ai! interjection "Ah!", "Alas!" (Nam, RGEO:66; also twice in Narqelion, untranslated.) In one (abandoned) version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien may seem to use ai as a vocative particle: ai Ataremma ?"o our Father" (VT43:10, 13)
Quenya
ai
adverb. supposing, suppose, maybe, supposing, suppose, maybe; *any
Cognates
- S. aen “*should, could”
Derivations
- ✶ai “supposing” ✧ PE22/139
Element in
- ᴺQ. ailumë “anytime”
- ᴺQ. aima “anything, whatever”
- ᴺQ. aiqua “anything, whatever”
- ᴺQ. aimanen “however”
- ᴺQ. ainima “any kind of”
- ᴺQ. ainomë “anyplace, anywhere”
- Q.
(ai)que kestanellen, (ai) tullenye“if you had asked me, I should have come” ✧ PE22/138 ({(au)que >>} (ai)que kestanellen, (ai) tullenye); PE22/138 ({(au)que >>} (ai)que kestanellen, (ai) tullenye)- Q. aiquen “if anybody, whoever, if anybody, whoever, [ᴺQ.] anybody”
- ᴺQ. aitë “of some sort, of any sort”
- Q. [[q|aite[?] kestallen]] “now, suppose, you ask me” ✧ PE22/138
- Q. [[q|aite[?] kestuvallen, tuluvanye]] “now supposing you asked me, a thing unlikely {or ridiculous} to suppose...” ✧ PE22/138
- Q.
ai tulinye sinar (entan)“I may come today (tomorrow)” ✧ PE22/138 (ai tulinye sinar (entan))- Q.
ai tuluvanye“I may come” ✧ PE22/138 (ai tuluvanye)- ᴺQ. ailumë “sometimes, at times”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶ai > ai [ai] ✧ PE22/139 Variations
- ai ✧ PE22/138
ai
interjection. ah, alas
Element in
- Q. ai! laurië lantar lassi súrinen “ah! like gold fall the leaves in the wind” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
- Q. ai! lassi lantar laurië súrinen “ah! leaves fall golden in [by means of] the wind” ✧ RGEO/58
Variations
- Ai! ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58; RGEO/58
- ai! ✧ PE17/061
ai
conjunction. suppose, supposing (”the ’nearer’ particle”)
ai!
ah!
aia
hail
aia interjection "hail", variant of aiya (VT43:28)
aiya
hail
aiya interjection "hail", as greeting (LotR2:IV ch. 9, see Letters:385 for translation), or a call "for help and attention" (PE17:89), "only addressed to great or holy persons as the Valar, or to Earendil" (PE17:149). Variant aia (VT43:28)
aia
interjection. hail
nai
ill, grievously, abominably
nai (2) prefix "ill, grievously, abominably" (PE17:151), cf. naiquet-. Earlier material also lists an interjection nai "alas" _(NAY; this may be obsoleted by # 1 above; _Namárië uses ai! in a similar sense)
-na
suffix. slain
A shorter ending -na also occurs, e.g. nahtana "slain" (VT49:24); the example hastaina "marred" would suggest that *nahtaina is equally possible. In the example aistana "blessed" (VT43:30), -na may be preferred to -ina for euphonic reasons, to avoid creating a second diphthong ai where one already occurs in the previous syllable (*aistaina). In PE17:68, the ending -ina is said to be "aorist" (unmarked as regards time and aspect); the same source states that the shorter ending -na is "no longer part of verbal conjugation", though it obviously survives in many words that are maybe now to be considered independent adjectives. See -na #4.
ala
hail, blessed be (thou)
[ala (6) (also alar! or alla!) interjection "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5,14)]
alar!
hail, blessed be (thou)
[alar! (also ala and alla!) interjection "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5,14, 26)]
alassë
hail
[alassë (2) interjection "hail" or "bless", evidently a synonym of the greeting alar!, q.v. (VT45:26)]
alla!
hail, blessed be (thou)
[alla! (also alar! or ala) interjection "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5, 14)] PE17:146 cites alla "hail, welcome" as a variant (occurring within the imaginary world) of aiya.
nanca
slain
nanca adj. *"slain" (PE17:68); see -na
helexë
noun. hail
A neologism for “hail” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT) derived from the root √KHELEK, likely modeled after caraxë < √KARAK.
Derivations
- √KHELEK “ice”
savin elessar ar <u>i</u> nánë aran ondórëo
that
i (3) conj. "that". Savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo "I believe that Elessar really existed and that [he] was a king of Gondor" (VT49:27), savin…i E[lesarno] quetië naitë *"I believe that Elessars speaking [is] true" (VT49:28) Also cf. nai, nái "be it that" (see nai #1), which may seem to incorporate this conjunction.
tana
that
tana (1) demonstrative "that" (said to be "anaphoric") (TA). According to VT49:11, tana is the adjective corresponding to ta, "that" as a pronoun.
a
interjection. O, Oh
Element in
- Q. a Aina Fairë, Eru órava (o)messë “God, the Holy Spirit, have mercy on us” ✧ VT44/15
- Q. a Aina Maria arca atarmë “Holy Mary, pray for us” ✧ VT44/15
- Q. a Aina Neldië Eru Er órava (o)messë “Holy Trinity, one God, have mercy on us” ✧ VT44/15
- Q. a Eruion Mardorunando, Eru órava (o)messë “God, the Son, Redeemer of the world, have mercy on us” ✧ VT44/15
- Q. a Hrísto órava ómessë “Christ, have mercy on us” ✧ VT44/15
- Q. alcarin Vendë ar manaquenta “O glorious and blessed Virgin” ✧ VT44/07 (
á Véne’ alcare ar manquenta)- Q. Átaremma i ëa han Eä “our Father who art in Heaven” ✧ VT43/13; VT43/13
- Q. a Túrin Turambar turún’ ambartanen “[O] master of doom by doom mastered” ✧ S/223; UT/138
- Q. a vanimar, vanimálion nostari “O beautiful ones, parents of beautiful children” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0981
Variations
- A ✧ Let/448; LotR/0981; S/223; UT/138; VT43/13; VT44/15
- Ai ✧ VT43/13
- á ✧ VT44/07
cíta-
suppose
#cíta- ("k")vb. "suppose", cited in the 1st pers. aorist: cítan "I suppose" (VT49:19)
i
pronoun. that
i, antevokaliskt in
conjunction. that
man
who
man pron. "who" (Nam, RGEO:67, FS, LR:59, Markirya, MC:213, 214); cf. PM:357 note 18, where a reference is made to the Eldarin interrogative element ma, man). However, man is translated "what" in LR:59: man-ië? "what is it?" (LR:59; the stative-verb suffix -ië_ is hardly valid in LotR-style Quenya) _Either Tolkien later adjusted the meaning of the word, or man covers both "who" and "what". Cf. also mana, manen.
man
pronoun. who, who; [ᴹQ.] what
Element in
- Q. man cenuva fána cirya? “Who shall see a white ship?” ✧ MC/221
- Q. man cenuva lumbor ahosta? “Who shall see the clouds gather?” ✧ MC/222; MC/222
- Q. man cenuva métim’ andúnë? “Who shall see the last evening?” ✧ MC/222; MC/222
- Q. man hlaruva rávëa súrë? “Who shall hear the wind roaring?” ✧ MC/222
- Q. man tiruva fána cirya? “Who shall heed a white ship?” ✧ MC/222
- Q. man tiruva rácina cirya? “Who shall heed a broken ship?” ✧ MC/222
- ᴺQ. manwa “whose”
- Q. sí man i yulma nin enquantuva? “who now shall refill the cup for me?” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
- Q. sí man i yulma nin enquantuva? “now who the cup for me will refill?” ✧ RGEO/59
- Q. sí man i yulmar men enquantuva? “*who now shall refill the cups for us?” ✧ Minor-Doc/2013-05-13
- Q. sí man i yulmar n(g)wen enquantuva “*who now will refill the cups for us (dual)” ✧ VT21/06
Elements
Word Gloss ma “interrogative particle” Variations
- Men ✧ MC/221
- Man ✧ MC/222; MC/222; MC/222; MC/222; MC/222
- man- ✧ PE17/068
- mán ✧ RGEO/58
men
who
men (3) pron. "who", evidently a misreading or miswriting for man (MC:221, in Markirya)
ne
that
ne (2) conj. "that" (as in "I know that you are here") (PE14:54), evidently replaced by i in Tolkiens later Quenya (see i #3).
orro
interjection. alas!
pícë
upon
pícë ("k") prep.? "upon" (???) (MC:214; this is "Qenya")
quista-
verb. suppose, inquire
sa
conjunction. that
sana
that
ta
that, it
ta (1) pron. "that, it" (TA); compare antaróta** "he gave it" (FS); see anta-. The forms tar/tara/tanna "thither", talo/tó "thence" and tás/tassë* "there" are originally inflected forms of this pronoun: "to that", "from that" and "in that" (place), respectively. Compare "there" as one gloss of ta (see #4).
tana
that
Element in
- Q. tambë “*as, so”
Elements
Word Gloss ta “that, there, that, there, [ᴹQ.] it” Variations
- tănā ✧ VT49/11
tanya
that
tanya demonstrative "that" (MC:215; this is "Qenya", perhaps corresponding to later tana)
yana
that
yana demonstrative "that" (the former) (YA)
ye
who
ye (1) singular personal relative pronoun "who", maybe also object "whom" (plural form i). Compare the impersonal form ya. Also attested in the genitive and the ablative cases: yëo and yello, both translated "from whom" (though the former would also mean *"whose, of whom"). (VT47:21)
ye
pronoun. who
Derivations
- √YA “*there, over there; (of time) back, ago, [ᴹ√] there, over there; (of time) back, ago”
Element in
- Q. yello camnelyes “from whom you received him” ✧ VT47/21
- Q. yenna leltanelyes “to whom you sent him” ✧ VT47/21
@@@ The gloss “any” was suggested by Tamas Ferencz and Robert Reynolds based on aiquen “if anybody, whoever”. NQNT also uses aiquen in the sense “anybody”.