e

pronoun. he

The meaning "he" is deduced from the apparent function of this word in the so-called "King's Letter", but it also seems possible to interpret it as "indeed" (as in Q. e, LR/63, VT/45:11), used here in a way of formal address expressing the wishes or the will of the King

e

pronoun. he

einior

adjective. elder

einior

adjective. elder

ernil

noun. prince

A noun for “prince” appearing in phrases like Ernil i Pheriannath “Prince of the Halflings” (LotR/768) and Dor-en-Ernil “Land of the Prince” (UT/245). Its initial element is likely a reduced form of aran “king, noble person”; compare to ar(a)- “noble” of similar origin. If so, the a became e due to i-affection. The final -il is harder to explain, because normally -il is a feminine suffix. Perhaps it is a reduction of hîl “heir”, so that the literal meaning is “✱king’s heir, royal heir”.

Conceptual Development: N. ernil also appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/287).

echil

collective name. Followers

Sindarin equivalent of Q. Hildor “Followers” as a name for Men (WJ/219). It is clearly derived from the same root √KHIL, but otherwise its etymology is unclear. Another Sindarin term with a similar meaning is Aphadon.

estel

masculine name. Hope

A name for Aragorn (LotR/1061), it is simply the noun estel “hope” used as a name (PE17/117).

Conceptual Development: In drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices, this name first appeared as S. Amin (PM/269).

echil

noun. follower

A word for “follower” given as one of the names of Men in Silmarillion drafts of the 1950s (WJ/219), likely based on √KHIL “follow”.

edra-

verb. open

_ v. _open (out). >> edro

estel

noun. hope

n. hope. ónen i·Estel Edain 'I gave the "Hope" (to) Men'.

erui

adjective. single, alone

The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui

erui

adjective. first (incorrect use by the Gondorians)

The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui

ethuil

noun. spring, spring [the season]

edro

verb. open!

eithel

noun. issue of water, spring, well

ereg

noun. holly-tree, thorn

ernil

noun. prince

esta-

verb. to name

echil

noun. follower

echil

noun. human being

edra-

verb. to open

ened

noun. centre

eneth

noun. name

er

adjective. single

er-

prefix. alone, one

esgal

noun. veil, screen, cover that hides

estel

noun. hope, trust, a temper of mind, steady fixed in purpose, and difficult to dissuade and unlikely to fall into despair or abandon its purpose

eiliant

noun. rainbow

See ianu and iant for a discussion

ereg

noun. holly

_ n. Bot. _holly. >> Eregion

eneg

cardinal. six

egor

conjunction. or

enchui

ordinal. sixth

eneg

cardinal. six

egor

conjunction. or

enchui

ordinal. sixth

encui

ordinal. sixth

encui

ordinal. sixth

enecthui

ordinal. sixth

enecthui

ordinal. sixth

enegui

ordinal. sixth

hen(d)

noun. eye

The Sindarin word for “eye”, most notably in the name Amon Hen “Hill of the Eye” (LotR/400), derived from the root √KHEN that was the basis for eye-words (PE17/187). Given the words henneth “window” (LotR/674) and Lachend “Flame-eyed” (WJ/384), it is possible that the independent word for “eye” is hend, but note also maecheneb “sharp-eye” which has no double-n (WJ/337).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to G. hen “eye” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/48), cognate to ᴱQ. hend- and so probably similarly derived from primitive ᴱ✶þχe-ndǝ (PE12/21). In the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s, ᴱN. hen(n) “eye” was paired with ᴱQ. sinda (PE13/122), but in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the same period, ᴱN. henn was again cognate with ᴱQ. hen (hend-), both from primitive ᴱ✶ske-ndá. In The Etymologies of the 1930s it was N. {hent, henn >>} hên “eye” from the root ᴹ√KHEN-D-E “eye” (Ety/KHEN-D-E). Thus this word was well established in Tolkien’s mind, but had several variations in its form and derivation.

lheweg

noun. ear

The Sindarin word for “ear” was derived from primitive √S-LAS, an elaboration of √LAS “listen” (PE17/62). Its singular form lheweg is somewhat unusual. Based on its Quenya cognate Q. hlas (< ✶slas), its historical singular should probably be ✱lhâ. However, the modern Sindarin form was actually based on the (fossilized) dual lhaw < ✶slasū, from which a singular form lheweg “ear” was derived using the singular suffix -eg < -ikā (PE23/136), though it isn’t clear why the base vowel also changed from a to e since a-affection normally precedes (and prevents) i-affection.

The typical word for “ears” is the fossilized dual lhaw, but that can only be used to refer to the pair of ears on a single person, and this lhaw is treated as singular noun for purposes of verb and adjective agreement. When referring to multiple ears more generally, the plural lhewig is used (PE23/136).

Conceptual Development: Tolkien described a similar scenario in The Etymologies of the 1930s, except the singular was N. {lhaweg >>} lhewig and it was derived directly from ᴹ√LAS “listen” (Ety/LAS²; EtyAC/LAS²). The voiceless lh- in this word was the result of the Noldorin sound-change of the 1930s whereby ancient initial r-, l- were unvoiced. This Noldorin dual lhaw made it into Lord of the Rings drafts as part of Amon Lhaw “Hill of Hearing, (lit.) of Ears” (TI/364), a form that Tolkien retained in the published version (LotR/393). Since the unvoicing of initial l was no longer a feature of Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s, Tolkien needed to contrive a new derivation from primitive √S-LAS.

The Gnomish word for “ear” from the 1910s had a completely different basis: it was G. unc “ear, handle (of a jar)” (GL/75), cognate to ᴱQ. unk derived from the root ᴱ√ṆQṆ (QL/98).

rhae

easy

_adj. _easy. Q. rhaia. . This gloss was rejected.

rhae

adjective. easy

rhúnen

adjective. eastern

hen

noun. eye

hend

noun. eye

henn

noun. eye

rhuven

noun. east

rhúnen

adjective. eastern

ned

noun. first, *one more; first; *during

This word replaced the preposition uin “of the” in the third version of the King’s Letter, appearing in the phrase nelchaenen ned Echuir “the thirty-first day of Stirring”. Both Carl Hostetter (VT31/30) and David Salo (SG/229) theorized that this replacement has a similar prepositional function, from either √NOT “count” or √NED “middle”. Fiona Jallings suggested it might be a temporal preposition, with sense “during” (FJNS/349).

On VT47/40, note 67, Patrick Wynne suggested that this word might be a cognate of the newly published Quenya word net(ë) “one more”. This theory is supported by the most likely interpretation of nelchaenen. This word seems to mean “thirtieth” rather than “thirty-first”, and Patrick Wynne suggested that nelchaenen ned means “thirtieth and one more” = “thirty-first”. I find this theory the most compelling, and use it here.

fend

noun. door, door; [N.] threshold

A word appearing as fend “door” in notes on the Common Eldarin Article (CEA) from 1969 (PE23/136). In notes from December 1959 (D59), Tolkien gave it as fen “door” derived from the root √PHEN, with a Quenya equivalent as fenna indicating a primitive form of ✱phennā (PE17/181). In The Lord of the Rings proper, it was an element in the name Fen Hollen “Closed Door” (LotR/826; RC/550); perhaps fen is a reduced pseudo-prefixal form of fenn/fend.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien had N. fenn “threshold” derived from ON. phenda under the root ᴹ√PHEN (Ety/PHEN). In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s it appeared as fenn in Fenn Forn(en) and similar variants, all earlier names for Fen Hollen (WR/341).

Neo-Sindarin: I don’t think the senses “door” and “threshold” are likely to coexist, and for purposes of Neo-Sindarin I would limit fend to “door”.

cabed

noun. leap

A noun for “leap” appearing in names like Cabed Naeramarth “Leap of Dreadful Doom” and Cabed-en-Aras “Deer’s Leap” (S/224; UT/150), apparently the gerund of a verb cab- “leap, ✱jump” based on the root ᴹ√KAP of similar meaning.

Conceptual Development: This root dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, and there are similar nouns based on this root appear in Tolkien’s earlier writings: G. camp “leap” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/24) and ᴱN. cais “leap” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/140). The latter was based on primitive ᴱ✶kapse, with the diphthong ai the result of the vocalization of p to i.

fern

noun/adjective. dead, dead person; [N.] dead (of mortals)

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “dead (of mortals)” under the root ᴹ√PHIR “die of natural causes”, used as a plural noun in the name Dor Firn i Guinar “Land of the Dead that Live” (Ety/PHIR). Christopher Tolkien choose to include the name Dor Firn-i-Guinar in the published version of The Silmarillion (S/188), and most Sindarin writers accept its ongoing validity.

lebenedh

noun. middle finger

A name for the middle finger in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from 1968, a combination of ✶lepe “finger” and enedh “middle” (VT48/5).

Nûrnen

place name. Death

_ topon. _Death, dead water. >> guru

aphred

answer

_ n. _answer. Q. aquet. . This gloss was rejected.

calen

green

(galen) _ adj. _green (fresh, vigorous). galen after a sg. noun. Q. kălina (lit. illumined) sunny, light.

dadwen

verb. return

_v. _return, going/coming back. Q. nanwen-. >> damen

damen

verb. return

_ v. _return. Q. nanwen-. >> dan-

feleg

noun. cave

n. cave, mine, underground dwelling. Q. felco. Q.

haer

adjective. remote

_adj._remote. >> hae, haered, na-chaered

hithren

adjective. grey

_ adj. _grey. >> thind

laeb

adjective. green

_ adj. _green. A theoretical equivalent to Q. laiqua but that did not exist in Sindarin.

laeg

green

_ adj. _green. >> Legolas

laeg

adjective. green

_ adj. _green (of leaves, herbage). Q. laika.

mellon

noun. friend

_ n. _friend. Pedo mellon a minno! 'Say friend and enter'. 

region

noun. holly-tree area

[HKF] reg (Dor. regorn “holly tree”) + ion (Dor. gen. pl. suffix) = Dor. Regornion [Etym. ERÉK-]

dambeth

noun. answer, response

In Tolkien's manuscript, this form was rejected in favor of dangweth , with a slightly different meaning. However, it may possibly be assumed that the word is valid per se (although it may be argued that this compound word does not show the regular mutation that one would have expected)

pen

pronoun. one, somebody, anybody

Usually enclitic and mutated as ben.2

mellon

noun. friend

herdir

noun. master

dae

noun. shadow, shadow (cast by an object or form), [N.] shade

haer

adjective. remote, remote, *distant

hithren

adjective. grey

mithren

adjective. grey

ýneg

cardinal. twelve

meneg

cardinal. thousand, thousand, *large in number

Menel

noun. sky, high heaven, firmament, the region of the stars

calen

adjective. green

celu

noun. spring, source

falathren

noun/adjective. of the shore

falathren

noun/adjective. Shore-language (one of the names for Common Speech)

fen

noun. door, threshold

hae

adjective. far, remote, distant

haered

noun. remote distance, the remote

heneb

adjective. of eye, eyed, having eyes

herdir

noun. master

laden

adjective. open, cleared

leithian

noun. release, freeing, release from bondage

mellon

noun. friend

penninor

noun. last day of the year

send

noun. (?) rest

senn

noun. (?) rest

silivren

adjective. (white) glittering

ten

pronoun. (?) it (as object)

dangweth

noun. answer, reply giving new information

fael

adjective. fair minded, just, generous

haeron

adjective. far, remote, distant

mein

ordinal. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent

mithren

adjective. grey

oraearon

noun. seventh day of the Númenórean week, Sea-day

orbelain

noun. sixth day of the week, day of the Powers or Valar

ormenel

noun. fifth day of the week, Heavens' day

sellath

noun. all the daughters

seregon

noun. "Blood of Stone", a plant of the kind called in English "stonecrop", with deep red flowers, that grew on Amon Rûdh

yneb

cardinal. twelve

yneg

cardinal. twelve

ýneg

cardinal. twelve

fen

door

_ n. _door. Q. fenna. >> fennas

mein

ordinal. first

angren

adjective. of iron

dae

noun. shadow

de

pronoun. you

lhaew

adjective. sickly, sick, ill

meneg

cardinal. thousand

faer

noun. spirit

fen(n)

noun. door

e

outer

(adjectival prefix) e-, ed-

e

he

1) e (SD:128-31), 2) ho, hon, hono. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)

e

outer

ed

e

he

(SD:128-31)

e

out

e, ed (away, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition: (WJ:367)

e

forth

(adv. pref.) e, ed (out, away); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)

e

out

ed (away, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition:

e

forth

ed (out, away); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)

e

away

ed (out, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)

einior

elder

einior (pl. einioer). Archaic *einiaur.

einior

elder

(pl. einioer). Archaic ✱einiaur.

en

of the

e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

Eru

the one

as a name of God: #Eru, isolated from CHILDREN OF THE ONE (Elves and Men) Eruchín** **(sg. *Eruchen)

ech

spine

(= pricle or thorn) ech (pl. ich) (VT45:12)

ech

spine

(pl. ich) (VT45:12)

echad

shape

(verb) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

echad

shape

(i echad, in echedir) (fashion, make), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

echad

make

(i echad, in echedir) (fashion, shape), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

ecthel

point of spear, spear point

(pl. ecthil), literally "thorn point&quot

edinor

anniversary day

(pl. edinoer). Archaic edinaur. In ”Noldorin”, the word appeared as edinar.

edra

open

(verb) 1) *edra- (i edra, in edrar), only attested in imperative form edro. 2) panna- (i banna, i phannar) (enlarge). Note: a homophone means ”fill”.

edra

open

(i edra, in edrar), only attested in imperative form edro.

enedh

middle

enedh (core, center), pl. enidh

enedh

middle

(core, center), pl. enidh

enedh

center

1) enedh (core, middle), pl. enidh, 2) nest (heart, core), pl. nist

enedh

center

(core, middle), pl. enidh

eneth

name

(noun) eneth (pl. enith)

eneth

name

(pl. enith)

ennor

middle-earth

Ennor, also in coll. pl. ennorath = lands of Middle-earth (RGEO, Letters:384). Apparently less usual is the term Emerain.

er

alone

(adjectival prefix) er- (one, lone)

er

alone

(one, lone)

er

single

1) er (pl. ir) (VT48:6), 2)

er

single

(pl. ir) (VT48:6)

erch

prickle

(noun) erch (pl. irch); see also SPINE.

erch

prickle

(pl. irch); see also

ereb

lonely

ereb (isolated), pl. erib

ereb

lonely

(isolated), pl. erib

eredh

seed

eredh (germ), pl. eridh

eredh

seed

(germ), pl. eridh

eredh

germ

eredh (seed), pl. eridh

eredh

germ

(seed), pl. eridh

ernil

prince

1) ernil (no distinct pl. form), 2) †cund (i gund, o chund, construct cun), pl. cynd (i chynd) (VT45:24). 3) The plural form conin (i chonin), occurring in the Cormallen Praise, is translated "princes" (Conin en Annûn = "princes of the west", Letters:308), but it is unclear what the singular would be. (David Salo suggests caun, though this word has two different meanings already; see SHOUT, VALOUR)

eru

the one

isolated from

erui

alone

erui (first, single). No distinct pl. form. Also eriol (pl. erioel); archaic *eriaul.

erui

alone

(first, single). No distinct pl. form. Also eriol (pl. erioel); archaic ✱eriaul.

erui

single

erui (first, alone). No distinct pl. form. 3) minai (distinct, unique), lenited vinai; pl. mini

erui

single

(first, alone). No distinct pl. form. 3) minai (distinct, unique), lenited vinai; pl. mini**

escal

veil

(screen, cover that hides), pl. escail. Also spelt esgal (pl. esgail).

escal

veil

(noun) 1) escal (screen, cover that hides), pl. escail. Also spelt esgal (pl. esgail). 2) fân (cloud, manifested body of a Vala), construct fan, pl. fain

escal

screen

(noun) escal (veil, cover that hides), pl. escail. Also spelt esgal (pl. esgail).

escal

screen

(veil, cover that hides), pl. escail. Also spelt esgal (pl. esgail).

esta

name

(verb.) esta- (call) (i esta, in estar)

esta

name

(call) (i esta, in estar)

estel

hope

(trust, steady purpose), pl. estil

ethir

mouth of a river

ethir (outflow of a river, estuary), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. ethiriath. Note: a homophone means "spy". (noun):

ethir

mouth of a river

(outflow of a river, estuary), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. ethiriath. Note: a homophone means "spy".****

ethir

of a river

(estuary), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. ethiriath. Note: a homophone means "spy".

edlonui

adjective. foreign

edren

adjective. outer

egel

adjective. other

ened

adverb. moreover

eneph

cardinal. sixteen

ess

noun. name

eth

adverb/adjective. outside

elu

adjective. (pale) blue

enem

cardinal. sixteen

ernil

prince

(no distinct pl. form)

eruchen

children of the one

)

egor

or

egor

eilian

rainbow

eilian (pl. eiliain). Archaic elianw (so the coll. pl. may be eilianwath).

eilian

rainbow

1) eilian (pl. eiliain). Archaic elianw, hence maybe coll. pl. eilianwath. 2) ninniach (pl. ninniaich). The word appears to mean *”slender-crossing”.

eitha

prick with a sharp point

(stab, treat with scorn; insult) (i eitha, in eithar)

eithel

spring

(source, issue of water), pl. eithil.

enecthui

sixth

also ✱engui (the latter is David Salo’s suggested normalized form of a word that actually appears as enchui in the source, but the longer form enecthui can be used to avoid the problem) (VT42:25).

enecthui

sixth

enecthui, also *engui (the latter is David Salos suggested normalized form of a word that actually appears as enchui in the source, but the longer form enecthui can be used to avoid the problem) (VT42:25).

eneg

cardinal. six

eneg;

ercha

prick

(i ercha, in erchar)

erui

first

(single, alone). No distinct pl. form. Some would argue that Tolkien abandoned erui as a word for ”first”.

estel

trust

(noun) estel (hope, steady purpose), pl. estil

estel

trust

(hope, steady purpose), pl. estil

ethuil

spring

(season) ethuil (no distinct pl. form). SPRING-SINGER, see SWALLOW

egor

or

**

eneg

six

;

ethuil

spring

(no distinct pl. form).

amrûn

noun. east

_n. _east. Q. orrō uprising, sunrise, east. >> rhûn

rhûn

noun. east

n. east. Q. hrō- uprising, sunrise, east. >> amrûn

rûn

noun. east

n. #east. Q. rómen.

gobel

enclosed dwelling

(i ’obel) (walled house or village, ”town”), pl. gebil (i ngebil = i ñebil). Archaic pl. göbil.

hend

eye

hend (i chend, construct hen), pl. hind (i chind), dual hent ”pair of eyes” (VT45:22), coll. pl. hennath. Adj.

hend

eye

(i chend, construct hen), pl. hind (i chind), dual hent ”pair of eyes” (VT45:22), coll. pl. hennath. Adj.

heneb

eyed

(lenited chebeb, pl. henib). Isolated from maecheneb ”sharp-eyed” (lenited vaecheneb; pl. maechenib) (WJ:337)

lhewig

ear

lhewig (?i thlewig or ?i lewig the lenition product of lh is uncertain). This ia a singular formed from the collective

lhewig

ear

(?i thlewig or ?i lewig – the lenition product of lh is uncertain). This ia a singular formed from the collective

rhunen

eastern

rhunen (lenited ?thrunen or ?runen the lenition product of rh- is uncertain), pl. rhúnin

rhunen

eastern

(lenited ?thrunen or ?runen – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain)*, pl. rhúnin

*gwachae

remote

(adjective) 1) *gwachae (far away), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186). 2) hae (far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae*; no distinct pl. form, 3) haer (far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. (Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira**.)

abonnen

afterborn

pl. Ebennin (archaic "Eboennin" = Ebönnin, WJ:387), Elvish name of Men as the "Secondborn" of Eru. – If ab can be used as an independent preposition, it is probably followed by soft mutation.****

adleitha

release

(verb, = "to free") adleitha- (i adleitha, in adleithar); also adleg- (i adleg, in edlegir), pa.t. adlenc, pp. adlengen, pl. edlengin). RELEASE (noun) 1) adleithian, pl. adleithiain, 2) leithian (freeing), pl. leithiain

adleitha

release

(i adleitha, in adleithar); also adleg- (i adleg, in edlegir), pa.t. adlenc, pp. adlengen, pl. edlengin).

adleitha

free

(i adleitha, in adleithar), also †adleg- (i adleg, in edlegir), pa.t. adlenc, pp. adlengen, pl. edlengin).

adleithian

release

pl. adleithiain

cabed

leap

(i gabed, o chabed), pl. cebid (i chebid)

caew

resting place

(i gaew, o chaew) (lair). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chaew).

calen

green

1) (etymologically "bright") calen (lenited galen), pl. celin (attested in lenited form in the name Pinnath **Gelin, "Green Ridges"). 2) laeg (fresh), no distinct pl. form. (Note: a homophone means ”keen, sharp, acute”.) In the Woodland dialect lêg, whence leg- in the name Legolas** ”Greenleaf” (Lettters:282, 386).

calen

green

(lenited galen), pl. celin (attested in lenited form in the name Pinnath Gelin, "Green Ridges").

celon

river

(i gelon, o chelon), pl. celyn (pl. i chelyn)

celos

water falling swiftly from a spring

(i gelos, o chelos) (freshet), pl. celys (i chelys).

dambeth

answer

(i nambeth, o ndambeth) (response), pl. dembith (i ndembith)

dangweth

answer

(noun) 1) dangweth (i nangweth, o ndangweth) (reply giving new information), pl. dengwith (i ndengwith) (PM:395), 2) dambeth (i nambeth, o ndambeth) (response), pl. dembith (i ndembith)

dangweth

answer

(i nangweth, o ndangweth) (reply giving new information), pl. dengwith (i ndengwith) (PM:395)

falathren

of the shore

(pl. felethrin)

fela

cave

(pl. fili). In the Etymologies (LR:381 s.v. PHÉLEG) the name Felagund is said to include this word, but since Tolkien later re-explained this name as a borrowing from Dwarvish, some would consider fela as a word for ”cave” conceptually obsolete.

gilwen

region of stars

(Quenya Ilmen), also Gilith. In the Etymologies, this word is derived from a root GIL (LR:358) and would then have the form ’Ilwen (’Ilwith) when lenited. But in a later source, Tolkien cited the relevant root as ÑGIL (MR:388), and the lenited form would then be Ngilwen (Ngilwith).

gwachae

remote

(far away), lenited ’wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186).

hae

further

(adj.) hae (far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

hae

further

(far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

hae

remote

(far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form

haer

remote

(far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. *(Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.)*

he

she

he, hen, hene. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly he is the nominative, whereas hen is the accusative ”her”. Hene could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)

he

she

hen, hene. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly he is the nominative, whereas hen is the accusative ”her”. Hene could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)*

herdir

master

(noun) 1) herdir (i cherdir), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i cherdir). Possibly used = ”Mr.” (i cherdir Perhael ”the Master Samwise” or *”Mr. Samwise”). (SD:128-31). Coll. pl. ?herdiriath. 2) heron (i cheron, o cheron) (lord), pl. heryn (i cheryn), coll. pl. heronnath. (VT45:22)._ Since the pl. heryn clashes with the fem. sg. heryn ”lady”, other words for ”lord, master” may be preferred. 3) hîr (i chîr, o chîr; also hir-, her- at the beginning of compounds) (lord), no distinct pl. form even with article (i chîr). (Letters:282, 386; VT41:9)_ 4) (also used = ”mastery”) tûr (i dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (victory, power, control; victor, lord), pl. tuir (i thuir), coll. pl. túrath

herdir

master

(i cherdir), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i cherdir). Possibly used = ”Mr.” (i cherdir Perhael ”the Master Samwise” or ✱”Mr. Samwise”). (SD:128-31). Coll. pl. ?herdiriath.

heria

impulse, have an

(i cheria, i cheriar) (be compelled to do something, begin suddenly and vigorously, set vigorously out to do) (VT45:22)

heron

master

(i cheron, o cheron) (lord), pl. heryn (i cheryn), coll. pl. heronnath. (VT45:22). Since the pl. heryn clashes with the fem. sg. heryn ”lady”, other words for ”lord, master” may be preferred.

hwest

breath

(i chwest, o chwest) (puff, breeze), pl. hwist (i chwist)

iell

daughter

1) iell (-iel) (girl, maid), pl. ill, 2) sell (i hell) (girl, maid), pl. sill (i sill), coll. pl. sellath**. **DAUGTHER OF TWILIGHT, see NIGHTINGALE

iell

daughter

(-iel) (girl, maid), pl. ill

ingem

suffering from old age

(pl. ingim), literally ”year-sick”

laden

open

(adj.) laden (plain, flat, wide, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

laden

open

(plain, flat,  wide, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

laeg

green

(fresh), no distinct pl. form. (Note: a homophone means ”keen, sharp, acute”.) In the Woodland dialect lêg, whence leg- in the name Legolas ”Greenleaf” (Lettters:282, 386). 

lasgalen

leaf-green

(pl. lesgelin).

lebenedh

middle finger

1) lebenedh (pl. lebenidh) (VT48:5), 2) tolch (i dolch, o tholch), pl. tylch (i thylch) (VT48:6-12). Also called honeg (i choneg, o choneg), pl. honig (i chonig). The word honeg means ”little brother”, but was used in childrens play for the middle finger.

leitha

set free

(i leitha, i leithar)

leithian

release

(freeing), pl. leithiain

meldis

friend

(i veldis), no distinct pl. form except with article (i meldis), coll. pl. meldissath.

mellon

friend

1) (masc.) mellon (i vellon) (lover), pl. mellyn (i mellyn), coll. pl. mellonnath. Also meldir (i veldir), no distinct pl. form except with article (i meldir). Also seron (i heron, o seron), pl. seryn (i seryn), coll. pl. seronnath. 2) (fem.) meldis (i veldis), no distinct pl. form except with article (i meldis), coll. pl. meldissath.

mellon

friend

(i vellon) (lover), pl. mellyn (i mellyn), coll. pl. mellonnath. Also meldir (i veldir), no distinct pl. form except with article (i meldir). Also seron (i heron, o seron), pl. seryn (i seryn), coll. pl. seronnath.

men

we

men (accusative mín ”us”, presumably usually lenited vín, which is also the genitive ”our”).

men

we

(accusative mín ”us”, presumably usually lenited vín, which is also the genitive ”our”).

mithren

grey

1) *mithren (lenited vithren, pl. mithrin). 2) thind (pale); no distinct pl. form. 3) (pale grey) mith (lenited vith; no distinct pl. form). David Salo would read mîth with a long vowel. Note: a homophone means ”white fog, wet mist”.

mithren

grey

(lenited vithren, pl. mithrin).

nellad

sound of bells

(pl. nellaid);

nest

center

(heart, core), pl. nist

nest

heart

(core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû- apparently meaning ”heart”..

orthel

screen above

(i orthel, in erthelir for archaic in örthelir) (to roof)

pel

fade

(i bêl, i phelir) (wither)

pen

cardinal. one

(indefinite pronoun) (= somebody, anybody) pen (WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lords Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean *”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of *ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

pen

one

(WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lord’s Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean ✱”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of ✱ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

ress

ravine

(construct res), pl. riss (idh riss)

rest

ravine

(cleft, cut), pl. rist (idh rist)

sell

daughter

(i** hell) (girl, maid), pl. sill (i** sill), coll. pl. *sellath***. **

silivren

glittering white

(lenited hilivren; pl. *silivrin**). *Verb

tess

fine pierced hole

(i dess, construct tes), pl. tiss (i thiss). Older ters (VT46:18).

thela

point of spear, spear point

(-thel), pl. ?thili

ýneg

cardinal. twelve

ýneg (VT47:41, VT48:6, 8, 12)

ýneg

twelve

(VT47:41, VT48:6, 8, 12)

ui

adverb. ever

him

adverb/adjective. ever, ever, [N.] enduring, continually; steadfast, abiding

balaen

adjective. divine

paeneg

cardinal. sixteen

amrûn

noun. east, orient

lhaw

noun. ears (referring to one person's pair of ears only)

rhûn

noun. east

ui-

prefix. ever

faen

white

(radiant). No distinct pl. form.

gwachae

away

1) (adj.) gwachae (remote), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir). 2) (adv.) e, ed (out, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)

angren

of iron

(pl. engrin);

angwedh

iron-bond

(pl. engwidh)

be

as

(like, according to). Followed by lenition? With article ben (followed by "mixed mutation" according to David Salo’s reconstruction)

celu

spring

(of water) 1) celu (i gelu, o chelu) (source), analogical pl. cely (i chely). Archaic celw; so the coll. pl. is likely celwath. 2) (well) eithel (source, issue of water), pl. eithil.

celu

spring

(i gelu, o chelu) (source), analogical pl. cely (i chely). Archaic celw; so the coll. pl. is likely celwath.

dae

shadow

(i dhae) (shade), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nae).

daew

shadow

(i dhaew), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndaew) (VT45:8).

fae

spirit

1) fae (soul, radiance). No distinct pl. form. 2) faer (radiance). No distinct pl. form. (MR:349)

fae

spirit

(soul, radiance). No distinct pl. form.

faer

spirit

(radiance). No distinct pl. form. (MR:349)

fend

door

(threshold), construct fen, pl. find, coll. pl. fennath, 2) fennas (gateway), pl. fennais, coll. pl. fennassath, 3) annon (great gate), pl. ennyn

gem

sickly

gem (lenited em, pl. gim).

gem

sickly

gem (lenited em, pl. gim)

gwachae

far away

(adj.) *gwachae (remote), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir).

gwachae

away

(remote), lenited ’wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch *(PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir)*.         

haer

far

(adj.) *haer (remote, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. (Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira_.) _Also hae (remote, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

haer

far

(remote, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. *(Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.) *Also hae (remote, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

herth

troop

1) _(troop under a hîr = ”lord”)_ herth (i cherth, o cherth) (household), pl. hirth (i chirth). 2)

herth

troop

(i cherth, o cherth) (household), pl. hirth (i chirth).

meneg

cardinal. thousand

#meneg (isolated from Menegroth ”Thousand Caves”, assuming this translation to be literal).

meneg

thousand

(isolated from Menegroth ”Thousand Caves”, assuming this translation to be literal).

saew

poison

(noun) saew (i haew, o saew), no distinct pl. form except with article (i saew)

saew

poison

(i haew, o saew), no distinct pl. form except with article (i saew)

gwachae

adjective. far away

ordolel

noun. tomorrow

i

article. the

@@@ enclytic Dagor-nuin-Giliath vs. Dagor-nui-Ngiliath

pân

adjective. all, all, *complete, entire, full, the whole

@@@ extended meaning suggested on Discord 2022-03-11

rhach

noun. curse

@@ form suggested by David Salo (GS/284)

amin

masculine name. Hope

A rejected name for Aragorn, changed to Estel (PM/269). It is probably a variant of amdir (MR/320).

dîr

noun. man, man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix

A word for “man” as a male person, attested only as an element in compounds or as (archaic?) ndir (PE17/60). This word likely refers to male individuals of all races including Elves, Men, Dwarves and so forth, much like its Quenya cognate Q. nér. This word must have been derived from the primitive subjective form ✶ndēr of the root √N(D)ER “male person”, where the ancient long ē became ī, and the initial cluster nd- became d-, though the ancient cluster would still be reflected in mutated forms, such as in i nîr “the man” rather than ✱✱i dhîr.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor to this word is (archaic) G. †drio “hero, warrior” with variants driw, driodweg and driothweg, a cognate of ᴱQ. nēr (GL/22). This Gnomish word was derived from primitive ᴱ✶n’reu̯, where the initial nr- became dr-. At this early stage, the root was unstrengthened ᴱ√NERE (QL/65), as reflected in (archaic) ᴱN. nîr “hero, prince, warrior-elf” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s (PE13/164).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root became ᴹ√DER “adult male, man” of any speaking race and the derived form was N. dîr (Ety/DER). However, in this document Tolkien said:

> EN †dîr surviving chiefly in proper names (as Diriel older Dirghel [GYEL], Haldir, Brandir) and as agental ending (as ceredir “doer, maker”) ... In ordinary use EN has benn [for “man”] (properly = “husband”).

Thus in the scenario described in The Etymologies, dîr “man” was archaic and used only as an element in names or as a suffix. In ordinary speech it was replaced by N. benn, which used to mean “husband” but now meant “man”, while the word for “husband” became N. hervenn (Ety/BES). It is unlikely Tolkien imagined this exact scenario in later Sindarin, however, since the 1930s root for benn was ᴹ√BES “wed”, but by the 1960s the root for husband/wife/marry words had become √BER.

Neo-Sindarin: Since the status of N. benn is questionable given ᴹ√BES >> √BER, many Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to use S. ✱dîr as the Sindarin word for man. I am of the opinion that both dîr and benn are acceptable for “man, male person”. This is because I prefer to retain ᴹ√BES as the root for “marry, wed”, since it is the best basis for attested husband/wife words in (Neo) Sindarin.

guru

noun. death, death (abstract)

A Sindarin word for “death” derived from primitive ✶ñgurū (PE17/87), unusual in that its primitive ancient vowel u did not vanish. In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien had variant forms [N.] gûr and gurw “death” marked with a “?”, both derived from Old Noldorin nguru and indicating some uncertainty on the exact phonetic developments (EtyAC/ÑGUR). Elsewhere in The Etymologies Tolkien said that [N.] guru was “Death as state or abstract”, as opposed to [N.] gwanw or gwanath for the “act of dying” (Ety/GWAN).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume guru was for death as an abstraction or principle, and for the death of individuals I would use either gurth or gwanu/gwanath; see those entries for discussion.

thind

adjective. grey, grey, [N.] pale

if from þindā, why no a-affection? @@@

gurth

noun. death

The usual Sindarin word for “death”, derived from the root √ÑGUR of similar meaning (UT/39; Ety/ÑGUR).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/43), anchored by well established names like Gurthang or Gurtholf(in), the name of Túrin’s sword. Tolkien experimented with various alternate forms over the years, such as G. urthu (GG/14), G. gurthu (GL/43), ᴱN. gurdh (PE13/146) and N. guruth (Ety/ÑGUR), but kept coming back to gurth as the basic form.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would use this word for death in general and especially violent death, as opposed to the more euphemistic [N.] gwanath or gwanu “death”, more literally “departure”.

hîl

noun. heir

A word for “heir” appearing only as an element in Eluchíl “Thingol’s Heir” (S/188; PM/369). It is clearly the Sindarin equivalent of Q. hildë “heir”.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. hilmir “heir (m. or f.)” based on G. hilm “posterity, descendants, progeny” (GL/49).

lisg

noun. reed, reed, [G.] sedge

A word appearing as an element in the name Lisgardh “Land of Reeds” (UT/34).

Conceptual Development: An earlier version of this name was G. Arlisgion or Garlisgion “Place of Reeds” (LT2/153; GL/67), which contained G. lisg or lisc “reed, sedge” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/54). This became ᴱN. lhesg “sedge” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/148).

-ita

suffix. general infinitive

suff. general infinitive.

-m

suffix. we

1st du. pron. suff. #we (you and me). Q. -mmo.See paradigm PE17:132.

-nc

suffix. we

1st du. pron. suff. #we (you and me). Q. -lmo.See paradigm PE17:132. >> -ngid

anu

adjective. male

A literal interpretation of the Etymologies would class this word as a noun, but David Salo notes that the punctuation in The Etymologies is not always reliable. Noldorin anw cannot be cognate to the Quenya noun hanu (3anû) because the final -u would drop. It must rather be cognate to the Quenya adjective hanwa (3anwâ) attested under the stem INI, where it is also stated that inw, corresponding to Quenya inya "female", has been remodelled after anw. The combination of these two entries, along with the phonological evidences, clearly indicates that anw is actually an adjective

arthor

realm

_n. _realm.

caun

prince

pl1. cónin {ō} n. prince, chief, head.

falas

beach

1b n. beach, strand. >> Anfalas

fanha-

verb. to veil

v. to veil, cloak. Q. fanta-. Naturally mainly used of veils cast over things that shone, or were brighter and more vivid.

fân

shape

_n._shape, with the added notion of light and whiteness. It was thus often used where we might use 'a vision' (of something beautiful and sublime). Q. fana-. Tolkien notes that "Yet being elvish, though it may be used of things remote, it has no implication either of uncertainty or unreality" (PE17:26). In the name Fanuilos of Elbereth, the Fân was the vision of majesty of Elbereth upon the mountain where she dwelt.

guru

noun. death

_ n. _death. guru << gûru.

gûl

noun. knowledge

n. knowledge, deep knowledge not 'occult' in modern sense, but applied to the deper knowledge of the 'wise' or skilled persons, not kept secret (as [?among the] Elves) but not attainable by all. Q. ñōle, B.S. gûl phantom, shadow of dark magic, necromancer, slave, servant?. The B.S. word gûl was prob. derived from ngōl-.

i

the

pl1. in _ art. _the.

imp

cardinal. twelve

_ card. _twelve. Q. yunque. imp << iug. >> imp. This gloss was rejected.

mith

grey

adj. grey, light grey. >> Mithrandir, mithril

nim

white

_adj. _white. >> Nimbrethil

nim

white

_adj. _white (usual word). >> nimp, nimras

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

od

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

roth

noun. cave

n. cave. Q. rondo.

sí

adverb. here

adv. here. Q. Sí now, here (usually 'now').

thin

adjective. grey

adj. grey. Q. sinda. >> thind, Thingol, thinn

thind

adjective. grey

adj. grey. Q. sinda. >> thin, Thingol, thinn

thind

adjective. grey

_ adj. _grey. Obsolete except in names as Thingol. >> hithren

thinn

adjective. grey

adj. grey. Q. sinda. >> thin, thind, Thingol

thinn

adjective. grey

_adj. _grey. Q. sinde.

Ēd

noun. Rest

Dor. Rest

calan

noun. day, period of actual daylight

Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second.

drû

noun. wild man, Wose, Púkel-Man

In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appeared as "the dark men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word

orgaladh

noun. fourth day of the Númenórean week, day of the White Tree

This day was formerly called orgaladhad in the Elvish calendar

orgaladhad

noun. fourth day of the Elvish week, day of the Two Trees

This day was renamed orgaladh in the Númenórean calendar

air

adjective. lonely

arthor

noun. realm

min

cardinal. one, one, [G.] single

nim

adjective. white

ab

preposition. after

aphadon

noun. follower

cant

noun. shape, shape; [N.] outline

gardh

noun. region

glân

adjective. white, [bright shining] white; [N.] clear; [G.] pure, †bright; [ᴱN.] clean

iaur

adjective. old, old; [N.] ancient, olden

im

preposition. between

orchal

adjective. tall, tall; [N.] superior, eminent, lofty

tûr

noun. master, [N.] mastery, victory, [ᴱN.] power [over others]; [S.] master

ab-

prefix. after, later

adan

noun. man, one of the Second People (elvish name for men)

annon

noun. great door or gate

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

ardhon

noun. great region, province

bŷr

noun. follower, vassal

caun

noun. prince, ruler

cund

noun. prince

dúath

noun. darkness, shadow

dúath

noun. nightshade

dûr

adjective. dark, sombre

fain

noun/adjective. white

falas

noun. beach, wave-beaten shore, line of surf

falas

noun. the western coast of Beleriand

fuin

noun. night, dead of night, gloom, darkness

fân

noun. veil

fân

noun. cloud (applied to clouds, floating as veils over the blue sky or the sun or moon, or resting on hills)

giliath

noun. all the host of stars

gorth

noun. a dead person

guruthos

noun. the shadow of death, death-horror

gwanu

noun. death (act of dying, not death as a state or abstract)

hithlain

noun. mist-thread (a substance used by the Elves of Lothlórien to make strong ropes)

hîl

noun. heir

hîr

noun. master, lord

i

definite article. the

imp

cardinal. twelve

lain

adjective. free, freed

lhind

adjective. fine, slender

limlug

noun. fish-dragon, sea-serpent

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

minai

adjective. single, distinct, unique

mith

adjective. (pale) grey

mîn

fraction. one (first of a series)

môr

noun. darkness, dark, night

nind

adjective. slender

rhach

noun. curse

riss

noun. ravine

rond

noun. cave roof

rond

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

rû

noun. loud-sound, trumpet-sound

sí

adverb. here

sî

adverb. here

sîr

noun. river

thind

adjective. grey, pale

uilos

noun/adjective. always white, ever white as snow

uilos

noun/adjective. a small white everlasting flower also called simbelmynë or "evermind"

êl

noun. star (little used except in verses)

Dúnadan

noun. Man of the west, Númenórean

adanadar

noun. man, one of the Fathers of Men

adanath

noun. men

aduial

noun. the evening, time of star-opening, "evendim"

amdir

noun. hope based on reason

aphadon

noun. follower

aphadon

noun. man (elvish name for men)

aphadrim

noun. followers, men (elvish name for men)

athan

preposition. beyond

auth

noun. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition

bar

noun. dwelling, home

bar

noun. inhabited land

drúadan

noun. wild man, one of the Woses

duin

noun. (long and large) river (having strong current)

gardh

noun. bounded or defined region

gorthrim

noun. the dead

groth

noun. cave, tunnel, large excavation

groth

noun. delving, underground dwelling

gurth

noun. death

gûr

noun. heart (in the moral sense), counsel

hartha-

verb. to hope

harthad

gerund noun. hope

hên

noun. child (mostly used as a prefix in patronymics or metronymics)

inib

cardinal. twelve

main

ordinal. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent

morchant

noun. shadow (of objects, cast by light), dark shape

oranor

noun. second day of the week, day of the Sun

orgilion

noun. first day of the week, day of the Stars

orithil

noun. third day of the week, day of the Moon

sui

conjunction. as, like

thinn

adjective. grey

îdh

noun. rest, repose

ú

prefix. no, not (negative prefix or particle)

hên

noun. child

A word for “child” derived from the root √KHIN, more specifically from ✶khinā with short i which became e in Sindarin due to a-affection (WJ/403). It often appeared in its mutated plural form chîn in phrases like Narn i Chîn Húrin “Tale of the Children of Húrin” (WJ/160). This is pronounced with spirantal “ch” as in German Bach, not affricate “ch” as in English “church”.

Christopher Tolkien made the editorial decision to render this plural form as Hîn in The Silmarillion as published as well as in Unfinished Tales, where it “was improperly changed by me [Christopher Tolkien] to Narn i Hîn Húrin ... because I did not want Chîn to be pronounced like Modern English chin” (LR/322).

In the Quendi and Eldar (Q&E) essay of 1959-60, Tolkien said “S has hên, pl. hîn, mostly used as a prefix in patronymics or metronymics”, meaning this word was often used to mean “child of” in reference to one’s parents, for example Túrin hen Húrin or Túrin hen Morwen.

gil

noun. star, bright spark

In The Etymologies (Ety/358, corrected by VT/45:15), this word was given as geil , plural gîl. However, later in LotR/E and RGEO/73, Tolkien seems to consider gil as a singular (with no hints in the sources of what the plural would be, besides the collective plural giliath )

brûn

elder, eldest

(long endured, long established, long in use), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin. Cf. also

far

enough

(adverb) far (sufficient, quite)

far

enough

(sufficient, quite)

farn

enough

(adj.) farn

hwind

eddy

(noun) hwind (i chwind, o chwind; no distinct pl. form even with article; coll. pl. hwinnath) (VT46:22)

hwind

eddy

(i chwind, o chwind; no distinct pl. form even with article; coll. pl. hwinnath) (VT46:22)

hwinia

eddy

(verb) hwinia- (i chwinia, i chwiniar) (twirl, whirl)

thîn

evening

†*thîn (no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. thíniath). The form cited in LR:392 s.v. __ is not marked as containing a long vowel (“thin”).

thîn

evening

(no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. thíniath). The form cited in LR:392 s.v. THIN is not marked as containing a long vowel (“thin”).

ui

ever

ui (always); also used as adj. ”everlasting, eternal”. Also as prefix, as in *uidafnen ”ever-closed) (WJ:341, where the spelling ”uidavnen” is used), pl. uidefnin

ui

ever

(always); also used as adj. ”everlasting, eternal”. Also as prefix, as in ✱uidafnen ”ever-closed) (WJ:341, where the spelling ”uidavnen” is used), pl. uidefnin

farn

enough

hwinia

eddy

(i chwinia, i chwiniar) (twirl, whirl)****

lhaw

ears

(?i thlaw or ?i law).

whind

noun. eddy

ho

he

hon, hono. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)*

i

the

: Singular i (+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see THAT). Apparently ”the” sometimes appears as a suffix -n added to a preposition, e.g. be**<u>n</u>** ”according to <u>the</u>”. This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.

i

the

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. – The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see

iphant

full of years

(aged, long-lived), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

rhach

curse

(noun) *rhach (?i thrach or ?i rach the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhaich (?idh raich). The word is only attested in mutated form e·**rach ”of the curse” in MR:373; David Salo theorizes that this is how a word in rh- appears after the genitival article en** ”of the”.

rhach

curse

(?i thrach or ?i rach – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhaich (?idh raich). The word is only attested in mutated form e·’rach ”of the curse” in MR:373; David Salo theorizes that this is how a word in rh- appears after the genitival article en ”of the”.

cad-

z2# verb. to shape; mold

Derived from the primitive root '√KAT' found in compound of 'etkat-': Out-Shape (later becoming Sindarin Echad: To Fashion). Cognate of Quenya Cat-.

ab

after

#ab (only attested as a prefix, as in:)

ab

after

(only attested as a prefix, as in:)

amdir

hope

1) (based on reason) amdir (no distinct pl. form). Literally an "up-looking". 2) (closer in meaning to ”faith”) estel (trust, steady purpose), pl. estil, 3) (noun) harthad (i charthad, o charthad), pl. herthaid (i cherthaid)

amdir

hope

(no distinct pl. form). Literally an "up-looking".

an

to the, for the

(for) + i (the).

andrann

age

andrann (cycle), pl. endrain. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” anrand.

andrann

age

(cycle), pl. endrain. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” anrand.

anu

male

(adj.) *anu, analogical pl. eny. (Archaic anw, pl. ?einw)

anu

male

analogical pl. eny. (Archaic anw, pl. ?einw)

aphadon

follower

(pl. Ephedyn, coll. pl. Aphadrim) (WJ:387). Also echil (no distinct pl. form); coll. pl. ?echillath

ar

outside

(adv. prefix) ar- (without)the literal meaning of a word translated SPY (q.v.)

aran

king of a region

(pl. erain)

ardh

realm

ardh (region), pl. erdh

ardh

realm

(region), pl. erdh

ardh

region

1) ardh (realm), pl. erdh, also in augmented form ardhon (great region, great province, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath. 2) dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, land), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413), 3) gardh (i **ardh) (bounded or defined place), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh), 4) gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).

ardh

region

(realm), pl. erdh, also in augmented form ardhon (great region, great province, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath.

athar

beyond

1) *athar (across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation. 2) (adverbial prefix) thar- (across, athwart, over)

athar

beyond

(across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation.

brand

fine

1) brand (high, lofty, noble), lenited vrand, pl. braind, 2) trîw (lenited drîw; no distinct pl. form) (slender) , 3) *lhind (slender), lenited ?thlind or ?lind (the lenition product of lh is uncertain); no distinct pl. form. Sugggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thlind.

brand

fine

(high, lofty, noble), lenited vrand, pl. braind

byr

follower

). No distinct pl. form except with article (i mŷr). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” bior, beor.

bâl

divine

(adj.) bâl, lenited vâl, pl. bail. Note: the word can also be used as a noun "divinity, divine power".

bâl

divine

lenited vâl, pl. bail. Note: the word can also be used as a noun "divinity, divine power".

bâr

dwelling

bâr (house, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds

bâr

dwelling

(house, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds

bŷr

follower

*bŷr (vassal; construct byr). No distinct pl. form except with article (i mŷr). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” bior, beor. FOLLOWER (used as a term for Mortal Man, the "follower" of the Elves): Aphadon (pl. Ephedyn, coll. pl. Aphadrim) (WJ:387). Also echil (no distinct pl. form); coll. pl. ?echillath

cab

leap

(i gâb, i chebir), pa.t. camp;

calan

daytime

(i galan, o chalan), pl. celain (i chelain)

cant

shape

(noun) cant (i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i **chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint**; see SHADOW.

cant

shape

(i gant, o chant) (outline), pl. caint (i chaint). The mutated pl. -chaint is attested as part of the compound morchaint; see SHADOW.

car

make

(i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (do, build) (WJ:415)

conin

prince

(i chonin), occurring in the Cormallen Praise, is translated "princes" (Conin en Annûn = "princes of the west", Letters:308), but it is unclear what the singular would be. (David Salo suggests caun, though this word has two different meanings already; see

cund

prince

(i gund, o chund, construct cun), pl. cynd (i chynd) (VT45:24).

dartha

remain

dartha- (i dhartha, i narthar) (stay, wait, last, endure) (VT45:8)

dartha

remain

(i dhartha, i narthar) (stay, wait, last, endure) (VT45:8)

duin

river

(long, large river with strong current) duin (i dhuin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nuin) (VT48:24)

duin

large river

(i dhuin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nuin), coll. pl. duinath (Names:179, PM:54); compare the river-name Anduin, ”long river”.

dôr

dwelling place

(i nôr, construct dor) (land, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413).

dôr

region

(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, land), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413)

dúnadan

man of the west

(i Núnadan), pl. Dúnedain (i Ndúnedain) (WJ:378, 386).

dû

late evening

(i dhû) (night, nightfall, darkness), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302).

dû

darkness

1) dû (i dhû) (night, nightfall, late evening, dusk), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302), 2) fuin (gloom, night, dead of night, nightshade). No distinct pl. form. 3) môr (i vôr, construct mor), pl. mŷr (i mŷr) if there is a pl. (Letters:382); 4 morn (i vorn) (night), pl. myrn (i myrn). Note: the word môr, morn is also used as an adjective ”dark, black”. (Letters:386)

dû

darkness

(i dhû) (night, nightfall, late evening, dusk), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302)

falas

shore, foaming shore

(pl. felais) (beach, coast, strand, line of surf; the word was especially used of the western seaboard of Beleriand) (VT42:15). Adj.

falas

beach

1) falas (pl. felais) (shore, coast, strand, line of surf, foaming shore; the word was especially used of the western seaboard of Beleriand). (VT42:15) 2) faur (shore), pl. foer, coll. pl. forath (VT46:15)

falas

beach

(pl. felais) (shore, coast, strand, line of surf, foaming shore; the word was especially used of the western seaboard of Beleriand). (VT42:15)

falch

ravine

(deep cleft), pl. felch

far

sufficient

(adv.) far (enough, quite)

far

sufficient

(enough, quite)

faur

shore

(beach), pl. foer, coll. pl. forath (VT46:15)

faur

beach

(shore), pl. foer, coll. pl. forath (VT46:15)

fim

slender

fim (slim). No distinct pl. form. (LotR Appendix F). 3) nind (thin, fragile); no distinct pl. form. 4)

fim

slender

(slim). No distinct pl. form. (LotR Appendix F). 3) nind (thin, fragile); no distinct pl. form. 4)

fir

die

1) fir- (i fîr, i firir) (fade), 2) gwanna- (i **wanna, in gwannar**) (depart)

fir

die

(i fîr, i firir) (fade)

fir

fade

1) fir- (i fîr, i firir) (die), 2) pel- (i bêl, i phelir) (wither), 3) thinna- (grow toward evening)

fir

fade

(i fîr, i firir) (die)

fuin

darkness

(gloom, night, dead of night, nightshade). No distinct pl. form.

fân

veil

(cloud, manifested body of a Vala), construct fan, pl. fain

gar

possess

gar- (i **âr, i ngerir = i ñerir) (hold, have; be able, can); pa.t. garant**. (AI:92, VT45:14)

gar

possess

(i ’âr, i ngerir = i ñerir) (hold, have; be able, can); pa.t. garant. (AI:92, VT45:14)

gardh

bounded or defined place

(i ’ardh) (region), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh);

gardh

region

(i ’ardh) (bounded or defined place), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh)

gloss

white as snow, dazzling white

(in compounds -los), lenited ’loss; pl. glyss.

glân

white

1) glân (clear), lenited lân, pl. glain. (UT:390, VT45:13). Note: a homophone means ”hem, border”. 2) nimp (nim-) (pale); no distinct pl. form. 3) faen (radiant). No distinct pl. form. 4) fain; no distinct pl. form.

glân

white

(clear), lenited ’lân, pl. glain. (UT:390, VT45:13). Note: a homophone means ”hem, border”.

gorth

dead

(adj.) 1) gorth (lenited ngorth; pl. gyrth), also fern, pl. firn. These adjectives may also be used as nouns ”dead person(s)”. According to LR:381 s.v. _

graurim

dark people

(VT45:16);

groth

cave

(i ’roth) (delving, large excavation), pl. gryth (in gryth) (VT46:12)

grôd

underground dwelling

(i ’rôd, construct grod) (cave, delving, excavation), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414)

grôd

cave

1) grôd (i **rôd, construct grod) (delving, excavation, underground dwelling), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414), 2) groth (i **roth) (delving, large excavation), pl. gryth (in gryth) (VT46:12), 3) rond (construct ron) (cavern, vault, vaulted ceiling, hall with vaulted roof), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath, 4) roth (delving, large excavation), pl. ryth, 4) gathrod (i **athrod), pl. gethryd (i ngethryd = i ñethryd), 5) fela (pl. fili). In the Etymologies (LR:381 s.v. PHÉLEG) the name Felagund is said to include this word, but since Tolkien later re-explained this name as a borrowing from Dwarvish, some would consider fela** as a word for ”cave” conceptually obsolete.

grôd

cave

(i ’rôd, construct grod) (delving, excavation, underground dwelling), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414)

guldur

dark sorcery

(i nguldur = i ñuldur), pl. gyldyr (in gyldyr = i ñgyldyr)

gurth

death

(i ngurth = i ñurth, o n’gurth = o ñgurth), pl. gyrth (in gyrth = i ñgyrth)

guruth

death

(i nguruth = i ñuruth, o n’guruth = o ñguruth), pl. gyryth (in gyryth = i ñgyryth)

gwaith

region

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).

gwaith

troop of able-bodied men

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith)

gwanath

death

1) (act of dying) gwanath (i **wanath), pl. gwenaith (in gwenaith), 2) (act of dying, especially the ”death” of Elves by fading or weariness) gwanu (i **wanu), analogical pl. gweny (in gweny). Archaic gwanw (LR:397 s.v. WAN), hence coll. pl. ?gwanwath. Other words (rather referring to Death as a state or abstract): 3) gûr (i ngûr = i ñûr, o n**gûr = o ñgûr, construct gur), pl. guir (in guir = i ñguir), 4) gurth (i ngurth = i ñurth, o n**gurth = o ñgurth), pl. gyrth (in gyrth = i ñgyrth), 5) guruth (i nguruth = i ñuruth, o n**guruth = o ñguruth), pl. gyryth (in gyryth** = i ñgyryth)

gwanath

death

(i ’wanath), pl. gwenaith (in gwenaith)

gwanna

die

(i ’wanna, in gwannar) (depart)

gwanu

death

(i ’wanu), analogical pl. gweny (in gweny). Archaic gwanw (LR:397 s.v. WAN), hence coll. pl. ?gwanwath. Other words (rather referring to Death as a state or abstract):

gwathra

veil

(i ’wathra, in gwathrar) (dim, obscure, overshadow)

gwathra

veil

(verb) gwathra- (i **wathra, in gwathrar**) (dim, obscure, overshadow)

gûr

death

(i ngûr = i ñûr, o n’gûr = o ñgûr, construct gur), pl. guir (in guir = i ñguir)

gûr

heart

(i ’ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11).

habad

shore

(i chabad, o chabad), pl. hebaid (i chebaid). Archaic pl. hebeid (LR:386).

hadron

hurler of spears or darts

(i chadron, o chadron), pl. hedryn (i chedryn), coll. pl. hadronnath

haltha

screen

(verb) haltha- (i chaltha, i chalthar);

hartha

hope

(verb) #hartha- (i chartha, i charthar). Verbal stem isolated from the apparent gerund harthad, ”hope” as noun.

hartha

hope

(i chartha, i charthar). Verbal stem isolated from the apparent gerund harthad, ”hope” as noun.

harthad

hope

(i charthad, o charthad), pl. herthaid (i cherthaid)

hithlain

mist-thread

name of a fiber made in Lórien.

hol

close

#hol- (i chôl, i chelir), pa.t. perhaps holl as suggested by the passive participle hollen ”closed” (the only attested form of this verb). Conceivably, hollen in the source could be a lenited form of sollen, in which case this verb should begin in s- rather than h- when not mutated.

hol

close

(i chôl, i chelir), pa.t. perhaps holl as suggested by the passive participle hollen ”closed” (the only attested form of this verb). Conceivably, hollen in the source could be a lenited form of sollen, in which case this verb should begin in s- rather than h- when not mutated.****

hîl

heir

1) #hîl (i chîl), same forms in pl., also with article (i chîl), coll. pl. híliath. Isolated from the name Eluchíl, heir of Elu (WJ:350). 2) rêd (construct red), pl.rîd (idh rîd). The word is presented as a borrowing from Beorian, so it may not be the normal Sindarin word for ”heir”.

hîl

heir

(i chîl), same forms in pl., also with article (i chîl), coll. pl. híliath. Isolated from the name Eluchíl, heir of Elu (WJ:350).

hîr

master

(i chîr, o chîr; also hir-, her- at the beginning of compounds) (lord), no distinct pl. form even with article (i chîr). (Letters:282, 386; VT41:9) 

hûn

heart

1) (physical heart) hûn (i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin), 2) (inner mind) gûr (i **ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11). 3) ind (inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath. 4) nest (core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû**- apparently meaning ”heart”..

hûr

fiery spirit

(i chûr, o chûr, construct hur) (readiness for action, vigour), pl. huir (i chuir) if there is a pl.

iaw

ravine

1) iaw (cleft, gulf), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”. 2) ress (construct res), pl. riss (idh riss), 3) rest (cleft, cut), pl. rist (idh rist), 4) riss (construct ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh riss)

iaw

ravine

(cleft, gulf), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”.

im

between

(prep.) im (within), also as prefix im- ”between, inter-”. Note: homophones include the pronoun ”I” and a noun mening ”dell, deep vale”. The word mîn (min-) means ”between” referring to a gap, space, barrier or anything intervening between two other things (VT47:11, 14)

im

between

(within), also as prefix im- ”between, inter-”. Note: homophones include the pronoun ”

ind

heart

(inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath.

ist

knowledge

ist (lore); no distinct pl. form.

ist

knowledge

(lore); no distinct pl. form.

ista

have knowledge

(i ista, in istar), pa.t. sint or istas (VT45:18).

lammad

sound of voices

pl. lemmaid. May also be spelt with a single m.

land

open space

(construct lan, pl. laind) (level), also used as adjective ”wide, plain”.

lhind

slender

1) *lhind (fine), lenited ?thlind or ?lind (the lenition product of lh is uncertain); no distinct pl. form. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thlind. 2)

lhind

slender

(fine), lenited ?thlind or ?lind (the lenition product of lh is uncertain); no distinct pl. form. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thlind.

lhind

fine

(slender), lenited ?thlind or ?lind (the lenition product of lh is uncertain); no distinct pl. form. Sugggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thlind.

lhê

fine thread

(?i thlê or ?i lê – the lenition product of lh is uncertain) (spider filament), pl. lhî (?i lî). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thlê.

lind

river

”singer” may also be used of rivers (see

main

prominent

main (lenited vain; pl. mîn) (prime, chief) (VT45:15)

main

prominent

(lenited vain; pl. mîn) (prime, chief) (VT45:15)

mi

between

mi (with article: min)

mi

between

(with article: min)

min

cardinal. one

1) (number ”one” as the first in a series) min, mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 2) (number) êr, whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone); 3)

min

one

mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”.

mith

wet mist

(i vith) (white fog), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mith). David Salo would read mîth with a long vowel. Note: a homophone is the adjective ”pale grey”. ✱

mith

grey

(lenited vith; no distinct pl. form). David Salo would read mîth with a long vowel. Note: a homophone means ”white fog, wet mist”.

môr

darkness

(i vôr, construct mor), pl. m**ŷr (i m**ŷr) if there is a pl. (Letters:382); 4 morn (i vorn) (night), pl. myrn (i myrn). Note: the word môr, morn is also used as an adjective ”dark, black”. (Letters:386)

naith

spearhead

(gore, wedge, point, promontory); no distinct pl. form;

nimp

white

(nim-) (pale); no distinct pl. form.

orthor

master

(vb.) orthor (i orthor, in ertherir for archaic in örtherir) (conquer)

orthor

master

(i orthor, in ertherir for archaic in örtherir) (conquer)

othronn

fortress in a cave/caves

(pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (underground stronghold). Cited in archaic form othrond in the source (WJ:414).

panna

open

(i banna, i phannar) (enlarge). Note: a homophone means ”fill”.

pathu

level place

(i bathu) (sward), analogical pl. pethy (i phethy). Cited in archaic form pathw in the source (LR:380 s.v. PATH); hence the coll. pl. is likely pathwath. In the Etymologies as printed in

rain

free

rain (wandering, erratic). No distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”border” (VT46:10; suggested Sindarin form of ” Noldorin” rhain)

rhast

shore

(?i thrast or ?i rast – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhaist (?idh raist).

rhûd

dwelling underground

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (artificial cave, rockhewn hall, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid) (PM:365)*.

rhûd

artificial cave

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, rockhewn hall, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365)*

riss

ravine

(construct ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh riss)****

rond

cave

(construct ron) (cavern, vault, vaulted ceiling, hall with vaulted roof), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath

roth

cave

(delving, large excavation), pl. ryth, 4) gathrod (i ’athrod), pl. gethryd (i ngethryd = i ñethryd)

rêd

heir

(construct red), pl.rîd (idh rîd). The word is presented as a borrowing from Beorian, so it may not be the normal Sindarin word for ”heir”.

sant

privately owned place

(i hant, o sant) (field, garden, yard), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20)

sâd

place

sâd (-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (spot, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)

sâd

place

(-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (spot, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)  

sîr

river

1) (also = rill) sîr (i hîr, o sîr), in compounds sir- or -hir or -hír; no distinct pl. form except with article (i sîr), coll. pl. siriath. Note: sîr is also the adverb ”today”. 2) celon (i gelon, o chelon), pl. celyn (pl. i chelyn), 3) The word lind ”singer” may also be used of rivers (see . (WJ.309).

sîr

river

(i hîr, o sîr), in compounds sir- or -hir or -hír; no distinct pl. form except with article (i sîr), coll. pl. siriath. Note: sîr is also the adverb ”today”.

thalion

dauntless man

(hero), pl. thelyn. Also used as an adj. ”dauntless, steadfast, strong”. 

thar

beyond

(across, athwart, over)

thind

grey

(pale); no distinct pl. form.

thinna

fade

(grow toward evening)

thinna

grow toward evening

(fade).

thûl

breath

1) thûl (pl. thuil), 2) hwest (i chwest, o chwest) (puff, breeze), pl. hwist (i chwist)

tinnu

starlit evening

(i** dinnu, o thinnu) (dusk, twilight, early night without a moon), pl. tinny (i** thynny) if there is a pl. Verb

trîw

slender

trîw (lenited drîw; no distinct pl. form) (fine).

trîw

slender

(lenited drîw; no distinct pl. form) (fine).

trîw

fine

(lenited drîw; no distinct pl. form) (slender)

tûr

master

(i dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (victory, power, control; victor, lord), pl. t**uir (i th**uir), coll. pl. túrath

tûr

master, mastery

(i dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (victory, power, control; victor, lord), pl. t**uir (i th**uir), coll. pl. túrath

êr

one

whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone)

îdh

repose

îdh (rest), no distinct pl. form even if there could be a pl.

îdh

repose

(rest), no distinct pl. form even if there could be a pl.

îdh

rest

_(noun) _1) îdh (repose), no distinct pl. form even if there could be a pl. 2) post (i bost, o phost) (pause, halt, cessation, respite), pl. pyst (i physt),

bâl

adjective. divine

@@@ GS/241

aith

point of spear, spear point

(no distinct pl. form)

ar

outside

(without)

fain

white

; no distinct pl. form.

haltha

screen

(i chaltha, i chalthar);

hithui

november

Hithui

hûn

heart

(i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin)

lisc

reed

lisc, no distinct pl. form.

lisc

reed

no distinct pl. form.****

nind

adjective. slender

sí

here

sí

sí

here

thûl

breath

(pl. thuil)

uin

from the, of the

.

ang

noun. iron

This was the word for “iron” in Sindarin and its conceptual precursors for much of Tolkien’s life. It was derived from primitive ✶angā of the same meaning (PM/347).

Conceptual Development: G. ang “iron” dates all the way back to the the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/19), and appeared regularly in Tolkien’s writings thereafter, always with the same form and meaning.

hîth

noun. mist

The Sindarin word for “mist”, an element in many names, derived from the root √KHITH of the same meaning (SA/hîth; PE17/73).

Conceptual Development: N. hîth “mist” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, already with the derivation given above (Ety/KHIS), though when Tolkien first defined the word, he first wrote (and then deleted) the gloss “fog” (EtyAC/KHIS). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road, Christopher Tolkien wrote hith (LR/364), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne confirmed that the actual form was hîth in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT45/22).

ninniach

noun. rainbow

A noun for “rainbow” in the name Cirith Ninniach “Rainbow Cleft” (S/238). Ninniach “rainbow” is perhaps a combination of the S. nîn “watery” and S. iach “ford”, perhaps a metaphorical ford of water across the sky. The long nn in the initial element ninn- is tricky to explain, but might be an example of an exchange of a long vowel īn with a long consonant inn; hat-tip to Elaran for this suggestion.

Conceptual Development: The name Cirith Ninniach (and hence the word for “rainbow”) went through quite a few changes. The earliest iteration of the name was G. Cris a Teld Quing Ilon “Gully of the Rainbow Roof” (PE15/21) so that quing ilon “✱bow of heaven” was “rainbow”, but this was quickly revised to G. Cris Ilbranteloth which was the form used in the early narratives (LT2/150, 202). G. ilbrant “rainbow” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with variant ilvrant (GL/50). By popular etymology, this was connected to G. brant “bow”, but that was not correct (GL/24). The second element was actually G. rantha “bridge” (GL/65), and the b came from its initial element G. ilbar “heaven[s]” (GL/50), so it literally meant “✱heaven-bridge”.

In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, the name of the pass was changed to N. Cris-Ilfing >> Cirith Helvin “Rainbow Cleft” (SM/141, 146). Both ilfing and helvin have unclear etymologies, but they are probably early iterations of N. eilian(w) “rainbow, (lit.) sky-bridge” from The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of ᴹ√ƷEL “sky” with N. ianw “bridge” (Ety/ƷEL, YAT), with variant elianw (EtyAC/YAT). Cirith Ninniach “Rainbow Cleft” emerged in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (WJ/256, 299).

Neo-Sindarin: Noldorin eilian(w) “sky-bridge” might be adapted into Neo-Sindarin as ᴺS. eiliant using later S. iant for “bridge”, as suggested in HSD (HSD), but I see no reason not to just use attested S. ninniach for “rainbow”.

-d

suffix. you

2nd du. pron. suff. #you (two). Q. -star.See paradigm PE17:132.

-dh

suffix. you

{ð} 2nd du. pron. suff. #you (two). Q. -star.See paradigm PE17:132.

-dh

suffix. you

{ð} 2nd sg. pron. suff. #you. Q. -tar.See paradigm PE17:132.

-dhir

suffix. you

{ð} 2nd pl. pron. suff. #you. Q. -ltar.See paradigm PE17:132.

Ara-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ar-, Arathorn

ar-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ara-, Arathorn

arod

adjective. tall

_ adj. _tall, eminent. Q. aratā.

bain

fair

_ adj. _fair, good, blessed, wholesome, favourable, without evil/bad element, not dangerous, evil or hostile. bân or bain << bân pl. bain. >> bân

bân

adjective. fair

_ adj. _fair, good, wholesome, favourable, not dangerous, evil or hostile. bân or bain << bân pl. bain. >> bain

dû

night

_ n. _night (when viewed favourably). Q. lóme.

dûr

dark

_ adj. _dark, gloomy, 'hellish'.

gwain

adjective. fair

adj. fair. . This gloss was rejected.

gwân

adjective. fair

_ adj. _fair, pale.

han

that

pl1. hain _pron. _that, the thing previously mentioned. Tolkien notes "hain = heinn (< san-)" (PE17:42). Im Narvi hain echant 'I Narvi made them'.

hû

hound

_ n. Zoo. _hound. Q. hú. The gloss might be 'heat'.

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from, of. In older S. o had the form od before vowels. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'.

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from. . This gloss was rejected.

pân

adjective. all, in totality

As no other word beginning in ph- is attested, it is assumed that a nasal mutation is triggered by the pronoun în.1 , hence the form observed in the "King's Letter"

raud

tall

adj. tall, high, lofty, eminent, noble. Q. arta (< áratā). >> Nimrodel, rodel

û

interjection. no

adv. or interj. no, not (of fact).

im

pronoun. I

In late writings (see esp. VT/47:37-38), Tolkien reinterpreted this form as a reflexive pronoun (= "self").

hên

child

hên (i chên), pl. hîn (i chîn); also -chen, pl. -chín at the end of compounds (e.g. Eruchín ”Children of Eru”). _(WJ:403) _CHILDREN OF THE ONE (Elves and Men as children of God) Eruchín** **(sg. *Eruchen)

hên

child

(i chên), pl. hîn (i chîn); also -chen, pl. -chín at the end of compounds (e.g. Eruchín ”Children of Eru”). (WJ:403)

i

that

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. gyrth i chuinar ”dead that live [cuinar]”, Letters:417). Sometimes i (+ soft mutation) is used in the singular as well. – The form ai (following by lenition) occurs in the phrase di ai gerir ✱”those who do” (VT44:23). Possibly it is a form of the relative pronoun that is used when the previous word ends in -i. Whether ai is both sg. and pl. is unclear; in its one attestation it is followed by a plural verb that is lenited.

n

that

added to a preposition, e.g. ben ”according to the”.  This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

nî-

verb. was

A (very hypothetical) past form of na- “is”; see that entry for discussion.

adan

man

(pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.

alag

rushing

(impetuous), pl. elaig; also alagon (pl. elegyn)

aphada

follow

(i aphada, in aphadar) (WJ:387)  

aran

king

1) (king of a region) aran (pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural). 2) (king of a people) †taur (i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. _T_Ā to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

aran

king

(pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural).

ascar

rushing

(impetuous, violent), pl. escair. Also spelt asgar (pl. esgair).

aur

day

aur (morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

aur

day

(morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

bach

thing

(article for exchange, ware) (i mach, o mbach), pl. baich (i mbaich).

bain

fair

bain (beautiful). Lenited vain. No distinct pl. form.

bain

fair

(beautiful). Lenited vain. No distinct pl. form.

baw!

no

! (interjection expressing refusal or prohibition, not denying facts) baw! (dont!) Prefix

baw!

no

(don’t!) Prefix

bôr

trusty man

(boron-) (i vôr, construct bor) (steadfast man, faithful vassal), pl. *b**ŷr* for older beryn, i meryn (archaic böryn, i möryn). In ”Noldorin”, the older pl. forms were berein, beren.

curunír

man of craft

(i gurunír, o churunír) (wizard), no distinct pl. form except with article (i churunír), coll. pl. ?curuníriath.

dar

stop

(verb, used intransitively in the LotR), dar- (i dhâr, i nerir) (halt). The imperative daro! is attested.

dar

stop

(i dhâr, i nerir) (halt). The imperative daro! is attested.

daur

stop

(noun) daur (i dhaur) (pause; also used = ”league”, a distance of about 3 miles / 4.8 kilometers), pl. doer (i noer), coll. pl. dorath

daur

stop

(i dhaur) (pause; also used = ”league”, a distance of about 3 miles / 4.8 kilometers), pl. doer (i noer), coll. pl. dorath

dilia

stop up

(i dhilia, i niliar), pa.t. diliant (VT45:9).

doll

dark

doll (dusky, misty, obscure), lenited noll, pl. dyll. Note: In ”Noldorin”, this word appeared as dolt as well as doll, but the latter seems the best form in S.

doll

dark

(dusky, misty, obscure), lenited noll, pl. dyll. Note: In ”Noldorin”, this word appeared as dolt as well as doll, but the latter seems the best form in S.

dîr

man

1) (adult male of any speaking race) dîr (dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”. 2) (mortal human as opposed to Elf) Adan (pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.

dîr

man

(dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”.

dúath

dark shadow

(i dhúath) (nightshade), pl. dúaith (i núaith). Compare the Ephel Dúath or ”Mountains of Shadow” forming th outer fence of Mordor, perhaps suggesting that Dúath is also the word used of Sauron as ”the Shadow”.

dúath

dark shadow

(i dhúath) (nightshade), pl. dúaith (i núaith);

dû

night

1) dû (i dhû) (nightfall, dusk, late evening, darkness), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302), 2) morn (i vorn) (darkness), pl. myrn (i myrn). Note: the word is also used as an adjective ”dark, black” (Letters:386).

dû

dusk

(i dhû) (night, nightfall, late evening, darkness), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302).

dûr

dark

dûr (sombre), lenited dhûr, pl. duir

dûr

dark

(sombre), lenited dhûr, pl. duir

galas

plant

galas (i **alas) (growth), pl. gelais (i ngelais = i ñelais), coll. pl. galassath**

galas

plant

(i ’alas) (growth), pl. gelais (i ngelais = i ñelais), coll. pl. galassath

graw

dark

graw (swart), lenited raw, pl. groe. (VT45:16)

graw

dark

(swart), lenited ’raw, pl. groe. (VT45:16)

gwâth

shadow

(i ’wâth; construct gwath) (shade, dim light), pl. gwaith (in gwaith) (UT:261)

ha

it

ha, han, hana. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ha is the nominative, whereas han is the accusative. Hana could be an emphatic form. It may be that these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)

ha

it

han, hana. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ha is the nominative, whereas han is the accusative. Hana could be an emphatic form. It may be that these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)*