- prep. “like, as”) sui (VT44:23), 2) (prep.) be (like, according to). Followed by lenition? With article ben (followed by "mixed mutation" according to David Salos reconstruction)
Sindarin
-as
suffix. abstract noun
sui
preposition. *as
be
as
sui
as
sui
as
(VT44:23)
nî-
verb. was
A (very hypothetical) past form of na- “is”; see that entry for discussion.
fanuilos
proper name. Bright (Angelic) Figure upon Uilos
A title of Elbereth appearing in the poem A Elbereth Gilthoniel (LotR/238) and Sam’s related invocation for her aid (LotR/729). This name is a combination of the elements fân “cloud; bright thing”, ui “ever” and loss “snow, snow-white”.
Possible Etymology: In his notes in the song-cycle The Road Goes Ever On, Tolkien translated the name as “bright spirit clothed in ever-white” (RGEO/63), but elsewhere his translation referred to the mountain Uilos: “Figure (bright and majestic) upon Uilos” (PE17/26) or to snow: “Bright angelic figure ever-white (as snow)” (PE17/180). No doubt the final element of this name at least alluded to the snowy mountain of Valinor where Elbereth made her home.
The initial element fân is similarly complicated to translate. In ordinary Sindarin speech the word had come to mean “cloud”, but its meaning was also influenced by Q. fana “(radiant) figure”, a term used for the bodily forms assumed by the Valar (RGEO/66, PE/173-6). It is this second meaning that applies to this name.
gond
noun. stone, rock, stone (general as a substance or material), rock, [N.] stone (as a material), [G.] great stone
The basic word for “stone” or “rock” in Sindarin (PE17/28-29; WJ/201). More specifically, it was “stone as a material” (PE17/28; Ety/GOND) as opposed to an individual stone, which was gôn (PE17/28; PE23/139) or sarn (RC/327; VT42/11). Longer gond was derived from the root ᴹ√GONOD of essentially the same meaning, as was its Quenya cognate Q. ondo (Ety/GOND). In a discussion of plurals from the late 1960s, Tolkien revised gond to gôn, and plural i·ñ(g)uind to i·ñ(g)uin (PE23/139), however I do not believe Tolkien was rejecting gond as word, but instead realized it was a mass noun that would not have a plural. He then replaced it with gôn which could be used or individual stones and thus had a plural for “stones”.
Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s where it appeared as G. gonn “great stone, rock” (GL/41). It was probably a derivative of ᴱ√ONO “hard” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon from which its Qenya cognate ᴱQ. on(d) “a stone” was derived (QL/70). The early root form was probably ✱ᴱ√ƷONO, with the initial ʒ vanishing in Qenya but becoming g in Gnomish. Later on, this derivation no longer worked, since Tolkien decided that initial ʒ became h in Qenya. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, this word appeared as N. gonn “stone (as a material)” with the derivation given above (Ety/GOND).
Neo-Sindarin: Tolkien gave this word as both gonn and gond, but in keeping with the notion that the sound “remained nd at the end of fully accented monosyllables” in Sindarin (LotR/1115), most Neo-Sindarin writers use gond.
sui mín i gohenam di ai gerir úgerth ammen
as we forgive those who trespass against us
The eighth line of Ae Adar Nín, Tolkien’s Sindarin translation of the Lord’s Prayer (VT44/21). The first word is the preposition sui “as”. The second word has the same form as mín “our” but seems to function as men “us” (as it appeared in the first draft of this sentence). The third word is i “who”, followed by gohenam, the 2nd-pl inflection of the verb gohena- “to forgive” with its direct object di, the lenited form of the pronoun ti “them”.
The function of the sixth word ai (“those who”) is difficult to decipher. See the entry for that word for further discussion.
The seventh word gerir is a lenited form of cerir (as it appeared in the draft), which itself is the plural of the verb car- “to do”. This followed by úgerth, the plural of úgarth “trespass, ✱misdeed” and ammen “to us”, a combination of an “to, for” and men “us”.
Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:
> sui mín i gohena-m di [← ti] ai gerir [← cerir] úgerth am-men = “✱as us who forgive-we them who do-(plural) trespasses to-us”
The sense of this phrase seems to be: “as us, who forgive those who do trespasses to us”.
Conceptual Development: Tolkien wrote a draft version (I) before producing a revised version (II) of this phrase (VT44/22, note on line 8). For “as we [us]”, Tolkien used the preposition sui “as” in both versions, but for “us” Tolkien wrote mín >> men in the draft, and then mí ni >> mín in the revision. Of these, men “us” seems to me to be the most consistent with Tolkien’s use of this pronoun elsewhere. Bill Welden discussed possible interpretations of this pronoun usage on VT44/28.
For “forgive”, Tolkien first wrote dihenam in the draft, which is another form of the verb díhena- “forgive” used in the previous line of the prayer. Tolkien replaced this with góhenam in the draft, which appeared as gohenam in the revised phrase. As pointed out by Bill Welden (VT44/29), it isn’t clear whether Tolkien intended to replace díhena- with gohena- generally as the Sindarin verb for “forgive”, or whether both verbs were valid with slightly different connotations.
See the entry for the word ai “✱those who” for a discussion of the development of that word (ayath >> ay >> ai).
Tolkien reversed the order of úgarth “trespass” and cerir “do-(plural)” between the draft and revised versions, which required changing cerir to its lenited form gerir (which Tolkien first wrote mistakenly as garer in the revised version before correcting it to gerir).
In the draft version, Tolkien wrote ann for “against us”, but as Bill Welden points out (VT44/22), Tolkien almost certainly intended ammen as it appeared in the revised version and elsewhere in the prayer, and simply failed to complete this form in the draft.
| I |II| |sui| |{mín >>} men|{mí ni >>} mín| |i| |{dihenam >>} góhenam|gohenam| |di| |{ayath >> ay >>} ai|ai| |ugerth|{garer >>} gerir| |cerir|úgerth| |ann|ammen|
an-
very
(as adverbial prefix) an-, as in:
be
like
(as, according to) Followed by lenition? With article ben (followed by "mixed mutation" according to David Salo’s reconstruction)
sui
like
(prep. ”as, like”) 1) sui (VT44:23), 2) #be (as, according to) Followed by lenition? With article ben (followed by "mixed mutation" according to David Salos reconstruction)
-d
suffix. you
2nd du. pron. suff. #you (two). Q. -star.See paradigm PE17:132.
-deid
suffix. his
-deith
suffix. his
-dh
suffix. you
{ð} 2nd du. pron. suff. #you (two). Q. -star.See paradigm PE17:132.
-dh
suffix. you
{ð} 2nd sg. pron. suff. #you. Q. -tar.See paradigm PE17:132.
-dhir
suffix. you
{ð} 2nd pl. pron. suff. #you. Q. -ltar.See paradigm PE17:132.
-dyn
suffix. his
-th
suffix. abstract noun
@@@ mostly seems to use base vowel between suffix and root
Edhelvein
noun. 'fair as an Elf'
prop. n. 'fair as an Elf', a title of Arwen.
Finion
noun. Tolkien proposed this form as remplacement for Fingon
_prop. n. _Tolkien proposed this form as remplacement for Fingon. Finion << Findor. >> Fingon. This gloss was rejected.
Míriel
noun. sparkling like a jewel
Perian
halfling
pl1. #periain, pl2. #periannath** ** n. halfling. >> berain, pheriain, pheriannath
Rohan (AS Rochand)
noun. horse country
roh (from roch “horse”) + and (commonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries)
a
conjunction. and
See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel
a
and
a
and
conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.
a
conjunction. and
conj. and. Pedo mellon a minno! 'Say friend and enter'. Q. ar
ad
conjunction. and
ada
conjunction. and
adh
conjunction. and
ah
preposition/conjunction. and, with
The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a.1 , ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT/43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)
ah
conjunction. and
an
preposition. to, towards, for
With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath
an
to
_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath 'glory to all the Halflings'.
aned
give
anno
verb. give!
ar
conjunction. and
See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel
ar
conjunction. and, and, [G.] too, besides
ardhon
noun. great region, province
ardhon
noun. world
astor
noun. faith
_n. _faith, loyalty (not belief). Q. astar.
athra-
verb. to cross (to and fro)
A verb for “to cross (to and fro)” based on the root √THAR, also used as a prefix (PE17/14).
Conceptual Development: The Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s had ᴱN. athra- “to face, look in a certain direction, oppose” < ᴱON. anthra- based on ᴱN. ant “face, front”.
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume this verb (and prefix) is used for either crossing back and forth as in athrabeth “conversation”, or a static crossing such as i iant athra i hîr “the bridge crosses the river”. For crossing in a single direction, I would use [N.] athrada- “to cross, traverse”, as in i adan athrada i eryd “the man crosses the mountains [one way]”. For the Early Noldorin sense “to face” I would use ᴺS. nevra-.
aur
noun. day, sunlight, morning
avar
noun. refuser
This plural name was known to the loremasters, but went out of daily use at the time of the Exile
avar
noun. the Avari, Elves who refused the invitation of the Valar
This plural name was known to the loremasters, but went out of daily use at the time of the Exile
avar
proper name. Refuser
bain
adjective. beautiful, fair
bain
beautiful
_ adj. _beautiful. Q. vanya.
bartham
noun. a large building of masonry used as a dwelling
n. a large building of masonry used as a dwelling. Northern Sindarin form of barthan. >> barthan
barthan
noun. a large building of masonry used as a dwelling
n. a large building of masonry used as a dwelling. This word was modelled on Q. Martan (martam-). Northern Sindarin bartham. >> bartham
beleg
adjective. large
adj. large, great. Q. melek-.
beleg
adjective. large
adj. large, great, big. . This gloss was rejected.
bo
preposition. on
bo ceven sui vi menel
on Earth as [it is] in Heaven
The fifth line of Ae Adar Nín, Tolkien’s Sindarin translation of the Lord’s Prayer (VT44/21). The first word is the preposition bo “on” (possibly a mutated form for po), followed by ceven “earth”. The third word is the preposition sui “as”, followed by vi the lenited form of mi “in” and menel “heaven”. There is no Sindarin equivalent for English “it is” in this phrase.
See the entry for the first line of this prayer for a discussion of the (mis)use of menel for “Heaven” in this phrase.
Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:
> bo Ceven sui vi Menel = “✱on Earth as in Heaven”
cair
noun. ship
cair
noun. ship
The Sindarin word for “ship”, most notably appearing as an element in the name Cair Andros “Ship of Long Foam” (LotR/812; PM/371). It is derived from primitive ✶kiryā, with the ancient i becoming e via a-affection [kery(a)], then the y intruding into the main syllable to form the diphthong ei [keir], and ultimately ei becoming ai as usual in final syllables in Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s [kair]. This word has a somewhat unusual plural, since ī replaced final ā in its ancient plural [kiryā-ī > kirī], so that a-affection did not occur resulting in a modern plural form cîr “ships” (PE17/147). Its class plural is likewise the somewhat unusual ciriath “[all the] ships” for similar reasons.
Conceptual Development: The Etymologies from around 1937 had N. ceir “ship” under the root ᴹ√KIR “cleave” (Ety/KIR), since in Noldorin of the 1930s ei did not (usually) become ai in final syllables. In Primitive Quendian Structure: Final Consonants from 1936, Tolkien gave cīr “ship”, first marked “N.”, then “Ilk.”, then “N. & Ilk.” (PE21/57 and note #28). It had the class plurals círiath or ciriath but it is not clear which of these was the intended final form (PE21/57 note #28). I think ciriath is more phonologically plausible; compare class plural S. Firiath “Mortals” vs. ordinary plural Fîr (WJ/387).
Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s had the word ᴱN. cair followed by ᴱN. braithgair, but neither word was translated (PE13/139-140).
calan
noun. day, period of actual daylight
Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second.
calen
adjective. green
calen
green
(galen) _ adj. _green (fresh, vigorous). galen after a sg. noun. Q. kălina (lit. illumined) sunny, light.
celeb
noun. silver
celeb
silver
celeb
noun. silver
The word celeb was the word for “silver” in Sindarin and its conceptual precursors throughout Tolkien’s life.
Conceptual Development: G. celeb “silver” appeared all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, where it was related to the early root ᴱ√TELEPE of the same meaning (GL/25; QL/91). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s ᴱN. celeb was derived instead from ᴱ✶kelekwé with the sound change of primitive kw to p and later to b (PE13/140), though in that same document he considered (but rejected) ᴱ✶t’lépe > ᴱN. tlub “silver” (PE13/154). In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien introduced a new root ᴹ√KYELEP “silver” to be the basis of N. celeb, with the sound change whereby intial ky became k (c) (Ety/KYELEP). This sound change continued to be a feature of Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s, and Tolkien retained this derivation going forward.
cidinn
?. [unglossed]
cinnog
?. [unglossed]
de
pronoun. you
di
preposition. with
_ prep. _with. Q. lé.
di
preposition. with
dor
noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live
The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor
dôr
noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live
The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor
dôr
noun. land, land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; [G.] people of the land
edhellen
adjective. elvish, of the Elves
edhellen
adjective. Elvish
_ adj. _Elvish. annon edhellen edro hi ammen! 'Elvish gate open now for us'. >> edhel
edhellen
adjective. elvish
erin
preposition. on the
ethir
noun. mouth (of a river), estuary
gal-
verb. to shine clear, to shine clear, [G.] shine golden as the Sun
gardh
noun. bounded or defined region
gardh
noun. world
gardh
noun. region
gloss
adjective. snow-white, dazzling-white
glîn
noun. gleam, glint (usually of fine slender but bright shafts of light, particularly applied to light of eyes)
glînn
noun. gleam, glint (usually of fine slender but bright shafts of light, particularly applied to light of eyes)
gond
noun. great stone, rock
gond
stone
_n. _stone, rock. Archaic S. gond > gonn. Q. ondo. >> Gondor
gondren
adjective. (made) of stone
gonn
noun. stone, rock
gûr
noun. heart (in the moral sense), counsel
hand
noun. [unglossed]
heledh
noun. glass
heledh
noun. glass
The basic Sindarin word for “glass”, a loan word from Khuzdul kheled (PE17/37; RS/466). The Eldar of Valinor invented glass independently, so the Quenya “glass” words were distinct.
Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. celc “glass” along with (archaic) variants G. celeg and caileg, all derived from the early root ᴱ√kail(i)k (GL/25). These apparently replaced rejected forms {talp}, {calp}, and {telc} of the same meaning (GL/69). The “glass” word became ᴱN. celch or caileg “glass” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/140).
In The Etymologies of the 1930s the “glass” word became N. hele derived from the root ᴹ√KHYEL(ES) “glass” like its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. hyelle (Ety/KHYEL(ES)). In the 1930s Noldorin and Quenya were direct contact for most of their history, but this was no longer the case for Sindarin and Quenya of the 1950s and 60s. As a result, Tolkien decided that glass was an independent invention in both Valinor and Middle Earth, so that the Quenya and Sindarin words were no longer related as described above.
iaun
adjective. large
adj. large, extensive, wide, vast, huge. Q. yāna-. >> -ion
im
noun. valley, valley; [N.] dell, deep vale
An archaic element meaning “valley” that survived only in compounds, a derivation of ✶imbi “between” (VT47/14). The basic sense “valley” was transferred to its more elaborate form imlad as in Imladris “Rivendell”, and †im “valley” fell out of use due to its conflicted with other words like the reflexive pronoun im.
Conceptual Development: N. imm “dell, deep vale” was mentioned in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√IMBE, alongside its elaboration N. imlad of the same meaning (Ety/IMBE).
imlad
noun. deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides (but a flat habitable bottom)
imloth
noun. flower-valley, flowery vale
This word only occurs in the place name Imloth Melui, a vale where roses grew
imrad
noun. a path or pass (between mountains, hills or trackless forest)
imrath
noun. long narrow valley with a road or watercourse running through it lengthwise
ithildin
noun. a silver-colored substance, which mirrors only starlight and moonlight
lach
noun. (leaping) flame
lacha-
verb. to flame
lacho
verb. flame!
laeb
adjective. green
_ adj. _green. A theoretical equivalent to Q. laiqua but that did not exist in Sindarin.
laeg
green
_ adj. _green. >> Legolas
laeg
adjective. green
_ adj. _green (of leaves, herbage). Q. laika.
las
leaf
pl1. lais** **_ n. _leaf. Only applied to certain kinds of leaves, esp. those of trees, and would not e.g. be used of leaf of hyacinth. It is thus possibly related to LAS 'listen', and S-LAS stem of Elvish words for 'ear'. Q. lasse, pl1. lassi.
las
noun. leaf
las(s)
noun. leaf, leaf; [G.] petal
The basic Sindarin word for “leaf”, derived from the root √LAS (PE17/62, 153; PE22/166). It appeared as both lass and las, but I believe the latter is the suffixal form, the result of the Sindarin sound change whereby final ss shortened in polysyllables (LotR/1115). Its plural form was lais, which is of interest because normally consonant clusters prevent i-intrusion]]; compare nern and resg the plurals of narn and rasg. I am of the opinion that the ss was a particular “weak” cluster and allowed intrusion anyway; see the entry on Sindarin plural nouns for further discussion.
Conceptual Development: G. lass “a leaf” appeared all the way back in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, but there Tolkien said it was sometimes used for “petal” = G. tethlas (GL/52). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s it became ᴱN. lhas “leaf” (PE13/148) and N. lhass “leaf” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶lassē under the root ᴹ√LAS (Ety/LAS¹). These 1920s-30s forms were due to the Noldorin sound change whereby initial l was unvoiced to lh. Tolkien abandoned this sound change in Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s, so that lass “leaf” was restored.
lass
noun. leaf
lass
leaf
laud
noun. feather
los
snow
{ŏ}_ n. _snow. Q. losse. >> glos, glosui, loss, Loss(h)oth
loss
noun. snow (especially fallen or long-lying snow)
loss
noun. snow
_ n. _snow. Q. losse. >> glos, glosui, los, Loss(h)oth
madu
?. [unglossed]
maud
?. [unglossed]
mellon
noun. friend
mellon
noun. friend
_ n. _friend. Pedo mellon a minno! 'Say friend and enter'.
mellon
noun. friend
men
noun. way, road
mi
preposition. in
The Sindarin word for “in” (PE23/133; VT50/5), equivalent to Q. mi of the same meaning. This preposition frequently appears in its mutated form vi (PE22/165; VT44/21; VT50/5), since Sindarin prepositions are typically mutated when appearing anywhere other than the beginning of a phrase.
min-
preposition. (in) between (referring to a gap, space, barrier or anything intervening between two other things)
mithril
noun. true-silver, a silver-like metal
moth
noun. dusk
mîn
preposition. (in) between (referring to a gap, space, barrier or anything intervening between two other things)
na
preposition. with, by (also used as a genitive sign)
na
preposition. to, towards, at
na
to
e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2
na
preposition. to
prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2
na-
verb. to be
A verb for “to be” based on the root √NĀ of the same meaning. This verb is barely attested in the Sindarin language, and the general consensus is that [for purposes of Neo-Sindarin at least] Sindarin omits the verb “to be” in most phrases, such as in naur an edraith ammen “fire [be] for saving us” (LotR/299) or ✱orchal i adan “tall [is] the man”; see the entry on the copula for further discussion.
The clearest attestation of the verb na- is its imperative form no “be!” in the phrase no aer i eneth lín “hallowed be thy name, (lit.) ✱be holy the name your”, from the Sindarin translation of the Lord’s Prayer from the 1950s (VT44/21). This imperative form was preceded by some hard-to-read deleted forms, perhaps {dôd >> dád >> hae >>} no (VT44/22). The d-forms might be eroded/mutated variants of na-. Compare đa in the phrase inn đa v’im “a mind there is in me = I have a good mind (to do so)” in notes from the late 1960s (PE22/165), where đa could be another eroded form of na-. This phrase was first written as inn no v’im (PE22/165 note #108); see the entry for đa for further discussion.
Another clear attestation of na “be” is an apparent future form natho in the untranslated phrase Sí il chem {na} en i naugrim en ir Ellath {natho} thor den ammen in the so-called “Túrin Wrapper” from the late 1950s (VT50/5). This future[?] form natho was deleted and replaced by thor, and a deleted {na} also appears earlier in the phrase, possibly a false start. Carl Hostetter suggested this phrase might mean something like “✱now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) us” (VT50/22-25). If so, it seems the future of na- “be” was constructed from the bare future suffix (a)tha-, manifesting as tho “✱will be”.
Neo-Sindarin: As noted above, for purposes of Neo-Sindarin the general consensus is that this verb is barely used, and is omitted from most “to be” phrases as in the example orchal i adan given above. The verb’s one widely accepted use is as an imperative, such as in no mae “be well”. Based the Túrin Wrapper, I posit that tho can also be used for a future form “will be”, as in i adan tho orchal “the man will be tall”. I likewise posit a (purely hypothetical) past form [ᴺS.] nî “was”, based on the primitive past-tense element ✶-nē with [[os|long [ē] becoming [ī]]], as in i adan nî orchal “the man was tall”. Neither tho or nî are widely accepted Neo-Sindarin, however.
Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had the verb G. na- “is” (GL/58), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√NĀ “be, exist” (QL/64). This irregular Gnomish verb had some inflected forms: plural nain, participle ol· and past form {ni >>} thi, the last of these being another inspiration for Neo-Sindarin nî “was”.
naur
noun. flame
naur
noun. fire
ned
preposition. (uncertain meaning) in, of (about time, e.g. giving a date)
[Another possible interpretation: "another, one more" (related to Q. net(e)), VT/47:40]
northa-
verb. to make run, to make run (of horses and animals), *ride; [G.] to send rolling [as a vehicle], speed
A causative verb in notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s based on the root √NOR “run”, meaning “make run, specially used of riding horses or other animals” so probably also having the sense “✱ride” like its Quenya cognate Q. norta- (PE17/168).
Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. northa- “to send rolling, speed” (GL/61), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√NORO “run, go smoothly, ride, spin” (QL/67). This early root had other derivatives like G. norn “wheel”.
Neo-Sindarin: I let the root √NOR retain the sense “roll” for purposes of Neo-Eldarin, so I would keep the sense “send rolling, speed” for S. northa- as well, using it for both “ride [an animal]” and “ride [a vehicle]”.
o
preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)
According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin
o
preposition. from
_ prep. _from, of. In older S. o had the form od before vowels. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'.
o
preposition. from
_ prep. _from. . This gloss was rejected.
od
preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)
According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin
oraearon
noun. seventh day of the Númenórean week, Sea-day
oranor
noun. second day of the week, day of the Sun
orbelain
noun. sixth day of the week, day of the Powers or Valar
orgaladh
noun. fourth day of the Númenórean week, day of the White Tree
This day was formerly called orgaladhad in the Elvish calendar
orgaladhad
noun. fourth day of the Elvish week, day of the Two Trees
This day was renamed orgaladh in the Númenórean calendar
orgilion
noun. first day of the week, day of the Stars
orithil
noun. third day of the week, day of the Moon
ormenel
noun. fifth day of the week, Heavens' day
othlonn
noun. paved way
othrad
noun. street
pad-
walk
_ v. _walk, step. Q. pata-. >> Tharbad
pada-
verb. to walk
padra-
walk
_ v. _walk. >> pad-
penedh
historical form obsolete as specific 'tribal' or general
{ð} n. historical form obsolete as specific 'tribal' or general, except as element in certain proper-names.
penninor
noun. last day of the year
pâd
noun. way
rath
noun. street
n. street.
rath
noun. street, street, track; [N.] course, river-bed
A word used in street-names in Minis Tirith, most notably Rath Celerdain “Lampwrights’ Street” (LotR/768) and Rath Dínen “Silent Street” (LotR/826). It was also an element in the (rejected) name Raith ’Ngorthrim “Paths of the Dead” (RC/526) and the river-name Rathlóriel “Golden-bed” (S/235), but the last of these may be a remnant of its 1930s meaning (see below). In the “Unfinished Index” of The Lord of the Rings Tolkien indicated that rath meant “street (in a city)” (RC/523, 551).
The most extensive description of this word appears in a 1968 discussion of the (possibly related) name Amroth which Tolkien said “is connected with a stem RATH meaning ‘climb’ - with hands and feet, as in a tree or up a rocky slope”. Regarding S. rath Tolkien said:
> Both Quenya and Lindarin also possessed a word ratta, which might be a derivative (by lengthening the medial consonant, a frequent device in Primitive Eldarin) from either ✱rattha or ✱ratta from the stem RAT ... It meant ‘a track’; though often applied to ways known to mountaineers, to passes in the mountains and the climbing ways to them, it was not confined to ascents ... This is evidently the origin also of S. rath ... [which] had the same senses as Q., L. ratta, though in mountainous country it was most used of climbing ways ... In Minas Tirith, in the Númenórean Sindarin that was used in Gondor for the nomenclature of places, rath had become virtually equivalent to ‘street’, being applied to nearly all the paved ways within the city. Most of these were on an incline, often steep (NM/364).
Thus Sindarin rath was a blending of √RATH “climb” and ✶ratta “track” < √RAT “find a way”, and in the context of Minas Tirith was generalized to “(city) street” since most of that city’s streets were sloped.
Rath seems to have been used in the sense “climb” or “climbing track” in the name Andrath [= “✱Long Climb”] for the high-climbing pass from Rivendell over the Misty Mountains that Bilbo and the Dwarves took in The Hobbit, as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (UT/271, 278 note #4). However, the name Andrath was also used for the road running from Fornost down to Tharbad (TI/305; UT/348) which was unlikely to climb much, so in that case may have been used in the sense “street”, “track”, or “course”.
Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. rath was also derived from ON. rattha < ᴹ✶rattā̆ under the root ᴹ√RAT “walk”, but in that document it was glossed “course, river-bed” (Ety/RAT). In this sense it was the basis for the river-name N. Rathloriel, translated “Bed of Gold” in narratives from this period (LR/141). This translation of Rathlóriel survived in The Silmarillion as published (S/235), but may have been a remnant of the 1930s meaning of rath.
Neo-Sindarin: Tolkien’s 1968 note implies that original sense of S. rath was a “(climbing) track”, and may have meant “street” only in Númenórean Sindarin, or possibly just for street names in Minas Tirith. For city streets in other contexts I would use [N.] ostrad or [ᴺS.] othrad. I would furthermore ignore the 1930s translation N. rath “course, river-bed”, and would assume that Rathlóriel had a more metaphorical meaning: “✱Golden Street/Track”. For “(river) course” I was instead use the better-attested S. rant; see that entry for details.
region
noun. holly-tree area
[HKF] reg (Dor. regorn “holly tree”) + ion (Dor. gen. pl. suffix) = Dor. Regornion [Etym. ERÉK-]
rhû
evil
adj. evil, wicked. Q. hruo. >> Rhudaur
rhû
evil
rib-
verb. to flow like a (torrent ?)
The reading of the gloss is uncertain
sarn
noun. stone (as a material)
Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11
sarn
noun. small stone
Sern in UT/463 is a misprint, see VT/42:11
sui
conjunction. as, like
taw
noun. wood as material
n. wood as material. Q. toa. >> taur
taw
noun. wood as material
A noun in a list of “large & small” roots from around 1968 under the root √TAW “wood”, the cognate of Q. töa “wood as material” (PE17/115) and thus probably derived from primitive ✱tawā.
Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s “wood (material)” was N. tawar (Ety/TÁWAR), whereas in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s it was G. âl (GL/19).
tawar
noun. wood (as a material)
tawar
noun. great wood, forest
tawen
adjective. wood as material
adj. wood as material. Q. toina. >> taw
teleir
it became current as a general term to distinguish the Sindar from either the Noldor or the Dark-Elves
pl1. telir, pl2. teleriath, telerwaith _ n. _it became current as a general term to distinguish the Sindar (and usually also the Nandor) from either the Noldor or the Dark-Elves.
tewin
adjective. wood as material
tharbad
noun. cross-way
tum
noun. deep valley, under or among hills
tîn
adjective. his
tîn
pronoun. his
Non-lenited form suggested by Carl Hostetter (VT31/21).
vi
preposition. in
vi
preposition. in
Ídh
and
{ð}_ conj. _and. It was not mutated before vowels. >> a
Ídh
and
Ídh
and
{ð} conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.
în
adjective. his (referring to the subject)
Perian
halfling
(hobbit) perian (i berian, o pherian), pl. periain, coll. pl. periannath (also attested in nasal-mutated form pheriannath) (RGEO, Letters:426)
a
and
a, or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.
a
and
or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.
ach
noun. bone
aden
preposition. until
ai!
hail
! (interjection) ai! _(according to one interpretation of Glorfindel_s cry ai na vedui, Dúnadan!)
ai!
hail
(according to one interpretation of Glorfindel’s cry ai na vedui, Dúnadan!)
aich
adverb. also
amloth
uprising-flower
R” (crest of a helmet) amloth (pl. emlyth). The source also mentions a dialectal form almoth.
amloth
uprising-flower
(pl. emlyth). The source also mentions a dialectal form almoth.
ammen
for us
(to us).
an
for
(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni ”for the” (+ nasal mutation in plural).
an
for
(adverbial prefix) an-
an
for
(+ nasal mutation), with article ’ni ”for the” (+ nasal mutation in plural).
an
for the
(for) + i (the).
an
to
(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).
an
to
(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)
an-
very
as in:
anna
give
anna- (i anna, in annar), pa.t. ?aun (with endings one-)
anna
give
(i anna, in annar), pa.t. ?aun (with endings one-)
aran
king of a region
(pl. erain)
ardh
region
- ardh (realm), pl. erdh, also in augmented form ardhon (great region, great province, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath. 2) dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, land), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413), 3) gardh (i **ardh) (bounded or defined place), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh), 4) gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).
ardh
region
(realm), pl. erdh, also in augmented form ardhon (great region, great province, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath.
aur
day
aur (morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.
aur
day
(morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.
bad
go
#bad- (i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.
bad
go
(i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.
bain
beautiful
bain (fair). Lenited vain. No distinct pl. form.
bain
beautiful
(fair). Lenited vain. No distinct pl. form.
bannen
gone
#bannen (pl. bennin). Isolated from govannen ”met”, based on the assumption that this past participle includes a form of the verb #bad- ”go”.
bannen
adjective. gone
A neologism for “gone” derived from ᴹ√BAT proposed by David Salo as part of his theory for the derivation of govannen “met” (GS/241, 260). While I think this theory is correct for the 1940s, I think the relevant forms were abandoned by the late 1950s, and I would recommend attested gwanwen instead for “departed, ✱gone”.
bannen
gone
(pl. bennin). Isolated from govannen ”met”, based on the assumption that this past participle includes a form of the verb #bad- ”go”.
bâr
land
(dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.
cair
ship
cair (in compounds cír-) (i gair, o chair), pl. cîr, i chîr; coll. pl. ciriath.
cair
ship
(in compounds cír-) (i gair, o chair), pl. cîr, i chîr; coll. pl. ciriath.
calan
daytime
(i galan, o chalan), pl. celain (i chelain)
calen
green
- (etymologically "bright") calen (lenited galen), pl. celin (attested in lenited form in the name Pinnath **Gelin, "Green Ridges"). 2) laeg (fresh), no distinct pl. form. (Note: a homophone means ”keen, sharp, acute”.) In the Woodland dialect lêg, whence leg- in the name Legolas** ”Greenleaf” (Lettters:282, 386).
calen
green
(lenited galen), pl. celin (attested in lenited form in the name Pinnath Gelin, "Green Ridges").
carag
tooth of rock
(i garag, o charag) (spike), pl. ceraig (i cheraig)
celeb
silver
- (noun) celeb (i geleb, o cheleb), pl. celib (i chelib) if there is a pl. form. 2) (adj., "of/like silver") celebren (lenited gelebren, pl. celebrin; also celebrin- as first element of compounds, as in Celebrindal). Also celefn (lenited gelefn, pl. celifn). As for ”silver” as adjective, see also SHINING WHITE. Adj.
cil-
verb. choose
cirion
shipman
(i girion) (sailor), pl. ciryn (i chiryn), coll. pl. cirionnath.
círdan
shipbuilder, shipwright
(i gírdan, o chírdan) (shipwright), pl. círdain (i chírdain).
dae
very
dae (exceedingly). Lenited dhae.
dae
adverb. very
dae
very
(exceedingly). Lenited dhae.
daer
large
daer (great), lenited dhaer, no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means "bridegroom", but has a different lenited form.
daer
large
(great), lenited dhaer, no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means "bridegroom", but has a different lenited form.
duin
large river
(i dhuin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nuin), coll. pl. duinath (Names:179, PM:54)
dî
in
unstressed di (beneath, under) (VT45:37). Note: a homophone means ”bride, lady”.
dôr
region
(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, land), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413)
dôr
land
- dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413), 2) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.
dôr
land
(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413)
dû
dusk
(i dhû) (night, nightfall, late evening, darkness), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302).
edhellen
elvish
edhellen (of language apparently = ”Sindarin”), pl. edhellin
edhellen
elvish
(of language apparently = ”Sindarin”), pl. edhellin****
edinor
anniversary day
(pl. edinoer). Archaic edinaur. In ”Noldorin”, the word appeared as edinar.
estel
faith
: The noun estel "hope, trust, steady purpose" seems to approach the meaning of "faith" (in the religious sense) (MR:320)
estel
faith
"hope, trust, steady purpose" seems to approach the meaning of "faith" (in the religious sense) (MR:320)
falf
foam
(breaker), pl. felf, coll. pl. falvath
faltha
foam
(i faltha, i falthar)
gardh
region
(i ’ardh) (bounded or defined place), pl. gerdh (i ngerdh = i ñerdh)
gell
joy
(i ’ell) (triumph), pl. gill (i ngill = i ñill).
gilwen
region of stars
(Quenya Ilmen), also Gilith. In the Etymologies, this word is derived from a root GIL (LR:358) and would then have the form ’Ilwen (’Ilwith) when lenited. But in a later source, Tolkien cited the relevant root as ÑGIL (MR:388), and the lenited form would then be Ngilwen (Ngilwith).
glass
joy
- glass (i **lass, constuct glas), pl. glais (in glais), 2) gell (i **ell) (triumph), pl. gill (i ngill = i ñill).
glass
joy
(i ’lass, constuct glas), pl. glais (in glais)
gloss
white as snow, dazzling white
gloss (in compounds -los), lenited loss; pl. glyss.
gloss
white as snow, dazzling white
gloss (in compounds -los), lenited loss; pl. glyss.
glóren
shining with golden light
(glórin-) (golden), lenited ’lóren; pl. glórin.
gobem
noun. mouth
golas
collection of leaves
(i ’olas) (foliage), pl. gelais (i ngelais = i ñelais), coll. pl. golassath. Archaic pl. göleis. ”
golu
secret lore
(i ngolu = i ñolu, o n’golu = o ñgolu), analogical pl. gely (in gely = i ñgely) if there is a pl. Archaic golw, hence golwath as the likely coll. pl.****
gond
rock
gond (i **ond, construct gon) (great stone), pl. gynd (i ngynd = i ñynd), coll. pl. gonnath** (Letters:410).
gond
rock
(i ’ond, construct gon) (great stone), pl. gynd (i ngynd = i ñynd), coll. pl. gonnath (Letters:410).
gond
stone
(i ’ond, construct gon) (great stone or rock), pl. gynd (i ngynd = i ñynd), coll. pl. gonnath (Letters:410).
gondrath
street of stone
(i ’ondrath) (causeway, raised stone highway), pl. gendraith (i ngendraith = i ñendraith). Archaic pl. göndreith. (WJ:340)
gondren
made of stone, stony
(stony), lenited ’ondren, pl. gendrin. Archaic pl. göndrin (TI:270).
gonhir
master of stone
(i ’Onhir), no distinct pl. form except with article (i Ngonhir = i Ñonhir), maybe primarily used as a coll. pl. Gonhirrim (WJ:205, there spelt ”Gonnhirrim”)
gwaith
region
(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).
gwelu
noun. air (as a substance)
gwilwileth
butterfly
gwilwileth (i **wilwileth), pl. gwilwilith (in gwilwilith**)
gwilwileth
butterfly
(i ’wilwileth), pl. gwilwilith (in gwilwilith)
gwing
foam
(i ’wing) (spindrift, spume, spray blown off wave-tops), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwing)
gôl
noun. wave
gôn
stone
(i ’ôn, construct gon); pl. gŷn, coll. pl. #gonath as in Argonath.
gûr
heart
(i ’ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11).
heledh
glass
heledh (i cheledh, o cheledh), pl. helidh (i chelidh) if there is a pl.
heledh
glass
(i cheledh, o cheledh), pl. helidh (i chelidh) if there is a pl.
hîn
they
(of women) hîn. It is unclear whether Tolkien maintained this ”Noldorin” pronoun in Sindarin.
hîn
they
. It is unclear whether Tolkien maintained this ”Noldorin” pronoun in Sindarin.
hûn
heart
- (physical heart) hûn (i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin), 2) (inner mind) gûr (i **ûr, construct gur), pl. guir (i nguir = i ñuir). Note: A homophone means ”death”, but has different mutations. (VT41:11). 3) ind (inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath. 4) nest (core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû**- apparently meaning ”heart”..
hûn
heart
(i chûn, o chûn, construct hun), pl. huin (i chuin)
imloth
flowering valley
(pl. imlyth) (VT42:18).
imrath
valley
(long narrow valley with a road or watercourse running through it lengthwise) imrath (pl. imraith)
ind
heart
(inner thought, mind, meaning), no distinct pl. form;, coll. pl. innath.
ist
lore
ist (knowledge); no distinct pl. form.
ist
lore
(knowledge); no distinct pl. form.
lach
flame
(noun) 1) lach (leaping flame), pl. laich; 2) naur (in compounds nar-, -nor) (fire, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath, 3) rill (construct ril) (brilliance, glittering reflected light), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rill).
lach
flame
(leaping flame), pl. laich; 2) naur (in compounds nar-, -nor) (fire, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath, 3) rill (construct ril) (brilliance, glittering reflected light), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rill).
lacha
flame
(verb) *lacha- (i lacha, i lachar). Only the imperative form lacho is attested.
lacha
flame
(i lacha, i lachar). Only the imperative form lacho is attested.
lachenn
flame-eyed
pl. lachinn *(WJ:384, there cited in archaic form lachend)*.
laeg
green
(fresh), no distinct pl. form. (Note: a homophone means ”keen, sharp, acute”.) In the Woodland dialect lêg, whence leg- in the name Legolas ”Greenleaf” (Lettters:282, 386).
lasbelin
leaf-withering
(no distinct pl. form).
lasgalen
leaf-green
(pl. lesgelin).
lass
leaf
lass (pl. #lais). (Letters:282, PM:135).
lass
leaf
(pl. #lais). (Letters:282, PM:135).
lend
way
(journey), pl. lind, coll. pl. lennath. Note: a homophone means ”tuneful, sweet”
lim
sparkling
(adj.) lim (clear, light), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fish”.
lim
sparkling
(clear, light), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fish”.
loss
snow
(fallen snow) loss (construct los; pl. lyss if there is a pl.) (RGEO:61-62, Letters:278, VT42:18) (Note: homophones mean ”flower” [more commonly loth] and ”wilderness”.).
lâd
valley
(lowland, plain), construct lad, pl. laid
mela
love
(vb.) mela- (i vela, i melar), pa.t. melant (VT45:34)
mela
love
(i vela, i melar), pa.t. melant (VT45:34)
meldis
friend
(i veldis), no distinct pl. form except with article (i meldis), coll. pl. meldissath.
meleth
love
(noun) meleth (i veleth), pl. melith (i melith)
meleth
love
(i veleth), pl. melith (i melith)
mellon
friend
- (masc.) mellon (i vellon) (lover), pl. mellyn (i mellyn), coll. pl. mellonnath. Also meldir (i veldir), no distinct pl. form except with article (i meldir). Also seron (i heron, o seron), pl. seryn (i seryn), coll. pl. seronnath. 2) (fem.) meldis (i veldis), no distinct pl. form except with article (i meldis), coll. pl. meldissath.
mellon
friend
(i vellon) (lover), pl. mellyn (i mellyn), coll. pl. mellonnath. Also meldir (i veldir), no distinct pl. form except with article (i meldir). Also seron (i heron, o seron), pl. seryn (i seryn), coll. pl. seronnath.
milui
friendly
milui (lenited vilui; no distinct pl. form) (loving, kind)
milui
friendly
(lenited vilui; no distinct pl. form) (loving, kind)
moth
dusk
- moth (i voth), pl. myth (i myth). David Salo would read *môth with a long vowel. 2) dû (i dhû) (night, nightfall, late evening, darkness), pl. dui (i nui) (SD:302).
moth
dusk
(i voth), pl. myth (i myth). David Salo would read ✱môth with a long vowel.
mên
way
- mên (i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (road), pl. mîn (i mîn), 2) lend (journey), pl. lind, coll. pl. lennath. Note: a homophone means ”tuneful, sweet”, 3) #pâd (construct pad), i bâd, pl. paid (i phaid). Isolated from Tharbad ”Crossroad”. 4) tê (i dê, o thê) (line), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath.
mên
way
(i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (road), pl. mîn (i mîn)
míriel
sparkling like a jewel
(lenited víriel, pl. míril) (jewel-like)
mîl
love
mîl (i vîl) (affection, kindness), no distinct form in pl. except with article (i mîl), coll. pl. míliath
mîl
love
(i vîl) (affection, kindness), no distinct form in pl. except with article (i mîl), coll. pl. míliath
na
with
(in instrumental sense?) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”
na
with
(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”
naden
preposition. until, up to, as far as
@@@ Discord 2022-06-04
nand
wide grassland
(construct nan) (valley), pl. naind, coll. pl. **nannath **(VT45:36);
nand
valley
- nand (construct nan) (wide grassland, land at the foot of hills with many streams), pl. naind, coll. pl. nannath (VT45:36), 2) lâd (lowland, plain), construct lad, pl. laid, 3) (long narrow valley with a road or watercourse running through it lengthwise) imrath (pl. imraith).
nand
valley
(construct nan) (wide grassland, land at the foot of hills with many streams), pl. naind, coll. pl. **nannath **(VT45:36)
ne
in
ned (used of time in the source), possibly followed by hard mutation (SD:129)
ne
in, inside
(prefix) (mid-)
nest
heart
(core, center), pl. nist. Also notice the prefix hû- apparently meaning ”heart”..
o
of
(od), followed by hard mutation. With article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by ”mixed” mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366). Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning”.
ogol
evil
- ogol (wicked), pl. egyl (archaic ögyl) (VT48:32), 2) possibly also um (bad), pl. ym (or uim?) (David Salo would read *ûm with a long vowel. According to VT46:20, it may be that Tolkien intended um as a primitive base rather than as a ”Noldorin” word; the word ogol may therefore be preferred.)
ogol
evil
(wicked), pl. egyl (archaic ögyl) (VT48:32)
or
on
(prep.) 1) or (above), with article erin ”on the” (followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions). Erin represents archaic örin. 2)
or
on
(above), with article erin ”on the” (followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions). Erin represents archaic örin.
othrad
street
- *othrad (pl. ethraid for archaic öthraid). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ostrad. 2) rath (climb, climbing path, course, riverbed), pl. raist (idh raist) (UT:255). 3)
othrad
noun. street
othrad
street
(pl. ethraid for archaic öthraid). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ostrad.
pada
walk
(on a track or path) pada- (i bada, i phadar)
pada
walk
(on a track or path) pada- (i bada, i phadar)
parf
book
parf (i barf, o pharf), pl. perf (i pherf), coll. pl. parvath
parf
book
(i barf, o pharf), pl. perf (i pherf), coll. pl. parvath
parth
enclosed grassland
(i barth, o pharth) (field, sward), pl. perth (i pherth);
perian
halfling
(i berian, o pherian), pl. periain, coll. pl. periannath (also attested in nasal-mutated form pheriannath) (RGEO, Letters:426)
pess
noun. feather
po
on
po (lenited bo) (VT44:23)
po
on
(lenited bo) (VT44:23)
pâd
way
(construct pad), i bâd, pl. paid (i phaid). Isolated from Tharbad ”Crossroad”.
rath
street
(climb, climbing path, course, riverbed), pl. raist (idh raist) (UT:255).
rimma
flow like a torrent
(i rimma, idh rimmar)
ross
foam
(construct ros) (rain, dew, spray [of fall or fountain]), pl. ryss (idh ryss) (Letters:282). Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”
ruin
red flame
(no distinct pl. form except with article: idh ruin) (blazing fire). Also used as an adj. ”fiery red, burning”. (Silm app, entry ruin; PM:366)
salab
herb
salab (i halab, o salab), pl. selaib (i selaib). In ”N”, the pl. was seleb, LR:385 s.v. _ÁK-(W_Ē).
salab
herb
(i halab, o salab), pl. selaib (i selaib). – In ”N”, the pl. was seleb, LR:385 s.v. SALÁK-(WĒ).
sarn
stone
- (small stone, or stone as material) sarn (i harn, o sarn), pl. sern (i sern); also used as adj. ”stony, made of stone”. 2) gôn (i **ôn, construct gon); pl. gŷn, coll. pl. #**gonath as in Argonath. 3) (larger stone) gond (i **ond, construct gon) (great stone or rock), pl. gynd (i ngynd = i ñynd), coll. pl. gonnath** (Letters:410).
sarn
stone
(i harn, o sarn), pl. sern (i sern); also used as adj. ”stony, made of stone”.
sarn
made of stone, stony
(lenited harn; pl. sern); also used as noun ”small stone, pebble, stone [as material]”; as adj. also = ”stony”.
seidia
set aside
seidia- (appropriate to special purpose or owner) (i heidia, i seidiar) (VT42:20).
silef
shining white
is listed in LR:385 s.v. SIL as the cognate of Quenya silma of this meaning, but silef is there asterisked, apparently to indicate that it only appears as part of the word Silevril ”Silmaril”. The word silef may also be used = Quenya silima (noun), the crystal substance of the Silmarils.
siria
flow
(vb.) siria- (i hiria, i siriar).
siria
flow
(i hiria, i siriar).
sui
like
(VT44:23)
síla
shine white
(i híla, i sílar) Adj.
talath
wide valley
(i** dalath, o thalath) (flat surface, plane, flatlands, plain), pl. telaith (i** thelaith). *Tolkien changed this word from ”Noldorin” dalath, LR:353 s.v.*
talath
dal
Dirnen or ”Guarded Plain” mentioned in the Silmarillion.
tinnu
dusk
tinnu (i dinnu, o thinnu) (twilight, starlit evening, early night without a moon, starry twilight), pl. tinny (i thynny) if there is a pl.
tinnu
dusk
(i dinnu, o thinnu) (twilight, starlit evening, early night without a moon, starry twilight), pl. tinny (i thynny) if there is a pl.
tê
way
(i dê, o thê) (line), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath.
tín
his
*tín (only attested in lenited form dín, following a noun with article). Possibly, the word also covers ”her(s)” and ”its” as a general 3rd person form. If ”his” refers to the same person as the subject, the form ín* is used instead (e.g. i venn sunc i haw ín** ”the man drank his (own) juice”, but *i venn sunc i haw dín ”the man drank his (somebody elses) juice”.
tín
his
(only attested in lenited form dín, following a noun with article). Possibly, the word also covers ”her(s)” and ”its” as a general 3rd person form. If ”his” refers to the same person as the subject, the form ín is used instead (e.g. ✱i venn sunc i haw ín ”the man drank his (own) juice”, but ✱i venn sunc i haw dín ”the man drank his (somebody else’s) juice”.
uiveleth
hJrな$3F noun. eternal love, love that will last for ever
The prefix ‘ui-’ that means eternal plus lenited form of meleth (love) ‘veleth’.
um
evil
(bad), pl. ym (or uim?) (David Salo would read ✱ûm with a long vowel. According to VT46:20, it may be that Tolkien intended um as a primitive base rather than as a ”Noldorin” word; the word ogol may therefore be preferred.)
ummas
noun. evil
vi
in
(prep.) 1) vi (VT44:23), with article vin; 2) ne, ned (used of time in the source), possibly followed by hard mutation (SD:129); 3) dî, unstressed di (beneath, under) (VT45:37). Note: a homophone means ”bride, lady”.
vi
in
(VT44:23), with article vin
ín
his
(pronoun referring to the subject, e.g. ✱i venn sunc i haw ín ”the man drank his [own] juice”, as opposed to ✱i venn sunc i haw dín ”the man drank his [= another’s] juice”)
úmarth
evil fate
(pl. úmerth).
(like, according to). Followed by lenition? With article ben (followed by "mixed mutation" according to David Salo’s reconstruction)