According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin
Sindarin
o
preposition. from, of
Derivations
- √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/024; WJ/366
- ✶ăwă “from” ✧ PE17/148
- √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/148
Element in
- S. Aerlinn in Edhil o Imladris “*Holy Song of the Elves of Rivendell” ✧ RGEO/62
- S. a Pherhael ar am Meril suilad uin aran o Minas Tirith nelchaenen ned Echuir “to Samwise and Rose the King’s greeting from Minas Tirith, the thirty-first day of Stirring” ✧ SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129; SD/129
- S. Celebrimbor o Eregion teithant i thiw hin “Celebrimbor of Hollin drew these signs” ✧ LotR/0305; PE17/042
- S. o galadhremmin ennorath “from tree-tangled middle-lands” ✧ LotR/0238; PE17/024; RGEO/63; RGEO/64
- ᴺS. oman “whence, from where, (lit.) from what”
- S. o menel aglar elenath “from heaven on high the glory of the starry host” ✧ LotR/0238; PE17/024; RGEO/63; RGEO/64
- S. o menel palan-diriel “from heaven gazing far” ✧ LotR/0729; RGEO/64
o
preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)
o
preposition. from
_ prep. _from, of. In older S. o had the form od before vowels. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'.
o
preposition. from
_ prep. _from. . This gloss was rejected.
od
preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)
According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin
go-
together
_pref. _together. Q. o-.
-o
suffix. imperative
Cognates
- Q. á “imperative particle” ✧ PE17/040
Derivations
- ✶ā “imperative” ✧ WJ/365; WJ/372
Element in
- S. ped- “to say, speak” ✧ PE17/040
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶ā > ō > o [ā] > [ǭ] > [au] > [o] ✧ WJ/365 ✶ā > -o [ā] > [ǭ] > [au] > [o] ✧ WJ/372 Variations
- o ✧ PE17/040; WJ/365
no
verb. be!
o
of
(od), followed by hard mutation. With article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by ”mixed” mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366). Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning”.
o
of)
M (also used = OF) o (od), followed by hard mutation. With article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by ”mixed” mutation according to David Salos reconstuctuons). (WJ:366). Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning”.
o
concerning
o (about), becoming o h- before a vowel, e.g. o hEdhil ”concerning Elves” (read perhaps oh Edhil in Sindarn spelling)
o
concerning
(about), becoming o h- before a vowel, e.g. o hEdhil ”concerning Elves” (read perhaps oh Edhil in Sindarn spelling)
o
from
(od), followed by hard mutation; with article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by mixed mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366) Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning” (q.v. for this meaning of ”of”). 2) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 3)
o
about
o (concerning), becoming o h- before a vowel, e.g. o hEdhil ”about/concerning Elves”. Read perhaps oh Edhil in Sindarin orthography.
o
about
(concerning), becoming o h- before a vowel, e.g. o hEdhil ”about/concerning Elves”. Read perhaps oh Edhil in Sindarin orthography.
o
from)
o (od), followed by hard mutation; with article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by mixed mutation according to David Salos reconstuctuons). (WJ:366) Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning” (q.v. for this meaning of ”of”). 2) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of” 3)
a
interjection. o
interj. o. A Elbereth Gilthoniel 'O Elbereth Who lit the Stars'.
Ae
interjection. O!
a
interjection. O!
or
over
(adjectival prefix) or- (above, high)
or
over
(above, high)
a
interjection. O!
Element in
- S. ae Adar nín i vi Menel “our Father who [art] in Heaven” ✧ VT44/22
- S. a Elbereth Gilthoniel “o Elbereth who lit the stars” ✧ LotR/0238; LotR/0729; RGEO/63; RGEO/64; RGEO/64
- S. a Hîr Annûn Gilthoniel “*oh Lady of the West, Star-kindler” ✧ LB/354
- S. a tiro nin, Fanuilos “o guard me, Elbereth” ✧ LotR/0729; RGEO/64
Variations
- A ✧ LB/354; LotR/0238; LotR/0729; LotR/0729; RGEO/63; RGEO/64; RGEO/64; RGEO/64
- a ✧ Let/279
- Ae ✧ VT44/22
os
about, around
(as in osgar- ”cut around”
ae
interjection. O!
go
together
(prefix) go-, gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).
go
together
gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).
godref
through together
(AI:92)
nan
preposition. of
uin
preposition. of the
ho
he
hon, hono. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)*
na-
verb. to be
gwa-
prefix. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-)
a
o
; O Elbereth Gilthoniel A Elbereth Gilthoniel. The alternative form ae may be used when the next word begins in a: Ae Adar nín, O my Father (VT44:23). By another theory, ae represents a + the definite article i (✱a i Adar nín "o the Father of mine").
en
of the
e- (sg. genitival article)
thar
over
(adverbial prefix) thar- (across, athwart, beyond)
thar
over
(across, athwart, beyond)
e
pronoun. he
The meaning "he" is deduced from the apparent function of this word in the so-called "King's Letter", but it also seems possible to interpret it as "indeed" (as in Q. e, LR/63, VT/45:11), used here in a way of formal address expressing the wishes or the will of the King
ai!
hail
! (interjection) ai! _(according to one interpretation of Glorfindel_s cry ai na vedui, Dúnadan!)
ai!
hail
(according to one interpretation of Glorfindel’s cry ai na vedui, Dúnadan!)
e
he
1) e (SD:128-31), 2) ho, hon, hono. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)
e
away
ed (out, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)
gwachae
away
1) (adj.) gwachae (remote), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir). 2) (adv.) e, ed (out, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)
gwachae
away
(remote), lenited ’wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch *(PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir)*.
na
be
: The verb ”to be” is poorly attested. Apparently the root is na-. The imperative is attested as no, and nad (used = ”thing”) may be seen as an original gerund *”a being”. It seems that the copula ”is, are” (and ”was, were”?) can be omitted altogether, as in the ”Noldorin” sentence lheben teil brann i annon ”five feet high [is] the door” (AI:92), in Sindarin perhaps *leben tail brand i annon.
na
be
. The imperative is attested as no, and nad (used = ”thing”) may be seen as an original gerund ✱”a being”. It seems that the copula ”is, are” (and ”was, were”?) can be omitted altogether, as in the ”Noldorin” sentence lheben teil brann i annon ”five feet high [is] the door” (AI:92), in Sindarin perhaps ✱leben tail brand i annon.
nae
alas
(interjection) nae
e
he
(SD:128-31)
e
pronoun. he
Cognates
- ᴹQ. e “he, she, it”
Element in
- S. ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain “and he desires to greet there all his friends” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
- S. edregol e aníra tírad i Cherdir Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen) Condir i Drann “in especial he desires to see Master Samwise (who should be called Fullwise) Mayor of the Shire” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
nae
alas
@@@ for o + in = uin, compare no + i = nui (Ety/NU)