bel

root. *strong, [ᴹ√] strong

The root √BEL “strong” has a long history in Tolkien’s writing. Its most notable derivative is S. beleg “great, mighty”. This word dates back all the way to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, where G. beleg already had this meaning (GL/22). In this document, its Qenya equivalent was ᴱQ. velike, meaning the early root must have been ✱ᴱ√ɃELE: in Early Quenya, ancient initial ƀ- > v- but initial b- > p-.

The root ᴹ√BEL appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the gloss “strong” and a number of Noldorin, Telerin and Ilkorin derivatives starting with bel- and having to do with strength (Ety/BEL). In the 1930s this root had no Quenya derivatives. The root √BEL reappeared in a list of “large & small” roots from around 1968, where it had the variant √MBEL and was also used in its extended form √MBELEK as the basis for the Quenya name Q. Melkor (PE17/115). This extended form was also given as the basis for S. beleg in these notes, which was given the glosses “large, great” implying the root had as much to do with size as strength.

This note indicates that S. beleg began with an ancient nasalized stop, but various mutations elsewhere in the corpus imply this was not the case, such as the soft mutation in S. Cûl Veleg “Bigload” (RC/536) and the nasal mutation in S. Taur-i-Melegyrn “Forest of the Great Trees” (WJ/185). I suspect the ancient strengthening of initial b- to mb- must have been limited to the Quenya branch of the language; see the √MBELEK for further discussion.

mbel

root. *strong

belu

root. unroll

sab

root. believe (that statements, reports, traditions, etc. are) true, accept as fact

A root in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 described as meaning “believe (that statements, reports, traditions, etc. are) true, accept as fact”; it served as the basis for Q. sav- of the same meaning (PE22/158).

mēlā̆-mbar

noun. beloved dwelling

melnā

noun. dear, beloved

ndu

root. down, under, below; sink, descend, go down, down, under, below; sink, descend, go down, [ᴹ√] set (of Sun)

kwilit

root. belt, girdle

kwenyā

adjective. Elvish

airō

noun. ocean

khan

root. back

srawā

noun. body

stal

root. strong

The unglossed root ᴹ√STALAG appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like N. thala “stalwart, steady, firm” and N. thalion “hero, dauntless man” (Ety/STÁLAG), the latter a sobriquet of Húrin typically translated as “Steadfast” in the narratives themselves (S/199). Similar forms appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s derived from the primitive form ᴱ✶stalga (PE13/153).

The root √STAL “strong” was mentioned in passing as the basis for the adjective Q. astalda in a rejected page associated with roots having to do with “large & small” words, probably from the late 1960s (PE17/115; VT47/26 note #26). The name Q. Astaldo “Valiant” appeared as a sobriquet of Tulkas in later versions of The Silmarillion (S/28), replacing the earlier name Q. Poldórëa of similar meaning (MR/146, 149; LR/206). For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume √STAL (and its derivatives) means “✱valiant” rather than “strong”.

turuk

root. *strong

A root in notes from the late 1960s (PMB) serving as the basis for Q. {turma >>} turko, unglossed but probably meaning “✱stronghold” (PE17/22); it was likely an extension of √TUR “power, mastery”. It was probably also the basis for Q. turka “strong, powerful (in body)” in the name Q. Turkafinwe from 1968 (PM/352). However, in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s, primitive ✶turuk was glossed “stake” (PE22/71).

tō/oto

root. back

A root in a discussion of prefixes for “back” from around 1959, which Tolkien specified as meaning: “back as an answer, or return by another agent to an action affecting him, as in answering, replying, avenging, requiting, repaying, rewarding”; Tolkien also considered the forms √UTU/TŪ (PE17/166). But Tolkien crossed this all through and seems to have replaced it with √KHAN. Tolkien mentioned the root √OT in a discussion of numbers from the late 1960s, but only to specify that “there was no primitive base OT-” (VT47/16).

¤kurwē

noun. power, ability

belfalas

place name. Shore of Bel

A region on the coast of Gondor ruled by the prince of Dol Amroth, derived from an older, pre-Númenorean name Bel (UT/247, VT42/15). The second element of the name is S. falas “shore” (RC/18, SA/falas), hence: “Shore of Bel”.

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as N. Ramathor >> Ramathir, both rejected and replaced by N. Belfalas (TI/119). In its first appearance, the name was applied to the region that would later be called Anfalas, and Belfalas was only later used for the region around Dol Amroth (WR/393).

In his notes for his “Unfinished Index” of The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien indicated that the name was fully Sindarin, and that the element Bel meant “steep, sheer” (RC/18). The idea that the initial element was a pre-Númenorean name emerged in his later essay on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor (UT/247, VT42/15).

beleg

masculine name. Beleg

A hero of Doriath and friend of Túrin (S/200). His name is simply the adjective beleg “mighty” used as a name (SA/beleg).

Conceptual Development: The name G. Beleg dates back to the earliest Lost Tales, already having its later etymology (LTA2/Beleg). The name reappeared in the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s (LB/30), and again in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/287). In The Etymologies, Beleg was designated an Ilkorin name, translated “Strong” (Ety/BEL).

belthronding

proper name. Belthronding

The bow of Beleg (S/208).

Conceptual Development: This name first appeared in the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s as ᴱN. Balthronding (LB/117, 127). The form Balthronding also appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/STARAN), along with Belthronding (Ety/BEL, DING), in both cases designated an Ilkorin name. As an Ilkorin word, it was a combination of bel “strength”, thrôn “stiff, hard” and ding, an onomatopoeic sound, but it is unclear whether this derivation remained valid in Tolkien’s later writing.

belecthor

masculine name. Belecthor

Name of the 15th and 21st Stewards of Gondor (LotR/1039). The name is most likely Sindarin, but its meaning is unclear. It might be a combination of beleg “mighty” and thor(on) “eagle” (as suggested by David Salo, GS/343).

Beleriand

Beleriand

topon. -.

belerieth

noun. belerieth

fem. n. >> #balar

belerion

noun. belerion

masc. n. >> #balar

beleg

adjective. great, mighty; large, big, great, mighty; large, big, [ᴱN.] huge

The primitive form of this word in later writings is unclear. The development in Quenya seems indicates a primitive initial ✶mb- and a primitive form of ✶mbeleke, as in ✶Mbelekōro or ✶Mbelekōre > Q. Melkor (PE17/115, WJ/402). However, the nasal mutation meleg appears in Taur-i-Melegyrn “Forest of the Great Trees”, indicating a primitive initial ✶b- and a primitive form of ✶beleke. It is possible the soft mutation veleg appears Arveleg, also indicating a primitive initial ✶b-. @@@ Also Cûl Veleg.

It may be that the strengthening of √BEL ⇒ √MBEL occurred only in Quenya, and the Sindarin form developed from the original √BEL instead. Since The Etymologies state that √BEL was “not found in Q[uenya]”, this seems a likely scenario to me.

belegaer

place name. Great Sea

Name of the “Great Sea” lying between Middle-earth and Valinor (S/37). This name is a compound of beleg “mighty” and gae(a)r “sea” (SA/beleg, gaer; PM/363).

Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name first appeared as N. Belegar (LR/14), soon revised to Belegaer (LR/19). In The Etymologies, it appeared as Belegoer (Ety/ÁLAT, AY, BEL), a reflection of Tolkien’s uncertainty on whether the diphthong [[n|[ai] became [oe] or [ae]]]. In the later Silmarillion revisions from the 1930s, he used Belegaer consistently following the [[n|revision of [oe] to [ae]]].

belegost

place name. Mickleburg, (lit.) Great Fortress

Sindarin name of the Dwarven city of Kh. Gabilgathol, translated “Mickleburg” (S/91) and “Great Fortress” (WJ/209). This name is a compound of beleg “mighty” and ost “fortress” (SA/beleg, os(t)).

Conceptual Development: The name G. Belegost appeared in the earliest Lost Tales, already with the etymology given above (LT2/230, LT2A/Belegost). In one place it appeared in an extended form Ost Belegost (LT2/244).

The name reappeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, where it was translated “Great Fortress” alongside its Dwarven name Gabilgathol (LR/274). The name N. Belegost was translated “Great City” in The Etymologies (Ety/BEL), where its decomposition was made explicit as Beleg-ost (EtyAC/OS).

belthil

proper name. Divine Radiance

Name of the White Tree of Gondolin, translated “Divine Radiance” (S/126, SI/Belthil). Its name is derived from a combination of the primitive roots √BAL “(divine) power” and √THIL “shine (silver)”.

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this name was G. Bansil “Fairgleam” (LT2/214), revised in one place to Banthil (LT2/203). The name was changed to Belthil towards the end of the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s (LB/81, 195). The name N. Belthil was translated “Divine Radiance” in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, and also appeared in The Etymologies with the derivation given above (Ety/BAL, SIL, THIL). @@@ Silvant

belaith

adjective. mighty

An adjective for “mighty” derived from the root √MBELEK in a page of notes having to do with “large & small” words, probably from the late 1960s (PE17/115), apparently from the primitive form ✱✶mbelektā with the ekt vocalizing to eith and then the ei becoming ai in the final syllable.

belegorn

masculine name. *Great-tree

The 4th ruling steward of Gondor (LotR/1039). This name appears to be a compound of beleg “mighty” and orn “tree” (SA/beleg, gaer; PM/363).

Conceptual Development: In drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices, this name first appeared as Bardhan and Belgorn (PM/219).

belegund

masculine name. *Great-prince

A Beorian lord, youngest child of Bregolas and father of Rían (S/148). His name may be a combination of beleg “great” and †cund “prince”.

Conceptual Development: The name N. Belegund appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/297, LR/282). In The Etymologies, Tolkien defined his brother’s name as N. Baragund, with its second element as N. †cund “prince” (Ety/KUNDŪ). It is likely that in that period, Belegund was also a Noldorin name, with its initial element being N. beleg “great”.

In later writings, the language of this name is unclear. It is often assumed (as it is here) that later forms of the name are Sindarin with the same (or similar) derivations as that given in The Etymologies. However, it may be that the later form of the name was Beorian: in one place, Tolkien stated that Ed. gundu was the Beorian word for “lord” (PE17/113). See S. cund for further discussion.

belegurth

masculine name. Great Death

A Sindarin name for Q. Melkor, a modification of his proper name S. Belegûr “He who arises in Might” which the Grey Elves refused to use (SI/Melkor, PM/358). This name is a combination of beleg “great” and gurth “death”.

belegûr

masculine name. He who arises in Might, (lit.) Mighty Arising

The Sindarin cognate of Q. Melkor “He who arises in Might”, but this name was never used, being replaced with an altered form Belegurth “Great Death” (SI/Melkor, PM/358). The initial element of his name is beleg “mighty” and its final element is derived from primitive ✶ōre “arising”, hence literally: “Mighty Arising” (PE17/115). This Sindarin name indicates that the primitive form of his name must have begun with mb-: ✶Mbelekōre (PE17/115, WJ/402).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, his Qenya name was ᴱQ. Melko and in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, its cognate was given as G. Belca >> Belcha from a root ᴱ√(M)BELEKE along with derivatives related to fire (GL/18, 22). In the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s, the name was changed to ᴱN. Belegor >> Melegor (LB/21), but in Early Noldorin word lists from the 1920s the name appeared as ᴱN. Maileg (PE13/149).

In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the name changed to N. Maeleg >> Moeleg, derived from the root ᴹ√MIL(IK) along with derivatives related to greed and lust (Ety/MIL-IK). The form N. Moeleg appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/79, 164, 167). In later writings his Sindarin name was usually given as Belegûr, though in one place an alternate form Belchur was also given (PE17/115).

beleriand

place name. Country of Balar

The land in northwest Middle-earth where the Sindar dwelled, named after the island and bay of Balar (S/54). It ends with the archaic suffix †-ian(d) “land” (PE17/29, 37, 42), hence: “Country of Balar” (SI/Beleriand).

Conceptual Development: The first name for this region in Tolkien’s writings was ᴱN. Broceliand >> Broseliand, an indication that Tolkien was inspired by the legendary forest of Brocéliande in France (LB/160). He then considered a wild variety of possible names before settling on ᴱN. Beleriand (LB/157, 160). The name N. Beleriand appeared in Silmarillion drafts and The Etymologies from the 1930s, already with the derivation given above (LR/404, Ety/BAL).

belair

proper name. ?Valinorian Elf

A term appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 (PE17/139). It had the singular forms belerion, belerieth, belair and plural forms belair, balarwaith, beleriath. It appeared in a discussion of terms for distinct tribes of Elves: Sindar, Noldor and Nandor, but it is unclear to which tribe the name applies. The plural form balarwaith suggests a relationship to the S. Balan “Vala”, so it perhaps means “Valinorian Elf” = Noldor.

Belchur

theology. Melkor

theon. Q. Melkor, Melkóre. >> Belegûr

Belegost

noun. great fortress

beleg (“great, mighty”) + ost (“fortress”)

Belegurth

noun. great death (Melkor)

beleg (“great, mighty”) + gurth (“death”)

Belegûr

theology. Melkor

theon. Q. Melkor, Melkóre. >> Belchur

belegaer

noun. great sea

beleg (“great”) + (g)aer (“sea”)

beleglinn

proper name. *Great Song

Beleriand

noun. the land of Balar

Balar (the name of the island, from PQ *balāre) + iand (-and commonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries)

belaith

adjective. mighty

adj. mighty. Q. melehta.

beleg

adjective. large

adj. large, great. Q. melek-.

beleg

adjective. large

adj. large, great, big. . This gloss was rejected.

beleg

adjective. great, mighty

belegaer

noun. ocean

_ n. _ocean.

Belfalas

Belfalas

The name Belfalas consists of bel (a Pre-Númenórean element of unknown meaning) + Sindarin falas ("shore").

Belthil

Belthil

Belthil translates to Divine Radiance bel = powers, thil = shine with white or silver light.

Belecthor I

Belecthor I

Belecthor could be composed of the words beleg and thor therefore meaning "mighty eagle".[source?]

Beleg (King of Arthedain)

Beleg (King of Arthedain)

His name means "great' or "large", which may be a reference to his stature (although he may simply be named after the famous Elf of the First Age who shared this name, Beleg Strongbow).

Belegorn

Belegorn

Belegorn is Sindarin for "Mighty Tree". beleg = mighty; orn = tree.

Belegost

Belegost

Belegost (beleg + ost) was a Sindarin translation of the original Dwarvish name Gabilgathol and both mean "Great City". Unlike other names of the Silmarillion, the text also gives us an English rendering, which was possibly from Westron: Mickleburg. Mickle is a root meaning "big"; see also Michel Delving. The city's Khuzdul name Gabilgathol contains the elements gabil "great" and gathol "fortress". Túrosto was the name in Quenya for Belegost.

Beleriand

Beleriand

Beleriand translates to "The Country of Balar" with the ending -ian(d) for places and countries. The OS form could have been *Balariande (a slid to e because of the following i). The element Beler/Balar is believed to refer to the Maia Ossë, who often dwelt at the shores of the island. In the The Book of Lost Tales Part One, there is also the Quenya name "Valariandë".

beleg

Beleg

Beleg means "mighty" in Sindarin. His epessë Cúthalion means "Strongbow".

belegaer

Belegaer

The name is Sindarin, and has the elements Beleg ("mighty") and aer, an element meaning "sea". The Quenya name of Belegaer, never used in primary writing, is Alatairë.

Beleriand

The Country of Balar

Beleriand translates to "The Country of Balar" with the ending -ian(d) for places and countries. The OS form could have been *Balariande (a slid to e because of the following i).

In the The Book of Lost Tales Part One, there is also the Quenya name "Valariandë".

beleg

mighty

1) beleg (great), lenited veleg, pl. belig; 2) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

beleg

mighty

(great), lenited veleg, pl. belig

beleg

great

beleg (mighty), lenited veleg, pl. belig

beleg

great

(mighty), lenited veleg, pl. belig

bell

strong

1) (in body) *bell, lenited vell, pl. bill. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” belt. 2)

bell

strong

lenited vell, pl. bill. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” belt.

bellas

bodily strength

(i vellas), pl. bellais (i mellais) if there is a pl.

bellas

bodily strength

(i vellas), pl. bellais (i mellais) if there is a pl.

bellas

bodily strength

bellas (i vellas), pl. bellais (i mellais) if there is a pl.

beleitha-

verb. to extol, magnify

belen

adjective. expanded, unrolled, unfurled, set (of sails)

belon

noun. sail

beltha-

verb. to open out (transitive), expand, unroll, set sail

cadhad

Beleriandic Sindarin

pl1. cedhaid, pl2. cadhadrim {ð}_ n. _Beleriandic Sindarin. [PE17:45] >> nogon

milbar

noun. dear home, beloved dwelling [place]

A word appearing in some draft notes from the 1960s glossed “dear home” which Tolkien described as follows:

> In emotional senses “home” as the place of one’s birth, or desire, or one’s home returned to after journey or exile milbar was used, “dear home”. Note absence of Sindarin mutation owing to the original presence of initial mb-: mēlā̆-mbar > mîl-mbar > milbar (PE17/164).

In the final version of these notes Tolkien said:

> Mélamarimma “Our Home” was used [in Quenya] of their lost “home” in Aman, but not by the followers of the Sons of Feanor. Nonetheless this word was modelled on S milbar “beloved dwelling” applied to the places best known and most frequented. It was derived from older mēlā̆-mbar > mīl(a)mbar. In true Quenya the adjectival form “dear” had the form melda (PE17/109).

In this later version Tolkien gave milbar as an example of a Sindarin word that was adapted into Quenya: mélamar. The sense of both words is “emotional home” or “✱true home” from which one is separated:

> ... “home” in its emotional uses as the place of one’s birth, or the familiar places from which one was separated by journeys of necessity, or driven out by war. These circumstances the Noldor had not suffered in Aman, but knew later only too well, not only in their exile from Aman, but in the increasing destruction of their new realms and settlements by the assaults of Morgoth (PE17/109).

The drafts of these notes had S. barð as the more ordinary word for “home” (PE17/164). S. bardh did not appear in the final version of these notes, but whether it was an intentional or accidental omission isn’t clear.

lest

noun. girdle, girdle, *belt

An element in the name Lest Melian “Girdle of Melian” for the magical barrier around Doriath (WJ/228).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would also use this word for “✱belt”.

meldis

feminine name. ?Beloved Bride

Sindarin name of Zimrahin (WJ/234), perhaps a combination of mel- “love” and [N.] dîs “bride”, so: “✱Beloved Bride”.

milbar

noun. 'beloved dwelling'

n. 'beloved dwelling', applied to the places best known and most frequented. It was used to derive Q. mélamar.

mell

adjective. dear, beloved

glam

noun. din, uproar, the confused yelling and bellowing of beasts, din, uproar, bellowing of beasts, [N.] shouting, confused noise; barbarous speech; [ᴱN.] hatred, [G.] loathing, fierce hate

com

adjective. bellied

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2019 specifically for Eldamo, the Sindarin equivalent of ᴹQ. kumba “bellied”, where the vowel o is the result of a-affection.

cum

noun. belly

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2019 specifically for Eldamo, the Sindarin equivalent of ᴺQ. cumbo “belly”.

dúnedhel

beleriand, elf of

(literally "West-Elf", including Noldor and Sindar) Dúnedhel (i Núnedhel), pl. Dúnedhil (i Ndúnedhil) (WJ:378, 386)

dúnedhel

beleriand, elf of

(i Núnedhel), pl. *Dúnedhil*** (i Ndúnedhil*) (WJ:378, 386)*

nell

bell

nell (construct nel; pl. nill);

nell

bell

(construct nel; pl. nill);

sav-

verb. to believe in, accept as fact

nella

sound bells

(i nella, in nellar) (but according to VT46:7, this may be a misreading of Tolkien’s manuscript),  

nellad

sound of bells

(pl. nellaid)

nelladel

ringing of bells

(pl. nelledil):

balan

noun. Vala, Vala, [N.] Power, God

At one point (Let/427), Tolkien stated that the plural form Belain (and presumably its singular Balan) did not exist in Sindarin and its derivative Orbelain “Vala-day” was a phonetic translation of Q. Valanya. Elsewhere, though, Balan is well attested as a Sindarin word.

idril

feminine name. Idril

Maiden of Gondolin, beloved of Tuor and mother of Eärendil (S/126). Her name is an adaption of her Quenya name Itarillë (PM/346).

Conceptual Development: This character appeared in the earliest Lost Tales as G. Idril (LT2/164), but in this period she had a second name G. Idhril, and Tolkien vacillated between the two names throughout his life. In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, Idril was translated “Beloved”, and this was said to be her true name, but she was also known as Idhril “Mortal Maiden” because of her marriage to Tuor (GL/50). In the Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, her name appeared as N. Idril (SM/36, LR/141), but in The Etymologies it was Idhril, a derivative of ᴹ√ID “desire” (Ety/ID).

Her name was Idril in The Lord of the Rings (LotR/1034), but in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957, Tolkien noted that the form should be Idhril if it were derived from the root √ID (PE17/112). At this point Tolkien devised the new derivation given above, from her Quenya name Itarillë, and this seems to have been his final word on the subject (PM/346).

mell

adjective. dear

_ adj. _dear, beloved. Q. melda.

sirion

place name. Great River

The Great River of Beleriand (S/120), a combination of sîr “river” and the adjective iaun “wide”, reduced to its suffixal form -ion also seen in the names of lands (PE17/42).

Conceptual Development: This river was named G. Sirion in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/238) and was explained as an archaic word for “river” in the Gnomish Lexicon (GL/67). The name N. Sirion appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s as an elaboration of N. sîr (Ety/SIR). The derivation given above appeared in Tolkien’s Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/42). In an early name list its Qenya equivalent was given as ᴱQ. Sirion as well (PE13/102).

balan

vala

(i Valan), pl. Belain (i Melain). In ”Noldorin”, the pl. form used with the article was "iMbelain" (LR:365 s.v. KIRIK).

balch

cruel

1) balch (lenited malch; pl. belch), 2) baug (tyrannous, oppressive) (lenited maug), pl. boeg

balch

cruel

(lenited malch; pl. belch)

gaul

aulë

(na ’Aul), often in longer form Belegol (na Velegol) ”Great Aulë”; also called Barthan (na Marthan, o Mbarthan)

iaur

adjective. old, old; [N.] ancient, olden

peleth

noun. waning, waning, *fading

Idril

noun. Idril

prop. n. . This gloss was rejected.

aearon

ocean

_n. _ocean. Augmentative form of _aear _Sea. Q. earon, airon. nef aear, sí nef aearon lit. 'beyond the Sea, here beyond the Great Sea'. >> aear

balan

noun. Vala, divine power, divinity

daer

adjective. great

daer

adjective. great, large

dha

?. ?

edhellen

adjective. elvish, of the Elves

edhellen

adjective. Elvish

_ adj. _Elvish. annon edhellen edro hi ammen! 'Elvish gate open now for us'. >> edhel

edhellen

adjective. elvish

en

?. ?

@@@ In VT50/13 Carl Hostetter suggested this might be an indicative passive voice marker en, vs. subjunctive passive voice marker aen.

gaearon

ocean

_n. _ocean. Augmentative form of _gaear _Sea. Q. earon, airon. >> gaear

gaer

ocean

_ n. _ocean.

gaeron

noun. ocean

_ n. _ocean.

iaun

adjective. large

adj. large, extensive, wide, vast, huge. Q. yāna-. >> -ion

iaur

adjective. ancient, old, original

iaur

adjective. older, former

ingildon

place name. ?

lest

noun. girdle

nu

preposition. under

With suffixed article, see also nuin

nu

preposition. under

nuin

preposition. under the

pel-

verb. to fade, wane

rhond

noun. body

n. body. >> rhonn, rhû

rhond

noun. body

A Sindarin word for “body”, cognate of Q. hrondo, appearing as rhonn in Quenya Notes from 1957 (QN: PE17/183) and as rhond or rhonn in notes concerning spirit, also probably from 1957 (NM/237). In the former document, it was derived from the root √SRON, a variant of √RON “solid, tangible, firm” (PE17/183).

Neo-Sindarin: Its Quenya cognate hrondo was replaced by Q. hröa < ✶srawā in notes from 1958-59 (MR/209, 350). However, the Sindarin equivalent of hroa was rhaw, a word that also meant “flesh” along with many other (Neo) Sindarin meanings such as “wild” and “lion”. As such, I would retain rhond as “body” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin; the continued viability of the root √RON is indicated by other words like S. Grond.

rhonn

noun. body

n. body. >> rhond, rhû

rodon

noun. Vala

A Sindarin term for the Vala (PE17/33), appearing in its plural form S. Rodyn as one of the days of the week (LotR/1110) and also in the Sindarin name for Valinor: Dor-Rodyn (MR/200). It is derived from the prefixal form rod- of raud “noble” (PE17/118, 186). Its final element might be the augmentative suffix -on, perhaps literally meaning “✱Most Noble”. It could also be the agental suffix -on, as suggested by David Salo (GS/283), but that suffix is usually masculine (WJ/400), whereas Rodon seems to apply to all Valar.

#dae

great

#dae (lenited nae, no distinct pl. form). Isolated from daedhelos "great fear". Note: Homophones mean "shadow, shade" and also "very, exceedingly".

ad

back

(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "second, again, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

ad

back

also meaning "second, again, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

aear

ocean

aear (sea), pl. aeair.

aear

ocean

(sea), pl. aeair.

baug

cruel

(tyrannous, oppressive) (lenited maug), pl. boeg

brûn

elder, eldest

(long endured, long established, long in use), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin. Cf. also

bâl

divine power

construct bal, pl. bail (divinity). Note: the word can also be used as an adj. "divine".

cofn

void

(adjective) cofn (empty), lenited gofn, pl. cyfn

cofn

void

(empty), lenited gofn, pl. cyfn

dad

downward

;

dadbenn

downhill, sloping down

(inclined, prone [to do]), lenited dhadbenn, pl. dedbinn;

dae

great

(lenited nae, no distinct pl. form). Isolated from daedhelos "great fear". Note: Homophones mean "shadow, shade" and also "very, exceedingly".

daer

large

daer (great), lenited dhaer, no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means "bridegroom", but has a different lenited form.

daer

large

(great), lenited dhaer, no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means "bridegroom", but has a different lenited form.

daer

great

daer (large), lenited dhaer, no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means "bridegroom", but has a different lenited form.

daer

great

(large), lenited dhaer, no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means "bridegroom", but has a different lenited form.

dan

back

(prep.) dan (lenited nan) (again, against);

dan

back

(lenited nan) (again, against);

duin

large river

(i dhuin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nuin), coll. pl. duinath (Names:179, PM:54)

dî

under

unstressed di (beneath, in) (VT45:37). Note: a homophone means ”bride, lady”.

edhellen

elvish

edhellen (of language apparently = ”Sindarin”), pl. edhellin

edhellen

elvish

(of language apparently = ”Sindarin”), pl. edhellin****

fân

manifested body of a vala

(veil, cloud), construct fan, pl. fain.

gaear

ocean

gaear (i **aear) (sea), pl. gaeair (i ngaeair** = i ñaeair).

gaear

ocean

(i ’aear) (sea), pl. gaeair (i ngaeair = i ñaeair).

gaearon

great ocean

(i ‘Aearon), pl. Gaearyn (i Ngaearyn = i Ñaearyn) if there is a pl.

gast

void

(i ’Ast if the word can occur with article and is not counted as a proper name)

gaw

void

(noun) 1) gaw (i **aw), pl. goe (i ngoe = i ñoe), 2) (noun, "the Void" beyond the world) Gast (i **Ast if the word can occur with article and is not counted as a proper name), 3) iâ (chasm, gulf, abyss), pl. iai (LR:400, RS:437, Letters:383)

gaw

void

(i ’aw), pl. goe (i ngoe = i ñoe)

glam

din

glam (i **lam) (uproar, tumult, confused yelling of beasts; shouting, confused noise; a body of Orcs), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath **

glam

din

(i ’lam) (uproar, tumult, confused yelling of beasts; shouting, confused noise; a body of Orcs), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath

haug

adjective. low

iaur

old

1) iaur (ior-, iar-) (ancient, former), pl. ioer. Compare ELDER, ELDEST, q.v. 2) brûn (long endured, long established, long in use), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin. Cf. also

iaur

old

(ior-, iar-) (ancient, former), pl. ioer. Compare

iaur

ancient

iaur (in compounds ior-, iar-) (old, former), pl. ioer

iaur

ancient

(in compounds ior-, iar-) (old, former), pl. ioer

iphant

full of years

(aged, long-lived), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

iâ

void

(chasm, gulf, abyss), pl. iai (LR:400, RS:437, Letters:383)

lest

girdle

lest (boundary, fence), pl. list

lest

girdle

(boundary, fence), pl. list

mail

dear

mail (lenited vail, pl. mîl), also mell (lenited vell; pl. mill), also muin (lenited vuin; no distinct pl. form)

mail

dear

(lenited vail, pl. mîl), also mell (lenited vell; pl. mill), also muin (lenited vuin; no distinct pl. form)

nu

under

1) (prep.) nu, followed by lenition (with article nuin ”under the”, followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions), 2) dî, unstressed di (beneath, in) (VT45:37). Note: a homophone means ”bride, lady”.

nu

under

followed by lenition (with article nuin ”under the”, followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions)

penna

slant down

(i benna, i phennar)

renia

sail

(verb) renia- (fly, wander, stray) (i renia, idh reniar)

renia

sail

(fly, wander, stray) (i renia, idh reniar)

rhaw

body

rhaw (?i thraw or ?i raw the lenition product of rh is uncertain) (flesh), pl. rhoe (?idh roe). Note: a homophone means ”wild, untamed”. (MR:350).

rhaw

body

(?i thraw or ?i raw – *the lenition product of rh is uncertain) (flesh), pl. rhoe (?idh roe). Note: a homophone means ”wild, untamed”. (MR:350)*.

rodon

vala

(pl. Rodyn, coll. pl. Rodonnath)

sirion

great river

sirion (i hirion, o sirion), pl. siryn (i siryn).

taur

mighty

(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

thalion

strong

thalion (steadfast, dauntless), pl. thelyn. Also used as a noun ”hero, dauntless man”.

thalion

strong

(steadfast, dauntless), pl. thelyn. Also used as a noun ”hero, dauntless man”.

torn

down

(noun) *torn (i dorn, o thorn), pl. tyrn (i thyrn). Only the pl. tyrn is attested, as part of the name Tyrn Gorthad ”Barrow-downs”.

torn

down

(i dorn, o thorn), pl. tyrn (i thyrn). Only the pl. tyrn is attested, as part of the name Tyrn Gorthad ”Barrow-downs”. 

tû

strength

(physical strength) tû (i dû, o thû) (muscle, sinew; vigour), pl. tui (i thui), coll. pl. túath.

tû

strength

(i dû, o thû) (muscle, sinew; vigour), pl. t**ui  (i thui), coll. pl. túath**.

tûr

power

tûr (i dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (victory, mastery, control; master, victor, lord), pl. tuir (i thuir), coll. pl. túrath.

tûr

power

(i dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (victory, mastery, control; master, victor, lord), pl. t**uir (i th**uir), coll. pl. túrath.

bel daurion sel aurinon

bel daurion sel aurinon

beleriandren

proper name. Beleriandic

A Noldorin term for the Beleriandric language (PE22/36), a combination of Beleriand with the adjectival suffix -ren.

belegund

masculine name. Belegund

beleriand

place name. Beleriand

belfalas

place name. Belfalas

belegol

masculine name. Great Aule

A more elaborate Noldorin name for ᴹQ. Aule appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, a combination of beleg “great” and his ordinary Noldorin name Gaul (Ety/BEL, GAWA).

bellas

noun. bodily strength

A word for “bodily strength” in The Etymologies of the 1930s based on Old Noldorin belle “strength” under the root ᴹ√BEL “strong” (Ety/BEL). Ordinarily this Old Noldorin word would have become ✱bell (e.g. N. hell “naked” from ON. skhella), but it seems this word was not sufficiently distinct, so at some point the abstract noun suffix N. -as was added.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. polm or polwin “strength (physical)”, clearly based on the early root ᴱ√POLO “have strength” (GL/64).

belt

adjective. strong in body

An adjective for “strong in body” in The Etymologies of the 1930s based on Old Noldorin belda “strong” under the root ᴹ√BEL “strong” (Ety/BEL). Ordinarily this Old Noldorin word would have become ✱bell (e.g. N. goll “wise” from ᴹ✶ñgolda), but this is one of the rare cases in Noldorin of the 1930s where final ld &gt; lð &gt; lt rather than the usual ll.

Neo-Sindarin: There is no sign of this sound change in later Sindarin words, so you may want to adapt this word as ✱bell “strong” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, but personally I’d just keep belt and assume it was a dialectical variant or had a different primitive form.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. polmog or polwed “strong (physically)”, adjective forms of G. polm or polwin “strength (physical)” (GL/64).

beleghir

place name. Great River

Precursor to the river name Anduin appearing in the Lord of the Rings from the 1940s (RS/410), a combination of beleg “great” and the lenited form of sîr “river”.

belegast

place name. Void

Noldorin term for the “Void” appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, a combination of beleg “great” and Gast “void” (Ety/KUM), also appearing as a variant Belego containing gaw “void” (Ety/GAS).

beleg

adjective. great, large

belthil

proper name. Divine Radiance

belegoer

place name. Great Sea

belegost

place name. Great Fortress, Great City

beleg

adjective. great, mighty

bellas

noun. bodily strength

belt

adjective. strong in body

nell

noun. bell

nell

noun. bell

nelladel

noun. ringing of bells

gast

proper name. Void

A name for the Void beyond the world appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, more fully Belegast (Ety/KUM).

mell

adjective. dear

pelin

noun. *fading

balan

noun. Power, God

gaw

noun. void

ad-

prefix. back, again, re-

anduin

place name. Great River

balan

noun. Vala, divine power, divinity

balch

adjective. cruel

balch

adjective. cruel

brûn

adjective. old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use

dad

adverb. down, downwards

dad

adverb. down

daur

adjective. great, large

gaw

noun. void

gwinna-

verb. to fade

iaur

adjective. ancient, old, original

iaur

adjective. older, former

idril

feminine name. Idril

ingem

adjective. old (of person, in mortal sense: decripit, suffering from old age)

New word coined by the Elves after meeting with Men

mell

adjective. dear

muin

adjective. dear

muin

adjective. dear

no

preposition. under

With suffixed article, see also nuin

no

preposition. under

nu

preposition. under

With suffixed article, see also nuin

nuin

preposition. under the

taur

adjective. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime

belzagar

masculine name. Belzagar

The 18th ruler of Númenor, whose Quenya name was Tar-Calmacil “✱Light-sword” (UT/222). If his Adûnaic and Quenya names have the same meaning, the second element zagar of his name most likely means “sword”. The first element might mean “light”, as suggested by Andreas Moehn (EotAL/BAY’L), but the element bel- is attested elsewhere as a verbal element meaning “to love”. It is possible the two meanings coexisted, or that Tolkien changed the meaning of bel from “love” to “light”.

This name violates the original phonetic rules of Adûnaic, which said that the vowels [ē] and [ō] could only be long in Adûnaic (SD/423). See the discuss of conceptual-changes-in-late-Adûnaic for more information.

zîrân

adjective. beloved

An adjective translated “(the) beloved” (SD/247), apparently formed from the verb zîr- “to love, desire” with the participle suffix -ân. Its placement in the sentence Anadûnê zîrân hikalba “Númenor beloved fell (down)” is unusual, since according to Tolkien adjectives normally precede the nouns they modify (SD/428). It is possible that the adjective here is being used as a noun “the beloved”, an idea supported by the translation of this sentence in the final manuscript: “Anadune the beloved she fell” (VT24/12). See the entry for the Adûnaic participle for further discussion.

izrê

noun. sweetheart, beloved

A noun translated “sweetheart, beloved” and fully declined as an example of a weak II feminine-noun (SD/438).

bêl-

verb. *to befriend, love

A verb stem bel- attested only in the explanations for the agental-formation -bêl in the name Azrubêl “Friend of the Sea, Sea-lover” (SD/305, PM/373). The form bel- violates Adûnaic phonetic rules given in Lowdham’s Report, which state that [ē] can only be a long vowel in Adûnaic (SD/423). See the discussion of its root form ✶Ad. √BEL for possible explanations. The Classical Adûnaic verb form might be bêl-, while bel- may instead be its most primitive (early Elvish?) form.

This verb seems to have a sense similar to that of zîr- “to love, desire”. Perhap it is distinct from zîr- in that it has more to do with friendship than desire, so that the verb means “✱to befriend” or “✱to love (as a friend)”.

avalô

noun. Power, God

An Adûnaic noun translated as “God” or “Power” (SD/247, 305), the equivalent of (and possibly derived from) Q. Vala. It is probably pronounced [awalō], since the sound [w] in Adûnaic was sometime written “v” (SD/434). It frequently appeared in its plural or subjective plural forms Avalôi(m) “Powers, Gods”.

Conceptual Development: In early drafts of Adûnaic its plural was Avalâi with a long â instead of ô, perhaps indicating an earlier singular form Avalâ closer to Vala. Earlier still this word was given as plural Balāi, a more direct derivative of the Elvish root form ᴹ√BAL.

valariandë

place name. Beleriand

The genitive form Malariando “of Beleriand” was given as the Quenya translation of S. Beleriand appearing in linguistic notes from the 1950s (PE21/78). This form implies that primitively the initial form of this name began with mb-, but that concept is not well supported by other evidence. The lenited form of S. Beleriand consistently had an initial V- (VT50/18, LR/202), making Valariandë is a more probable Quenya form of this name.

Conceptual Development: The (ᴹQ) genitive form Valarianden appeared in an alternate title for the Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/202). In linguistic notes from the 1940s, this name appeared as Veleriande (PE22/126), but the use of e in this form means it is most likely a direct adapation of the Noldorin name.

#Valariandë

beleriand

#Valariandë place-name "Beleriand" (genitive in the phrase Nyarna Valarianden "the annals of Beleriand" in LR:202; Tolkien later changed the genitive ending from -n to -o; hence read *Nyarna Valariandëo) In the essay Quendi and Eldar, Heceldamar turns up as another Quenya term for Beleriand.

melda

beloved, dear, sweet

melda adj. "beloved, dear, sweet" (MEL, VT45:34), superlative arimelda *"dearest" (PE17:56, see ar- #2), meldielto "they are beloved" (sc. meld[a]-ië-lto "beloved-are-they" however, both the stative verb ending -ië "is/are" and the ending -lto "they" may be obsolete in LotR-style Quenya) (FS) PE17:55 gives the comparative form as arimelda or ammelda and the superlative as eremelda, anamelda or once again ammelda (PE17:55).

nyellë

bell

nyellë noun "bell" (NYEL). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, nyellë was also the name of tengwa #21 with overposed dots to indicate "following y", the whole symbol having the value ny (VT46:7)

sav-

believe (that statements, reports, traditions, etc. are) true, accept as fact

sav- vb. "believe (that statements, reports, traditions, etc. are) true, accept as fact" (VT49:27; the fist person aorist savin is given). Not used with a person as object (in the sense of believing that this person tells the truth); with a noun, name or corresponding pronoun as object, sav- implies "I believe that he/she/it really exists/existed": Savin Elessar "I believe that Elessar really existed" (VT49:27). To "believe in" someone meaning "believe that (s)he tells the truth" can be paraphrased as (for instance) savin Elesarno quetië "I believe in Elessars words" (lit. speaking). (VT49:28)

melda

adjective. dear, beloved, beloved, dear, [ᴹQ.] sweet

Veleriande

place name. Beleriand

malariandë

place name. Beleriand

sav-

verb. believe true, accept as fact

Quenderin

quendian, belonging to the elves as a whole

Quenderin adj."Quendian, belonging to the Elves as a whole" (a learned word) (WJ:407). The phrase quenderinwë coar "Elvish bodies" (PE17:175) presupposes a longer form *quenderinwa, here attested in the pl.

irildë

feminine name. ?Beloved Brilliance

The original Quenya name of Idril (WJ/235), a derivative of the roots √ID and √RIL (PE17/112), perhaps meaning something like “✱Beloved Brilliance”. This name sometimes appeared as Írildë with a long Í (PE17/112, TAI/193), a form of the name that was also given to the sister of Hallatan: see Írildë.

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this name first appeared as ᴱQ. Irilde (LT2/216), though at this stage it was translated “Mortal Maiden” (LT2A/Idril, GL/50). ᴹQ. Irilde appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s as a cognate of N. Idhril (Ety/KYELEP); at this point Idhril (Idril) was given as a derivative of ᴹ√ID (Ety/ID).

Later still, Tolkien became dissatisfied with the etymology of Idril and changed her Quenya name to Q. Itarillë; see that entry for that name for further details.

quilta

girdle, belt

quilta noun "girdle, belt" (QL:78); the same source also lists a verb qilti- (sic) "gird, encircle"; one could perhaps read *quilta- if this verb were to be adapted to Tolkiens later Quenya.

yára

ancient, belonging to or descending from former times

yára adj. "ancient, belonging to or descending from former times" (YA); evidently it can also simply mean "old", since Tolkien used the intensive/superlative form #anyára to describe Elaine Griffiths as his "oldest" or "very old" friend in a book dedication (see an-).

sav-

verb. to believe

quenderin

noun/adjective. Quendian, of the Quendi, belonging to the Elves as a whole

Collective term for all the races of the elves and their languages, including the Avari (WJ/407), a combination of Quendë “Elf” and the suffix -rin. As a term for languages, it was often translated as “Quendian”. An archaic variant quenelya was used as an adjective only (PE19/93).

Conceptual Development: The term ᴹQ. Qenderin also appeared in linguistic notes from the 1930s (PE18/23).

velicë

great

velicë ("k") adj. "great" _(LT1:254; probably not valid in Tolkien's later Quenya; in the context of the Etymologies it would have to be derived from _BEL, but it is stated that this stem was "not found in Q". Perhaps Tolkien rejected velicë because it was too similar to the Russian word that clearly inspired it.)

cumbo

noun. belly

A neologism for “belly” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT), a noun form of ᴹQ. kumba “bellied”.

quilta

noun. belt, girdle

savindo

noun. believer

savielóra

adjective. unbelieving, belief-less

costula

adjective. quarrelsome, belligerent

uruhta-

verb. to (cause to) smoke; to belch smoke

melehta

adjective. mighty

An adjective for “mighty” derived from the root √MBELEK in a page of notes having to do with “large & small” words, probably from the late 1960s (PE17/115), apparently from the primitive form ✱✶mbelektā (with [kt] > [ht]). A variant form meletya appears with the 2nd-plural possessive suffix -lda as Meletyalda “your mighty” in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/369), likely from the primitive form ✱✶mbelekya (with [kj] > [tj]). This variant form has a more typical primitive adjective suffix ✶-ya, but is inconsistent with the attested Sindarin cognate S. belaith, so I’d stick with melehta for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

túrosto

place name. Mickleburg, (lit.) Great Fortress

Quenya name of Belegost (WJ/389). Its first element is a derivative of the root √TUR “strong” and the second element is osto “fortress”.

-ië

suffix. is

-ië (3) "is", -ier "are", stative verb suffix occurring in Fíriel's Song: númessier "they are in the west", meldielto "they are...beloved", talantië "he is fallen", márië "it is good" (< *númessë "in the west", melda "beloved", *talanta "fallen"); future tense -iéva in hostainiéva "will be gathered" (< *hostaina "gathered"). Compare ye "is", yéva "will be", verbs that also occur in Fíriel's Song. This suffix is probably not valid in LotR-style Quenya: -ië is an infinitival or gerundial ending in CO, for ye "is" Namárië has ná, and the phrase "lost is" is vanwa ná, not *vanwië.

Vala

power, god, angelic power

Vala (1) noun "Power, God, angelic power", pl. Valar or Vali (BAL, Appendix E, LT2:348), described as "angelic governors" or "angelic guardians" (Letters:354, 407). The Valar are a group of immensely powerful spirits guarding the world on behalf of its Creator; they are sometimes called Gods (as when Valacirca, q.v., is translated "Sickle of the Gods"), but this is strictly wrong according to Christian terminology: the Valar were created beings. The noun vala is also the name of tengwa #22 (Appendix E). Genitive plural Valion "of the Valar" (FS, MR:18); this form shows the pl. Vali, (irregular) alternative to Valar (the straightforward gen. pl. Valaron is also attested, PE17:175). Pl. allative valannar *"to/on the Valar" (LR:47, 56; SD:246). Feminine form Valië (Silm), in Tolkiens earlier material also Valdë; his early writings also list Valon or Valmo (q.v.) as specifically masc. forms. The gender-specific forms are not obligatory; thus in PE17:22 Varda is called a Vala (not a Valië), likewise Yavanna in PE17:93. Vala is properly or originally a verb "has power" (sc. over the matter of Eä, the universe), also used as a noun "a Power" _(WJ:403). The verb vala- "rule, order", exclusively used with reference to the Valar, is only attested in the sentences á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!" and Valar valuvar "the will of the Valar will be done" (WJ:404). However, Tolkien did not originally intend the word Valar to signify "powers"; in his early conception it apparently meant "the happy ones", cf. valto, vald- (LT2:348)_. For various compounds including the word Vala(r), see below.

nwalca

cruel

nwalca ("k")adj. "cruel" (ÑGWAL; this must represent earlier *ñwalca = *ngwalca; these forms are not given in Etym, but compare nwalmë_ below. In Tengwar writing, the initial NW would be represented by the letter nwalmë.)_

lesta

noun. *girdle

An element in the name Q. Lestanórë for Doriath (WJ/369), untranslated but probably the cognate to S. lest “girdle” from the name Lest Melian “Girdle of Melian” (WJ/228).

veluntë

noun. sail

-ya

elvish

-ya (5) adjectival ending, as in the word Quenya "Elvish" itself; when added to a verbal stem it may derive a kind of short active participle, as in melumatya "honey-eating" (mat- "eat"), saucarya "evil-doing" (car- "do"). (PE17:68)

-úmë

large

-úmë (3) suffix "large" (of quantity)", as in liyúmë "host" (VT48:32)

Quenderin

noun. Quendian

Quendian, name of all Elf-tongues

Quenderin

adjective. Quendian

Quendian

Quenderinwa

adjective. Quendian

Quendian

Turcafinwë

strong, powerful (in body) finwë

Turcafinwë masc. name, "strong, powerful (in body) Finwë", masc. name; he was called Celegorm in Sindarin. Short Quenya name Turco. (PM:352), compare #turco "chief" (q.v.)

aira

old

aira (3) adj. "old" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")

airon

ocean

airon noun "ocean" (PE17:27). Also ëaron, q.v.

airon

noun. ocean

An (archaic) word for “ocean”, an augmentative form of airë mentioned in a couple of later notes (PE17/27, 149). A more modern form is ëaron.

Conceptual Development: The form ᴹQ. airen appeared in parenthesis beside ᴹQ. aire “sea” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/AY). Helge Fauskanger suggested that it might be a genitive form (QQ/airë), but in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1930s, aire “sea” >> airen (PE22/23 note #70), suggesting it is an alternate (augmentative?) form. If so, it is probably a precursor to airon.

alat-

large, great in size

alat- prefix "large, great in size". (ÁLAT, cf. VT45:5). In Alatairë.

alta

large, great in size

alta (1) adj. *"large, great in size" (root meaning)(ÁLAT). Alat- in Alatairë, q.v.

canta-

verb. ?

círa

sail

círa ("k")vb. "sail" (apparently the continuative stem of #cir-) (Markirya)

enwina

old

enwina adj. "old" (Markirya)

enwina

adjective. old

linyenwa

old, having many years

linyenwa adj. "old, having many years" (YEN)

lusta

void, empty

lusta adj. "void, empty" (LUS)

lútë

sail

lútë noun "sail" (MC:213; this is "Qenya")

melehta

mighty

melehta adj. "mighty" (PE17:115), cf. meletya

meletya

mighty

#meletya adj. "mighty", isolated from meletyalda adjective with suffix "your mighty" = "your majesty" (see -lda; meletya = *"mighty"). In full Aran Meletyalda "king your mighty" = "your majesty" (WJ:369). Compare melehta.

meletya

adjective. mighty

melin

dear

melin adj. "dear" (MEL)

naicea

adjective. cruel

nerdo

large, strong man

nerdo noun "large, strong man" (compare nér) (VT47:33)

no

under

no prep. "under" (NŪ; all other sources give nu instead. In early "Qenya", no meant "upon"; MC:214)

nu

under

nu prep. "under" _(LR:56, Markirya, Nam, RGEO:66, MC:214; the _Etymologies alone gives no [q.v.] instead). In Mar-nu-Falmar, nuhuinenna, q.v. Prefix nú- in nútil, q.v.

ná

is

ná (1) vb. "is" (am). (Nam, RGEO:67). This is the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns "in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another" (VT49:28). Also in impersonal constructions: ringa ná "it is cold" (VT49:23). The copula may however be omitted "where the meaning is clear" without it (VT49:9). Ná is also used as an interjection "yes" or "it is so" (VT49:28). Short na in airë [] na, "[] is holy" (VT43:14; some subject can evidently be inserted in the place of [].) Short na also functions as imperative: alcar mi tarmenel na Erun "glory in high heaven be to God" (VT44:32/34), also na airë "be holy" (VT43:14); also cf. nai "be it that" (see nai #1). The imperative participle á may be prefixed (á na, PE17:58). However, VT49:28 cites ná as the imperative form. Pl. nar or nár "are" (PE15:36, VT49:27, 9, 30); dual nát (VT49:30). With pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë "I am", nalyë or natyë "you (sg.) are" (polite and familiar, respectively), nás "it is", násë "(s)he is", nalmë "we are" (VT49:27, 30). Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps to be taken as representing the aorist: nain, naityë, nailyë (1st person sg, and 2nd person familiar/polite, respectively); does a following na represent the aorist with no pronominal ending? However, the forms nanyë, nalyë, ná, nassë, nalme, nar (changed from nár) are elsewhere said to be "aorist", without the extra vowel i (e.g. nalyë rather than nailyë); also notice that *"(s)he is" is here nassë rather than násë (VT49:30).Pa.t. nánë or né "was", pl. náner/nér and dual nét "were" (VT49:6, 9, 10, 27, 28, 30, 36). According to VT49:31, né "was" cannot receive pronominal endings (though nésë "he was" is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29), and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen "I was", anel "you were", anes "(s)he/it was" (VT49:28-29). Future tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34, VT49:19, 27; another version however gives the future tense as uva, VT49:30). Nauva with a pronominal ending occurs in tanomë nauvan "I will be there" (VT49:19), this example indicating that forms of the verb ná may also be used to indicate position. Perfect anaië "has been" (VT49:27, first written as anáyë). Infinitive (or gerund) návë "being", PE17:68. See also nai #1.

opto

noun. back

pol

large, big (strong)

pol (2) adj. "large, big (strong)". Since this would be the sole example of a monosyllabic Quenya adjective, it may be that Tolkien is here citing the root POL rather than a complete word. Cf. polda.

poldorë

strong, burly

poldorë noun? (not glossed, derived from polda "strong, burly": possibly "strength" as an abstract) (POL/POLOD)

pontë

back, rear

pontë (ponti-) noun "back, rear" (QL:75)

quel-

verb. to fade, to fade; [ᴹQ.] †to fail; [ᴱQ.] to perish

quelië

waning

quelië noun "waning" in Narquelië, q.v.

quelië

noun. *fading

quendya

noun. Elvish

quenelya†

adjective. Quendian

Quendian

sal-

verb. ?

sonda

dear, fond

[sonda adj. "dear, fond" (VT46:15)]

taura

mighty, masterful

taura adj. "mighty, masterful" (TUR, PE17:115), "very mighty, vast, of unmeasured might or size" (VT39:10). Cf. túrëa.

undu

down, under, beneath

undu adv. (and prep.?) "down, under, beneath" (UNU, VT46:20); prefixundu- "down", in undulávë "down-licked" = covered. (Nam)

undu

down

waya

noun. ocean

ye

is

ye (2) copula "is" (FS, VT46:22); both earlier and later sources rather point to ná (q.v.) as the copula "is", so ye may have been an experiment Tolkien later abandoned. Future tense yéva, q.v.

yerna

old, worn

yerna adj. "old, worn" (GYER)

ëaron

ocean

ëaron noun "ocean" (PE17:27), also airon. Cf. ëar.

úra

large

úra (2) adj. "large" (UR), probably obsoleted by #1 above

úyë

is

úyë vb., a form occurring in Fíriel's Song (cf. VT46:22), apparently ye "is" with the negative prefix ú-, hence "is not" (úyë sérë indo-ninya símen, translated "my hearth resteth not here", literally evidently *"[there] is not rest [for] my heart here")

Idril

Idril

The name Idril is the Sindarin form of her Quenya name Itarildë (or Itarillë), which means "Sparkling Brilliance".[source?] She was called Celebrindal, "Silver-foot", because she always went barefoot.

catta

noun. back

A neologism for “back” coined by Paul Strack in 2022 specifically for Eldamo, based on Q. ca(ta) “behind, at back of place”. This word can refer to the back of body as well as the back of other things.

heculbar

place name. Beleriand

gaiar

noun. Great Sea

gabilgathol

place name. Great Fortress

gabilân

place name. Great River

mahal

masculine name. Aulë

gabil Reconstructed

adjective. great