am

adverb. up, up, [G.] upwards, towards head of, above

Cognates

• Q. amba “up(wards)”

Derivations

• √AM “go up, go up, [ᴹ√] up”

Element in

• S. amdir “hope [based on reason], (lit.) looking up, hope [based on reason], *expectation, (lit.) looking up” ✧ MR/320
• S. Amlaith
• S. amloth “helm crest, (orig.) uprising flower”
• ᴺS. amor “morning, early day”
• S. Amras “Top-russet”
• S. Amrod “*High and Lofty”
• S. Amroth “Up-climber, High Climber”
• S. amrûn “sunrise, east, (lit.) of the uprising”

Variations

• Am ✧ MR/320 (Am)

am

upon

(prep.) am (probably followed by soft mutation)

am

going up

(adjectival prefix) am-

am

up, upward

(adv.) am (also used as prep. "upon"). GOING UP (or uprising) am- (adjectival prefix), as in:

am

adverb/adjective. more

Cognates

• Q. ambë “more”

Derivations

• √AMA “addition, increase, plus”

am

upon

(probably followed by soft mutation)

am

going up

am

up, upward

(also used as prep. "upon").

ambenn

uphill

(sloping upward), pl. embinn, 

amdir

up-looking

emig

noun. index finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children)

emel

noun. mother

A word for “mother” in notes on Elvish Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s, along with a diminutive form emelig (VT48/17 note #13). These forms were struck through and replaced by emig as the proper diminutive form from the root √EM (VT48/6), but that doesn’t necessarily invalidate emel = “mother”, which appeared elsewhere as (probably primitive) emel, emer in rough versions of these notes (VT48/19 note #16). These Sindarin forms are unusual in that the medial m did not become v, which means the primitive form was likely based on ✱emm- as suggested by Patrick Wynne (VT48/17 note #14).

Conceptual Development: G. amil “mother” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s along with rejected forms {anwin, amril} and an archaic variant †amaith (GL/19). The forms {emaith >>} amaith appeared unglossed in Gnomish Lexicon Slips revising that document (PE13/109). In The Etymologies of the 1930s there was a form N. †emil for “mother” under the root ᴹ√AM of the same meaning, but Tolkien said this word was archaic, apparently replaced by N. naneth (Ety/AM¹; EtyAC/AM¹). With N. emil, the a became e via i-affection, but the medial m failing to become v requires an explanation similar to that of 1960s S. emel.

Neo-Sindarin: I generally prefer derivatives of the earlier root √AM for “mother” words in Quenya, but in the case of Sindarin, I find emel and emig from √EM to be better and more widely accepted.

Cognates

• Q. amil(lë) “mother”

Derivations

• √AM “mother” ✧ VT48/17

Element in

• S. Emeldir “Manhearted, *Manly-mother”
• S. emig “[little] mother, mommy” ✧ VT48/17 (emel) (emelig*)

Variations

• emen ✧ VT48/17 (emen)

an

to

_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath  'glory to all the Halflings'.

an

preposition. to, for, to, for; [N. and G.] of

Changes

• eni → enni ✧ VT41/16

Derivations

• √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146

Element in

• S. aglar’ni Pheriannath “glory to the halflings” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
• ᴺS. amman “why, (lit.) for what”
• S. anann “(for) long”
• S. anglenna- “to approach”
• S. aníra- “to desire, to desire, *long for”
• S. anno ammen sír i mbas ilaurui vín “give us this day our daily bread” ✧ VT44/27
• S. annon edhellen, edro hi ammen “Elvish gate open now for us” ✧ LotR/0307; PE17/045
• ᴺS. anuir “forever, everlastingly, eternally, in eternity”
• S. a Pherhael ar am Meril suilad uin aran o Minas Tirith nelchaenen ned Echuir “to Samwise and Rose the King’s greeting from Minas Tirith, the thirty-first day of Stirring” ✧ SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129
• S. ar díheno ammen i úgerth vin “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT44/27
• S. guren bêd enni “my heart tells me” ✧ VT41/11
• S. gurth an Glamhoth “Death to the din-horde” ✧ UT/039
• S. ir Ithil ammen Eruchín “*when the Moon, for us, the Children of God” ✧ LB/354
• S. naur an edraith ammen “fire [be] for saving of us” ✧ LotR/0290; LotR/0290; LotR/0299; LotR/0299; PE17/038; PE17/038
• S. ón annin “*he gave (it) to me” ✧ PE17/147
• S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23
• S. sui mín i gohenam di ai gerir úgerth ammen “as we forgive those who trespass against us” ✧ VT44/27
• S. ú-chebin estel anim “I have kept no hope for myself” ✧ LotR/1061; PE17/117

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ANA/NĀ > ana > an	[ana] > [an]	✧ PE17/146

Variations

• eni ✧ VT41/16 (eni)
• ann ✧ VT44/22 (ann)

emig

little mother

(no distinct pl. form except with article: in emig). Also used (in children’s play) as a name for the index finger (VT48:6, 17)

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Cognates

• Q. an- “intensive prefix”

Element in

• S. Anfauglith “Gasping Dust” ✧ SA/faug
• S. einior “elder”

na-

verb. to be

Changes

• dôd → dád ✧ VT44/22
• dád → hae ✧ VT44/22
• hae → no ✧ VT44/24

Cognates

• Q. ná- “to be, to be, [ᴱQ.] exist”

Derivations

• √NĀ “be (the same as another), exist”

Element in

• S. no aer i eneth lín “hallowed be thy name” ✧ VT44/24
• ᴺS. novaer “goodbye, farewell, (lit.) be well”
• ᴺS. navaer “farewell, (lit.) be well”
• S. sí il chem en i Naugrim en ir Ellath thor den ammen “*now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) to us” ✧ VT50/23

Variations

• dôd ✧ VT44/22 (dôd)
• dád ✧ VT44/22 (dád)
• hae ✧ VT44/22 (hae)

an

preposition. to, towards, for

With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath

emel

noun. mother

emig

noun. "litte mother"

emmel

noun. mother

na

to

e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2

na

preposition. to

prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2

an

to

(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

to

(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)

naneth

mother

naneth (pl. nenith). Hypocoristic form (”mom”) nana, pl. nenai (but this word is probably rarely pluralized). In a higher style also †emil. No distinct pl. form; coll. pl. emillath. Variant form emel (pl. emil), also spelt emmel (pl. emmil). (VT48:17)

naneth

mother

(pl. nenith). Hypocoristic form (”mom”) nana, pl. nenai (but this word is probably rarely pluralized). In a higher style also †emil. No distinct pl. form; coll. pl. emillath. Variant form emel (pl. emil), also spelt emmel (pl. emmil). (VT48:17)

or

above

(adj. pref.) or- (over, high)

or

above

(prep.) or (om), with article erin ”above the” (followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions). Erin represents archaic örin.

or

above

(over, high)