/161
• Q. lissë miruvóreva mí oromardi “of sweet nectar in the high-halls”
• Q. lírinen ómo i·aire tário “by the song of the voice of the holy queen” ✧ PE17/076
• Q. lírinen ómo i·aire táríva “by the song of the voice of the holy queen” ✧ PE17/076
• Q. Quennar Onótimo ✧ MR/049
• Q. roccor i Erulingaron márë nár (ma naitë)? “the horses of the Rohirrim are good (are they not, lit. is it true)” ✧ PE22/166
• Q. násië “now and at the hour of our death: Amen” ✧ VT43/35
• Q. sí man i yulma nin enquantuva? “who now shall refill the cup for me?” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. sí man i yulma nin enquantuva? “now who the cup for me will refill?” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. sí man i yulmar men enquantuva? “*who now shall refill the cups for us?” ✧ Minor-Doc/2013-05-13
• Q. sí man i yulmar n(g)wen enquantuva “*who now will refill the cups for us (dual)” ✧ VT21/06
• Q. Sindar i Eldar Malariando “Grey are the Elves of Beleriand” ✧ PE21/77; PE21/77
• Q. sínen i·anda nyarnë metta ar taina andaurenya na quanta “*with this the long tale ends and my extended long day is complete” ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT
• Q. sustanë Manwëo súlë ten i indo Sindicollo ar he lastanë ar carnes “*the spirit of Manwe blew unto the heart of Thingol and he listened and did it” ✧ NM/239
• Q. tambë engë i et... “as it was [in] the [beginning]...” ✧ VT43/38
• Q. tyulma i ciryo “the mast of the ship” ✧ PE21/80
• Q. utúlie’n aurë “The day has come!” ✧ S/190; WJ/166
• Q. yan i wilyar antar miquelis “*to whom the air gives kisses” ✧ PE16/096
• Q. yassen tintilar i eleni “wherein the stars tremble” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. yassen tintilar i eleni “in which twinkle the stars” ✧ RGEO/59

Variations

• i ✧ DTS/54; LotR/0377; LotR/0377; LotR/0377; MC/221; MC/222; Minor-Doc/1955-CT; Minor-Doc/1973-05-30; Minor-Doc/2013-05-13; MR/049; NM/239; NM/351; PE16/096; PE17/013 (i); PE17/065; PE17/066; PE17/068; PE17/127; PE17/127; PE19/076; PE21/77; PE21/80; PE22/147; PE22/161; PE22/166; RGEO/58; RGEO/58; RGEO/58; RGEO/59; RGEO/59; RGEO/59; S/190; UT/305; UT/317; VT21/06; VT43/19; VT43/29; VT43/31; VT43/35; VT43/37; VT43/37; VT43/37; VT43/38; VT44/35; VT47/35; VT49/08; VT49/12; VT49/22; WJ/166; WJ/369; WJ/369
• in ✧ NM/240 (in)
• I ✧ PE16/096; WJ/398
• i· ✧ PE17/076; PM/395; PM/403; UT/008
• in· ✧ PM/403

nan

adverb. again

carina

participle. made

esse

noun. name

essë

name

essë (1) noun "name", also later name of Tengwa #31, originally (MET) called árë (ázë). (Appendix E). With a pronominal ending esselya "thy name" (VT43:14). Pl. #essi in PM:339 and MR:470, gen.pl. #esseron "of names" in the compound Nómesseron (q.v.); we would rather have expected *ession, given the nom.pl. essi; perhaps #esser is a valid alternative plural form. Essecarmë noun "name-making" (MR:214, 470), Eldarin ceremony where the father announces the name of his child. Essecenta *("k") noun "Name-essay" (see centa) (MR:415); Essecilmë noun "name-choosing", an Eldarin ceremony where a child named him- or herself according to personal lámatyávë (q.v.) (MR:214, 471). The meaning Tolkien originally assigned to the word essë** in the Etymologies was "place" rather than "name" (VT45:12).

essë

noun. name

Cognates

• ᴺS. ess “name”

Derivations

• ᴹ√ES “indicate, name”

Element in

• Q. amilessë “mother-name”
• Q. anessë “given (or added) name, nickname, surname” ✧ MR/216
• Q. cilmessë “self-name”
• Q. epessë “after-name”
• Q. Essecarmë “Name-making” ✧ MR/470
• Q. Essecenta Eldarinwa “Enquiry (into the origins) of the Elvish names” ✧ WJ/359
• Q. Essecilmë “Name-choosing” ✧ MR/470
• Q. na airë esselya “hallowed be thy name” ✧ VT43/14
• Q. nómessë “place-name” ✧ VT42/17
• Q. notessë “numeral”
• ᴺQ. tengessë “address, (lit.) indication-name”

Variations

• esse ✧ LotR/1123
• essë ✧ MR/470
• Esse ✧ WJ/359

esta-

verb. name

hón

heart

hón noun "heart" (physical) (KHŌ-N); hon-maren "heart of the house", a fire (LR:63, 73; this is "Qenya" with genitive in -en, not -o as in LotR-style Quenya read *hon-maro?)

ia

ever

[ia adv. "ever" (GEY, EY); replaced by oia.]

indo

heart, mood

indo (1) noun "heart, mood" (ID), "state" (perhaps especially state of mind, given the other glosses) (VT39:23), "mind, region/range of thought, mood" (PE17:155, 179), "inner thought, in fea as exhibited in character or [?personality]" (PE17:189). In another post-LotR source, indo is translated "resolve" or "will", the state of mind leading directly to action (VT41:13). Indo is thus "the mind in its purposing faculty, the will" (VT41:17). Indo-ninya,a word occurring in Fíriels Song, translated "my heart" (see ninya). In the compound indemma "mind-picture", the first element would seem to be indo.

oi

ever

oi adv. "ever" (OY)

sana

that

sanda

name

[sanda, sandë] (þ) (2) noun "name" (VT46:16)

sanya

name

[sanya] (þ) (2) noun ?"name" (reading of gloss uncertain, VT46:16)

tana

that

tana (1) demonstrative "that" (said to be "anaphoric") (TA). According to VT49:11, tana is the adjective corresponding to ta, "that" as a pronoun.

tana

that

Element in

• Q. tambë “*as, so”

Elements

Word	Gloss
ta	“that, there, that, there, [ᴹQ.] it”

Variations

• tănā ✧ VT49/11

vor

ever

vor, voro adv. "ever" (BOR, LT1:250, 273 [only voro_ in the Etymologies]; also in Narqelion)_

yana

that

yana demonstrative "that" (the former) (YA)

órë

heart

órë (1) noun "heart" (inner mind), also name of tengwa #21 (Appendix E), "premonition" (VT41:13), "nearest equivalent of 'heart' in our application to feelings, or emotions (courage, fear, hope, pity, etc.)" (VT41:13). The órë apparently defines a person's personality, cf. the description of Galadriel in PM:337, that "there dwelt in her the noble and generous spirit (órë) of the Vanyar". Órenya "my heart" (VT41:11).

úlumë

ever

úlumë adv. "ever", at all times (in a series or period) (PE17:156). Cf. ullumë.

ata

again

ata adv. "again", also prefix ata-, at- "back, again, re-; second time, double" (AT(AT), PE17:166, cf. ataquanta-, ataquetië) or "two" (PE17:166), also "ambi-" as in ataformaitë, q.v.

hinna

adverb. still

sanomë

there

sanomë adv. "there" (PE17:71). Cf. sinomë, tanomë.

sanomë

adverb. there

ta

there

ta (5) adv. "there" (VT49:33; this may be an Elvish root or "element" rather than a Quenya word; see tanomë; see however also tar, tara, tanna under ta #1).

tanya

that

tanya demonstrative "that" (MC:215; this is "Qenya", perhaps corresponding to later tana)

tasse

there

tassë

there

tassë adv. "there" (VT49:11), short form tás. These seem to be properly locative forms of ta "that, it", hence "in that [place]". Compare allative tanna "thither" and ablative talo "thence".

tassë

adverb. there

Element in

• Q. tas cennen nótimë eldali “I saw a few elves there” ✧ PE22/155

Variations

• tas ✧ PE22/155
• tās ✧ VT49/11
• tasse ✧ VT49/11

tás

there

tás adv. "there" (VT49:11); also tassë, q.v.

tás

adverb. there

canta-

verb. ?

Derivations

• √KAN “cry aloud; (Q. only) command; lead, rule, cry aloud; (Q. only) command; lead, rule; [ᴹ√] dare”

quanta-

fill

quanta- (2) vb. "fill" (PE17:68), cf. enquantuva "will refill" in Namárië. This verb seems to spring from a secondary use of the adjective quanta "full" as a verbal stem, whereas the synonym quat- (q.v.) is the original primary verb representing the basic root KWAT.

voro

ever, continually

voro, voro- adv. "ever, continually" (BOR, Narqelion) Compare vor. (Focusing on the gloss "continually", post-Tolkien writers have sometimes used voro for "still, yet", but for this sense the term en is available.) The variants vora, vorë were used for "always" in drafts for a Quenya version of the Sub Tuum Praesidium, but Tolkien eventually replaced such forms with the unrelated word illumë (VT44:9). Compare vórë, vórëa.

i, antevokaliskt in

conjunction. that

savin elessar ar <u>i</u> nánë aran ondórëo

that

i (3) conj. "that". Savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo "I believe that Elessar really existed and that [he] was a king of Gondor" (VT49:27), savin…i E[lesarno] quetië naitë *"I believe that Elessars speaking [is] true" (VT49:28) Also cf. nai, nái "be it that" (see nai #1), which may seem to incorporate this conjunction.

-uva

fill

-uva future tense ending. In avuva, caluva, cenuva, hiruva, (en)quantuva, (en)tuluva, laituvalmet, lauva, maruvan, termaruva, tiruvantes. A final -a drops out before the ending -uva is added: quanta- "fill", future tense quantuva (PE17:68). A verbal stem in -av- may be contracted when -uva follows, as when avuva is stated to have become auva (VT49:13). Origin/etymology of the ending -uva, see VT48:32. In VT49:30, the future tense of the verb "to be" is given as uva, apparently the future-tense "ending" appearing independently, but several other sources rather give nauva for "will be" (see ná #1).

i

pronoun. that

quat-

fill

quat- vb. "fill" (WJ:392), future #quantuva "shall fill" (enquantuva "shall refill") (Nam, RGEO:67) Irrespective of the prefix en- "re", the form enquatuva (VT48:11) displays the expected future tense of quat-. The Namárië form enquantuva seems to include a nasal infix as well, which is possibly an optional feature of the future tense. On the other hand, PE17:68 cites the verb as quanta- rather than quat-, and then the future-tense form quantuva would be straightforward.

sa

conjunction. that

sal-

verb. ?

ta

that, it

ta (1) pron. "that, it" (TA); compare antaróta** "he gave it" (FS); see anta-. The forms tar/tara/tanna "thither", talo/tó "thence" and tás/tassë* "there" are originally inflected forms of this pronoun: "to that", "from that" and "in that" (place), respectively. Compare "there" as one gloss of ta (see #4).

en

article. of the (genitival article)

en

of the

poss. art. of the.

en

preposition. of the

Changes

• ani → eni ✧ PE17/097
• en(n)a → ena ✧ PE17/097

Derivations

• ✶ān(a) “subjective genitive” ✧ PE17/097

Element in

• S. alae! ered en Echoriath, ered e·mbar nín “[?behold!] the mountains of Echoriath, the mountains of my home!” ✧ UT/040; UT/040; UT/054
• S. Bar-en-Danwedh “House of Ransom” ✧ S/203
• S. Bar-en-Nibin-noeg “House of the Petty Dwarves” ✧ UT/100
• S. Cabed-en-Aras “Deer’s Leap” ✧ UT/150
• S. Cirith Forn en Andrath “High-Climbing Pass of the North”
• S. Daur a Berhael, Conin en Annûn “Frodo and Sam, princes of the west” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
• S. Dor-en-Ernil “Land of the Prince” ✧ UT/245
• S. Haudh-en-Arwen “Ladybarrow”
• S. Haudh-en-Elleth “Mound of the Elf-maid” ✧ PE17/141; S/216
• S. Haudh-en-Ellas ✧ PE17/097
• S. Haudh-en-Ndengin “Hill of Slain, (lit.) Mound of the Slain”
• S. Haudh-en-Nirnaeth “Mound of Tears” ✧ S/197
• S. i mbair en Ndengin “the houses of the Slain” ✧ PE17/097
• S. mellyn enin Edhellion “*friends of the Elves” ✧ PE17/097
• S. Methed-en-Glad “End of the Wood” ✧ UT/153
• S. Narn en·Êl “*Tale of the Star” ✧ MR/373
• S. Narn e·Dant Gondolin ar Orthad en·Êl “*Tale of the Fall of Gondolin and the Raising of the Star” ✧ MR/373; MR/373
• S. Narn e·Dinúviel “Tale of the Nightingale” ✧ MR/373
• S. Narn e·mbar Hador “*Tale of the House of Hador” ✧ MR/373
• S. Narn e·’Rach Morgoth “Tale of the Curse of Morgoth” ✧ MR/373
• S. paeth e Ngolodhrim “*speech of the Noldor” ✧ PE17/126; PE17/126
• S. Roch-cheruin “Steed of the Lady” ✧ PE17/097
• S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23; VT50/23
• S. Taur e-Ndaedelos “Forest of the Great Fear” ✧ LotR/1134
• S. Taur-en-Faroth “*Forest of the Hunting”
• S. dagnir an Glaurung “slayer of Glaurung” ✧ PE17/097

Variations

• en ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/097; PE17/102; PE17/141; S/197; S/203; S/216; UT/040; UT/100; UT/150; UT/153; UT/245; VT50/23
• en· ✧ MR/373
• an ✧ PE17/097
• ena ✧ PE17/097
• ani ✧ PE17/097 (ani)
• en(n)a ✧ PE17/097 (en(n)a)

en

pronoun. 1st sg pronoun

Variations

• en ✧ VT50/14

en

?. ?

@@@ In VT50/13 Carl Hostetter suggested this might be an indicative passive voice marker en, vs. subjunctive passive voice marker aen.

Element in

• S. i·Veleglind i eithro en estar i·Chîn Húrin “*the Great Song that is also called the Children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/13

Variations

• en ✧ VT50/13

eneth

noun. name

ennas

adverb. there, in that place

ennas

adverb. there

Derivations

• √EN “again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond, again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond; [ᴹ√] yonder, over there”

Element in

• S. ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain “and he desires to greet there all his friends” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129

han

that

pl1. hain _pron. _that, the thing previously mentioned. Tolkien notes "hain = heinn (< san-)" (PE17:42). Im Narvi hain echant 'I Narvi made them'.

i

definite article. the

i

the

pl1. in _ art. _the.

i

article. the

@@@ enclytic Dagor-nuin-Giliath vs. Dagor-nui-Ngiliath

Cognates

• Q. i “the” ✧ PE17/066

Element in

• S. Aerlinn in Edhil o Imladris “*Holy Song of the Elves of Rivendell” ✧ RGEO/62
• S. aglar’ni Pheriannath “glory to the halflings”
• S. anglennatha i Varanduiniant erin dolothen Ethuil “will approach the Bridge of Baranduin on the eighth day of Spring” ✧ SD/129
• S. anno ammen sír i mbas ilaurui vín “give us this day our daily bread” ✧ VT44/24
• S. Annon-in-Gelydh “Gate of the Noldor” ✧ S/238
• S. aran Gondor ar Arnor ar Hîr i Mbair Annui “king of Gondor and Arnor and Lord of the Westlands” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
• S. ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT44/24
• S. ar in Ellath epholar eno vi Eressai “*and the Elves (?remember) still in Eressëa” ✧ VT50/19
• S. Athrad i-Negyth “Ford of the Dwarves” ✧ WJ/338
• S. Bar-in-Mŷl “Home of the Gulls” ✧ WJ/379
• S. Bar-in-Gwael ✧ WJ/418
• S. Caras i-Ngelaidh “City of the Trees” ✧ PE17/060
• S. caro den i innas lin “thy will be done” ✧ VT44/24
• S. Celebrimbor o Eregion teithant i thiw hin “Celebrimbor of Hollin drew these signs” ✧ LotR/0305; PE17/044
• S. i Cirdh Daeron “*the Runes of Daeron” ✧ NM/164
• S. cuio i Pheriain anann “may the Halflings live long” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/102
• S. Dagor-nuin-Giliath “Battle-under-Stars” ✧ S/106
• S. Dor-i-Ndainn “*Land of the Nandor”
• S. Dor i Thuin
• S. Dúnad in Gyrth “Descent of the Dead” ✧ NM/364
• S. Echad i Sedryn “Camp of the Faithful” ✧ UT/153
• S. edregol e aníra tírad i Cherdir Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen) Condir i Drann “in especial he desires to see Master Samwise (who should be called Fullwise) Mayor of the Shire” ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; SD/129; SD/129
• S. Ernil i Pheriannath “Prince of the Halflings” ✧ Let/425; LotR/0768; LotR/0807
• S. Gwaith-i-Mírdain “People of the Jewel Smiths”
• S. Haudh in Gwanûr “*Burial Mound of the Twins” ✧ LotR/1054
• S. i arben na megil and “Knight of the Long Sword” ✧ PE17/147
• S. i chîn Húrin “*the children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/18
• S. i glinn hen agorer Edain mi Velerian, ach hí in Ellath îr ed epholar “*this song Men made in Beleriand, but now the Elves alone (?remember) it” ✧ VT50/12; VT50/15; VT50/15; VT50/12; VT50/15
• S. i mbair en Ndengin “the houses of the Slain” ✧ PE17/097
• S. i·Veleglind i eithro en estar i·Chîn Húrin “*the Great Song that is also called the Children of Húrin” ✧ VT50/12; VT50/12
• S. Men-i-Naugrim “Dwarf Road, (lit.) Way of the Dwarves” ✧ NM/372; UT/280
• S. Narn i Chîn Húrin “Tale of the Children of Húrin” ✧ MR/373; S/198; UT/057
• S. naur dan i ngaurhoth “*fire against the wolf-horde” ✧ LotR/0299; PE17/039
• S. Nern in Adanath “Legendarium of the Fathers of Men” ✧ MR/373
• S. Nern in Edenedair “Legendarium of the Fathers of Men” ✧ MR/373
• S. Nîn-in-Eilph “Swanfleet, Waterlands of the Swans” ✧ NM/378
• S. no aer i eneth lín “hallowed be thy name” ✧ VT44/24
• S. ónen i-Estel Edain “I gave Hope to the Dúnedain” ✧ LotR/1061
• S. os i Veleglinn i edain agorer vi Veleriann “*from the Great Song that men made in Beleriand” ✧ VT50/18
• S. Ost-in-Edhil “Fortress of the Eldar” ✧ SA/edhel
• S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23; VT50/23
• S. Taur-i-Melegyrn “Forest of the Great Trees” ✧ WJI/Taur-i-Melegyrn
• S. Tawar-in-Drúedain “Drúadan Forest” ✧ UT/319
• S. Tol-in-Gaurhoth “Isle of Werewolves” ✧ UT/054
• S. tolo i arnad lín “thy kingdom come” ✧ VT44/24

Variations

• i ✧ AotM/062; AotM/062; AotM/062; Let/425; Let/448; LotR/0299; NM/164; NM/372; PE17/039; PE17/044; PE17/044; PE17/066; S/198; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; UT/280; VT44/24; VT50/12; VT50/18; VT50/18; VT50/23; WJ/338
• i- ✧ LotR/1061; LotR/1114
• in ✧ NM/364
• i· ✧ PE17/147
• ir ✧ VT50/23

nan

preposition. of

san

pronoun. that

Derivations

• ✶san- “that” ✧ PE17/042

Element in

• S. im Narvi hain echant “I, Narvi, made them” ✧ LotR/0305; PE17/042

uin

preposition. of the

him

adverb/adjective. ever, ever, [N.] enduring, continually; steadfast, abiding

Element in

• S. Himring “Ever-cold” ✧ S/123

Variations

• him ✧ S/123 (him)

ui

adverb. ever

Cognates

• Q. oi(o) “ever, everlastingly; an endless period, ever, everlastingly; an endless period, *aeon”

Derivations

• ✶oio “ever” ✧ Let/278
  • √OY “ever, continual, unceasing”

Element in

• S. Fanuilos “Bright (Angelic) Figure upon Uilos” ✧ Let/278
• S. Uilos “Ever-snow”
• S. uilos “white flower like a star”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶oio > ui	[oio] > [uio] > [ui]	✧ Let/278

ui-

prefix. ever

esta-

verb. to name

panna-

verb. to fill

-ian(d)

suffix. -land, country

A suffix meaning “-land” or “country” appearing often in the names of regions and countries along with its plural variant -ien(d) “-lands”, mentioned in a number of places in Tolkien’s later writings (Let/383; UT/318). In notes from the late 1950s Tolkien derived it from primitive ✶yandē “a wide region or country” from the root √YAN “wide”, which replaced another root √YON of similar meaning (PE17/42-43). In notes having to do with “large & small” words, probably from the late 1960s, Tolkien connected it instead to an apparent adjective S. iand “wide”, still derived from √YAN (PE17/115).

Conceptual Development: This suffix seems to have first appeared in ᴱN. Broseliand in the Lays of Beleriand of the 1920s, precursor to the name S. Beleriand and almost certainly inspired by the legendary medieval French forest Brocéliande. Tolkien used this suffix widely in names starting with Lord of the Rings drafts, but it seems he did not develop a clear etymology for the suffix until quite late. Tolkien himself mentioned the connection between this suffix and the French name Brocéliande in a 1967 letter (Let/383). It is thus an interesting case study in how Tolkien would gradually integrate elements inspired by real-world languages into his Elvish corpus.

Derivations

• ✶yandē “a wide region or country” ✧ PE17/042
  • √YAN “wide, extensive, large, vast, huge; extend” ✧ PE17/042

Element in

• S. Anórien “Sunlending, *(lit.) Sun-lands” ✧ PE17/042; PE17/042
• S. Beleriand “Country of Balar” ✧ PE17/029; PE17/037; PE17/042; PE17/042
• S. Cardolan “?Red Hill Land”
• S. Eryd-wethion “Mountains of the Region of Shadows” ✧ PE17/042
• S. Garthúrian “Hidden Realm”
• S. Ithilien “Land of the Moon” ✧ PE17/042; PE17/042; UT/318
• S. Lórien “*Golden Lands”
• S. Ossiriand “Land of Seven Rivers”
• S. Rochand “Rohan, Horse-country” ✧ Let/382; UT/318
• S. Rohan “Riddermark, (lit.) Horse-country”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶yandē > -iand	[-jandē] > [-jande] > [-iande] > [-iand] > [-iann] > [-ian]	✧ PE17/042
✶yandē > iend	[-jandī] > [-jandi] > [-iandi] > [-iendi] > [-iend] > [-ienn] > [-ien]	✧ PE17/042

Variations

• -and ✧ Let/382; Let/383; UT/318
• an ✧ Let/383
• -ian ✧ PE17/037; PE17/042; PE17/043
• -iand(a) ✧ PE17/037 (-iand(a))
• -iand ✧ PE17/042
• -iann ✧ PE17/115
• (i)and ✧ PE17/170

ingildon

place name. ?

Changes

• Ingildon → Barad Nimras ✧ WJI/Barad Nimras
• Ingildon → Barad Nimras ✧ WJI/Ingildon

gûr

noun. heart (in the moral sense), counsel

dha

?. ?

Changes

• no → đa ✧ PE22/165

Element in

• S. inn dha v’im “I have a good mind (to do so), (lit.) there is an ‘inn’ in me” ✧ PE22/165

Variations

• đa ✧ PE22/165
• no ✧ PE22/165 (no)

i

that

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. gyrth i chuinar ”dead that live [cuinar]”, Letters:417). Sometimes i (+ soft mutation) is used in the singular as well. – The form ai (following by lenition) occurs in the phrase di ai gerir ✱”those who do” (VT44:23). Possibly it is a form of the relative pronoun that is used when the previous word ends in -i. Whether ai is both sg. and pl. is unclear; in its one attestation it is followed by a plural verb that is lenited.

i

definite article. who

o

from

(od), followed by hard mutation; with article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by mixed mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366) Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning” (q.v. for this meaning of ”of”). 2) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 3)

pathra

fill

pathra- (i bathra, i phathrar). Also panna- (i banna, i phannar), but pathra- may be preferred for clarity since panna- also means ”open, enlarge”.

pathra

fill

(i bathra, i phathrar). Also panna- (i banna, i phannar), but pathra- may be preferred for clarity since panna- also means ”open, enlarge”.

sa

pronoun. that

Derivations

• ✶sa “3 sg. neuter [it], the thing, impersonal; this by me, [ᴱ√] demonstrative”

taw

that

(demonstrative pronoun) ?taw. _Only the ”Old Noldorin” form tó is actually given in LR:389 s.v. _

taw

pronoun. that

Derivations

• √TA “that, there, then; demonstrative”

taw

that

. Only the ”Old Noldorin” form tó is actually given in LR:389 s.v.

en

of the

e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

en

of the

e- (sg. genitival article)

en

of the

en-, e- (sg. genitival article): interjection

en

of the

en-, e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.

en

adverb. then, [G.] that past, that by you, that already mentioned (by you)

Derivations

• √EN “again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond, again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond; [ᴹ√] yonder, over there”

eden

begun again

(new), pl. edin

n

that

added to a preposition, e.g. ben ”according to the”.  This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

tass

1,D adverb. then, there

A Quenya-influenced neologism meaning "there, then, in that (place/time)", from Q. tassë.

eneth

name

(noun) eneth (pl. enith)

eneth

name

(pl. enith)

ennas

there

ennas (SD:128-31)

ennas

there

(SD:128-31)

ad

re

also meaning "back, again, second"

an

to the, for the

(for) + i (the).

ess

noun. name

Cognates

• Q. essë “name”

i

the

: Singular i (+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see THAT). Apparently ”the” sometimes appears as a suffix -n added to a preposition, e.g. be**<u>n</u>** ”according to <u>the</u>”. This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.

i

the

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. – The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see

ind

heart

(inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath.

uin

from the, of the

.

esta

name

(verb.) esta- (call) (i esta, in estar)

esta

name

(call) (i esta, in estar)

nest

heart

(core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû- apparently meaning ”heart”..

ui

ever

ui (always); also used as adj. ”everlasting, eternal”. Also as prefix, as in *uidafnen ”ever-closed) (WJ:341, where the spelling ”uidavnen” is used), pl. uidefnin

ui

ever

(always); also used as adj. ”everlasting, eternal”. Also as prefix, as in ✱uidafnen ”ever-closed) (WJ:341, where the spelling ”uidavnen” is used), pl. uidefnin

ad

again

(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

ad

again

also meaning "back, second, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

gûr

heart

(i ’ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11).

hûn

heart

1) (physical heart) hûn (i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin), 2) (inner mind) gûr (i **ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11). 3) ind (inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath. 4) nest (core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû**- apparently meaning ”heart”..

hûn

heart

(i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin)

-o

suffix. of

Cognates

• Q. -o “of; genitive ending” ✧ WJ/369

-ul

suffix. of

Element in

• Kh. Azanulbizar “Dimrill Dale, (lit.) Rills of the Shadows” ✧ RC/269

Variations

• |ul ✧ PE17/047

en

adverb. next, further, again, next, further, again; [ᴹ✶] yonder

Changes

• en → en “yonder” ✧ PE21/70

Derivations

• √EN “again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond, again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond; [ᴹ√] yonder, over there”

Derivatives

• Q. en “then soon, (then) soon, [ᴹQ.] in that (future) case; there, yonder; look yon(der); far away; that, [ᴱQ.] that by you; thereupon”

en

root. again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond, again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond; [ᴹ√] yonder, over there

This root had a variety of senses in Tolkien’s writings, which may or may not be related. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, ᴹ√EN was glossed “yonder, over there” with the adverbial form ᴹQ. en “there, look yon (yonder)” (Ety/EN) and in this sense it was probably a later iteration of the early demonstrative root ᴱ√E “that by you”. This 1930s version of the root seems to be a “remote demonstrative” as opposed to ᴹ√TA “that” which seems to be a more ordinary demonstrative.

In verbal notes from the late 1940s and early 1950s, Q. en was connected to the future (PE22/120, 131), and in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s, Tolkien revised the gloss of primitive ✶en from “yonder” to “next, further, again” (PE21/70, note #4). In later notes Tolkien primarily emphasized the sense “again” with the glosses like “go on doing” in notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/167), and the glosses “again, once more” in a couple of different documents written in 1968 (VT47/15; VT48/25), though in one of these it was given the form √HEN “again”, probably a transient idea (VT41/16). This new meaning for √EN reflects the use of the prefix Q. en- for repetition, such as in enquantuva “shall refill” in the Q. Namárië poem (LotR/377).

It is not clear whether √EN retained the sense “yonder” in Tolkien’s later conception of it. In the aforementioned note where it was glossed “go on doing”, one of its derivatives was Q. en(a) “still” as in Q. quetir en “they still say” (PE17/167), referring to the past rather than the future. On the other hand, in rough notes written around 1968, Tolkien said “en- ‘again’ as [in] enquantuva is prob[ably] [?] ‘further, beyond’ [?in respect of time influenced by ? only in] Q. enta, only with verbs. [?root] ēn” (VT41/16). The words in brackets were added by Carl Hostetter as editorial additions or to indicate unclear text in the original, but the relatively clear glosses “further, beyond” show that at least in that moment, something like the 1930s meaning “yonder” of this root may have remained valid.

Derivatives

• ✶en “next, further, again, next, further, again; [ᴹ✶] yonder”
  • Q. en “then soon, (then) soon, [ᴹQ.] in that (future) case; there, yonder; look yon(der); far away; that, [ᴱQ.] that by you; thereupon”
• Q. en- “re-, again” ✧ VT41/16
• Q. en(a) “still” ✧ PE17/167
• ᴺS. en “then, [G.] that past, that by you, that already mentioned (by you)”
• S. ennas “there”
• S. eno “*still”

Element in

• √ENET “*one more” ✧ VT47/15; VT48/25
• Q. enquanta- “to refill” ✧ PE17/167
• Q. enquet- “to repeat, say again” ✧ PE17/167
• Q. enta “another, one more, another, one more; [ᴹQ.] that yonder, then (fut.); [ᴱQ.] that there (emphatic)”

Variations

• en- ✧ VT41/16 (en-)
• en ✧ VT41/16
• ēn ✧ VT41/16

oio

adverb. ever

Derivations

• √OY “ever, continual, unceasing”

Derivatives

• S. ui “ever” ✧ Let/278

san-

noun. that

Derivatives

• S. san “that” ✧ PE17/042

en

root. name

Derivatives

• S. en- “*to name”
• ᴺS. enwiol “nominal”

an

preposition. of

Element in

• N. anann “long”
• N. Bair Nestad “Houses of Healing” ✧ WR/379 (Berin a Nestad)
• N. Ernil a Pheriannath “Prince of the Halflings” ✧ WR/287
• N. Rath a Chelerdain “Street of the Lampwrights” ✧ WR/388

i

definite article. the

i

article. the

Cognates

• ᴹQ. i “the” ✧ Ety/I¹

Derivations

• ᴹ√I “that (deictic particle); [ᴱ√] here it is, root of relatives” ✧ Ety/I¹

Element in

• N. Celebrimbor o Eregion teithant i thíw thin “Celebrimbor of Hollin drew these signs” ✧ TI/182
• N. Cerch iMbelain “Sickle of the Gods” ✧ Ety/KIRIK
• N. cuio i Pheriain anann “long live the halflings” ✧ SD/046
• N. Dagor nuin Giliath “Battle-under-Stars”
• N. Dor Firn i Guinar “Land of the Dead that Live”
• N. Gwerth-i-Cuina “(Land of) the Dead that Live”
• N. Gyrth-i-Guinar “Dead that Live”
• N. gurth i Morthu “*death (of) ?Sauron” ✧ RS/186
• N. har na ond i mid “stand by the grey stone” ✧ AotH/056
• N. Hobas in Elf “*Harbourage of the Swans” ✧ Ety/KHOP
• N. iChúrinien “The Children of Húrin”
• N. i vegli vorn “the black bear” ✧ PE22/033
• N. lheben teil brann i annon ar neledh neledhi gar godrebh “five foot high the door and three may walk abreast” ✧ TAI/150
• N. Mîr in Geleidh “*Jewel of the Gnomes”
• N. naur ad i gaurhoth “*fire against the wolf-horde” ✧ TI/187
• N. Pennas inGeleidh “History of the Gnomes” ✧ LR/201

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√I > i-	[i]	✧ Ety/I¹

Variations

• i- ✧ Ety/I¹

nan

preposition. of

ui

adverb. ever

Derivations

• ᴹ√GEY “ever, everlasting” ✧ Ety/EY; Ety/GEY
• On. uigo “everlasting” ✧ Ety/OY
  • ᴹ√OY “ever, eternal” ✧ Ety/OY

Element in

• N. Fenn Uiforn “Ever Closed [Door]” ✧ WR/341
• N. Mindor Uilas “*Isolated Mountain of Ever-leaf”
• N. Uiar “Ulmo”
• N. Uilos “Everlasting Snow” ✧ Ety/EY (Uiloss); Ety/OY
• N. Guilos “ever-snow” ✧ Ety/GEY (Guilos)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√EY > Ui-	[eigo] > [oigo] > [uigo] > [uiɣo] > [uiɣ] > [ui]	✧ Ety/EY
ᴹ√GEY > Gui-	[geigo] > [goigo] > [guigo] > [guiɣo] > [guiɣ] > [gui]	✧ Ety/GEY
On. Uigo > Ui-	[uigo] > [uiɣo] > [uiɣ] > [ui]	✧ Ety/OY

Variations

• Ui- ✧ Ety/EY (Ui-); Ety/OY
• Gui- ✧ Ety/GEY (Gui-)
• ui ✧ WR/341

-ian(d)

suffix. -land

Element in

• N. Anórien
• N. Beleriand
• N. Brethilian(d) “Forest of Brethil”
• N. Geleidhien “Land of the Gnomes”
• N. Ithilien “*Moon Lands”
• N. Ossiriand “Land of Seven Rivers”

hûn

noun. heart (physical)

pannod

verb. to fill

i

definite article. who

pathra-

verb. to fill