ulbandi

feminine name. Ulbandi

Mother of Melko’s son Kosomoko (precursor to Gothmog) in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/93), it seems to be a feminine form of ulban “monster, giant”.

ulmonan

place name. Ulmo’s Halls

Name of the halls of Ulmo in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/68, 85), the etymology of its second element is unclear.

umuiyan

masculine name. Umuiyan

Tevildo’s doorkeeper in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/24), the meaning of this name is unclear.

uole

proper name. Uole

First name of Uole Kúvion (LT1A/Uolë Kúvion), its meaning is unclear.

ui

feminine name. Ui

Another name for Ónen (Uinen) in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa from the 1910s (QL/97; PME/70, 97), derived from the root ᴱ√IWI having to do with fish.

uin

proper name. Uin

The “primeval whale”, a name appearing only in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s (QL/97), derived from the root ᴱ√IWI having to do with fish.

utumnas

masculine name. Utumnas

Another name for Melko in an early name list from the 1910s (PE14/12). It also appeared as Utumnar in the Gnomish Lexicon, but there it was was rejected (GL/18). It seems to be an elaboration of the name of Melko’s home: Utumna.

ulka tur

ulka tur

ui oarista

feminine name. Queen of the Mermaids

A fuller name for Ónen (Uinen) in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s (QL/97), a combination of her name Ui and the genitive of oaris “mermaid”.

ulird(e)a

adjective. pitiless, cruel, (lit.) without bowels

@@@ possibly based on unattested hir(d) “innards, bowels, guts”, cognate of ᴱN. girdh, as suggested by Damien Bador in private correspondance

unk(o)

noun. ear (of animals); corner, sticking out edge

urya-

verb. to burn (intr.)

usta-

verb. to burn (tr.)

ulto-

verb. to pour (tr.)

ulu-

verb. to pour, gush (intr.)

urwen(di)

feminine name. Sun-maiden

ukárele

noun. [unglossed]

ulmula

adjective. mumbling

umpai

?. [unglossed]

upaitya-

verb. [unglossed]

usu-

verb. to escape, get out

usult

?. [unglossed]

uswe

noun. escape, issue, outlet

u-

prefix. he; 3rd sg. masc. pronoun

ulbanima

adjective. monstrous

unlunke naiqe yu vaile·na ar elle ha men ambostuva

*he pulled his sword from the sheath and drove it into the breast

umbe

noun. dale, dell

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “dale, dell” derived from the root ᴱ√Ū “under” (QL/96). It may have reemerged later as ᴹQ. imbe “dell, deep vale” (EtyAC/IMBE).

unqilla(r)

noun. handle of jar; pothook

A word appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as ᴱQ. unqilla “handle of jar; pothook” under the early root ᴱ√(U)ṆQ(U)Ṇ that might be an independent root meaning “✱hook”, or might be identical to ᴱ√(U)ṆQ(U)Ṇ having to do with ears (QL/98). The contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa had ᴱQ. unqillar “jar handle” (PME/98).

urna

noun. oven

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. urna “oven” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√USU or ᴱ√UŘU [UÐU] whose derivatives had to do with burning (QL/98).

Neo-Quenya: I would retain ᴺQ. urna for purposes of Neo-Quenya, reconceived of as a derivative of the later root √UR “heat”.

ue

noun. fleece

A word appearing as ᴱQ. ue “fleece” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from primitive ᴱ✶ou̯χe, although that the primitive form was marked through (QL/71). It was therefore based on the early root ᴱ√OWO having to do with wool.

Neo-Quenya: The root for “wool” became ᴹ√TOW in The Etymologies of the 1930s, so I would adapt this Early Qenya word as ᴺQ. tuë “fleece”, from primitive ✱towē where owe > oue > ue (PE19/63).

uole kúvion

proper name. Man in the Moon, Moonking

Name of the Man in the Moon in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/193), his second name is clearly related to kú “crescent moon”, as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Uolë Kúvion), but the meaning of his first name is unclear. In the Gnomish Lexicon his first name was instead Óle (GL/27, GL/72).

uswevanda

place name. Way of Escape

Qenya cognate of G. Bad Uthwen in early name lists (PE13/102, 103, 105), first appearing as (rejected) Van Uswea. It is a combination of uswe “escape” and van “way”.

ua

noun. the sea

A word given as a cognate to G. ô “the sea” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from primitive ᴱ✶ou̯a (GL/61).

ulma

noun. flagon

A word appearing as ᴱQ. ulma “flagon” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from ᴱ✶ḷma (QL/97). Tolkien said it was not related to the early root ᴱ√ULU “pour” because Gnomish derivatives of that root showed gul- (indicating a true root form ✱ᴱ√GULU), whereas the Gnomish cognate of this word was G. ulm (GL/74).

Neo-Quenya: Tolkien soon changed his mind and decided the root for “pour” was in fact ᴱ√ULU. I would therefore retain ᴺQ. ulma for purposes of Neo-Quenya, but would assume it was derived from ✱ul-mā “a thing for pouring”. As such, I would assume its use also included pitchers with handles as well as flagons; this is how Helge Fauskanger used ulma in his NQNT (NQNT).

ulmosan

proper name. Monday

Name of the first Monday in the Valinorean fortnight (PE14/22), a combination of the name of the god Ulmo and sana “day”.

ulumpe

noun. camel

A word appearing as ᴱQ. ulumpe or ulun (ulunt-) “camel” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/97). The contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa had ulump(e)- “camel” (PME/97). Under the early root ᴱ√KUPU “hump” Tolkien had a different form ᴱQ. kuptulo for “camel”, but this was deleted (QL/49).

Neo-Quenya: I think this word may be preserved as ᴺQ. ulumpë “camel” based on a Neo-Root ᴺ√LUP “hump”.

ulumpingwe

noun. caterpillar

A word appearing as ᴱQ. {ulumpinge >>} ulumpingwe in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/97), perhaps as a combination of ᴱQ. ulumpe “camel” and ᴱQ. lingwe “snake, worm”. This word was also mentioned in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/97).

Neo-Quenya: I would adapt this word as ᴺQ. ulumpembë “caterpillar, (lit.) camel worm”, altering its second element to ᴺQ. vembë “worm”.

uluntilla

noun. camel’s hair

A word for “camel’s hair” in the Qenya Lexicon, a combination of ᴱQ. ulun(t)- “camel” and ᴱQ. tila “hair” (QL/97). It replaced a deleted variant ulumpilla.

ulwea

adjective. alder-grown

A word appearing as ulwea or uluswea “alder-grown” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, adjectival forms of ᴱQ. ulwe or uluswe “alder” (QL/97). The English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s had ulwenta “alder-grown” as the adjectival form of ulwe “alder”, but this entry was deleted (PE15/69).

ungwe fuiva

feminine name. the Spider of Night

Another name for Ungweliante (Ungoliant) doorkeeper in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa from the 1910s (QL/103; PME/81, 104), a combination of ungwe “spider” and fuiva “murky”. In the Qenya Lexicon it also appeared in the variant form Ungwe Tuita (QL/80).

urdolwen

proper name. Wand of Death

Qenya cognate of G. Gurtholfin (S. Gurthang) in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/43). It first appeared as (rejected) ordolwen. It is a combination of urdu “death” and olwe(n) “branch”.

urwa

adjective. on fire, afire

An adjective in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as ᴱQ. urwa “on fire, afire”, based on ᴱQ. uru “fire” (QL/75).

Neo-Quenya: The word úr “fire” appeared in some later writings, and thus ᴺQ. urwa “on fire, afire” may be valid for purposes of Neo-Quenya. See the entry on ᴹQ. úr for further discussion on the viability of “fire” words based on √UR.

uilosse

noun. foam

A (rejected) noun in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s glossed “foam” (PE16/139). Its etymology is unclear.

ulwenoite

adjective. alderlike

A word for “alderlike” in the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s as the adjectival form of ᴱQ. ulwe “alder”, but this entry was deleted (PE15/69).

ulwe nornelassea

noun. oakleaved alder

A word for an “oakleaved alder” in the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s, a combination of ᴱQ. ulwe “alder” and ᴱQ. nornelassea “oakleaved”, but this entry was deleted (PE15/69).

ulwesse

noun. alder-thicket

A word for “alder-thicket” in the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s as an elaboration of ᴱQ. ulwe “alder”, but this entry was deleted (PE15/69).

ungwe

noun. spider

urdu

noun. death

ulqu-

verb. *to rend

umna

cardinal. eight

unqu-

verb. to hear

unqu-

verb. to hook into, catch (fish), catch in, etc.

ulban

noun. monster, giant

ulmo

masculine name. Valon of the Seas

ungweliante

feminine name. Great Spider Who Enmeshes

uole·mi·kūme

proper name. Moon King

utumna

place name. lower regions

ukku

noun. rainbow

ul-

prefix. negative prefix; mis-

ulka ner

a bad, wicked man

ulku

noun. wolf

ulme

noun. a kind of wine

ulqi

noun. she-wolf

ulwe

noun. alder tree

um-

verb. to be not, do not

uqu-

verb. to rain

uru

noun. fire

uruvoite

adjective. fiery, having fire

urúva

adjective. like fire

usqe

noun. fog

uindea

adjective. fishlike

uiven

cardinal. twenty

uivi

adjective. both

ulkarma

noun. misdeed

ulqa

adjective. evil

ulun

noun. camel

uluswe

noun. alder tree

uluswea

adjective. alder-grown

unqie

noun. hearing

uqis

noun. rain

nu karne vaiya

under red skies

The thirty first line of the Oilima Markirya poem (MC/214). The first word is the preposition nu “under” followed by the adjective karne “red” and the noun vaiya “sky”, translated loosely as “skies” in the English.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> nu karne vaiya = “✱under red sky”

tollalinta ruste

upon crumbling hills

The twenty fourth line of the Oilima Markirya poem (MC/214). The first word is the allative plural form of the noun tolla “hill” followed by the plural form of the adjective rusta “crumbling”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> tolla-li-nta rust-e = “✱hill-(plural)-upon crumbling-(plural)”

am(u)-

prefix. up(wards)

amu

adverb. up(wards)

amunta

adjective. up, risen (of the sun)

nu

preposition. under

hus-

verb. to burn (tr.)

The transitive verb for “to burn [something]” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s was ᴱQ. usta- from the early root ᴱ√UŘU or ᴱ√USU² (QL/98), though the Gnomish form of the root gudh- (GL/42) indicates the actual root form was ✱ᴱ√ƷUÐU. In Early Qenya Word-lists from the 1920s, the transitive verb for “burn” was instead ᴱQ. hus- (PE16/134), perhaps related to the verb G. husta- “burn (tr.)” from the Gnomish Lexicon, variant of G. gusta- (GL/42), as suggested by Wynne and Gilson (PE16/134).

By the 1930s the root had become ᴹ√UR “be hot”, rendering these early forms invalid. There was a 1930s verb Q. urya- “blaze” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under this new form of the root, but the entry was deleted (Ety/UR) and in any case in later writings Q. urya- from √UR meant “be hot” (PE17/148).

Neo-Quenya: These shifting roots and verb forms give us no good Neo-Quenya options for “burn”. In his NQNT (NQNT), Helge Fauskanger restored the 1930s sense “blaze, ✱burn” of urya- and used it intransitively, and for transitive “burn” used ᴺQ. urta- as an adaptation of ᴱQ. usta-. I think using urya- for both “burn” and “be hot” is problematic, so my current solution is to use ᴺQ. urta- as “burn (both tr. and intr.)”. I would give it differing past forms, however: urtane “burned (tr.)” [weak past] vs. urunte “burned (intr.)” [half-strong past]; compare Q. orta- “raise” [past = ortane] vs. Q. orta- “rise” [past = oronte].

puru-

verb. to burn

A verb in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “burn” and derived from the early root ᴱ√PUŘU [PUÐU] “consume by fire” (QL/75).

laurundo

masculine name. Laurundo

Qenya cognate of Glorund in the earliest Lost Tales (LT2/84). Its initial element is clearly laure “gold”. Its second element may be a cognate of G. gunn, which was glossed “dragon” in an Early Noldorin word list (PE13/144). In one place it appeared with the elements reversed (LT2/84).

auro

noun. sun

A noun appearing in Early Noldorin Word-lists as {ūru >>} auro, cognate of ᴱN. úr “sun”, and derived from {✶ourǝ >>} ✶ourū̆ (PE13/155). Elsewhere Q. Úr(in) was a name for the Sun from the 1910s up through the 1950s, but Tolkien eventually changed this to Vása (MR/198).

lukso

noun. mud

The word ᴱQ. lukso (luksu-) appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with the gloss “mud” as a derivative of the root ᴱ√LUKU (QL/56).

Neo-Quenya: The root √LUK had other meanings in Tolkien’s later writings. However, the later root √LOG “wet (and soft), soaked, swampy” seems to be similar in sense to early ᴱ√LUKU, so this word for “mud” might be salvaged as a neologism: ✱log-sō > lokso > ᴺQ. loxo.

ránuringwi

noun. sun and moon

An (archaic?) dual formation for the “sun and moon” appearing in the Early Qenya Grammar and English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s (PE14/76; PE15/75), except that it appears to be a combination of ᴱQ. Rána “moon” and the dual variant of ᴱQ. rinku “orb of the moon”, hence is actually “moon and moon”.

hu

pronoun. he; 3rd sg. masc. pronoun

lungwe

?. [unglossed]

sui

noun. daughter

anaukante

?. [unglossed]

aukaine

?. [unglossed]

erus(ta)

noun/adjective. outside

luk-

verb. to pull

nauto

noun. [unglossed]

sauke

?. [unglossed]

sulta-

verb. to support

tultárie

adjective. [unglossed]

velu-

verb. to unfurl

yu

?. [unglossed]

aulo

noun. cloud

pundo

noun. [unglossed]

telusta

adjective. outer, extreme, ultimate

tustima

adjective. inflammable

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “inflammable” derived from the early root ᴱ√TUŘU [TUÐU] “kindle” (QL/96).

miru

noun. wine

A word appearing as ᴱQ. miru “wine” in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s as the basis for the name of the drink of the Valar: ᴱQ. miruvóre (QL/61; PME/61).

Neo-Quenya: In Tolkien’s later writing, the initial element of Q. miruvórë was derived from the Valarin word Val. mirub “wine”, but I think ᴺQ. miru “wine” can also be retained as an adaptation of that Valarin word.

fatanyu

place name. Hell

Qenya name for G. Inthanfog “Hell” (GL/51). In might be a compound of Fâ “Lowest Air” and some form of tan(y)a “fire”, since its Gnomish equivalent contains G. Tanfa “hot air of the deep places”.

hilu

noun. son

A word for “son” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants hilu and hilmo under the early root ᴱ√HILI (QL/40), both variants also appearing in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/40).

mandu túma

the abyss moving

The twenty first line of the Oilima Markirya poem (MC/214). The first word is mandu “abyss” (more often translated “hell”) followed by the adjective túma “moving”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> mandu túma = “✱abyss moving”

mandu yáme

the abyss yawning

The twenty sixth line of the Oilima Markirya poem (MC/214). The first word is the noun mandu “abyss” (usually translated “hell”) followed by the adjective yáme “yawning”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> mandu yáme = “✱abyss yawning”

nertu

noun. strength

A noun for “strength” appearing in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√NERE, whose derivatives mostly had to do with men and manliness (QL/65; PME/65).

qolu

noun. disease

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. qolu “disease” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root ᴱ√QOLO (QL/78). This word was also mentioned in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/78).

Neo-Quenya: I’d retain ᴺQ. quolu “disease” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, and would assume it applies to disease in general, as opposed to disease or sickness within a body which would be [ᴺQ.] hlívë. Not all Neo-Quenya writers accept quo- as a valid combination; see the entry on how [[q|[wo] became [o]]] for further discussion.

amun

noun. hill

tunda

noun. hole

aule

masculine name. Smith

fenume

noun. dragon

heru

noun. lord

iluqinga

noun. rainbow

erefainu

noun. release

fainu-

verb. to release

fandelu

noun. monster

hualqe

cardinal. eighteen

hulin

adjective. naked

hulqa

adjective. naked

kuptulo

noun. camel

munta

noun. nothing

pusta-

verb. to blow

qalume

noun. death

sur-

verb. to blow

tu

pronoun. he

tunq-

verb. to hear

turillo

noun. prince

turwen

noun. princess

tyulin

adjective. tall

yukainen

cardinal. twenty

(uru)purnie

noun. conflagration

erevainu

noun. release

numenda

adjective. western

rauke

noun. demon

tunqele

noun. hearing

turanion

noun. prince

turanwen

noun. princess

turille

noun. princess

ui Reconstructed

adjective. *two

nieriltasinwa

proper name. Unnumbered Tears

Qenya cognate of the battle of Nínin-Udathriol “Unnumbered Tears” in the earliest Lost Tales (LT2/84). It initial element is the plural of nie “tear” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Nielluin). The remainder seems to be a combination of the negative prefix il- “un-” and the otherwise unattested adjective tasinwa “numbered”, likely related to tanta “number” (QL/90).

ailinisse alkarain

upon the shining shore

The twenty-second and final phrase (line 27) of the first version of the Oilima Markirya poem (MC/221). The first word is the locative plural of ailin “shore” followed by the plural form of the adjective alkara “shining”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> ailin-i-sse alkara-in = “✱beach-(plural)-upon shining-(plural)”

Conceptual Development: This phrase initially appeared in the sixth draft, where Tolkien briefly considered making the first word the locative form of oilima “last” (OM1f: PE16/74).

ailissen oilimaisen

upon the last beaches

The nineteenth phrase (line 23) of the first version of the Oilima Markirya poem (MC/221). The first word is the locative plural of the noun aile “beach” and followed by the adjective oilima, also in locative plural form to agree with its noun.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> ailissen oilimaisen = “✱beach-(plural)-upon last-(plural)-upon”

Conceptual Development: This phrase also appeared in the fourth, fifth and sixth drafts, though the number of times it appeared varied, as did the exact form of the locative plurals (OM1d-f: PE16/62, 72, 74).

mis

noun. urine

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. mis (mist-) “urine” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s from the early root ᴱ√MISI “mingere”, which is Latin for “urinate” (QL/62).

Neo-Quenya: I’d retain ᴺQ. mis (mist-) “urine” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, based on the later root ᴹ√MIS having to do with wet things. It conflicts somewhat with Q. mistë < √MIZDI “drizzle, light rain”, but I don’t see that as a problem, as the word for “urine” might have originated euphemistically as “make rain”.

qamba

adjective. unwell, sick

An adjective in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “unwell, sick” derived from the early root ᴱ√QAMA (QL/76).

róma

noun. upward path, mountain side, (mountain) slope, alp

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as rōma “an upward path, mountain side, slope, alp”, derived from the root ᴱ√RŌ (QL/80). The word rōma “mountain-slope” also appeared in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/80).

sist(e)

noun. ulcer, sore, boil

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. sist “ulcer, sore” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SṢTYṢ (QL/86). In the Early Qenya Phonology it was siste “ulcer, boil” from primitive ᴱ✶sṣtē (PE12/14).

Neo-Quenya: I’d retain ᴺQ. sistë “ulcer, sore, boil” for purposes of Neo-Quenya based on a Neo-Root ᴺ√SISTI.

veasse lúnelinqe

upon the blue streams of the sea

The third phrase of the first version of the Oilima Markirya poem (MC/220). The first word is the locative form veasse of the noun vea “sea”, followed by the compound lúnelinqe of lúne “blue” and linqe “water, stream”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> vea-sse lúne-linqe = “✱sea-upon blue-stream”

Conceptual Development: This phrase did not appear until the fourth draft of the poem (OM1d: PE16/62); earlier drafts used the unrelated phrase ar tanda kiryaiko lúte (or lunte) “✱and with that ship sailed” (OM1a-c: PE16/56-7, 60). Aside from the variant Finnish-like spellings of the fifth draft (OM1e: PE16/72), the phrase remained the same thereafter. In the glossary commentary to the 7th draft, lúnelinqe was glossed “blue-flowing” (PE16/75), so perhaps it was an adjectival compound with a more accurate translation of “in the flowing blue sea” (PE16/62).

sistina

adjective. ulcerated, sore

A word appearing as ᴱQ. sistina “ulcerated, sore” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. sist “ulcer, sore” (QL/86).

Neo-Quenya: I’d retain ᴺQ. sistina “ulcerated, sore” for purposes of Neo-Quenya based on a Neo-Root ᴺ√SISTI. This adjective can only refer to an actual injury, rather than simple aching muscles from overexertion.

rúya

adjective. unmoved, steadfast

ú-

prefix. un-

il-

prefix. un-; negative prefix

amba

adverb. up

ambapenda

adjective. uphill; arduous, difficult, tiresome

morwa

adjective. unclear, secret

oine

noun. unguent

pantie

noun. unfolding, opening, revealing

am-

prefix. up(wards)

ilkarna

adjective. unfinished

iltanka

adjective. unsteady

no

preposition. under

úv-

prefix. un-

úrinki

feminine name. Orbed Sun

Another name for the sun in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa from the 1910s (QL/98; PME/98). It is a combination of Ûr “Sun” and an adjectival form of rinko “orb”.

ûr

proper name. Sun, (lit.) Fire

Name of the Sun in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/187), sometimes appearing as úri (MC/214, 221), derived from the root ᴱ√URU having to do with heat (QL/98).

ahúra

noun. Sun

An early Qenya word for the Sun appearing in a word list from the 1920s (PE15/77). Its etymology is obscure.

ailinissen alkarain

*upon the shining shore

The seventeenth and final phrase (line 28) of the intermediate version of the Oilima Markirya poem (PE16/77). The first word is the locative plural of ailin “shore” followed by the plural of alkara “shining”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> ailin-i-ssen alkara-in = “✱shore-(plural)-on shining-(plural)”

Conceptual Development: The second word “shining” was initially written as the locative plural alkaraisen (PE16/80).

karp-

verb. to pluck

A verb in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s with present form karpe and past form karpie, derived from primitive ᴱ✶kṛp- “to pluck” (PE14/58), clearly related to the early root ᴱ√KᴬRPᴬR [KṚPṚ] from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/45). This verb appeared unglossed with various inflected forms in a document on Qenya Verb Forms, probably from the 1910s (PE14/34). A Qenya form karp- appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, but it is unclear whether this was a verb or just a representation of Qenya derivatives of the root (GL/27).

mingwe

noun. butter

The word for “butter” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s was ᴱQ. manya derived from the early root ᴱ√MṆGṆ (QL/62) with the cognate G. mang “butter” from the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/56). A similar form ᴱQ. mingwe “butter” appeared in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/141, 145), along with an unrelated form ᴱQ. úle “butter” that also appeared as an adjective in the phrase masta {mingwea >>} úlea]] “bread and butter” (PE16/141). In contemporaneous Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, the Qenya word for “butter” was ᴱQ. telpe rather than having its usual meaning “silver” as in earlier and later writings (PE13/154).

Neo-Quenya: Of these forms, I prefer ᴺQ. manya for “butter” for purposes of Neo-Quenya since it has the clearest (Neo-Sindarin) cognate ᴺS. mang. I assume these words are derived from a Neo-Root ᴺ√MANGYA where ngy became ng in (Old) Sindarin but became ndy in Quenya and then developed into ny.

sári

proper name. Sun

A name for the Sun in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/186), probably a derivative of the root ᴱ√SAH(Y)A “be hot” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Sári).

telpe

noun. butter

A Qenya word for “butter” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s from primitive ᴱ✶t’lḗpe (PE13/154), a temporary repurposing of the form usually used for “silver”, which in this document was ᴱQ. telqe from primitive ᴱ✶kelekwé (PE13/140).

úri nienaite híse

a bleared sun

The thirty second line of the Oilima Markirya poem (MC/214). The first word is úri “sun” followed by the adjective nienaite “tearful” and the noun híse “mist”. These last two words are translated loosely as “bleared” in the English, perhaps more literally meaning “✱[with a] tearful mist”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> úri nienaite híse = “✱sun tearful mist”

ahúrasilqi

noun. sun and moon

An (archaic) dual construction for the Sun and Moon as a pair, appearing in both the Early Qenya Grammar and the Early English-Qenya Dictionary (PE14/76; PE15/75, 77). It is a combination of ᴱQ. Ahúra “Sun” and the dual of ᴱQ. Sil “Moon”.

úva

adjective. the under

ninwa

adjective. blue

-a

suffix. adjectival suffix

-ina

suffix. adjectival suffix

-ra

suffix. adjectival suffix

-t

suffix. dual

an(a)

preposition. to(wards); until

anwe

?. [unglossed]

avesta

noun. summer

eant

?. [unglossed]

ematte

?. [unglossed]

enqe

preposition. without

ere-

prefix. out

faika

adjective. bad, worthless, useless

fandelúva

adjective. monstrous

ka

?. [unglossed]

ka-

prefix. cause

kaka-

verb. to laugh

kalimbo

noun. a savage, uncivilized man, barbarian; monster, giant, troll, goblin

kasta

noun. cause, motive, ultimate reason

@@@ compare vasta

kiryasse earendil or vea

Earendel, upon a ship upon the sea

lantanwa

adjective. [unglossed]

las

noun. [unglossed]

lilyen

?. [unglossed]

linqarassea

adjective. [unglossed]

lossiattea

?. [unglossed]

láwakéle

?. [unglossed]

maika

adjective. cruel

mailina

adjective. beautiful

malkane

noun. torture

manya

noun. butter

maske

noun. dusk

masta úlea

bread and butter

nawa-

verb. [unglossed]

nierme

?. [unglossed]

no

adverb. then, next (of time); upon

nyúken

?. [unglossed]

ohta-

verb. to shout

oilimaite

adjective. final, ultimate, last

panta-

verb. to open, unfold, spread

pingwe

?. [unglossed]

póya

adjective. [unglossed]

qelme

noun. ruin, utter end, perdition, end, death

ráqa

adjective. rough

rísima

adjective. scattered, ubiquitous, universal

saile

noun. [unglossed]

sinqita-

verb. [unglossed]

sitsina

adjective. habitual, customary, accustomed, usual, ordinary, common

sivilda

?. [unglossed]

súlimarya

?. [unglossed]

súme

?. [unglossed]

talalínen tinwelindon?

*upon wings like stars?

tantilta-

verb. [unglossed]

tenge-

verb. to know, understand, grasp, think

tengenwa

adjective. wise, knowing, understanding; sensible

tirípti

?. [unglossed]

toron

?. [unglossed]

táne

adjective. [unglossed]

valkane

noun. torture

varkima

adjective. dreadful

úle

noun. butter

-ea

suffix. adjectival suffix

alle

?. [unglossed]

angwe

?. [unglossed]

fandelwa

adjective. monstrous

fanya

noun. cloud

fingwe

?. [unglossed]

hingwe

?. [unglossed]

histe

noun/adjective. dusk

hyanta

?. [unglossed]

intya

?. [unglossed]

karpi-

verb. to pluck

laisifalle

noun. [unglossed]

min-

verb. [unglossed]

ninda

adjective. blue

ningwe

?. [unglossed]

ninya

adjective. blue

o-

prefix. he; 3rd sg. masc. pronoun

olirdea

adjective. pitiless, cruel, (lit.) without bowels

perenwa

adjective. continual, enduring, unceasing

porokoi

?. [unglossed]

ralle

?. [unglossed]

saiwali

noun. summer

saqa-

verb. [unglossed]

silde

noun. daughter

tahorme

noun. mountain

talarin

adjective. [unglossed]

taorme

noun. mountain

tyanta

?. [unglossed]

tánie

adjective. [unglossed]

valle

?. [unglossed]

vingwe

?. [unglossed]

óta-

verb. to shout

úrin

proper name. Sun, (lit.) Fire

fion

noun. son

A word glossed {“nephew” >>} “son” in an isolated entry of the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with stem form fiond- (QL/37). The same word appeared unglossed under the early root ᴱ√SUẈU where it was derived from primitive ᴱ✶þẉ-iı̯on-d (QL/87).

úrion

masculine name. Úrion

Another name Fionwe in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s and some other early name lists (QL/98; PE13/114; PE14/13). It was also glossed “phaethon”, which is Greek for “radiant, shining” and another name for Helios, god of the Sun, according to the editors of the Qenya Lexicon: Gilson, Hostetter, Wynne and Smith (QL/98). It is an elaboration of Ûr “Sun”, as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Ûr).

hisildi

collective name. Twilight People, Dark Elves

Name of the Dark Elves that chose not to journey to Valinor in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/232), apparently an elaboration on híse “dusk” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Hisilómë). Tolkien considered and rejected a number of alternate names, including: Humarni, Kaliondi, Lómear (LT1/244) and Úvalear (LT1/237). Of these rejected terms, only Lómear has a clear etymology.

nal

noun. dale, dell

In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s there were a pair of similar nouns derived from the root ᴱ√NḶĐḶ: ᴱQ. nal (nald-) “dale, dell” and ᴱQ. nalle “dell” (QL/66). The latter was derived from ᴱ✶nḷdle and the former probably from ✱nḷd-. The word nalle also appeared unglossed in Early Qenya Word-lists from the 1920s (PE16/144).

wirilóme

feminine name. Gloomweaver

Another name for Ungweliante (S. Ungoliant) in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/152), a combination of some form of the root ᴱ√GWIÐI having to do with weaving and lóme “gloom”, as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Gwerlum).

anai

noun. woman

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s form “woman” with variants anai and anî, a feminine form ᴱQ. anu “a male” (QL/31).

eldarien

place name. Elfinesse

A Qenya name for “Elfinesse” (kingdom of the Elves) in an early name list (PE15/61, 71), an elaboration of Elda “Elf”.

io

noun. wine

A word appearing as {úle >> eo >>} io “wine” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/141).

Conceptual Development: A possible precursor to this word is ᴱQ. ulme “a kind of wine” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived the early root ᴱ√ULU “pour” (QL/97).

ion

noun. son

In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. Ion was the “mystic name of God, 2nd Person of Blessed Trinity”, that is the “Son” in the “Father, Son, Holy Ghost” trinity (QL/43). In that document yon or yond- was given in a couple of places as (archaic?) words for “son” (QL/43, 106). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, Tolkien gave ion as the equivalent of ᴱN. gó “son”, along with a plural form yondi (PE13/113). However, in the English-Qenya Dictionary Tolkien said yondi was an irregular plural form of ᴱQ. yondo “son” (PE15/77), and this is the form he typically used in later writings.

kanda-

verb. to blaze

A verb in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “blaze” and derived from the early root ᴱ√KṆŘṆ [KṆÐṆ] (QL/47).

kangaris

noun. spider

A word for “spider” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, based on the verb ᴱQ. kanga- “weave, spin” from the early root ᴱ√KANGA (QL/45), also appearing in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/45).

makte

noun. hand

An archaic word for “hand” in Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√MAHA “grasp” (QL/57). There are no signs of it in Tolkien’s later writings.

matsile

noun. bear

A word appearing only as an element in the name ᴱQ. Oromatsile “Great Bear” from Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/149). It was a cognate of ᴱN. magli “bear” = “honey-eater”, and hence composed of the same elements: ᴱQ. mata- “eat” and ᴱQ. ile “honey”, where the s appeared because ti became tsi in Early Qenya, so that matile > matsile.

múrien

proper name. Monday

Name of Monday in the seven-day week of the Elves (otsola) in an early word list (PE14/21). The day was related to sleep and dreams, and was probably derived from ᴱ√MURU having to do with sleep. The name was first given as (rejected) Olōrien, probably derived from the root ᴱ√LORO, also related to sleep.

nyél

noun. woman

A word for “woman” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s with stem form nyel-, as indicated by its accusative nyela (PE16/135). Its etymology is unclear; Patrick Wynne and Christopher Gilson suggested it might be connected to the early root ᴱ√NYEHE “weep” or later root ᴹ√NYEL “ring, sing”, but these both feel like stretches to me.

ohte

noun. egg

A word appearing as ᴱQ. ohte “egg” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√OHO (QL/69). It had a stem form oksi- (< ✱oχti-) because [[eq|[ti] often became [si]]] in Early Quenya.

Neo-Quenya: I’d retain ᴺQ. ohtë “egg” for purposes of Neo-Quenya based on a Neo-Root ᴺ√OKH, but without the abnormal stem form.

qolda

adjective. ill

The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had several similar adjectives under the early root ᴱ√QOLO: ᴱQ. qolda or qolina “ill” and ᴱQ. qolima “sickly, ailing” (QL/78).

Neo-Quenya: I’d adopt ᴺQ. quolina for all these meanings: “ill, sickly, ailing”. I would further assume it applies to any kind of physical ailment, including injury. For someone sick specifically by disease I would use [ᴺQ.] hlaiwa. Not all Neo-Quenya writers accept quo- as a valid combination; see the entry on how [[q|[wo] became [o]]] for further discussion.

rása

place name. The Sea

Qenya cognate of Rôs “The Sea” in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/65).

sár(e)a

adjective. fiery

An adjective in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “fiery” with variants sāra and sārea (the second added later) derived from the early root ᴱ√SAH(Y)A “be hot” (QL/81).

tan(y)a

noun. fire

An element meaning “fire” in some early names: tanya in ᴱQ. Tanyasalpe (LT1/187), tana in ᴱQ. Tana Qentima equivalent of G. Tôn a Gwedrin “Tale-fire” (PE15/7; LT2/197), and possibly also in ᴱQ. Fatanyu “Hell” (GL/51). Tan(y)a is likely a derivative of the early root ᴱ√tan- (GL/69, 71).

tilta

adjective. slanting

An adjective in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s glossed “slanting”, derived from primitive ᴱ✶tḷtā́ (PE13/165). In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s it appeared as ᴱQ. tiltin “slanting” as a derivative of ᴱ√TḶTḶ (QL/80).

tinwesan

proper name. Monday

Alternate name of the second Monday in the Valinorean fortnight (PE14/22), a combination of tinwe “star” and sana “day”.

torma

noun. oven

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “oven” under the early root ᴱ√TORO whose derivatives had to do with baking (QL/94). The word also appeared in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/94).

vaisan

proper name. Monday

Alternate name of the first Monday in the Valinorean fortnight (PE14/22), a combination Vai “Outer Ocean” and sana “day”.

vardasan

proper name. Monday

Name of the second Monday in the Valinorean fortnight (PE14/22), a combination of the name of the goddess Varda and sana “day”.

windea

adjective. fishlike

A word appearing as windea or uindea “fishlike” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s from a variant ᴱ✶w̯i of the early root ᴱ√IWI “fish” (QL/97).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d adapt this word as ᴺQ. lingwëa from later Q. lingwë “fish”.

hoiye

noun. foam

A noun in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s glossed “foam” (PE16/136). Its etymology is unclear.

sinqele

noun. mine

A noun for “mine” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an elaboration of ᴱQ. sink (sinq-) “mineral, gem, metal” (QL/83). This word was also mentioned in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/83).

ankar

noun. ear (of men)

ú

preposition. beneath

har(e)

adverb. near

i

article. the

liqin(a)

adjective. wet

lúto

noun. flood

ninqe

adjective. white

tambina

adjective. of copper

-va

suffix. adjectival

alkana-

verb. to blaze

alkar

noun. shield

ambarta

adjective. fated

ambo

noun. hill

apta-

verb. to open

apte

adjective. open

e-

verb. to be

earendel

masculine name. Earendel

faika

adjective. free

faire

adjective. free

falmo

noun. foam

fandor

noun. monster

fingwa

adjective. narrow

hen

noun. eye

hyehta-

verb. to jerk

ikso

pronoun. reflexive 3rd sg.

isqa

adjective. wise

ista-

verb. to know

kala-

verb. to shine

kale

noun. day

kara-

verb. to do, make

karon

noun. crow

kasse

preposition. above

kondo

noun. dragon

loite

adjective. fresh

lossa

adjective. white

lá

noun. day

lúme

noun. time

maldor

noun. agony

mandos

place name. Hell

mata-

verb. to eat

mel-

verb. to love

meles(se)

noun. love

minya

ordinal. first

mir

cardinal. one

morna

adjective. black

má

noun. hand

mórilanta

noun. nightfall

na

preposition. for

naswa

adjective. nasty

nat

noun. thing

nele

noun. tooth

nenda

adjective. wet

nolmo

noun. pit

nyara

noun. tale

nî

noun. woman

nôf

adjective. hollow

nún

adverb. beneath

oilima

adjective. last

olda

adjective. more

oldo(s)

adverb. more

on(t)

noun. everything

oro

noun. hill

oro-

verb. to rise

oron

noun. hill

orot

noun. cave

orta

preposition. above

oswe

noun. terror, horror; (evil) phantom, ghost

pea

noun. scorn

qan

noun. ear

qarda

adjective. bad

qen

noun. Elf

qirin

noun. wheel

ronta

adjective. hollow

rótele

noun. cave

saiwa

adjective. hot

sarma

noun. saw

sat

noun. hole

satta

adjective. both

sinda

noun. eye

sá

noun. fire

talka

noun. smith

ten-

verb. to hear

tiltin

adjective. slanting

tolto

cardinal. eight

torqa

adjective. blazing hot

túrea

adjective. mighty

va-

prefix. together

vardo

noun. prince

varya

adjective. different

vondo

noun. son

vorima

adjective. everlasting

vára

adjective. other

ya(n)

conjunction. and

yaim-

verb. to possess

yanta

adjective. large

yanta

adjective. joined

yó

noun. son

yúyo

cardinal. two

ó-

verb. to be

óma

noun. voice

ô

preposition. from

úmavaisor

proper name. *Throne of Hate

úmea

adjective. large

úqa

adjective. wet

úqil

noun. rain

úrin

adjective. (blazing) hot

úsiéra

adjective. *escaped

úvanimo

noun. monster

úya-

verb. is not

amarto

noun. fate

anqa(r)

noun. ear

anî

noun. woman

atta

preposition. above

atwen

cardinal. twenty

el

adverb/adjective. one

eldarinan

place name. Elfinesse

enken

adverb. then

entan

adverb. then

falka

adjective. bad

fandos

noun. monster

fantor

noun. monster

hilmo

noun. son

ikto

pronoun. reflexive 3rd sg.

in

article. the

iswa

adjective. wise

kal-

verb. to shine

kie

noun. path

mandor

place name. Hell

mat-

verb. to eat

morqa

adjective. black

nalle

noun. dell

neta

noun. thing

nyat

noun. tooth

perqa

adjective. wrong

qende

noun. Elf

qolina

adjective. ill

rotwa

adjective. hollow

salistina

adjective. blessed

tolkea

cardinal. eighteen

tolya

ordinal. eighth

tongar

noun. smith

tyen

adverb. then

túrion

noun. prince

vô

noun. son

yaima-

verb. to possess

yon

noun. son

úro

noun. boar